ABCTE World History

Torah

Book of the Jews as well as the Talmud

Cold War (Arm Races)

Both U.S. and Soviet Union each built up arsenals and nuclear missiles against each other. Both were trying to get to space first. In the late 60's talk happened to disarm mainly because talks between China and Russia have cooled.

End of the Cold War

Both sides saw the mess if a nuclear war ensued, both sides decided to disarm. Both sides signed treaties. SALT I and SALT II. Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. Gorbachev establish a glasnot policy (Openness) Both parties got rid of communism and Soviet Union. Berlin Wall was torn down in 89.

Opium War

Britain began trafficking Opium from India into China because they wanted to trade with China and China did not produce it. China did not like the effect on its people. British Navy was sent to China to accept it. British seized several Chinese cities. This war ended with the Treaty of Nanjing 1842.

Chartism

British movement for universal suffrage

Zhou Dynasty

Brought to past by the commander Wu, overthrew the Shang dynasty. Two parts to this dynasty: 1. Western side: ran a feudal system around the yellow river. 2. Eastern: had difficulty maintaining land. Confucius and Lao Tzu were active during this period.

Grand Alliance of Julius Caesar in Rome

Caesar formed a three person performance. Caesar, Magnus, and Crassus to govern Rome.Caesar attacked Gaul and became very successful. Crassus was killed in battle. Caesar push Magnus (pompey) out and became sole leader of Rome. He was assassinated by a group of Senators.

Counter-Reformation

Catholic changes aiming at stopping the charge of Protestantism. Selling of Indulgences were halted. More authority in the church given to the bishops.

Western Europe 12th and 13th centuries

Fiefs come in contact with each other. (Fief is a land which was not owned but loaned from the King, to get loyalty to the King. This land could be taken back at any time.) Trades became more important so did the merchants who were in town. (Burghers) There was good trade amongst towns. The only problem with how well trade was is the example of the 14th century Bubonic Plague that killed a 1/3 of Europeans.

Martin Luther

German Christian Monk who was against the Catholic Church. Biggest problem was selling of indulgences. Author of 95 Thesis. He believed that faith rather than obedience gets you into heaven. He was excommunicated from the Church

Charlemagne 742-814 CE

German leader who tried to unify Western Roman Empire. He was crown emperor of Rome in 800. Allocated a great deal to regional leaders and he did not tax his subjects. He had a tough time making internal improvements during his reign. After he died his land was divided to his three grandsons in the Treaty of Verdun.

Cortez and his relationship with the Aztecs

He enslaved the leader of the Aztecs. (Montezuma) He eliminated the Aztecs with his coalition. He went on to rule "NEW SPAIN" for a number of years.

Pizarro and the Incas

He heard of wealth in the Andes. When he got there the Incas were in the middle of a Civil War. He killed off one side and took their leader prisoner for a ransom. He ended up killing him. The Spanish conquered the Incas as established a puppet regime. He took it over until he was assassinated

European Explorer Amerigo Vespucci

He mapped the Atlantic Ocean of South America. He convinced Europeans this was not India. America came from his name

Enlightenment: John Locke

He said men were born with natural rights which could not be denied. He was the Father of Liberalism.

Stalin (Russia)

He took over for Lenin. He had the 5 year plan. Cultivating farms and nationalizing factories. He established labor camps, killed 20 million which is known as the great terror.

Science Revolution: Bacon

He was a English intellectual. Father of Empiricism. He said that science improves the human condition. He also said that scientific knowledge only comes from inductive reasoning (supplying strong evidence for the truth)

Science Revolution: Descartes

He was a Frenchman. He was dubbed the Father of Modern Western Philosophy. He emphasized reason to develop the natural sciences. He based empirical (verifiable by observation or experiment rather than theory or pure logic) and provable facts.

Glorious Revolution

It gave more power to Parliament and gave more tranquility in the land.

Hungary in Eastern Europe during Middle Ages

It was a feudal state by the 14th century. They ruled land as if they were independent. Bishops (orthodox church) were biggest land owners

Italy in the 13th Century

Italy: They had a collection of strong and independent townships. It was easy for wealthy merchants to wield power

Automation and consequences

Machines are employed to do work formerly done by humans; greater work productivity. Consequences: Increased alienation and lower self-esteem. Reduces the need for specialization of worker and takes them out of their field.

Huns

Nomadic people who moved across Central Asia. They had several branches. One was the White Huns: Overran and conquered many cities in Northern India. They are known for quickly moving from town to town by horses and being aggressive. Under their leader Attila they reached their highest level of prosperity. After his death, they became complacent and lost territory.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization - Western European nations and North America made a pact

Emergence of Russia

During the Middle Ages, Russia was under control of the Mongols. Moscow Princes partitioned their new land so that it was difficult nobles to consolidate their land holdings, which prevented any Lord from challenging the Princes of Moscow.

Rise of Christianity

Early groups known as Gnostics and Arians. Through bishops the Orthodox church was created. 4th Century CE. with the formation of the New Testament. Christians began to attract people from Rome. As the Roman Empire fell, people turned to the church. The church was the only thing left.

Detente

Easing of strained relationships

Warsaw Pact

Eastern Germany made this pact with Soviet Union

Byzantine Empire

Eastern half of the Roman Empire. Catholic Church was increasing in power. It acted independent from any other political party. The byzantine empire was the only empire that kept the church from being the most powerful.

Kingdom of Kush

Powerful African Kingdom known today as Sudan. It became wealthy because of mineral resources and middle of many trade routes. They defeated the Egyptians and had full control of the Nile River. They were weakened by Assyerians and fell to the Romans.

Sumerians of Mesopotamia

Present day Middle East. Traded with Egypt and India. They were known for the barrier system and Cuneiform

Hinduism

Religion in India based upon individuals philosophy and behavior rather than performance or rituals. There is no founder, it evolved over the years. They liberated themselves through the cycle of suffering and rebirth they believe in

Realists vs Nominalists

Two schools of thought. PLATO: known as realists. ARISTOTLE: known as nominalists. REALISTS: our perception of objects are merely perceptions of the barest shadows of their reality. NOMINALISTS: general or abstract terms and predicates exist, while universal or abstract objects do not exist.

U.S. WWI

U.S. enters in 1917 on the side of Britain, which helped France and Britain with supplies and troops which caused Germany to call truce. Much of the fighting happened in the trenches and the war was a slow process.

Truman Doctrine

U.S. would support anti-communists government throughout the world

Cuban Missile Crisis (Bay of Pigs)

USSR established missile bases on Cuba. U.S. led an unsuccessful invasion of Cuba. Declaration of War almost happened.

Reformation

movement against the catholic church. A return to a simpler message of salvation. Started by frustration with the Catholic Church. How they should be involved more in spiritual health. They criticized the clergy. They were against indulgences. (Paying something valuable to be forgiven of their sins)

Cromwell and England

led alliance of Puritans and parliament. He won and executed King Charles. He was Installed as protector of England. He was undermined by the Anglican Church. After his death, England was ruled by his sons.

Reichstag

legislative body that would provide representation to the middle and lower classes.

Ostensibly

nobility that was in charge of the Hungarian defense

Reincarnation

persons conduct in this life, affects what they will become in the next life. Being reincarnated into something else (example: animal or bug)

National Assembly

represents the interests of common Frenchmen. (middle class)

Aristotle

student of Plato. Developed the thought of reasoning for the basis of Western Thought.

Marshall Plan

supplying aide to war-ravaged countries in Western Europe

German Politics 19th Century

Bismark unified the German Empire. He saw the creation of the REICHSTAG. The Germans threw themselves into the Industrialization.

4 parts of Hindu Caste System

1. Brahim: Priests 2. Kshatriyas - rulers and soldiers 3. Vaishyas - land owners and merchants 4. Shundras - Slaves

Four noble truths (Buddhism)

1. Existence is suffering 2. Suffering is caused by desire 3. End of suffering comes with Nirvana 4. Nirvana comes with following of the eight-fold path

Five pillars of Islam

1. Faith in Allah 2. pilgrimage to city of Mecca 3. Fasting during Ramadan 4. Giving of alms 5. Prayer five times a day.

Prehistoric times

1. Paleolithic 2. Mesolithic 3. Neolithic

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

A battle of Lutherans vs Catholics in Germany. The resolution was this peace treaty that says you can worship Catholicism or Lutheranism if you want to.

Songhai Empire (West Africa)

14th and 16th Century CE. They were centered by the Niger River organized by Christian Barbers. They became an Islamic nation. Made money by trade. Their weakness is they did not have a leader by succession, which led to the empires demise.

Treaty of Locrano/Kellogg- Briand Pact

A better plan to help Germany with their relationships with neighboring countries. Diplomacy rather than force be used to resolved conflicts.

1st, 2nd, and 3rd World Countries

1st - advanced capitalists and fully industrialized 2nd- slow developing economics. Ex. Soviet Union 3rd - poor and industrialized nations. Much less political power. Ex. Latin America and Africa

Middle East 78- 85

78: Jimmy Carter hosted successful peace talks between Egypt and Israel. 79: American were taken hostage only let go until the Reagan election. Between 80 and 88 Iran and Iraq engaged in war.

Ancient Ghana (West Africa)

7th Century CE. They were a major trading power is West Africa. They grew wealthy by exchanging ivory and Gold in the South, Salt in the North. They became an empire. Fell to a Muslim tribe.

Europe 91-98

91: Gorbachev resigned from from president of USSR. Lithuania and Latvia became independent. Stock market opened.

Technological advances since 91

93: first web browser developed for the Internet. 97: Scottish lab cloned a lamb, opens the door for cloning and humans. Embryonic Cell research: using human embryos to search for cures and diseases

Joint-stock companies (Age of Exploration)

A group of merchants would combine their resources to pay for a vessel (ship or large boat) This would fund very expensive trips. They were also responsible for securing charters for their agents. Example: Muscovy Company of England which controlled all trade with Russia.

Mercantilism (Age of Exploration)

A nation should never import more than it could export. Solution for this would be to establish colonies so they could supply resources by the country without being considered imports. The need for cheap labor spawned the African slave trade.

Pax Romana (Rome)

A period of peace in Rome that lasted 40 years. Augustus was the ruler. It reached all the way to Scotland.

Civil Service Test

A test that youth would take and depended on to determine their social class as well as their future career.

Lenin (Russia)

Advocated the revolt of the working class. They became isolated from the world. He developed the New Economic Policy. (blending capitalism and communism)

England during Stuart Ruling

After Elizabeth died, The Stuart family took over. Both James and Charles butted Parliament over taxes and continued conflict over Puritans and the Church of England.

Fall of Napoleon

After Russia weakened his army, revolts came from other nations he conquered. Leaders of the countries that overthrew Napoleon met in Vienna as of what to do. Napoleon tried to take advantage but lost at Waterloo and sent to exile. Allies met again at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and declared that balance of power should remain in all European Countries.

Beginning of Cold War

After WWII, Russia and U.S. entered a long conflict and used military means of world dominance. The first issue was the rebuilding and Europe and division with Germany. Russia worked to bring its neighbors under control. Western countries built what is known as the "Iron Curtain" - Churchhill

Babylonian captivity, crisis in Western Church 1300

After death of Pope Boniface VII, King Phillip persuaded the cardinals to select a french Pope. Papacy was moved to France for 67 years. Debate about pope being outside of Rome ensued. 1378 two popes were called. Each calling each other fake. Ended up being Pope in Rome. Anti-Pope in France

Communist Revolution in China

Americans denounced trade routes to China to stop a treaty between them and China. Red Army won back territory from nationalists. 1949. Republic of China establish.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing individuals and reason rather than tradition. Influenced by philosophers. Political Science emerged during this era.

Mysticism

Another form of Christianity. They can achieve union through God by self-denial, prayer, and alms-giving

Beginning of WWI: Balkans

Balkans were trying to gain independence from Austria. This went in the assassination of Ferdinand in 1914 by Serbian Princip. War declared from everywhere.

Mayan Civilization 200-950 CE

Based in Mexico's peninsula. (Guatemala and Honduras) Conceived the universe as flat, dominated by God. They created cities for their Gods. Their religion consisted of human sacrifice and self-mutilation. They kept their history with hieroglyphic writings. Created the calendar and number 0. They were overran by the Toltec's of the north.

Exploration by Europe before 1400 and how it was overcome

Before 1400 Europeans knew hardly anything about the World. Columbus was inspired to new routes of travel by Marco Polo. Inventions of the compass, astrolabe, (measurements) and caravel (small fast spanish ship) helped sea technology. Sea travel cost a lot of money but monarchs were willing to pay because they wanted to get a piece of the trade. New sea voyages were brought about by missionary work and new ways for trade with other nations.

Han Dynasty

Began with the peasant Pang who led a battle against the leaders of the Qin Dynasty. Confucianism became the ideology. Government based up Confucius relations. Peasant revolts weakened this dynasty.

Italian Politics 19th Century

Cavour tried to bring city-states together through diplomacy rather than combat. He accomplished that. Northern Italy became industrialized, Southern stayed rural. This distinction between the two sides would be a source of conflict in the future.

Pacific Rim after 91

China and Japan emerge as economic powers. In Japan many internal issues shook Japan and caused problems. In China, the communist regime relaxed its economic structure and have boomed economically. They created several zones to loom foreign businesses.

Treaty of Nanjing 1842

China was forced to leave their ports open for trade.

Song Dynasty 960-1279 CE

Chinese dynasty that was responsible for uniting China. They were about developing China's civil service. Confucianism was the main religion. They had renewed interest in the arts, which is comparable to the Renaissance. They were taken about by a rebel leader.

Faith and Learning during late Middle Ages in Europe

Christianity evolved. Aristotle: glorify reasons a a God given tool for investigating faith. St. Thomas: outlined rational explanations for the belief in God and miracles of Christianity.

Babylonians of Mesopotamia

Conquered Sumerians and established its city on the Euphrates river. They were known for ziggurats. They were also known for being hedonistic.

Renaissance Science:

Copernicus: Earth revolved around the sun. Galileo supported this.

Council of Trent

Counter-reformation where clergymen and the pope met to establish new laws or change laws they had. Salvation comes by faith and Good Works. Corrupt Clergymen will be punish. Bible is not the only source of truth. Forgiveness come by through the church/Priests.

Buddhism

Created by Siddhartha Gautama. This was in response to Hinduism which bloated worldliness and politics. No deities (Gods). Religion spread through India, China, and Japan.

Louis XIV

Cultivated the arts. Spent a lot of time acquiring new territories and getting glory. Many former enemies allied against France because of this.

Indus Valley Civilizations

Developed systems of weight and measurements and systems of writing. Traded with Mesopotamia and Tibet. Aryans invaded and brought iron technology. They were able to cultivate the forest, which is now present day India.

Hyper-urbanization

Development of population growth in urban areas moved too quickly and outpaced the growth of urbanization. Unemployment and inadequate public services then happened. This is a problem in third world countries. The urbanization in China is the largest movement in the world.

Sparta (Ancient Greece)

Devoted themselves to agriculture and military. Governed by a strict class. Most people worked on the land. The youth left family for the military. They were more about the group than the individual.

Poland in Eastern Europe during Middle Ages

Different number of leaders tried to unite the land of Poland. Always defeated. Poland was much involved with the Teutonic Knights over the Baltic coastline.

Anti-clericalism

Distrust of the church

Feudalism in Japan

Emperor - Shogun - Daimyo - Samurai - Peasants. Emperor: Top of Japanese society but had little real power. Shogun: The actual ruler of Japan. Daimyo: Wealthy landowners. Samurai: Japan warriors. Peasants/Artisans: Largest social class. Merchants: Lowest class because they produced nothing on their own

Japan before WWII

Emperor Hirohito wanted Japan to rule Asia. They withdrew from league of nations and attacked China. Sino-japanese war incurred. In 1940 Japan became a fascist state

Emperor Justinian

Emperor during the Byzantine Emperor. Harsh law and codes known as the Justinian Code which had to be followed by the people.

Effects of Black Death

Ended the middle ages. Black Death killed 33% of European Population. Fleas-Rats-Humans. It caused many people to question faith. The church suffered.

Prince Henry (Portugal)

Established a navigation institute that encouraged sailors to explore.

Constantine

Established an Eastern Roman capital (Constantinople) 330 CE. He converted to Christianity. It became the official religion. Monasticism: movement advocating the reunification of worldly goods in favor of prayer. After he died it was too much to control for one man. It divides and Germanic tribe sacks Rome in 476 CE

Ming Dynasty

Established by Monk Zu. he wanted power in government, also known for brutality. Created the Civil Service Test. Capital was moved to Beijing. They build the Forbidden City inside it.

Universities in the Middle Ages

Evolution of Christian thought gave rise to Universities. Young men would move to large cities to study Law, Theology and medicine.

European Explorer Balboa

Explored Central America. First to view the Pacific Ocean.

European Explorer Cortez

Explorer who conquered the Aztecs. (Mexico)

Punic Wars and How it relates to the expansion of Rome

First Punish War: fought between Carthage and Rome. Rome won and received Sicily. Second Punish War: Hannibal was succesful in Italy but had to retreat to protect Carthage Third Punish War: Rome destroyed Carthage. Burned it to the ground and put salt in the fields.

Olmecs

First group from Meso-America. Made large stone carvings

European Explorer Vasco Da Gama

First person to sail around Cape of Good Hope (South Africa). He made it possible to reach Asia by boat.

European Explorer Magellan

First to navigate the globe

Vedic Age

Found in the Vedas(Sacred Text). Ruled by a King to protect the people. Religiously they chanted and performed sacrifices. Elaborate rules of Marriage. The Hindu caste system evolved.

Judaism

Founded by Abraham who went into a covenant with God. His people moved to Egypt where they were enslaved. They were freed there by God through Moses. Moses received 10 commandments through God.

French Revolution: Causes

France was governed by a Monarch and the estates people. Estates were 1. Clergy 2. Nobility 3. Everyone else. The Third estate was the only estate that had to pay taxes, others did not.

France in the 13th Century

France: transformed from a group of fiefs into a monarch by King Phillip II Phillip IV establish Estates General: a body composed of representatives from each province. Contained noblemen and and wealthy commoners

India, Pakistan after WWII

Gandhi assassinated in India. 60's borderline disputes would flare. 80's India had internal conflict with the assassination of Gandhi.

Socrates

Gave famous dialogues in streets. He was executed by the Athenian government for corrupting the youth.

Magna Carta (1215)

Gave rights to the people. (middle class) Limited power of the King. (John) Made formation of parliament possible. Two houses: house of the lords which included nobles and clergymen and included legal laws. House of commons which contained knights and burghers(middle class) dealt with economics

Holocaust

Germans blamed Jews for the economic problems. Hitler called for the "The Final Solution". Jews, gypsies, homosexuals, communists, Catholics, mentally ill, and criminals were taken to concentration camps and were killed or enslaved. 6 million people died at Auschwitz, where they were tortured. Allies heard of this but did not believe this.

Beginning years of WWII in Europe

Germany invaded Czechoslovakia. Hitler signed a peace treaty with Russia not to be a part of it. Hitler then conquered Poland. Britain and France declare war on Germany. Germany and Italy took all of Europe besides Great Britain. Hitler had an air attack, did not work. Hitler than goes into Russia and goes back on the treat he signed with Russia, got deep into it.

Federal Compensation Law

Germany paid millions of dollars to survivors of the concentration camps

Alliances before WWI

Germany, Italy, and Austria vs. France, Britain, and Russia. This would be the opposing sides in "The Great War"

Germany in 13th Century.

Germany: endured a period between kings, after ruled died, no clear ruler. Merchants set trade policy

Predestination

God had already chosen everyone destiny before this life and only the Elect will gain salvation

Barrier System

Goods are exchanged for other goods

Enlightenment: Rousseau

Government only ruled as long as it did to satisfy the general will of the people.

Science Revolution: Isaac Newton

Gravity and motion. Objects in the world behave in regular and predictable patterns.

Johann Gutenburg

Gutenberg: Inventor of printing press. This was used to produce the Bible. Literacy rate improved. News spread.

Fredrick the Great: Prussia

He became leader of Prussia. They became a producer of luxury goods like porcelain and silk. He was a leader who wanted peace.

Enlightenment: Voltaire

He challenged the authority of the Church. No man had monopoly on absolute truth. He was all for freedom of Religion.

European Explorer Pizarro

He conquered the Incas (Peru)

Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte

He was a french military leader who was victorious in Austria and England. When he returned to the chaos of France he led a coup and by popular vote became the leader. He reformed agriculture, education, and infrastructure. His main was objective was to acquire new territory in Europe and in the New World. They conquered Austria, Portugal, Spain, and Prussia. He became the Emperor, to big to maintain and was eventually weakened by Russia.

Enlightenment: Thomas Hobbes

He was the most influential political theorists. He was all about the right of the individual and natural equality of all men.

England during Tudor Rulings

Henry VIII (started the church of England) daughter Elizabeth continued his policies, they defeated the Spanish Armada.

Forbidden City (Beijing)

Home of the Emperor. Also government and politics were conducted in there.

Antisemitism

Hostility against Jews. Nazis gave renewed meaning

Seljuk Turks

In 1071, they defeated the Byzantine Empire. This was a reason for the FIRST CRUSADE. They were known as excellent fights and mediocre rulers. They fought amongst each other. This fighting weakened them.

Maurya Empire 322- 185 BCE

Indian Empire that was very powerful, ruled by Chandragupta Maurya. They were highly developed and had a strong military. They traded with the Greeks. Their goods were silk, exotic foods, and spices. The main religions were Buddhism and Jainism. They were taken over by Demetrius. After death of Ashoka, Mauryan empire fell.

Pacific arena (WWII)

Japan conquered Korea, parts of China, and threatened U.S. interests in the Philippines. U.S. placed sanctions on Japan making it hard for war industry to function. Japan made a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. They declared war on Japan, Germany declared war on them. War was long with island hopping. U.S. ended the war with two bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Marxism 19th Century

Karl Marx: economics has been the primary determinant in history and society is nothing more than a "class struggle". A worker is in a situation that he can never get out ahead. The result is a revolution of the working class(proletariat) and an installation similar to communism.

Feudalism in Western Europe (760-1300)

King - Lord/Lady - Knights - Peasants. Kings ruled the land. Lords oversaw land. Noblemen had control over farmland. Land cultivated by Peasants/Serfs. Peasants = Farmers. Serfs = Slaves

French Revolution: Louis XVI

King Louis tried to pass some tax reform laws because of injustice but it didn't work. The 3rd estate became very angry and refused to vote but the middle class banded together and formed the National Assembly. The peasants were in full revolt. They stormed the prison Bastille. Success here found more revolts. It caused the government from dealing with the National Assembly

Incas (1438 - 1532)

Known as children of the sun. Present day Ecuador and Chile. Engaged in conflicts with other groups and enslaved them. Formed underclass of serfs so the land would be cultivated.

Meso-America

Known as present day Central and South America. Relied upon largely water-based agriculture. Main source was maize or corn. Chavin culture developed templates and pyramids in the Andes Mountains

Mesolithic Period

Known as the middle stone age. This period ended with the stone age. They were known for making small tools out of flint.

Neolithic Period

Known as the new Stone Age. Stone tools were developed. They settled and began making crafts. This era ended when urban civilization began (Southwest Asia)

Greece in the Hellenistic Age

Known for military conquests of Alexander the Great. Great influence on the West with achievements.

Sino-Japanese War/Kuomintag

Kuomintag led a national government. Peasants didn't like this and establish a red army under Mao. Japan invaded in 1937, They killed over 200,000 Chinese.

How Feudalism in Japan worked

Land was in control of military leaders; rights to cultivate and profit from them. Peasants were required to work for a warlord rather than politicians. This idea came from Confucius, who emphasized individuals who produced things. Different from European Feudalism who placed agriculture at the bottom. Japan's feudalism was later replaced by Minamoto.

How did Feudalism end in Western Europe? (Late 13th Century)

Larger number in government started revolts. Clergy members became more secular and wanted power. Noblemen turned to trade. Also gunpowder changed how things worked.

Ancient Mali (West Africa)

Largest nation in West Africa. It was a part of Ghana but became its own. Rich in gold. Most prominent during Mansa Musa which introduced Islam. Internal Disputes put Mali into smaller regions

1917 Russian Revolution

Lenin and supporters ousted the government and exited the war. Lenin began nationalizing the Soviet economy.

Blitzkrieg

Lightning War to win large areas.

Industrial Revolution: working class

Long work days, low wages, and dangerous machinery were problems that came about. Women were also paid less then men.

China in early 20th century

Manchu Dynasty was overthrown by the Boxer Rebellion, instability followed. Mongolia and Tibet became independent. China did not like the Kuomintag government. After the death of the leader, Communism became prevalent.

Consequences of Holocaust

Many Nazi leaders tried and convicted for their roles. Creation of Israel because of Jews who left. Jews questioned their faith. Anti-genocide laws not hard enough. It continued to happen.

Hindu Caste System

Means of an organized society. Each divided into four groups. Each with a part of the God Parushu. Women do not have a place in this system

Europe after 99

Most countries joined NATO, eliminating divides between countries. Putin becomes rule of Russia. International Court created: dealt mainly with immigration. Former soviet countries have a rough time transitioning.

Daoism

Most important philosophy to emerge out of China (Lao Tzu) People should seek to discover the essential natural of things by themselves and not challenge it. Be patient. Contains Mysticism and is considered a religion. Yin/Yang Male and female parts that contain parts of each other and need each other to succeed in life.

Western Europe and Italy after WWI

Most nations were exhausted by the war. Many of them went though depressions. Italy supported the rise of Fascist leader Mussolini.

PLO

Palestine Liberation Organization: sponsored terrorists activities against Israel.

Social changes during Industrial revolution

Most people moved to cities to accept jobs. Most cities did not have the capacity to accept all these people. Crime, disease, and poverty were common. Success of the industry made many people rich, so the middle class had more political power.

Religion in Africa

Most people practiced animistic rituals. Deities are embodies in animals and people depend upon. Ritual worship was highly important (Drumming, dancing, and sacrifices). Evil is produced by witchcraft. Specialists are required to combat this. They believed in a creator through ancestors.

Fascism

Mussolini promised Italians a return to the glory days of Rome, where they were mighty. He suppressed any opposition. Extreme right wing, authoritarian leadership

Persia

Name for current day Iran, They were in constant conflict with the Byzantine empire and were taken over by the Arabs.

Holy Roman Empire (962)

Name given to Otto the Great. Otto incorporated Church into his government. One of his legacies is rivalry between church and state. Church acquired power over day to day things over citizens, this corrupted church leaders. Role of church; selling or buying of privileges (simony)

Events leading up to WWII

Nazi Germany: other nations were slow to respond because effects of WWI. They looked for isolation. British PM wanted diplomacy over the war. 1936 Hitler sends troops to the Rhineland, territory on the German border. During this time, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia. Germany and Italy made a pact making them the AXIS powers. Germany annexed Austria and said it was going to invade Czechoslovakia

Middle and Upper Paleolithic Times

Neanderthal were active in Europe, Africa, Palestine, and Siberia. Lived in caves; used fire, hunted mammals, and sophisticated tools (crude needles for sewing fur). Men were replaced by men from both Cro-magnon and Grimaldi. First man made shelters rose.

Middle years and conclusion of WWII in Europe

Once U.S. joined, things did not go well for Hitler. Crazy winter stopped Hitler going through Russia. They later loss and were pushed out. British and Americans entered N. Africa and invaded Italy, also D-Day with France. They pushed Germany from both directions. With the war lost, Hitler committed suicide and Germany surrendered.

Boxer Rebellion

Peasant uprising close to the 20th century. Their goal was to overthrow the government and cast out foreigners. They were called boxers because they were known for their boxing rituals. It came from the Japanese. In 1900 boxers would kill foreign diplomats. Western powers took them out and made them sign a treaty.

Protestants

People who protested against the church.

Greece in the Periclean Ages

Pericles was leader of Athens. Philosophy of Socrates. medical work of Hippocrates.

Major wars during Periclean and Hellenistic Age

Pericles: Greeks vs Persians. outnumbered Greeks beat the Persians. This war impoverished the Greek and made a lot of enemies. Peloponnesian War: Sparta vs. Athens. Sparta won. Phillip conquered the Greeks. Alexander the Great, son of Phillip became master of the largest empire in the world.He united his people through common law and exchange policy.

Spanish Inquisition

Period of prolonged investigation against heretics or people who were against the church. Torture was being used even being put to death for going against the church.

Russia: Peter the Great

Peter was known for changing Russia from impoverished to a strong commercial nation. He learned from other nations their politics and trade. His innovations revitalized the economy.

Papal Bull "Unam Sanctum" and the Crisis Western Church 1300

Pope Boniface VIII issued this in 1302. He tried to force Kings to listen to him but it didn't work. He tried to stop King Phillip of France from taxing the church but it was denied. So he issued the Unam Sanctum. He stated that there are two powers on earth. 1. Temporal 2. Spiritual with spiritual more power than temporal so there should be loyalty to the church. Phillip refused these claims. King Phillip kidnaps the Pope

Effects of Papal Bull "Unam Sanctum"

Power of the pope weakens in political affairs because rise of strong monarchs.( King, Queen, or Emperor) and also the rise of nationalism.

Renaissance Literature:

The Prince by Machiavelli: Ends justify the means

Nationalism 19th Century Europe

Pride in tradition, culture, and language. Patriotic feelings and efforts. This was a concern to ruling monarchs, who wanted control. Example: Russia

Modernization

Process by which societies develop sophisticated industrial technologies and how to advance them. It was noted Western Empires were the most successful.

Globalization

Process whereby all social groups in the world are being brought into closer connection with one another. This occurred by advances in transportation and communication technology.

Thirty Year War

Protestants challenged the authority of the Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor. Germany became disjointed during this period. The war left Germany in a state of turmoil.

Intellectuals

Question the divine right of the monarch. They were determined to get the best kind of government for all people.

French Revolution: Reign of Terror

Radical Jacobin Leader took charge.Robespierre was his name. He killed a lot of people through the Guillotine (Heavy blade which beheaded people). Anyone who opposed their group or kept their catholic faith would die. King Louis died this way as well as Robespierre. Men known as the Directory was established to cause peace. They were eventually overthrown by Napoleon.

Taiping Rebellion (China)

Religious and Political rebellion and against the government of Manchus. They wanted public ownership land and self-sufficient economy. No foreign markets. They conquered Nanjing and made it their capital. Internal feuds weakened them and Western powers wiped them out. Bloodiest war of 19th century.

Basics of Roman Empire

Rome came from Romulus and his brother Remus. Structure was 1. Patricians: wealthy 2. Peblians: Freeman 3. Slaves: At the bottom. Plebians provided over the Assembly and Senate

Greece, Gaul (France), and Spain as it pertains to expansion of Rome

Rome conquered Greece, as well as parts of Gaul and Spain. They let them have their cultures as long as they paid tribute to Rome. Rome made advances in information technology as well as solid and durable roads.

Russia: Early combat and exit

Russia left during a treaty. Still exhausted from a revolution in 1917, when the Bolsheviks came to power.

Vedas

Sacred text of the Hindu religion

Creation of Ancient Israel

Saul was the first king. King David was next who took over Jerusalem. King Solomon built first Jewish Temple known as the Ark of the Covenant. Israel was overtaken by Assyrians and Babylonians (Greeks and Romans). Persian King Cyrus let Jews retain Jerusalem.

Scholasticism

Scholars used logic and deductive reasoning in order to analyze work or determine something of abstract nature.

Science Revolution

Scientific method introduced. Pose a question, hypothetical solution offered, observations made, it was then supported or refuted. This gave scientists a common language. Telescopes and Microscopes helped the medical field.

Hedonistic

Seeking sensual pleasure

Sunnis and Shiites

Shiites: Believe only true power comes from descendants of Muhammad Sunnis: Believe that any devout Muslim can hold spiritual power

Velvet Revolution 1993

Slovakia sepearted from Czechoslovakia

Most powerful nation during European Monarchies

Spain: because of colonies and armada (Navy fleets)

Sir Ignatius Loyola

Spanish Knight who founded the Society of Jesus to help and benefit the Catholics. Fully obeyed the pope.

Church of England

Started by King Henry VIII after he was not able to get an annulment of his marriage to his wife by the pope.

Powers of Spain (1500- 1650)

Started with King Ferdinand, he promoted exploration. King Charles V increased territory through inheritance. Conflicts arose with Charles and he gave power to Ferdinand I and Phillip II. During Phillips reign, most of their possessions were lost, especially Netherlands.

Middle East 87 - 03

Syrian troops stopped the Lebanon civil war. Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990. U.S. invaded Iraq in 91. In 95 Israel and Palestinians signed an agreement giving autonomy to the West Bank and Gaza areas. In 1998 another agreement occurred. Palestine would be granted land in exchange for peace. In 2003 there began a barrier between Palestine and Israel.

British Politics 19th Century

The Industrial Revolution made Britain the wealthiest and most powerful in Europe. The British Parliament changed voting laws so more of the wealthy would have an influence. the REFORM ACT. It abolished slavery.

French Revolution: Declaration of the Rights of men

The middle class and middle class joined forces and established a new government. "Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity". They reformed the tax code and offices based on merit. National Assembly drafted the Declaration of the Rights of men similar to the Bill of Rights. They seized lands owned by the church and eliminated feudal rights. Revolution became more violent.

Steppe People

They conquered parts of Asia, Middle East, and Europe. They were originally nomads but began to settle and become tradesmen. They had very strong family ties. Moved from Asia to the Middle East and controlled trades routes between Asia, Africa, and Europe building an Empire with their wealth.

Industrial Revolution

The transition to new manufacturing processes. This included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes.

Thomas Malthus

The world was in danger of becoming overpopulated and solution is for poor people to die of disease and starvation. Plight of the poor was the best interest of humanity.

Industrial Revolution: English Textile Industry

The woven fabric grew out as mass production. Cloth and yarn became a mainstream. It increased productivity. The steam engine as well as coal and cotton textiles helped productivity.

Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in Indus Valley

These cities are the current country Pakistan. They had well structured cities;Streets, bath houses, sewer systems, and great garbage collectors(technology). Their structures were build with oven-fired bricks.

Helots

These were people of Sparta who work on lands

Era of European Monarchies (15001600)

They claimed divine right to rule the land. They consolidated power by marrying into another. This led to many conflicts between nations. France, England, Germany, and Russia were all powerful during this time.

Russia (1500- 1650)

They remained a feudal system. They were ran by czars and excluded during the Renaissance. They suffered through the reign of Ivan the Terrible. He forced brutality on his people. He was very oppressive so much that Russia could not develop a rival class with Western powers.

Mongols (China)

They roamed East Central Asia. They are descendants of the Huns. These tribes were united by Genghis Khan. After his death, lands were divided up. They controlled parts of Iran. Mongol leader Kublai Khan destroyed the SONG Dynasty in China and replaced it. By 14th century Mongol power was to big to govern, eventually came under control of the Chinese.

Tang Dynasty 618-907 CE

They ruled China during this time. They claimed parts of other countries that included Afghanistan. Printing was invented and foreign ideas introduced. Their dynasty ended because of turmoil within government.

Aztecs1325 CE

They seized control of the Mexican Valley. They were fierce warriors. Their civilization was much like medieval Europe, politically like France.

Pyramids of Egypt

They were built along the Nile River. Biggest pyramid is Khufu (took 20 years, over 450 ft. tall). They were built as burial sites for pharaohs so they can continue to rule in the afterlife. Peasants built this for food and housing. The shape was meant for the slanting rays of the sun to help the pharaohs climb to the sky.

Government of France (1500- 1650)

They were governed by Bourbon Monarchs. Bourbon heirs were to good to govern. Cardinal Richelieu governed France. He was catholic but he did not persecute the protestants (Huguenots). He tried to compromise and consolidate the French crown. Established the noblesse de la robe. (bureaucracy) - a group of non-elected officials.

Nazi Party belief system

They were superior to everyone, especially the Jews. They wanted more territory. Hitler was named Chancellor of Germany. He improved economy through industry. He started to round up homosexuals, jews, and gypsies.

Underdevelopment

Third world countries that do not have modern connections. They don't have the power to sustain themselves. Dysfunctional politics ensued. Ruled by small groups or dictator.

Neolithic Culture

This began with the domestication of plants and animals. Breeding animals where they would not be able to survive in the will. Cultivating plants. Rice, beans, corn, and squash were major crops. This was between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.

Peace of Westphalia

This ended the Thirty Years War and it weakened Germany. France became the central power. This established small sections of Germany, one of these was Prussia

Aksum (Axom)

This is a town today known as northern Ethiopia. It is the capital of Africa's most powerful kingdom. Controlled on trade on the Red Sea, big profit from Ivory. It eliminated the kingdom of Kush, became most powerful. It gave way to Persians and Arabs. Axom became Christianized.

Government of Germany (1500-1650)

This was a collection of disjointed city states. The Hapsburg family was a wealthy family in Germany but were weak compared to other governments. The Peace of Augsburg (Lutherans vs Catholics) was destroyed with the Thirty Year War.

Classical Liberalism in 19th Century Europe

This was brought on because of the Enlightenment. It is a political ideology which advocates civil liberties and political freedom with representative democracy under the rule of law and emphasizes economic freedom.

Nok Culture

This was one of the most successful cultures in the iron age, developing iron working technology. They created iron farm implements, which made it possible for farmers to develop surplus crops. Civilizations were stable. They had both weapons and train warriors.

Treaty of Versailles

This was the end to the WWI. Germany loss big time. They were penalized economically and territoriality. Their military was dismantled.

Zoroastriunism

This was the religion of Persia. Based upon prophesies of Zoroaster who claimed to have encountered Ahura Mazdah. Believed the world was composed of good and evil spirits that were in continual conflict. Fire was sacred to them. Many concepts are similar to Christianity. With the rise of Islam, this religion was not popular.

First Roman Triumvirate

Three men put together to join the Republic after the death of Caesar. Marc Antony, Octavious (Augustus) and Marcus Lepidus (Non-entity). Antony went to Egypt, found Cleopatra. Augustus attacked Antony. Defeated them. Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide. Octavious (Augustus) becomes first Empire.

Islamic Civilization

Took 3 centuries to develop. Ruled as a single caliph and small Arab. When it got bigger this was not the case. Factions emerged under Muslims. Sunnis and Shiites. Because trade was very common, Islam became very wealthy.

City of Athens

Traded overseas, gave life to philosophy and art.

French Politics 19th Century

Turmoil within France caused them to miss out on The industrial Revolution. They were defeated in the FRANCO-Prussian War. They were governed by a democratic government which was conservative.

Wiemar Republic: Rise of Hitler

Until 1933, Germany was under a legislative body. Germans thought this group was too eager to accept punishment in treaties after WWI. Also they thought government was responsible for inflation. This makes Germany vulnerable to a new leader. (Hitler) He became leader of the Nazi Party who wanted an ideal German state.

Hundred Year's War (1337)

War between England and France which lasted 116 years. No heir to the kingdom of France. King of England claimed to be King. Started wars. England used LONGBOW to score a lot of victories. Joan of Arc won the war for France. She was a peasant girl who believed to be sent and inspired by God. The consequences is England withdrew as a land power developed a navy. In France, St. Louis took power and formed a monarchy.

Independence struggle in Latin America

When Spain fell to Napoleon, Chile and Buenos Aries declared themselves independent. Rebels attacked Peru and they also became independent.

Adam Smith

Wrote the Wealth of Nations. The idea of the invisible hand to suggest if markets left alone would regulate themselves. He endorsed changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution the capitalist economy

William & Mary

With the overthrow of King James II by parliament and Dutchmen, William and Mary came into power. They limited the monarch. This is known as the Glorious Revolution.

Industrial Revolution: Luddites

a small rebellion against the industrial revolution that would vandalize factory equipment.

Maastricht Treaty

creation of European Union

Timbuktu

cultural learning center in West Africa as well as crossroads for trade routes

Hammurabi

famous ruler who establish famous code. It was a set of rules that governed every aspect of social life for the entire population of the people

Meiji Reform

feudal system was abolished. Western ideas became popular. The Samurai had their land revoked and they were eliminated. They expanded into parts of China and Korea. This is known as the Sino-Japanese War.

Cuneiform

form of writing which elaborated theories on math and astronomy

Origins of Islam

founded by the prophet Muhammad 610 CE. It is based on their book, The Koran. Allah is their God. Islam spread through North Africa, Middle East, parts of Asia and Spain. Islam had conflicts with Christians. This was known as the Crusades.

John Calvin

founder of Calvinism. Coined the term Predestination

Russia: Catherine the Great

implemented by enlightenment ideas and the feudal system endured during her reign.

Socialism 19th Century

political philosophy that the economic means of production should be owned by the workers. It was hope to create a state of social equality and distribution of wealth. This was most popular among working class, they believed capitalism only benefited the wealthy and exploited everyone else. The thought was that a greater reward for hard work and create harmony.

Social Liberalism 19th Century Europe

political problems can be solved by the work of liberal institutions in the government. Government should exercise influence on the economy and extend welfare services to the people. The goal is to improve life of the poor and disadvantaged. They are outspoken on civil right and individual liberties.Mill and Dewey were famous liberals.

Ziggurats

pyramids of religious temples

Gross National Product

total value of all economic activity within a society. Its divided by total population to determine a society's per capita gross national product