Abdomen Test 1 Study Guide (Chap 2-4)

which transducer is best suited for a sonographic examination of the superfical abdominal wall?

A. 12 MHz linear array

Which of the following is another term for pleural effusion?

A. Hydrothorax

Which of the following spaces is most likely to contain a pancreatic pseudocyst?

A. Lesser sac

Which of the following statements regarding hematomas is false?

A. Post-surgical hematoma are usually retroperitoneal

Due to high frequency of appendicitis and duodenal ulcers, what is the most common potential space for a peritoneal abscess?

A. Right subphrenic space

Which of the following statements regarding the FAST scan examinations is false?

A. The FAST scan is very effective in diagnosing causes of acute abdominal pain such as gallstones and kidney stones

what is the most common type of ventral hernia?

A. Umbilical

What term refers to peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal organs

A. Visceral peritoneum

which of the following muscles is not a paired muscle?

A. pyramidalis muscle

Which of the following may be contraindication to sonography guided aspiration?

A. separations within the abscess

A diaphragmatic hernia allows _________ contents such as _________,__________, and ________ to enter the thoracic cavity

Abdominal Stomach Bowel Liver

Paralysis of one hemidiaphragm can be detected sonographically by showing _______ or ______ motion on the affected side and normal or _______ motion on the contralateral side

Absent Paradoxical Exaggerated

Which of the following methods is used to divide the abdominopelvic cavity into 9 regions

Addison Lines

hilum

Area of an organ where blood vessels, lymph, and nerves enter and exit

Which of the following statements regarding a peritoneal abscess is false?

B. Color Doppler will frequently demonstrate internal vascularity

Which of the following statements regarding a sonographic examination of peritoneal cavity is FASLE?

B. Cystic masses typically have sharp corners and angles as they fill the potential space

Which of the following is not a ventral hernia?

B. Inguinal

Which of the following organs is not located within the peritoneal cavity?

B. Pancreas

in order to determine if an abscess is intraperitoneal or exraperitoneal, what structure must the sonographer demonstrate?

B. Peritoneal Line

which of the following is not part of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

B. Psoas Muscle

What is the common sonographic appearance of a lymphocele?

B. Simple anechoic collection with possible thin septations

Which fluid collection contains urine and is associated with a rupture of the urinary tract?

B. Urinoma

Which of the following potential spaces is located between the posterior urinary bladder and the anterior uterus?

B. Uterovesicle space

which of the following is an abnormal elevation of the diaphragm due to a develepmental anomaly?

B. eventration

which of the following is an anatomical area where vessels can enter and exit the abdominal cavity and is a potential site for hernias?

B. inguinal canal

Which of the following is typically associated with transudative ascites?

C. Congestive heart failure

Which of the following typically occurs when a nerve is damaged during surgey?

C. Neuroma

Which of the following statements regarding omental caking is false?

C. Simple transudative ascites is frequently associated with omental caking

Which of the following potential spaces is located between the anterior wall of the urinary bladder and the pubic symphysis?

C. Space of Retzius

Which of the following potential spaces is commonly referred to as Morrison's pouch?

C. The hepatorenal space

Which of the following is an inflammatory response?

C. absces

The superficial fascia inferior to the umbilicus is divided into two layers: the ________ fascia, a fatty layer containing small vessels and nerves, and the _______ fascia, which is a deep membranous layer.

Camper's Scarpa's

Biloma

Collection of bile that can occur with trauma or rupture of the biliary tract

Which of the following has the primary function of attaching muscles to fixed points?

D. Aponeuroses

What is the most common content in an abdominal wall hernia?

D. Fat

A large hematoma may be associated with a decrease in which laboratory value?

D. Hematocrit

Which of the following structures is not seen in the thoracic cavity in a fetus with a congenital diaphramatic hernia?

D. Linea Alba

Which of the following is the most common benign tumor of the abdominal wall?

D. Lipoma

What term describes an interventional procedure performed to remove ascites from the peritoneal cavity?

D. Paracentesis

Ascites does not typically collect in which of the following potential spaces?

D. Pleural space

Which of the following is not another name for the rectourerine space?

D. Prevesicle space

Over half infants born with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia die from what medical condition?

D. Respiratory Failure

The lesser sac contains which of the following organs?

D. The lesser sac does not contain any organs

Which statement regarding the diaphragm is false?

D. due to diaphragmatic contraction, the IVC dilates during inspiration

which of the following is a true statement about the right crus of the diaphragm?

D. it appears anterior to the caudate lobe

Hematoma

Extravasated collection of blood localized within a potential space or tissue

Hemoperitoneum

Extravasated collection of blood within the peritoneal cavity

linea alba

Fibrous structure that runs down the midline of the abdomen from the xiphoid process to the symphysis pubis

ascites

Free fluid within the peritoneal cavity

When a patient is supine the most gravity defendant portion of the abdominal cavity is the _________ ___________. This potential space should always be checked for free fluid during the sonographic examination.

Hepatorenal space/ Morrison's pouch

Addison lines divide the abdomen into nine regions . Those regions are the right and left_______. Right and left __________. Right and left __________. And the central regions__________, __________, and _________.

Hypochondriac Lumbar Iliac Epigastric Umbilical Hypogastric

Three main categories of disease that affect the abdominal wall include __________, __________, and _________ changes.

Inflammatory traumatic neoplastic

The right and left _______ ______ are potential spaces along the lateral borders of the peritoneal cavity that allows fluids to travel between the supracolic and infracolic compartments

Paracolic gutters

The _______ ________ lines the abdominopelvic cavity and is formed by a single layer of epithelial cells and supporting connective tissue.

Parietal Peritoneum

The largest body cavity is called the ________ __________, which encompasses the abdomen and pelvis.

Peritoneal cavity

The thin sheet of tissues that divides the abdominal cavity into the peritoneal and retroperitoneal compartments is called the _________ __________

Peritoneal membranes

visceral peritoneum

Peritoneum encasing peritoneal organs

parietal peritoneum

Peritoneum lining the walls of the peritoneal cavity

Sonographically, a ___________ _______ is diagnosed when fluid is visualized superior to the diaphragm

Pleural effusion

abscess

Pocket of infection typically containing pus, blood, and degenerating tissue

The posterior abdominal wall is composed of three paired muscles: the _______ _______, __________, and ________ _____

Psoas Major Ilacus quadratus lumborum

The abdominopelvic cavity is also frequently divided into 4 quadrants. Those quadrants are the

RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ

The ______ ______ is a fibrous compartment that contains the rectus abdominis, pyramidalis muscle, blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

Rectus Sheath

A _________ is a collection of serum that results from a surgical procedure or from the liquefaction of a hematoma and typically appears anechoic to hypoechoic sonographically

Seroma

When evaluating a superficial lesion in the abdominal wall, a ______ ____ may be used to eliminate the "main bang" artifact

Standoff Pad

Two complications that can occur with midline hernias include _________, which can compromise the blood supply and cause ischemia, and _________, which occurs when the contents of the sac cannot be pushed back into the abdominal cavity.

Strangulation Incarceration

The greater omentum divides the greater sac into two compartments: the _____ _____, which means above the colon, and the _________ ________ which means below the colon.

Supracolic compartment Infracolic compartment

The human body is divided into the ventral and dorsal cavities. The Ventral cavity is separated by the diaphragm into the ________ cavity and the _________ cavity.

Thoracic Abdominopelvic

FAST scan

Triage ultrasound examination performed to detect free fluid that would indicate bleeding

mesentery

Two layers of fused peritoneum that conduct nerves, lymph, and blood vessels between the small bowel/colon and the posterior peritoneal cavity wall

When evaluating a hernia with sonography, the ________ ________ can be used to demonstrate the widening of the hernia and movement of the hernia contents

Valsalva maneuver

The two main categories of abdominal wall hernias are _________ and _________

Ventral Groin

omphalocele

a congenital defect in the midline abdominal wall that allows abdominal organs, such as the bowel and liver, to protrude through the wall into the base of the umbilical cord

ascites

accumulation of serous fluid in peritoneal cavity

Lymphocele

an extravasated collection of lymph

iatrogenic

caused by a treatment, procedure, or error

abscess

cavity containing dead tissue and puss that forms due to an infecious process

pneumothorax

collapsed lung that occurs when air leaks into the space between the chest wall and lung

Discoloration of the abdominal wall called ________ and a falling __________ value are often clinical signs of a rectus sheath hematoma.

ecchymosis hematocrit

fascia

fibrous tissue network located between the skin and the underlying structures. Serves to cover the muscles and to partition them into groups.

pleural effusion

fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity

Seroma

fluid collection composed of blood products located adjacent to or surrounding transplanted organs in the early transplantation period

Sonographically, the diaphragm is seen as a thin ________ band in children and adults and is a _________ band in fetuses

hyperechoic hypoechoic

Aponeurosis

layers of flat fibrous sheets composed of strong connective tissue. Serves as tendons to attach muscles to fixed pints.

rectus abdominis

long, vertical, paired abdominal muscles that run from the xiphoid process to the sympthesis pubis

retroperitoneal organs

organs posterior to peritoneum, which are typically covered on their anterior surface or fatty capsule by parietal peritoneum

Superficial abdominal wall hematomas most commonly occur within the _______ _______.

rectus sheath

The four clinical indications of an inflammatory response are ________,________,__________, and_________

redness heat pain swelling

erythema

redness of the skin due to inflammation

Peristalsis

rhythmic contraction of the GI tract that propels food through it

Ecchymosis

skin discoloration caused by the leakage of blood into the subcutaneous tissues.

peritoneal organs

solid organs within the peritoneal cavity that are covered by visceral peritoneum

The shape of an abscess can vary, but the typical shape is ________ or _______

sphere elliptical

The lesser sac lies immediately posterior to the ____.

stomach

bare area

surface area of a peritoneal organ devoid of peritoneum

if edema is present an injury, a contused abdominal muscle may appear ________ and more __________

thicker anechoic