Abdomen Penny Book
hormones released by the cortex
1. aldosterone: responsible for regulating blood pressure by controlling the amounts of sodium and water in the body 2. androgenic hormones: play a part in the developme of male characteristics 3. cortisol: control the body's use of fat, carbohydrates, and protein.
Addison Disease can be caused by these 3
1. autoimmune disorder 2. infection 3. tuberculosis
the most common causes of common bile duct obstruction
1. choledocholithiasis 2. chronic pancreatitis 3. acute pancreatitis 4. pancreatic cancer
cholangitis can lead to these 2 things
1. cirrhosis 2. portal hypertension
functions of the spleen (5)
1. defense against disease 2. hematopoiesis/erythropoiesis 3. destruction and removal of flawed red blood cells and platelets 4. blood reservoir 5. storage of iron
gut signature layers
1. echogenic superficial mucosal layer 2 hypoechoic deep mucosal layer 3. echogenic submucosal layer 4. hypoechoic muscularis layer 5. echogenic serosa
pediatric patients who have these 3 things have an increased risk for developing gallstones
1. hemolytic anemia 2. sickle cell disease 3. Crohn disease
granulomas can be found in the spleen with patients who have a history of these 3
1. histoplasmosis 2. tuberculosis 3. sarcoidosis
clinical findings for Conn Syndrome
1. hypertension 2. excessive thirst 3. excessive urination 4. high levels of sodium in the blood 5. low levels of potassium in the blood 6 muscle cramps and weakness
clinical findings of Addison Disease (8)
1. hypotension 2. weakness and fatigue 3. loss of appetite and weight loss 4. bronzing of the skin 5. elevated liver enzymes 6. hyperkalemia 7. hypoatremia 8. increased ACTH
2 types of islet cell tumors
1. insulinoma 2. gastrinoma
clinical findings of aortic dissection
1. intense chest pain 2. hypertension 3. abdominal pain 4. lower back pain 5. neurologic symptoms 6. Marfan syndrome
postrenal transplant fluid collections are common and could be these 4
1. lymphocele 2. urinoma 3. hematoma 4. abscess
each adrenal gland is composed of these 2 things
1. medulla 2. cortex
cushing syndrome is associated with
1. moon shaped face 2. buffalo hump 3. hypertension 4. hirsutism
if you suspect cirrhosis, you should look for these 3 things
1. portal hypertension 2. portal vein thrombosis 3. hepatocellular carcinoma
Risk factors for the development of gallstones
1. pregnancy 2. total parenteral nutrition 3. oral contraceptive use
4 forms of colitis
1. pseudomembranous 2. ulcerative 3. ischemic 4 infectious
germ cell tumors of the testicles
1. pure smeinoma 2. teratoma 3. embyonal cell carcinoma 4. yolk sac tumor 5. choriocarcinoma 6. burned out germ cell tumor
the SMA supplies blood to these 3
1. small intestines 2. some of the colon 3. pancreas
3 paired groups of salivary glands
1. the parotid glands 2. the submandibular glands 3. the sublingual glands
the adrenal glands receive their blood supply by means of 3 arteries
1. the suprarenal branches of the inferior phrenic arteries 2. the suprarenal branches of the aorta 3. the suprarenal branches of the renal arteries
the inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to these 3
1. transverse colon 2. descending colon 3. rectum
clinical findings of pancreatic cysts may be seen with these 3
1. von Hippel-Lindau disease 2. cystic fibrosis 3. autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
the cortex is the outer portion of the adrenal gland and is composed of 3 zones
1. zona glomerulosa 2. zona fasciculata 3. zona reticularis
abnormal lymp nodes typically measure more than
10mm
the biliary duct wall should never measure more than
2 mm
the IVC should not exceed
2.5 cm
diagnosis of renal artery stenois includes in elevated peak systolic velocity greater than
200 to 250 cm per second, renal artery to external iliac ratio greater than 2 to 3, and postenotic turbulence.
which of the following is not a sono sign consistent with Crohn's disease: bowel wall thickening, noncompressible bowel that has a target appearance, increased peristalsis, hyperemic wall
increased peristalsis
most common benign liver childhood tumor
infantile hemangioendothelioma
sonographic findings: homogeneous or complex hepatic mass, may contain calcification or cystic spaces
infantile hemangioendothelioma
the most helpful laboratory finding for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis
lipase
tumor that consists of fat
lipoma, liver, spleen, kidney and superficial
celiac artery flow pattern
low resistance
common hepatic artery flow
low resistance
most abdominal arteries are considered to have __________ flow
low resistance
renal arteries normal flow
low resistance
splenic artery flow
low resistance
suprarenal aorta flow pattern
low resistance
what should the postprandial flow pattern be within the SMA
low resistance
the normal waveform of the renal artery
low resistance with continuous diastolic flow with a RI between 0.6 and 0.8
the hepatic artery should yield _____ resistance flow and __________ flow
low, hepatopetal
mucinous tumors have
malignant potential (mucinous cystadenocarinomas)
what is the most common cause of enlargement of a parathyroid gland
parathyroid adenoma
diverticulitis is most often found in the
sigmoid colon
most common renal mass
simple renal cyst
the body and the tail of the pancreas receive blood supply from the
splenic and superior mesenteric arteries.
Color Doppler may reveal hypervascularity with this spenic mass
splenic hamartoma
benign tumor of the spleen that typically appears as a hypoechoic mass that may be associated with Beckwith-Weidemann syndrome and tuberous sclerosis
splenic hamartoma
congenital malformation of teh lymphatic system that causes multicystic masses that contain hypoechoic or anechoic locules and hyperechoic septations in the spleen
splenic lymphangioma
the main portal vein is created by the union of the
splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein
the implantation of ectopic splenic tissue possibly secondary to splenic rupture
splenosis
what is the most common malignancy of the penis
squamous cell carcinoma
the main portal vein is created by the union of the
superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein
the arterial blood supply to the adrenal glands is accomplished by means of the
suprarenal arteries
another name for adrenal glands
suprarenal glands
intussusception appears as a ______ mass in transverse, and a _________ mass in the longitudinal plane
target mass in trans, pseudokidney in long
benign (with maglignant potential) nonseminomatous germ cell tumor may be palpable, elevated AFP and hCG (if malignant) heterogeneous with calicifications representing cartilage, bone, and fibrosis, may contain hair and teeth
teratoma
tumor that consists of the tissue from all three germ cell layers
teratoma, testicle, ovary
what part of the pancreas performs the exocrine function
the acinar cells (produce vital digestive enzymes)
pancreatic cystadenocarcinoma is most often found in
the body or tail of the pancreas
a significant branch of the hepatic artery that supplies blood to the gallbladder
the cystic artery
an autoimmune disease that affects all glands that produce moisture, leading to dysfunction of the salivary glands and severe dryness of the eyes, nose, skin and mouth
Sjogren syndrome
also know as nephroblastoma
Wilm's tumor
the most common solid malignant pediatric abdominal mass.
Wilm's tumor
results from excessive copper accumulation
Wilson disease
sono findings: hydronephrosis, staghorn calculus, perinephric fluid collection
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
syndrome that consistss of unilateral renal agenesis, ipsilateral seminal vesicle cyst, and ejaculatory duct obstruction
Zinner syndrome
excessive secretion of acid by the stomach that leads to peptic ulcers caused by a functional gastrinoma
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
finding a gastrinoma may be an indication of
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
the syndrome that includes an excessive secretion of acid by the stomach caused y the presence of a functional gastrinoma within the pancreas
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
tumor (gastinoma) in the pancreas or intestine that causes an increase in the production of gastrin
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
the adrenal mass that is associated with Cushing Syndrome
`adrenal adenoma
leukocystosis, low grade fever, nausea, obstructive jaundice, RUQ tenderness, possible recent travel abroad are clinical findings of
a hydatid liver cyst
the parathyroid glands serve as _______regulators for the body
calcium
site for benign prostatic hyperplasia
cental zone
Base of prostate
central zone
the diagnosis of pneumothorax is typically via a
chest radiograph
A 64 year old man presents to the sonography department for ruq sonogram. he is complaining of abdominal pain, weight loss and pruritus. sonographically you visualize an area of dilated ducts that abruptly end. what is the most likely diagnosis?
cholangiocarcinoma
inflammation of the biilary ducts
cholangitis
an abdominal sonogram is ordered for an infant in the intensive care unit who is suffering from jaundice and fever. sonographically you visualize a cystic mass within the common bile duct that is causing a focal enlargement. This is most suggestive of
choledochal cyst
clinical findings: jaudice, elevated ALP, ALT, and GGT, and bilirubin, right upper quadrant pain
choledocholithiasis
sono finding: small echogenic kidneys
chronic glomerulonephritis
hyperechoic wedge shaped mass within the spleen
chronic infarct
sono finding: pancreas appears small, heterogeneous, or hyperechoic, poor margins, prominent pancreatic duct and calcifications
chronic pancreatitis
sono findings: small echogenic kidneys that have lobulated borders, renal scar appears as an echogenic area within the kidney that extends from teh renal sinus through the renal parenchyma
chronic pyelonephritis
ascites, diarrhea, abnormal LFTs, fatigue, hepatomegaly (initial), jaundice, splenomegaly, weight loss are clincal signs of
cirrhosis
what is the blue dot sign?
clinical finding associated with torsion of the appendix testis (appearance of a blue dot just under the skin surface)
hepatomegaly, ruq pain, general malaise, diarrhea, fever, leukocytosis, elevated LFTS, mild anemia, possible recent travel abroad
clinical findings of an amebic hepatic abscess
ascites, elevated LFTs, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, upper abdominal pain
clinical findings of budd-chiari syndrome
Asymptomatic, possible normal LFTs, ADPKD, hemorrhagic or large cysts may cause right upper quadrant pain
clinical findings of hepatic cysts
abnormal Lfts, ascites, diarrhea, fatigue, hepatomegaly (initially), hepatic encephalopathy, caput medusa, tremors, gastrointestinal bleeding
clinical findings of portal hyptertension
abdominal pain, elevated LFTS, hypovolemia, leukocytosis, low grade fever, nausea, vomiting
clinical findings of portal vein thrombosis
what is more likely to be a malignant thyroid nodule, cold or hot?
cold
clinical findings: bloody or watery diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, previous use of antibiotic therapy
colitis
blood supply to the gallbladder
cystic artery (small branch of the right hepatic artery)
the gallbladder is connected to the biliary tree by the
cystic duct
an adulte patient presents to the sonography department with left lower quadrant pain, fever, and bouts of both constipation and diarrhea. Which of the following would be the most likely etiology?
diverticulitis
obstruction of both the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct
double-duct sign
most common congenital anomaly of the kidneys
duplicated collecting system
sono findings: enlarged thyroid gland (isthmus that exceeds 1 cm in the AP plane), diffusely heterogeneous echotexture, multiple nodules with cystic and solid components
goiter
tumor consisting of a group of inflammatory cells
granuloma, liver and spleen
small echogenic foci in the spleen that may shadow
granulomas
associated with hyperthyroidism
graves disease
normal echogenicity of the pancreas compared to the liver
greater than the liver
a common site for pseudoaneurysm development is withing the
groin at teh level of the femoral artery following a heart catherterization
2 lab tests to differeniate between benign and malignant intratesticular tumors
hCG and AFP
what best describes the location of the McBurney point?
halfway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the umbilicus
tumor consisting of an overgrowth of normal cells of an organ
hamartoma, kidney
clinical findings: depression, increased cold sensitivity, elevated blood cholesterol levels, slight weight gain, puffy face and puffiness under the eyes
hashimoto thyroiditis
sono findings: mild enlargement of teh thyroid gland heterogeneous echotexture multiple ill defined hypoechoic regions separated by fibrous hyperechoic tissue, hypervascular gland
hashimoto thyroiditis
the most common benign tumor of the spleen
hemangioma
tumor consisting of blood vessels
hemangioma, liver, spleen, and kidney
localized collection of blood
hematoma, anywhere an organ/tissue is affected by trauma
what flow pattern occurs with a fasting SMA
high resistance
SMA flow on a fasting patient
high resistancew flow
echogenicity of muscularis propria
hypoechoic
the pediatric pancreas may appear more
hypoechoic
malignant characteristic of thyroid nodules
hypoechoic mass taller than wide mass with internal microcalifications solitary mass marked vascularity within the central part of the nodule extracapsular invasion lobulated margins enlargement of cervical lymp nodes cold nodule
most common malignancy of the salivary glands, typically starts in the parotid gland
hypoechoic or heterogeneous mass with moderate to marked internal vascularity, biopsy is often warranted.
the cryptorchid testis will appear _______to the normal testis and is most likely found in the
hypoechoic, inguinal canal
cold nodules indicate
hypofunctioning thyroid
most cancers are _________ nodules and will appear as _____ nodules
hypofunctioning, cold
what is the term for low levels of sodium in the blood
hyponatremia
condition that resluts from the under production of thyroid hormones
hypothyroidism
the most common level for an obstruction in the biliary tree is
in the distal common bile duct
where is pancreatic adenocarcinoma found
in the head of the pancreas
the champagne sign can be described as
the gas bublles produced by bacteria within the gallbladder wall will lead to dirty shadowing, reverberation, and ring down artifact. the gas bubbles may rise to the nondependent wall of the gallbladder. producting the "champagne sign"
what produces thyroid releasing hormone
the hypothalamus
controls the relaese of adrenocortico-tropic hormone
the hypothalamus...controls the release from the anterior pituitary gland, which in turn controls the release of hormones by the adrenal glands
when a patient has RCC, what should also be imaged
the iVC and renal vein for tumor invasion
the most common type of intussuscption is
the ileocolic intussusception
the portal vein confluence collects blood from the
the intestines and the spleen
the endocrine function of the pancreas is performed by
the islets of Langerhans
metastases to the kidneys are most often from
the lungs, or breast
the inner part of the adrenal glands
the medulla
the most common extracranial solid. malignant tumor in children is
the neuroblastoma
the clinical finding where the enlarged pyloric muscle can be palpated is referred to as
the olive sign
which is true regarding a duplex collecting system with complete ureteral duplication
the upper pole suffers from obstruction because of ureterocele
most common place for a stone to become lodged
the ureterovescular junction near the urinary bladder
traditionally, treatment for intussusception is by means of
therapeutic enema
All the following are associated with Conn syndrome except: adrenal adenoma, hypertension, excessive thirst, thinning arms and legs
thinning arms and legs (associated with Cushing syndrome)
Most likely vascular complication of acute pancreatitis
thrombosis in the splenic vein
benign congenital cyst located within the midline of the neck superior to the thyoird gland
thyroglossal duct cysts
benign congenital cysts located superior to the thyroid gland near the hyoid bone
thyroglossal duct cysts
the most abundant hormone of the thyroid gland is
thyroxine
the most common cause of acute scrotat pain in prepubertal boys
torsion of the appendix testis
a 7 year old boy presents to the emergency department with acute testicular pain localized to teh superior pole of his right testis. what is the most likely diagnosis
torsion of the testicular appendage
a malignant tumor of teh urinary tract that is often found within the urinary bladder or within the renal pelvis
transitional cell carcinoma
BPH is most often located within the
transitional zone
a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity that is often associated with cirrhosis
transudate ascites.
damaged filtration of kidneys causes excessive protein in the urine
Nephrotic syndrome
aids in the metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
Thyroxine (T4)
infectious disease spread through the air
Tuberculosis
the duct that drains the submandibular gland
Wharton duct
the presence of gallstones and a positive sonographic Murphy sign is a strong indicator of
acute cholecystitis
gastric cancer is most often in the form of
adenocarcinoma
SMA flow on a postprandial patient
(30 to 90 minutes) low resistance
hydronephrosis can alter the renal artery resistive index (RI) within the arcuate or interlobar vessels, often leading to an RI that will be greater than
0.7
splenic hamartoma is associated with these 2
1. Beckwith Weidemann syndrome 2. tuberous sclerosis
lymphoma can be classified into these 2
1. Hodgkin lymphoma 2. non-Hodgkin lymphoma
sex cord stromal tumors of the testicles
1. Leydig cell tumor 2. sertoli cell tumor
sources of diffuse gallbladder wall thickening
1. acute cholecystitis 2. AIDS 3. hepatitis
adrenal rests are commonly associated with
1. congenital adrenal hyperplasia 2. cushing syndrome
collaterals that may result from portal hypertension
1. coronary vein 2. short gastric view 3. gastrorenal pathway 4. splenorenal pathway 5. umbilical vein 6. anterior abdominal wall 7. superior mesenteric vein
clinical findings of aortic rupture
1. decreased hematocrit 2. hypotension 3. pulsatile abdominal mass 4. abdominal bruit 5. back pain 6. abdominal pain 7. lower exremity pain
a normal lymph node will not measure greater than
10 mm
measurement of the spleen should not exceed
12 to 13 cm in length and 6 cm in thickness
HPS is most often found in infants between
2 and 6 weeks of age
the common iliac arteries typically measure around 8 to 10 mm, and are considered aneurysmal if they exceed
2 cm
the AP measurement of the pancreatic duct should not exceed
2 mm
cryptoorchidism is found in _____ % of full term births
3 to 4%
renal:aorta ratio of greater than _____ and _______spectral waveform may indicate renal artery stenosis
3.5, and tardus parvus waveform
what hormone. secreted by the anterior pituitary gland controls the release of hormones by the adrenal glands
ACTH
tumor marker for hepatocellular Carcinoma
AFP
retroperitoneal organs
Abdominal Lymph Nodes Adrenal Glands Aorta Ascending & Descending Colon Duodenum IVC Kidneys Pancreas Prostate Gland Ureters Urinary Bladder Uterus
an endocrine disorder that results from hypofunction of the adrenal cortex
Addison disease
what has the clinical finding of bronzing of the skin
Addison disease
what is referred to as primary adrenocortical insufficiency
Addison's Disease
An elevation in these 2 labs usually indicates some form of renal disease
BUN Creatinine
narrowing or occlusion of the hepatic veins and possibley IVC
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Responsible for removing calcium from teh blood for storage in the bones
Calcitonin
most common cause of fungal urinary tract infections
Candida albicans
clinical findings of adrenal carcinoma may mimic symptoms of
Cushing syndrome
results from high levels of cortisol, can be causes by adrenal adenoma
Cushing syndrome
syndrome associated with hypertension, hyperglycemia, obesity and adrenal mass
Cushing syndrome
what abnormality would the failure of the EVAR to isolate an aneurysm from circulation most likely result in
Endoleak
accelerates heart rate increasing blood pressure, opens airways in the lungs, narrows blood vessels in the skin to intestine to increase blood flow to major muscle groups
Epineephrine
gallbladder hydrops in older infants and children may be associated with
Kawasaki Disease
caused by an early urinary tract obstruction
MCDK
disorder of the connective tissue
Marfan syndrome
aneurysms are also associated with these 4
Marfan syndrome sypillis familial inheritance infection
a common congenital outpouching of the wall of the small intestine
Mecel diverticulum
sono findings: round or triangular shaped mass in the area of the adrenal gland, various sonographic appearances based on the age of the hemorrhage, echogenic during the acute stage, with time it become heterogeneouis, hypoechoic, and possibly cystic. residual calcifications may remain following resolution of the hemorrhage.
adrenal hemorrhage
accessory adrenal gland tissue
adrenal rests
corticol cancers tend to be large and have a tendency to invade the
adrenal vein and the IVC
hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, which contains that release of hormones by teh adrenal glands
adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADPKD is mostly seen in
adults
what hormone is repsonsible for regulating blood pressure by controlling the amounts of sodium and water in the body
aldosterone
promotes the release of glucose by the liver(increases blood sugar level)
alpha cells: glucagon
tumor marker for liver, ovarian and testicular cancers
alpha-Fetaprotein
sono findings: round hypooechoic or anechoic mass or masses, may contain debris, acoustic enhancement
amebic hepatic abscess
digests carbohydrates and converts starch to sugar
amylase
the accumulation of the abnormal protein amyloid in teh kidneys and other organs that can lead to organ damage as well as renal failure
amyloidosis
the most common benign renal tumor
angiomyolipoma
most common cause of aneurysms
atherosclerosis
branches of the celiac axis
1. RIGHT gastric artery 2. hepatic artery 3. splenic artery
pancreatic transplant fluid collections (5)
1. abscess 2. ascites 3. hematoma 4. urinoma 5. psuedocysts
serous tumors are always
benign (serous cystadenoma)
stimulates the body's use of glucagon
beta cells: insulin
tumor marker for testicular cancers and germ cell tumors
beta-hCG
metastatic cancer from the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas tends to be
calcified tumors
tumor marker for medullary thyroid cancer
calcitonin
parathyroid glands control the release and absorption of which nutrient
calcium
inflammation of the colon
colitis
sono findings: thickened hypoechoic colon wall, hyperemia within the colon wall
colitis
the fluid produced by the thyroid that contains thyroid hormones
colloid
adenomyomatosis is associated with
comet tail artifact
a mass consisting of abnormal bronchial and lung tissue that develops within the fetal chest best describes
congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation
sono findings: echogenic foci within the cortex
cortical nephocalcinosis
glucose metabolism blood pressure regulation, immune function, inflammatory response
cortisol (hydrocortisone)
the spleen removes irregular cells from the bloodstream through a process called
culling
increasedc risk for malignancy in the the testis is associated with
cyptorchidism
echogenicity of submucosa
echogenic
echogenicity of superficial mucosa
echogenic
the most likely sonographic appearance of the thymus
echogenic mass that contains linear and punctuate echogenicities
renal cysts that project out away from the kidney are termed
ecophytic
the parotid gland will appear _______ in sagittal and ______ in transverse
elliptical in sag, and round in transverse
malignant noneminomatous germ cell tumor may be palpable, elevated AFP and hCG heterogeneous mass with cystic components
embyonal cell carcinoma
the champagne sign of the gallbladder is associated with
emphysematous cholesystitis
clinical findings: diabetes mellitus, immunocompromised patient, fever, flank pain, leukocytosis
emphysematous peyelonephritis
things associated with development of pneumobilia
gastic surgery, acute cholecystitis, and fistula formation. NOT cholangiopneumonia
clinical findings: weight loss, abdominal pain, anorexia, vomiting
gastric carcinoma
sono findings: hypoechoic, irregular shaped bulky mass
gastric carcinoma
tumor that secretes gastrin
gastrinoma, pancreas
the arterial blood supply to the head of the pancreas is via the
gastroduodenal artery
chills, dark urine, elevated LFTS, fatigue, fever, hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, nausea, vomiting are all clinical findings of
hepatitis.
the islets of Langerhans produce
insulin and glucagon
low blodd sugar symptoms may be a sign of
insulinoma
tumor that secretes insulin
insulinoma, pancreas
__________are usually solitary, and ___________ are often multiple and difficult to image
insulinomas, gastrinoma
as a rule ________ masses are considered malignant until proven otherwise, whereas _______ masses are typically benign
intratesticular, extratesticular
clinical findings: intermittent severe abdominal pain, vomiting, palpable abdominal mass, red currant jelly stools, leukocytosis
intussusception
sono findings: noncompressible target shaped or pseudokidney shaped mass that consists of alternating rings of echogenicity, the diameter of the bowel will exceed 3 cm
intussusception
the most common cause of intestinal obstructions in children less than 2 years of age
intussusception
normal flow within the hepatic artery should demonstrate
low-resistnace wave form pattern, with a quick upstroke, and gradual deceleration with diastole.
which of the following is not located within the mediastinum: heart, thymus, esophagus, lungs
lungs
primary sites of mets found in the adrenal glands are
lungs, breast, lymphoma
metastatic disease to the nodes
lymphadenopathy
patient had a thyroidectomy for papillary carcinoma, palp mass 6 months after surgery, what is the most likely etiology of the palpable mass
lymphadenopathy
most common malignancy of the spleen
lymphoma
stiffer masses in comparison to the tissue around them have an increased risk of
malignancy
compression or entrapment of the left renal vein as it passes between the superior mesenteric artery and abdominal aorta
nutcracker syndrome
a stellate central scar may be noted with this renal tumor
oncocytoma
sono findings: large hyerechoic mass in the area of the adreanl gland, can have various sonographic appearances including hypoechoic or diffusely heterogeneous
pheochromocytoma
tumor that consists of chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland
pheochromocytoma, adrenal gland
most common variant of the gallbladder
phrygian cap (gallbladder fundus is folded onto itself)
bezoars that consist of vegetable material
phytobezoars
clinical findings of AAA
pulsatile abdominal mass abdominal bruit back pain abdominal pain low extremity pain
hepatic veins blood flow
pulsatile, triphasic blood flow
the phagocytic function of the spleen is performed by the
red pulp
sono findings: hyperechoic vascular mass with internal calcifications, may produce acoustic shadowing
renal adenoma
the most common vascular complication following a renal transplant
renal artery stenosis
the protective capsule of the kidney is referred to as
renal capsule
high resistive flow pattern in the SMA indicates
small bowel ischemia
neutralizes stomach acid
sodium bicarbonate
cyst found most often in the head of the epididymis, composed of nonviable sperm, fat, cellular debris, and lymphocytes.
spermatocele
the most common scrotal mass
spermatocele
bowel protrudes into a weakened area in the lower one-fourth of the rectus muscle, midline of the abdomen between the umbilicus and symphysis pubis
spigelian hernia
in a trans image of the kidney, the psoas and quadratus muscles are seen posterior, which one is more lateral?
the quadratus lumborum
what vessel is the shortest in length of the renal arteries and veins>
the right renal vein
accessory adrenal gland tissue, commonly referred to as adrenal rests, can be found within
the testes, epididymis, ovaries, and inguinal canal
hydroceles are most commonly located between
the two layers of the tunica vaginalis
twisted neck
torticollis
Types of cholangitis
1. acute bacterial 2. AIDS 3. oriental 4. sclerosing
clinical findings of cholelithiasis
1. asymptomatic 2. biliary colic 3. abdominal pain after fatty meals 4. epigastric pain 5. nausea and vomiting 6. pain that radiates to the shoulders
the diameter of the intussuscepted bowel will exceed
3 cm
if pyloric stenosis is present, the wall of the pyloric muscle will measure ____mm or greater in thickness, while the length of the abnormal pyloric channel will measure _____ mm or greater
3 mm, 17 mm
how many layers in bladder wall
4
how many parathyroid glands found in adult neck
4
when the bladder is distended, if thickened, the wall diameter will exceed
4 mm
the adrenal glands are the _____ most common site of metastasis
4th
the gastrointestinal tract consists of ___ layers
5
normal intestinal wall thickness should measure less than
5 mm in thickness
normal parathyroid measurement
5x3x1 mm
appendicitis is indicative when inflamed appendix is noncompressible and measures greater than
6 mm
aneurysms greater than ____ are more prone to rupture
7 cm
normal measurements of the gallbladder
8 to 10 cm in length, and not more than 4 to 5 cm in diameter
when gallbladder disease is suspected, look for elevation in these 5 labs
ALP, ALT, bilirubin, GGT, and WBC
when biliary tree obstruction or disease is supected, look for elevation in
ALP, ALT, serum bilirubin, GGT and urobilirubin
often the result of chronic hemodialysis
Acquired renal cystic disease
sono findings: enlarged appearance of the adrenal glands in the acute stages of the disease, atrophic or calcified gland in the chronic stage (may be difficult to identify sonographically
Addison Disease
what is associated with hyponatremia
Addison Disease
growth disorder that causes enlargement of many organs and structures, increased risk for kidney and liver cancer in children
Beckwith-Weidemann syndrome
tumor marker for breast cancer
CA 15-3
sono findings: segmental dilatation of the intrahepatic ducts, the patient may also have cystic renal disease, central dot sign (echogenic dots in teh non dependent part of the dilated duct
Caroli Disease
results from high levels of aldosterone, can be caused by adrenal adenoma
Conn Syndrome
results from high levels of alsosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex
Conn Syndrome
a syndrome caused by a functioning tumor within the adrenal cortex that produces excessive amounts of aldosterone
Conn syndrome
what is associated with hypernatremia
Conn syndrome
the clinical detection of an enlarged palpable gallbladder caused by a pancreatic head mass
Courvoisier gallbladder
autoimmune disorder characterized by periods of inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract
Crohn Disease
clinical findings: episodes of diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, rectal bleeding
Crohn Disease
most common inflammatory disease of the small intestine
Crohn Disease
sono findings: bowel wall thickening, affected bowel will be noncompressible and have a target appearance, hyperemic wall
Crohn Disease
autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract
Crohn disease
the presence of a brain tumor in the pituitary gland or adrenal tumor that causes over production of cortisol by the adrenal glands
Cushing disease
hyperfunctioning adenomas are often seen in patients suffering from
Cushing or Conn Syndrome
a syndrome that results from an anterior pituitary gland or adrenal tumor that causes over production of cortisol by the adrenal glands
Cushing syndrome
the result of the overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal cortex
Cushing syndrome
A herpesvirus that can lead to infectious mononucleosis
Epstein Barr infection
rare complication of pelvic inflammatory disease causing inflammation of the tissue around the liver
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome
the ________ utilizes Creatinine age, body size, and gender to evaluate the overall function of the kidneys
GFR
clinical findings: bulging eyes, heat intolerance, nervousness, weight loss, hair loss
Graves Disease
sono findings: enlarged gland, heterogeneous or diffusely hypoechoic echotexture, thyroid inferno
Graves Disease
the most common cuase of hyperthyroidism
Graves Disease
which abnormality is associated with the sono findings of a thyroid inferno
Graves Disease
each thyroid should be evaluated using color Doppler because vascularity or hyperemia may be evident with ________ and ____________
Graves disease and Hashimoto thyroiditis
the most common primary form of liver cancer
HCC
outpouching of the gallbladder neck
Hartmann pouch
associated with hypothyroidism
Hashimoto disease
an autoimmune disorder and form of vasculitis associated with purple spots on the skin, gastrointestinal complications, joint pain, and possibly kidney failure, mostly occurs in childhood
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
childhood autoimmune disease that results in the development of purple spots on the skin and possible renal failure
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
what is the most common reason for a liver transplant?
Hepatitis C
in a patient with suspected lymphoma, the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells indicates
Hodgkin Lymphoma
the right suprarenal vein drains directly into the
IVC
the right suprrenal vein drains directly into teh
IVC
the most common manifestation of cholangiocarcinoma
Klatskin tumor
a condition in which a male has an extra X chromosome, characteristic features include small testicles, infertility, gynecomastia, long legs, and abnormally low intelligence
Klinefelter syndrome
genetic condition in which a male has an extra X chromosome
Klinefelter syndrome
_______ elevates as a result of cell death, elevation in LDH is not a specific indicator for renal disease
LDH
tumor marker for testicular, ovarian, and other germ cell tumors
LDH
a patient presents with jaundice, pain and fever, secondary to an impacted stone in the cystic duct. This is referred to as
Mirizzi syndrome
jaundice, pain, and fever associated with a stone lodged in the cystic duct
Mirizzi syndrome
sono findings: large heterogeneous mass containing areas of calcification and hemorrhage located in the area of the adrenal gland. Metastasis is often present at the time of discovery
Neuroblastoma
it is hard to differentiate a oncocytoma from _______ and often a biopsy is warranted to differentiate
RCC
the presence of ________ cells indicates Hodgkin lymphoma
Reed-Sternberg cells
sono findings: fungal balls appear as hyperechoic nonshadowing, mobile structures within the renal collectiing system
Renal Fungal Disease
muscular layer of the gallbladder becomes thickened producing diverticuli or tiny pockets that are called
Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses
the main duct of the parotid gland
Stensen duct
the most common malignant tumor of the bladder is
TCC (transitional cell carcinoma)
the removal of the pancreas head, the gallbladder, some of the bile ducts, and the proximal duodenum
Whipple procedure
the upper pole moiety in the duplex kidney is often prone to obstruction because of an irregular insertion of the ureter into the urinary bladder. this leads to the development of an obstructing ureterocele. The lower pole moiety in these individuals is prone to reflux
Wiegert-Meyer rule
hypoechoic wedge shaped mas within the spleen
acute infarct
sono appearance: pancreas may appear normal, focal hypoechoic area, pseudocysts, fluid collection
acute pancreatitis
sono findings: may appear normal, renal enlargement, focal areas of altered echotexture, compression of the renal sinus
acute pyelonephritis
the most common cause of acute renal failure
acute tubular necrosis
the most common forom of mallignancy of the pancreas is
adenocarcinoma
tumor of glandular origin location and name
adenoma, most organs
sono findings: focal or diffuse thickening of the gallbladder wall, with comet tail artifact that projects from the gallbladder wall into the lumen of the gallbladder
adenomyomatosis
the most common benign solid mass of the adrenal gland
adrenal adenoma
organs or structures of the endocrine systme
adrenal glands liver ovaries pancreas parathyroid glands pineal gland pituitary gland testicles thryroid gland thymus
clinical findings: abdominal mass, jaundice, anemia, acute drop in hematocrit and blood pressure.
adrenal hemorrhage
tumor containing adrenal tissue
adrenal rest tumor, testicle
the olive sign is best described as
an enlarged palpable pyloric sphincter
enlarged abnormal lymph nodes tend to deviate from their normal sonographic appearance and become more
anechoic and hypoechoic
tumor of blood vessels, muscles and fat
angiomyolipoma, kidney
Patients with tuberous sclerosis have a tendency to have multiple and bilateral
angiomyolipomas
primary malignant tumor of the spleen
angiosarcoma
the most ventral part of the pancreas encased the duodenum and may lead to duodenum obstruction
annular pancreas
the most common site for endometriosis outside the female pelvis region is the
anterior abdominal wall
what is the cause of Cushing disease
anterior pituitary gland tumor
most common cause of acute abdominal pain resulting in surgery
appendix
common cause of epididymitis in younger men
are sexually transmitted diseases, chlamydia and gonorrhea
central dot sign
associated with Caroli disease. dilated ducts, with small fibrovascular bundles
most likely clinical finding of adenomyomatosis
asymptomatic
Hashimoto thyroiditis is a ________ disease, and is the most common cause of _______
autoimmune, hypothyroidism
inherited condition that causes cysts in multiple organs, usually seen in adults later in life
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
sonographic findings: bilateral enlarged kidneys that contain numerous cortical renal cysts, possible cysts identified in the pancreas, liver and or spleen
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
dilation of the renal collecting tubules. bilateral enlarged echogenic kidenys, loss of corticomedullary differentiation
autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
inherited condition that causes cysts in the kidneys, renal failure, and hepatic fibrosis, usually discovered in utero or in newborns
autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
masses of various ingested materials that may cause an intestinal obstruction
bezoars
congenital disease that is thought to be caused by a virl infection at birth
biliary atresia
sonographic findings: absent biliary ducts, triangular cord sign, sonographic signs of cirrhosis and portal hypertension
biliary atresia
sludge within the gallbaldder is most often associated with
biliary stasis
in which part of the pancreas are mucinous cystadenocarcinomas most often located
body and tail
dilation of the calices
caliectasis
recognizable dilation of the superficial veins in the abdomen.
caput medusa
recognizable dilation of the superficial veins of the abdomen
caput medusa
most common benign iver tumor
cavernous hemangioma
plausible causes of common bile duct obstruction in adults
choledocholithiasis, chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic carcinoma. NOT choledochal cyst
horomone released by the duodenum that causes the gallbladder to contract
cholelcystokinin
results from the disturbance in cholesterol metabolism and accumulation of cholesterol typically within a focal region of gallbladder wall
cholesterolosis
the diffuse polypoid appearance of the gallbladder referred to as strawberry gallbladder is seen with
cholesterolosis
malignant tumor of the testes , may be palpabel, elevated hCG, heterogeneous mass with areas of hemorrhage, necrosis and calcifications
choriocarcinoma (nonseminomatous germ cell tumor)
intermittent obstruction of the cystic dut lby a gallstone results in
chronic cholecystitis
With active internal hemorrhage, the patient's hematocrit will
decrease
restrains insulin and glucose level
delta cells: somatostatin
the most common cause of chronic renal failure (CRF)
diabetes mellitus
emphysematous cholecystistis is most often discovered in
diabetic patients
what artiact is associated with emphysematous cholecystitis
dirty shadowing, reverberation, or ring down artifact.
affected bowel segment will typically reveal hyperemia in
diverticulitis
what is the development of small outpouchings within the sigmoid colon
diverticulosis
collection of abdominal fluid associated with cancer
exudate ascites
what is the Charcot triad?
fever, RUQ pain, and jaundice
rare pediatric fibrous tumor located within the sternocleidomastoid muscle
fibromastosis colli
isoechoic, hyperechoic, or hypoechoic mass, may have central scar with hypervascularity
focal nodular hyperplasia
abnormal accumulation of cells within a focal region of an organ
focal nodular lhyperplasia, liver
the most common location of gallstones
fundus bc it is the most dependent part of the gallbladder
the most common shape of an AAA is
fusiform
intraperitoneal organs
gallbladder liver (except for bare area) ovaries spleen stomach
empyema of the gallbladder denotes
gallbladder filled with pus
a common mass found along the dorsal aspect of the hand and wrist is
ganglion cyst
results from excessive iron
hemochromatosis
what can be caused by oral contraceptive use
hepatic adenomas
clinical findings: immunocompromised patient, ruq pain, fever, hepatomegaly
hepatic candidiasis
sono findings: mult masses with hyperechoic central portions (target, halo, or bulls eys lesions) typically 1 cm or smaller, older lesions may calcify
hepatic candidiasis
clinical findings: trauma, recent surgery, pain, decreased hematocrit
hepatic hematoma
clinical findings: abnormal liver function test (possibly), weight loss, jaundice, right upper quadrant pain, hepatomegaly, abdominal swelling with ascites
hepatic metastasis
gallbladder wall thickening is a sono sign of
hepatitis
least likely cause of acute pancreatitis: alchol abuse, hepatitis, trauma or gallstones
hepatitis
periportal cuffing with starry sky is a sono finding of
hepatitis
when the gallbladder is filled with sludge and is consequently isoechoic to the liver
hepatization
clinical findings: pediatric patient, may be asymptomatic, palpable abdominal mass, hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, weight loss, anorexia, elevated AFP, jaundice
hepatoblastoma
most common malignant pediatric liver tumor
hepatoblastoma
clinical findings: elevated AFP, abnormal LFTS, cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, unexplained weight loss, hepatomegaly, fever, palpable mass, abdominal swelling with ascites
hepatocelllular carcinoma
sonographic findings: solitary, hypoechoic mass, heterogeneous masses scattered throughout the liver, mass with hypoechoic halo and centralll echogenic portion (target or bulls eye lesion) possible ascites
hepatocellular carcinoma
cirrhosis may cause _________ flow in the portal veins
hepatofugal
the normal flow pattern in the main portal vein
hepatopetal and monophasic. should not exceed 13 mm
sono findings of cirrhosis
hepatosplenomegaly, shrunken echogenic right lobe of liver, enlarged caudate and left lobes, nodular surface irregularity, splenomegaly, coarse echotexture, ascites.I
the common iliac artery has a ______ resistive flow pattern
high
Conn syndrome results from
high levels of aldosterone
common iliac artery flow
high resistance
infrarenal aorta flow pattern
high resistance
a enlarged gallbladder caused by a blockage of the cystic duct or other part of the biliary tree
hydropic gallbladder
tendonitis may yield __________ flow with color Doppler
hyperemic
hot nodules indicate
hyperfunctioning thyroid
high levels of potassium in the blood
hyperkalemia
high levels of sodium in the blood
hypernatremia
a group of proliferative and degenerative gallbladder disorders that include both adenomyomatosis and cholesterolosis
hyperplastic cholecystosis
condition that results from the overproduction of thyroid hormones.
hyperthyroidism
HPS
hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
what results in buffalo hump and moon shaped face in clinical findings
hypocortisolism (Cushing syndrome)
echogenicity of deep mucosa
hypoechoic
the most common location of an AAA is
infrarenal
what hormone is released by the pancreas that encourages the body's use of glucagon
insulin
cinnamom bun sign is a term used to decribe
intussusception (edematous layers of the bowel wall)
the thyroid uses ____ to produce its hormones
iodine
klatskin tumors are located at the
junction of the right and left hepatic ducts and cause dilatation of the intrahepatic dlucts
prominent fold located at the junction of the gallbladder neck
junctional fold
a bezoar that consists of powered milk
lactobezoar
the left suprarenal vein drains into the
left renal vein
what vessel travels directly anterior to the left renal artery
left renal vein
__________ is often associated with cholecystists
leukocytosis
patients with bacterial cholangitis suffer from
leukocytosis, elevated ALP and bilirubin
digests fats and converts fats to fatty acids and glycerol
lipase
a __________ obstruction results form the bowel being physically blocked by something
mechanical obstruction
sono findings: echogenic renal pyramids
medullary nephrocalcinosis, medullary songe kidney
malignant _________ and primary tumors of the lungs and breast are the most commly encountered metastatic tumors to the bowel
melanoma
metastatic disease to the testis is most commonly from
melanoma, lung, kidney, and prostate cancer
pancreatic adenocarcinoma is most commly found in
men
the most common cancer discovered in the liver
metastasis
an infectious disease caused by the Epstein Barr virus
mononucleosis
cirrhosis may result in _______flow in the hepatic veins
monophasic
sono findings: multilocular cystic masses that may contain mural nodules and calcificaitons, may be associated with dilation of the pancreatic duct
mucinous cystadenoma
most common malignancy of the salivary glands, typically starts in teh parotid gland
mucoepidermoid carcinoma
bladder walls from inner to outer
mucosa submucosa muscularis serosa
unilateral smooth walled, non communicating cysts of varying sizes located within the renal fossa, compensatory hypertrophy of the contralateral kidney
multicystic dysplastic kidney disease
accumulation of calcium within the renal parenchyma
nephrocalcinosis
malignant tumor that can occur within the adrenal gland and anywhere within the sympathetic nervous system
neuroblastoma
is pancreatitis associated with splenomegaly?
no
what is more common, Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin
non-Hodgkin is more common, but not as easily managed
A _____________obstruction or _____________ is when the bowel lacks normal peristalsis
nonmechanical obstruction or paralytic ileus
accelerates heart rate, increases blood pressure, and contracts blood vessels
norepinephrine
relationship of focal nodular hyperplasia and oral contraception
not caused by oral contraception, but the mass tends to be estrogen dependent, and can grow as a result of oral contraceptive use
benign renal tumor that is often found in men in their 60s and is the second most common renal mass after the angiomyolipoma
oncocytoma
tumor consisting of oncocytes
oncocytoma, kidney
3 layers in the gallbladder
outer: serosal middle: fibromuscular inner: mucosal
cystic metastatic masses within the liver have been seen with
ovarian cancers.
varicocele measurement
over 2mm
The Whipple procedure is performed on patients who have
pacreatic carcinoma
most common form of pancreatic malignancy
pancreatic adenocarcinoma
abnormal fusion of the pancreatic ducts
pancreatic divisum
most common congenital variant of pancreatic anatomy
pancreatic divisum
the most common from of thyroid cancer
papillary carcinoma
sono findings: schistosomiasis, bladder wall thickening, hydatid cysts: depends on the stage of its maturation, as it may appear completely anechoic, contain a daughter cyst with internal debris, or as a complex mass with calcifications
parasitic urinary tract infection
a patient with hypercalcemia presents to the sonography department for a neck sonogram. what abnormality in the neck should be suspected
parathryroid adenoma
clinical findings: elevated serum calcium, elevated PTH
parathyroid adenoma
sono findings: hypoechoic mass adjacent to the thyroid
parathyroid adenoma
with wich of the following is elevated serum calcium associated
parathyroid adenoma
which gland is located immediately anterior to the ear
parotid gland
the largest of the salivary glands
parotid glands
dilation of the calices and renal pelvis
pelvicaliectasis
dilation of the renal pelvis
pelviectasis
largest of the prostatic zones
peripheral zone
most common site for malignancy of the prostatic zones
peripheral zone
prostate zone embedded in teh muscle of the proximal urethra
periurethral glandular zone
a benign solid adrenal tumor associated with uncontrollable hypertension
pheochromocytoma
a hyperfunctioning benign adrenal mass that causes the adrenal gland to relaease excessive amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood stream leading to uncontollable hypertension
pheochromocytoma
clinical findings: uncontrollable hypertension headaches, tachycardia, tremors, anxiety, excessive sweating
pheochromocytoma
hyperfunctioning benign adrenal mass that causes the adrenal gland to release excessive amounts of epinephrine and norepepinephrine into the blood stream, leading to uncontrolled hypertension
pheochromocytoma
benign and most frequent tumor of the salivary glands, most commonly seen in teh parotid gland
pleomorphic adenoma
benign and most frequent tumor of the salivary glands, most commonly seen in the parotid gland
pleomorphic adenoma
air within the biliary tree
pneumobilia
there is a risk for patients with _______ to develop gallbladder carcinoma
porcelain gallbladder
the most common cause of splenomegaly
portal hyptertension
the most common cancer in men
prostate cancer in the form of adenocarcinoma
the triad of absent abdominal musculature, undescended testis, and urinary tract abnormalities is consistent with the diagnosis of
prune belly syndrome
severe itchiness of skin
pruritus
clinical findings consistent with cholangiocarcinoma
pruritus, weight loss, and elevated bilirubin. NOT dilation of intrahepatic ducts.
round calcific depots tath appear sonographically as punctate (marked with dots) hyperechoic foci without acoustic shadowing
psammomma bodies
sonographically, this form of ascites may appear as multiseptated cystic mass within the pelvis
pseudmyxoma peritonei
an intraperitoneal extension of mucin secreting cells that result from the rupture of a malignant mucinous ovarian tumor, or possible a malignant tumor of the appendix
pseudomyxoma peritonei
which of the following muscles would be situated closest to the spine: rectus abdominis, psoas muscle, quadratus lumborum, iliacus
psoas muscle
sono findings: complex cyst with thick walls, mass may contain debris, septations, and or gas, the air within the abscess may produce dirty shadowing or ring down artifact
pyogenic hepatic abscess
Clincal findings: fever, hepatomegaly, leukocystosis, possible abnormal LFTs, ruq pain
pyogenic hepatic abscess.
sono findings: hydrohephrosis, pus and debris appear as internal layering and low leve. echoes within the dilated collecting system
pyonephrosis
a normal variant of the thyroid gland in which there is a superior extension of the isthmus
pyramidal lobe
the medial segment of the liver may also be referred to as the
quadrate lobe
a key clinical finding of intussusception is
red currant jelly stool
clinical findings: immunocompromised person, diabetes mellitus, intravenous drug abuse or long-standing indwelling catheter, infant with an indwelling catheter, flank pain, fever, chills
renal fungal disease
another name for a angiomyolipoma is a
renal hamartoma
benign mass of blood vessels encountered during the 3rd and 4th decade of life
renal hemangioma
benign fatty tumor most often found in women
renal lipoma
sono findings: can appear anechoic, hypoechoic, or complex. gas shadows or dirty shadowing may be presnet within the mass
renal or perinephric abscess
migraine medication use is included in teh clinical findings of what
retroperitoneal fibrosis
enlargement of the IVC with subsequent enlargement of the hepatic veins is seen in cases of
right sided heart failure
enlargement of the hepatic veins and IVC is often seen with
right sided heart failure
most common cause of IVC enlargement
right sided heart failure
right sided varicocles may be associated with
right sided pathology of the retroperitoneum including hepatomegaly, a hepatic mass, or a right sided renal mass
the sign associated with abnormal abdominal lymph node enlargement that leads to the compression of the aorta and inferior vena cava
sandwich sign
a systemic disease that results in the development of granulomas throughout the body
sarcoidosis
inflammatory disease that results in scar tissue development in multiple organs
sarcoidosis
a worm that enters humans by penetrating the skin
schistoscomiasis
the most common renal parasitic infection is from
schistosomiasis
nuclear medicine study in which a radiopharmaceutic is used to examine the thyroid gland
scintigraphy
characterized by fibrotic thickening of the bile ducts, most often affects young men, assoiciated with inflammatory bowel disease and ulcerative colitis, increased risk for cholangiocarcinoma
sclerosing cholangitis
echogenic mobile, with posterior shadow, thought to be the remnants of a formerly torsed and displaced testicular appendage
scrotal pearl
the most common cancer found in an undescended testis
seminoma
inflammation of the salivary glands
sialadenitis
benign, painless enlargemnt of a salivary gland or glands
sialadenosis
salivary duct stones
sialotithiasis
muscular bundles
trabeculae
submanibular are a _______ shape, sublingual are a ______ shape
triangular, round
a bezoar tht consists of matted hair
trichobezoars
Aids in teh metabolism of fats proteins and carbohydrates
triiodothyronine (T3)
normal spectral Doppler characterisistic within a graft are considered
triphasic
normal spectral Doppler findings of the infrarenal aorta
triphasic high resistant flow pattern with reversal of flow in early diastole.
digests proteins
trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypolypeptidase
clinical findings: epilepsy, skin lesions of the face
tuberous sclerosis
rare genetic disorder that leads to the development of tumors within various organs (angiomyolipoma)
tuberous sclerosis
sono findings: bilateral renal cysts, bilateral angiomyolipomas
tuberous sclerosis
during a sonographic examination of the right testis, you visualize multiple small cysts lcated along the mediastinum testis. what is the most likely diagnosis
tubular ectasia of the rete testis
palpable abdominal mass between the umbilicus and the urinary bladder
urachal anomalies
cystic dilatation of the ureter as it enters the bladder
ureterocele
inflammation of urethra
urethritis, not an intrinsic cause of hydronephrosis
localized collection of urine
urinoma, adjacent to a kidney transplant.
caused by incompetent or abnormal valves within the pampiniform plexus
varicocele
the most common cause of correctable male infertility
varicocele
the abnormal retrograde flow of urine from the urinary bladder into the ureter and possibley into the kidneys
vesicoureteral reflux
a hereditary disease that includes the development of cysts wthin the pancreas and other organs
von Hippel-Lindau disease
rare genetic disorder characterized by cysts and tumors in various organs
von Hippel-Lindau disease
what is associated with the development of cysts within the pancreas
von Hippel-Lindau disease
sono findings: multiple renal cysts, cysts may complex and have mural nodules (sign of RCC), cysts within the pancreas, pheochromocytoma may be present
von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
symptoms of a brain and or eye tumors
von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
clinical findings of nephrocalcinosis include all the following exept: urinary tract infections, urinary calculi, hyperparathyroidism, weight loss
weight loss
the lymphatic function of the spleen is performed by the
white pulp
where is the thymus located
within the mediastinum
the most common location for a retroperitoneal hematoma is
within the psoas muscles
common locations for adominal lymph nodes include all of the following except: mesentery, renal hilum, along the length of the abdominal aorta, within the subhepatic space
within the subhepatic space
malignant nonseminomatous germ cell tumor may be palpable elevated AFP (exclusively) heterogeneous mass with areas of hemorrhage and calicifications
yolk sac tumor
the sandwich sign denotes
abdominal lymphadenopathy
clinical findings: palpable neck mass, enlarged nodes may be painful
abnormal lymph nodes
infection of the small intestine that is caused by acaris lumbricodes a parasitc roundworm
acariasis (fecal-oral route)
which cells perform the exocrine function of the pancreas
acinar cells
kidney will appear small initially during end-stage renal disease with some small cysts, with time the kidneys may enlarge and have numerous small cysts noted throughout the renal parenchyma
acquired renal cystic disease
`sono findings: noncompressible blind ended tube that measures more than 6 mm in diameter from outer wall to outer wall, echogenic structure within the lumen of the appendix, hyperemic flow within the wall of the inflamed appendix, periappendiceal fluid collection
acute appendicitis
clinical findings: rlq pain, acute abdominal pain, rebound tenderness, nausea and vomiting, possible leukocytosis, high fever with abscess formation
acute appendicitis
Pathologies associated with ascites
acute cholecystitis, cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, ectopic pregnancy, malignancy, portal hypertension, ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm
sono findings: enlarged kidneys with increased echogenicity, prominent renal pyramids
acute glomerulonephritis
the gradual fibrosis and dysfunction of the spleen secondary to disease (commonly sickle cell anemia)
autosplenectomy
pancreatic divism can lead to
both acute and chronic pancreatitis
is the pancreas an exocrine or endocrine gland?
both, and considered a retroperitoneal organ
a cystic mass noted at teh mandibular angle is most likely a
branchial cleft cyst
benign congenital neck cysts found most often near the angle of the mandible
branchial cleft cysts
exocrine organs or structures
breast pancreas salivary glands (parotid glands, submandibular glands, and sublingual glands) liver
hyypoechoic massesmay be from the
breast, lung, or lymphoma.
metastatic disease to the spleen is rare and occurs late in the disease process, the most common primary locations are
breast, lung, skin (melanoma) and ovary
all of the following may be discovered sonographically within the chest except: bronchial infections, pleural effusion, lymphomas, thymomas
bronchial infections
echogenicity of serosa
echogenic
sono findings: gas or air within the renal parenchyma, dirty shadowing or reverberation artifact coming from the renal parenchyma
emphysematous pyelonephritis
glands that release their hormones directly into the bloodstream
endocrine glands
secretion of hormones into the blood to control many different body functions
endrocrine system
sono findings of abnormal lymph nodes
enlargement of the node>1cm rounded shape loss of echogenic hilum calcifications may be hyperemic or demonstrate abnormal vascular patterns with color Doppler
benign intratesticular mass that typically has whorled or onion skin sono appearance
epidermoid cyst
most common cause of acute testicular pain in adults
epididymitis
the medulla produces
eppinephrine and norepinephrine
secretes hormone or juices through ducts
exocrine
most common pancreatic transplantation
exocrine enteric drainage
benign characteristics of thyroid nodules
extensive cystic components cysts <5 mm hyperechoic mass eggshell calcifications hot nodule
the donor artery and vein in a kidney transplant is anastomosed to the
external iliac artery and external iliac vein
acute cholecystitis that leads to necrosis and abscess development within the gallbladder wall describes
gangreanous cholecystitis
hyperechoic masses tend to arise from the
gastrointestinal tract (the colon), and kidney, pancreas, or biliary tree.
most of the malignant intratesticular tumors are of ______ origin
germ cell origin
most common maglignant neoplasm of the testicles that is typically found in males between 30 and 50 years of age
germ cell tumor, seminoma
can be casued by a distant throat infection (like strep throat)
glomerulonephritis
can be caused by a distant infection such as strep throat, or an autoimmune reaction
glomerulonephritis
clinical findings: proteinuria, throat infection, axotemia, NOT hypercalcemia
glomerulonephritis
clinical findings: recent throat infection, smoky urine, hematuria, proteinuria, fever, hypertension, axotemia
glomerulonephritis
an enlarged hyperplastic thyroid gland
goiter
general term for thyroid enlargement, that can result from inadequate iodine intake, however, there can be other underlying causes
goiter