Abnormal Exam 2
Based on family pedigree studies, which relative of an individual with a diagnosis of schizophrenia would be most at risk for developing the disorder?
sister
A patient who receives help in finding work, in finding a place to live, and in taking medication correctly is probably receiving _______ therapy
social
A decrease in social rewards, especially a decrease in social support such as that found in a happy marriage, may precede the onset of depression, providing evidence for which theoretical perspectives?
Behavioral and Sociocultural
A therapist turns on a buzzer when a client speaks slowly and laboriously. She turns it off when the client speaks more rapidly. In other cases, the therapist instructs the client's souse to ignore his mate when she complains or acts in a self-depreciating manner. This is an example of...
Behavioral therapy
The strongest evidence for the cause of bipolar disorders best supports which theoretical perspective?
Biological
A person with schizophrenia who is experiencing anhedonia is displaying
Blunted or flat affect
Which statement about psychodynamic theory in treating unipolar depression is accurate?
Long-term therapy is only occasionally helpful to those with unipolar depression
What kinds of treatment programs seem to work best for mentally ill chemical abusers (MICAs)?
Long-term, individualized, comprehensive therapy
A person with schizophrenia who says, "It's cold today. My cold is better but I got it from the nurse. She is a blonde who lives in Manhattan. I live in Manhattan with Jimmy Carter" is experiencing...
Loose associations
The link between dopamine and schizophrenia is supported by the finding that...
Lower dopamine activity helps remove schizophrenic symptoms
Which is the best example of a double-blind communication?
Saying "I love you" to a child but refusing to allow that child in your lap
A middle-aged individual shows many of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia and at the same time often appears profoundly depressed. The symptoms have lasted almost a year. This is an example of...
Schizoaffective disorder
Which is not related to a fuller recovery from schizophrenia
Schizophrenia developing in early life
Researchers found that phenothiazines reduced psychotic symptoms but also caused Parkinsonian symptoms, like tremors. This discovery suggests that...
Schizophrenia is tied to excessive dopamine
What is a token, in behavioral terms?
a reinforcer
Your aunt says, "I know I'm depressed, and I think and worry about my depression constantly; however, I never actually do anything about it." She is:
making ruminative responses
The people MOST likely to develop stress disorders lived their childhood in:
poverty and had parents who divorced when the people were younger than 10 years old.
According to Freudian theory, depression results in part from...
regression to the oral stage
A mother experiences "baby blues" shortly after delivering a child. The chances that she later will develop postpartum psychosis are closest to
1 in 1,000
Which risk percentage pattern BEST supports the influence of genetic factors in explaining bipolar disorder - (1) in the general population, (2) among close relatives of people with bipolar disorder, and (3) among identical twins of people with bipolar disorder?
1 percent; 10 percent; 40 percent
To receive a diagnosis of dysthymic syndrome, an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least...
2 years
What is the average length of time for the treatment of major depressive disorder with ECT?
2-4 weeks
What is the current incidence of severe unipolar depression in the united states?
5-10% (9% in any year)
Martin Seligman has developed a theory based on the idea that depression results from:
A belief that one has no control over the events in one's life.
A good way to describe a typical manic episode would be to say that it's like:
A flash flood- spreading out wherever there's room for it to go.
On an impulse, David decides to throw a huge party. It takes four days of round-the-clock work to get everything ready, then David welcomes over 200 guests. When the police stop by because David has blocked a public road to have room for the party, he flies into a rage. MOST likely, David is experiencing:
A manic phase of bipolar I disorder
A person with schizophrenia demonstrates poverty of speech and experiences auditory hallucinations. According to the "Type 1- Type 2" evaluation categorization, this person would be...
A mix of type 1 or type 2
In general, the closer that people are genetically related to someone with schizophrenia, the more likely they are to be diagnosed with schizophrenia as well. This is evidence of...
A positive correlation between a schizophrenia diagnosis and closeness of relationship
According to Frieda Fromm-Reichmann (1948), schizophrenia is caused by
A schizophrenic mother
The individual associated with developing a cognitive theory of depression based on negative and maladaptive thinking was...
Aaron Beck
A person who witnessed a horrible accident and then became unusually anxious and depressed for three weeks is probably experiencing...
Acute Stress Disorder
When was acute stress disorder as a result of combat (called "shell shock") first recognized?
After world war I
If a biochemical imbalance were the cause of a person's depression, the latest research would lead us to expect to find that person to have:
An abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin and norepinephrine.
In 2001, Andrea Yates, showing symptoms of postpartum psychosis, drowned her five children. Assuming she was suffering from postpartum psychosis, her actions were...
Atypical, less than 5% of women with postpartum psychosis harm or attempt to harm their offspring
The most common type of hallucination in schizophrenia is...
Auditory
A person with schizophrenia who hears all the animals around her making plans to get her ready for the ball, and comes to think of herself as Cinderella, is experiencing a(N) ______ hallucination and a delusion of _____.
Auditory, Grandeur
I sit staring at a blank page, unable to make myself write a new multiple-choice test item; I just don't seem to care. My behavior is like that of people with schizophrenia displaying the symptom called...
Avolition
What is the correct match of person and approach?
Beck and cognitive therapy
The viral explanation for schizophrenia suggest that brain abnormalities, and therefore schizophrenia, result from viral exposure
Before birth
Increasing pleasant activities is MOST likely to be a part of a ___________ therapy program.
Behavioral
People who talk rapidly, dress flamboyantly, and get involved in dangerous activities are showing ________ symptoms of mania.
Behavioral
Which theoretical orientation would support the finding that there is a significant relationship between positive life events and feelings of life satisfaction and happiness?
Behavioral
If your therapist tried to reintroduce you to pleasurable activities, reinforce non-depressive actions, and improve your social skills, your therapist would be using...
Behavioral Therapy
What would be the most appropriate diagnosis for a person who experienced a major depressive episode, without having any history of mania, and is either immobile or excessively active?
Catatonic depression
Those with schizophrenia who hold awkward and bizarre positions for long period of time are experiencing
Catatonic posturing
Which two pairs most closely represent opposites in terms of the behavior you would observe in people with schizophrenia
Catatonic stupor and catatonic excitement
Those with schizophrenia who stop responding to their environment and remain motionless and silent for long periods of time are experiencing
Catatonic stuppor
Clients who test their assumptions about what is causing their depression are working in which phase of Beck's treatment program?
Changing primary attitudes
The clinician who would be most likely to ask, "Do you believe you will always feel like this in all situations?" is a ______ clinician.
Cognitive
Occasionally, you see or hear things. Your friends tell you it's your imagination, but eventually, you come to think your friends are hiding something and you develop delusions of persecution to explain their behavior. This thinking leads you down the "rational path to madness This scenario is consistent with the
Cognitive view
In the face of fear, a person is unable to concentrate and develops a distorted views of the world. The person is showing which fear response?
Cogntiive
A milder pattern of mood swings that does not reach the severity of bipolar disorder but does include brief depressive and manic episodes is called ________ disorder
Cyclothymic
Milder forms of bipolar disorders are known as _________ disorder.
Cyclothymic
Antonio believes that the anchor on the evening television news is speaking directly and personally to him. He even goes to the television studio to talk to the anchor. Antonio is suffering from...
Delusions of reference
Patients are more likely to recover from schizophrenia if they
Demonstrated good premorbid functioning
Behaviorists explain the downward spiral of depression by theorizing that:
Depressed behavior leads to even fewer opportunities for social rewards
In the US, the highest depression is found in ________ people
Divorced
Recently, the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia has been challenged because it has been discovered that...
Effective new drugs abnormal neurotransmitter activity of serotonin as well as dopamine
Jamal is experiencing a major depressive episode that appears to have begun three weeks ago. He is miserable and suffers from at least five symptoms of depression. No unusually stressful events have occurred in the past year. Based on this data, the diagnosis would be...
Endogenous depression
What is the best example of "reduced responsiveness" as it relates to posttraumatic stress disorder?
Excessive talking about the event in inappropriate settings
Which of the following would be an emotional symptom of depression?
Experiences of sadness and anger
A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who is upset by what she or he had to do to survive and perhaps even feels unworthy or surviving is...
Experiencing increases anger, anxiety, and guilt
Which is the best example of a finding from genetic linkage and molecular biology studies?
Gene defects on certain chromosomes predispose one to schizophrenia
Which is the best example of interpersonal role transition?
Going away to college for the first time
The main difference between hallucinations and delusions is that...
Hallucinations involve perception and delusions involve belief
The complete remission rate for those diagnosed with schizophrenia is...
Higher in developing countries than in undeveloped countries, possibly because of better family and social support
The data from studies of the biological and adoptive parents of children who receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia as adults show that the concordance rate of schizophrenia with biological relatives is...
Higher than with adoptive relatives
Which statement accurately represents the "rational path to madness"?
I experience disturbing symptoms. I talk them over with others. Others say I am imagining things. I decide others are lying to me.
Postpartum psychosis occurs
In about 0.1% of women, beginning soon after childbirth
If observation of a relationship between "expressed emotion" in families and recovery from schizophrenia demonstrate cause-and-effect, one would predict that relapse would be least common in people with schizophrenia whose families
Infrequently express criticism and allow a good deal of privacy
Which statement is true about the research in the effectiveness of cognitive therapy in treating unipolar depression?
It nearly eliminates depressive symptoms in 50-60% of the cases
People with schizophrenia have not been found to have
Larger amounts of cortical gray matter
Many victims of spousal abuse stay with their abusers, even though it is obvious to others that they should, and actually could, leave. A good explanation for their behavior is...
Learned helplessness
Compared to those diagnosed with schizophrenia who live in developing countries...
Less likely to recover fully and more likely to be hospitalized
Depression is more common in women because they experience more taxing life situations, such as poverty and menial jobs, than men. This is the ________ theory.
Life stress
Which of the following is important in using contingency management effectively?
Make sure that the person receives reinforcement for engaging in positive activities.
What are people who take medication for schizophrenia often given medication that helps control shaking and tremors?
Medication used to treat schizophrenia leads to Parkinson-like symptoms
All the pleasure has gone out of life for Trevor. Things he used to find fun and exciting no longer give him any joy. He finds he wakes up early in the morning and has no appetite. This has been going on for several weeks. What type of major depression would he MOST likely be diagnosed with?
Melancholic
Seasonal affective disorder is associated with fewer hours per day of daylight during the winter months. Less daylight, or, more accurately, more darkness, may cause the release of:
Melatonin
In general, the problems that mentally ill chemical abusers (MICAs) face in terms of diagnosis and treatment are...
More than those faced by either people with severe mental disorders or chemical abuse disorders
To receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, catatonic, the individual must display:
Motor immobility or excessive activity
Armand does not feel much emotion and does not really want to do anything. He has also completely withdrawn from his friends and family. The presence of these behaviors illustrates ______ schizophrenia
Negative
Poverty of speech, blunted and flat affect, loss of volition, and social withdrawal are all examples of _____ symptoms of schizophrenia
Negative
Cognitive theorists explain depression in terms of a person's:
Negative interpretation of events
Shelly is sitting on the couch with her husband and children when suddenly she smells smoke. However no one else can smell the smoke and there is no fire. What is she experiencing?
Olfactory Hallucinations
Years after the U.S. civil war was over, many veterans diagnosed with "melancholia" or "soldier's heart" still experienced vivid flashbacks of their combat experiences, as well as nightmares and guilt about what they had done. Today, their most likely diagnosis would be...
PTSD
Imagine that you just had a "close call" while driving, but now you feel your body returning to normal. Which part of your nervous system is controlling this return to normalcy?
Parasympathetic nervous system
Judith is currently experiencing a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to go to work and to take care of her children. It has lasted for three weeks, and she has experienced similar episodes in the past. What type of major depression would she most likely be diagnosed with?
Persistent
A student who turns pale and feels nauseated when called on to speak in class is experiencing a _______ response to stress
Physical
Millie sees pretty colored butterflies on all the walls. She also hears gentle music, which is not actually there. The presence of these behaviors illustrates ____ symptoms of schizophrenia.
Positive
While type 1 schizophrenia is dominated by ____ symptoms, Type 2 schizophrenia is dominated by ____ symptoms
Positive, negative
Almost every night, Cara wakes up terrified and screaming for the boys to get off her. Two years later she still can't get the gang rape out of her mind. The fear, anxiety, and depression and ruining her life. This is an example of a(n):
Post-traumatic stress reaction
A woman experiences recurrent thoughts of suicide, great sadness, and sleep disturbance. These symptoms began a week after she gave birth and have lasted more than six months. The woman is experiencing...
Postpartum depression
A person with schizophrenia who is experiencing alogia is displaying
Poverty of speech
The stage of the development of schizophrenia marked by deterioration of functioning and the display of some mild symptoms is called the
Prodromal Phase
The behavioral view of schizophrenia
Provides a partial explanation for the origins and symptoms of schizophrenia
A therapist using free association and dream interpretation discovers that as a small child her patient had been left alone by her mother on several occasions and concludes that the patient is experiencing unipolar depression. The therapist is most likely from which orientation?
Psychodynamic
The clinician who would be most likely to say, "Tell me about any early losses you experienced," would be a ________ clinician.
Psychodynamic
Which theoretical model is supported by the finding that monkeys separated from their mothers at birth show signs of depression>
Psychodynamic
Judith is currently experiencing a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to go work and to take care of her children. It has lasted now for three weeks, and she has experienced similar episodes in the past. What type of major depressed would she MOST likely be diagnosed with?
Recurrent
According to Freud, people with schizophrenia
Regress to a pre-ego stat of primary narcissism
According to Freudian theory, depression results in part from:
Regression to the oral stage
The Community Mental Health Act stipulated that patients with mental disorders should receive all except _______ without leaving their communities?
Research opportunities
If I'm in a depressed mood and all I do is think about my mood without trying to change it, I'm making what kind of response?
Ruminative
Most contemporary psychodynamic theorists would agree with which statement?
Schizophrenogenic mothers, if they do exist, don't create children with schizophrenia
A person taking antidepressant medication is starting to gain weight, and reports decreasing interest in sexual activity. These changes are MOST common among people taking what kind of antidepressant medication?
Second-generation antidepressants
The person associated with the learned helplessness theory of depression is...
Seligman
Although initially thought to be due to an excessive amount of a particular neurotransmitter, mania has been found to be due to low levels of which neurotransmitter?
Serotonin
Those with schizophrenia who are unable to recognize other people's needs and emotions and who also distance themselves from reality are displaying..
Social withdrawal
One who looks at the influence of race, living conditions, martial status, and roles on the development of depression would most likely represent which theoretical orientation?
Sociocultural
People around those who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia begin to treat them as if they are "crazy", expecting and overreacting to odd behaviors that they might not even notice in others. This observation is most consistent with the ____ understanding of schizophrenia
Sociocultural
Which theoretical orientation would support the finding that Westerners experience more psychological symptoms of depression than do others around the world?
Sociocultural
If people with schizophrenia make at least modest gains when they receive behavioral therapy, this would indicate that...
Some symptoms of schizophrenia may be learned
A person who copes well with a happy event in life is showing a positive...
Stress Response
Which of the following statements MOST accurately reflects current research findings?
Stress produces dysregulated immune systems, which may then produce unipolar depression
Recent research shows that if one identical twin develops schizophrenia, there is almost 1 50% chance the other twin will develop schizophrenia. If future research confirms this finding, we will have evidence of...
Strong environmental and string genetic components of schizophrenia
A young adult used LSD and now experiences hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech. This would be referred to as...
Substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder
If a deer jumps in front of your car while you are driving, which part of the stress response is active?
Sympathetic nervous system
In response to a threat, we perspire, breathe more quickly, get goose bumps, and feel nauseated. These responses are controlled by the:
Sympathetic nervous system
A woman who has just given birth is anxious, has trouble sleeping, and feels sad. These symptoms diminish in the next couple of week.s What she has experienced is most likely:
The "baby blues," something experienced by under half of new mothers
The DSM-5 has added premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) as a diagnosis given to certain women who repeatedly experience clinically significant depressive and related symptoms during the week before menstruation. Why has this been an ongoing controversy?
The diagnosis pathologizes severe cases of premenstrual syndrome
If you could get inside of the head" of a person experiencing auditory hallucinations, you would most likely find that...
The person actually produces nerve signals of sound in his brain
Which statement accurately describes the sympathetic nervous system pathway of the stress response?
The hypothalamus stimulates to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids
Electroconvulsive therapy would be MOST recommended when:
The patient has not responded to antidepressant drugs
The difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder is:
The severity of the manic episodes
Which is a tactile hallucination?
There are invisible bugs crawling under my tingling skin
Recent research using genetic linkage studies has looked for possible patterns of inheritance of bipolar disorders. The results suggest that:
There may be several different genes that establish a predisposition to develop bipolar disorders.
What do ECT, vagus nerve stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation have in common?
They suggest that brain stimulation is effective in treating severe forms of depression
During a ____ a needle is inserted into the brain through the eye socket and is then rotated to destroy brain tissue
Transorbital Lobotomy
Women are ____ as likely as men to develop stress disorders.
Twice
To be classified as having a major depressive episode, depression must last for a period of at least:
Two weeks
A person diagnosed with schizophrenia is not hospitalized, yet eventually shows complete remission of symptoms. This pattern is
Typical of what happens in developing countries
When is couple therapy preferable to individual therapy?
When relationship conflicts and role transitions are paramount
Which is NOT consistent with the most common pattern of schizophrenia?
Women develop the disorder earlier and more severely than men
A clinician says at a workshop, "I prefer the most recently developed antidepressant medications, because they're harder to overdose on, and they don't require dietary restrictions." This statement is:
accurate
Which type of therapy has clients interact with computer generated on screen virtual human figures in an attempt to help them overcome their psychological problems?
avatar therapy
The clinician who would be MOST likely to ask "Do you believe you will always feel like this in all situations?" is a:
cognitive clinician
A depressed person who is confused, unable to remember things, and unable to solve problems is suffering from ________ symptoms
behavioral
A person displaying sadness, lack of energy, headaches, and feeling of low self-worth is showing all of the following symptoms EXCEPT:
behavioral symptoms
If people with unipolar depression were found to have higher levels of cortisol, such a finding would support the influence of the ______ orientation.
biochemical
If people with unipolar depression were found to have higher levels of cortisol, such a finding would support the influence of the:
biochemical orientation
The strongest evidence for the cause of bipolar disorders BEST supports which theoretical perspective?
biological
Someone who experiences a half-dozen alternations between mild mania and major depression within a one-year time span would be classified as:
bipolar II rapid cycling
If you were treated with ECT, you would experience a(n):
brain seizure
Studies reporting abnormalities in the basal ganglia of individuals with bipolar disorder provide the strongest support for which cause of bipolar disorder?
brain structure
Which antipsychotic drug appears to work at serotonin receptors
clozapine
The symptom of schizophrenia most likely to be relieved by antipsychotic drugs is...
delusions
The experience of constant weeping would be considered an ______ symptom of depression
emotional
A combat veteran undergoing "eye movement desensitization and reprocessing" is experiencing
exposure therapy
Helen was just discharged from a public mental health facility. She went to live with other former patients in a group living arrangement. There were staff members to help out but the residents controlled most of the day to day activities. Helen's living arrangement is a...
halfway house
Milieu therapy is based primarily on the principles of ________ psychology
humanistic
Tony just does not feel close to anyone. He feels alone because although he can get to know someone (a woman) quite well on a friendship level, he doesn't know how to get beyond that to a more intimate level. This is depressing him. This is an example of what interpersonal psychotherapists refer to as an...
interpersonal deficit
A state of breathless euphoria, of frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their power describes:
mania
One of the side effects of ECT is:
memory loss
Which therapy is based on the premise that when you change the social environment, you can change the patient?
milieu therapy
Research now suggests that once someone has been successfully treated for depression he or she:
needs some type of continuation on or maintenance therapy
If you wanted to be on the cutting edge of research regarding the causes of bipolar disorders as we understand them today, you would MOST likely do research on which of the following?
neurotransmitters in the brain
If you wanted to be on the cutting edge of research regarding the causes of bipolar disorders as we understand them today, you would MOST likely do research on:
neurotransmitters in the brain
People with schizophrenia who are working in a sheltered workshop are receiving...
occupational training
If a person being treated for schizophrenia goes each day to a center where the focus is on improving social skills and receiving therapy, the person is participating in...
partial hospitalization
Looking for rainbows while walking the dog in the rain is an example of a...
stress response
All of Beck's cognitively based explanations for depression have received research support EXCEPT:
symbolic loss
A woman has been treated with chlorpromazine for several years. Lately she seems to be chewing gum all the time and her arms are always in motion. She has begun to display twitching facial tics. This is an example of...
tardive dyskinesia
An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is:
the severity and duration of the problem
Which is not a goal of the cultural-sensitive therapy movement?
therapy for minority clients delivered exclusively by minority therapists
A third grade teacher gives students stickers throughout the school day when they engage in appropriate behaviors. At the end of the day, students can trade in their stickers for treats from the class "treasure chest." This program is most similar to which form of therapy used for institutionalized people with schizophrenia?
token economy
Assume that a new study suggests the corpus callosum may cause unipolar depression by moving messages too slowly from one cerebral hemisphere to the other. This study would be:
very unusual; previous studies have most strongly connected other brain areas to depression
