Abnormal psych ch 9

A friend tells you she has been diagnosed with depression and has started interpersonal therapy. However, she thinks cognitive-behavioral therapy or couple therapy may be more helpful. Based on research, which response is MOST accurate?

"All three treatments can be effective. If you have significant marital issues, then couple therapy might have added value."

A friend is experiencing severe depression and asks you for advice about treatment options. The BEST response is:

"Ask your therapist about combining cognitive-behavioral therapy with drug therapy"

If a friend is considering nutraceuticals for the treatment of depression, your BEST advice would be:

"St John's wort can be very helpful for mild or moderate cause of depression"

Which statement would a psychodynamic therapist be MOST likely to make about studies evaluating the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy for unipolar depression?

"The therapy does not lend itself to empirical research

Which would a cognitive-behavioral therapist be LEAST likely to say to a client?

"try to evaluate what happens to you in 'black-and-white' terms"

What is the average length of time for the treatment of major depressive disorder using electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

2-4 weeks

About what percentage of clients with unipolar depression receive treatment from a mental health professional each year?

50%

Approximately what percentage of people receiving treatment for depression are in dysfunctional relationships?

50%

More than ____ of manic patients treated with lithium improve.

60%

According to a severe by NAMI, more than ___ percent of Americans believe that depression is a serious condition that required treatment.

80

Which is a correct match of person and approach?

Beck and cognitive therapy

"Second-generation" antidepressant medications include:

Cymbalta and prozac

Which statement is FALSE regarding the use of ECT and drug therapies for treating depression?

ECT is likely to be prescribed first, and if it doesn't work, then drugs are prescribed

Antidepressant drugs that target only one neurotransmitter are called:

SSRIs

A nutraceutical that is MOST likely to be helpful in cases of mild depression is:

St. John's wort

One of the nutraceuticals shown to be frequently helpful treating unipolar depression is:

St. John's wort

Rosita swings between periods of bottomless depression and high-flying enthusiasm. She never hits the middle. Her physician is MOST likely to recommend treatment with:

a mood-stabilizing drug

Which is the BEST example of adjunctive therapy?

a patient is both receiving drug therapy and undergoing interpersonal therapy with his or her family

Which is an example of an aspect of psychodynamic therapy for depression?

a therapist questions a client about losses she may have suffered in her past

The treatment approach that uses mindfulness training and other cognitive-behavioral techniques is called:

acceptance and commitment therapy

A clinicians says at a workshop, "I prefer the most recently developed antidepressant medications, because they are just as effective as tricyclics and they don't require dietary restrictions." This statement is:

accurate

Second messengers are:

active inside the neuron

Which is the BEST example of the therapy technique known as behavioral activation?

adding positive activities to the patient's life

Bipolar disorders respond better to a combination of lithium treatment and psychotherapy than to either therapy alone. The psychotherapy component of this combination is called _____.

adjunctive psychotherapy

The combination of lithium and psychotherapy is better than lithium treatment alone. The therapeutic addition is called:

adjunctive psychotherapy

The most commonly recommended types of exercises for depression are:

aerobic

According to one study, which client is MOST likely to stop taking mood stabilizers for fear of becoming addicted to the drugs?

an African american

If racial and ethnic disparities regarding access to treatment did not exist in the United States, then you would expect to observe which of the following?

an increase in the percentage of hispanic Americans and African Americans who receive treatment for depression

Which statement is the MOST important reason for the decline in the use of electroconvulsive therapy since the 1950s?

antidepressant drugs were developed

In addition to lithium, mood-stabilizing drugs to treat bipolar disorder may include:

antiseizure drugs

Which statement BEST describes treatment of unipolar depression in the United States?

approximately 50% of individuals with unipolar depression receive treatment each year, but certain ethnic and racial groups have less access to care

Typical consumers of nutraceuticals:

are not helped by conventional treatments

Which types of drugs are used to put clients to sleep and reduce their terror during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

barbiturates

____ developed a therapeutic approach to treating depression the guides clients to identify and change maladaptive attitudes and negative thoughts.

beck

Determining what a patient truly likes to do is part of a therapy for depression based on _____ principles

behavioral

Focusing on the addition of positive activities to the life of a patient with depression is a behavioral technique known as:

behavioral activation

Aaron's persistent feelings of sadness and impending doom dominate his life. Every time he says anything even a little positive to his therapist, the therapist smiles. Otherwise, the therapist maintains a stone face. The therapist is probably using some variation of:

behavioral activation therapy

A therapist treating a patient for depression first finds out which activities the client once found pleasurable. These activities are then reintroduced into the patient's daily schedule. Which type of therapy is this therapist using?

behavioral therapy

____ is a treatment approach in which a therapist reintroduces clients to pleasurable activities, consistently reinforces nondepressive actions, and helps clients improve their social skills.

behavioral therapy

Which explanation of depression has connected mood to the rewards in a person's life?

behaviorism

Which statement is TRUE regarding the presence of bipolar disorders in persons who are highly creative?

bipolar disorders are somewhat more likely to occur ini artists and writers

The mechanism of action of imipramine is two:

block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin

In bilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), the electrical current passes through:

both sides of the brain

ECT causes a(n) _____ that activates many brain areas and releases neurotransmitters.

brain seizure

If you were treated with ECT, you would experience a(n):

brain seizure

Vagus nerve stimulation is to ____ as SSRIs are to ______.

brain stimulation; antidepressant drugs

Mood-stabilizing drugs have been found the increase the production of:

brain-derives neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

The BEST evidence for the effectiveness of the psychodynamic approach comes from:

case study reports

The second phase of Beck's cognitive therapy is to get the client to:

challenge automatic thoughts

Oliver is receiving therapy for unipolar depression. His therapist tells him that many -- even most -- of the negative thoughts that an individual experiences and records have no basis in fact. Which element of cognitive therapy does this represent?

challenging automatic thoughts

Which is Not a common focus of psychotherapy, as part of adjunctive therapy, for bipolar disorder?

challenging clients' automatic thoughts

Beck's cognitive therapy is to ____, as acceptance and commitment therapy is to ____.

changing negative cognitions; accepting negative cognitions

Clients who are encouraged to test their assumptions about what is causing their depression are working on which phase of Beck's treatment program?

changing primary attitudes

A person experiencing unipolar depression writes in an activity schedule. "Go to store; doctor's appointment; visit museum; read novel; clean room." Which type of treatment is this person MOST likely receiving?

cognitive therapy

Aaron Beck's approach to helping people identify and change the maladaptive assumptions and ways of thinking is referred to as:

cognitive therapy

A therapist encourages a client with unipolar depression to prepare a weekly activity schedule that is set up around pleasurable activities. The therapist is using a(n) _____ approach.

cognitive-behavioral

Increasing pleasant activities is MOST likely to be part of a(n) _____ therapy program.

cognitive-behavioral

Jose is depressed. His therapist told him that reading a book each month would help. He should also visit friends, go bowling, do the laundry, mow the lawn, and eat meals with his partner. In short, Jose should increase his positive activity. His therapist has MOST likely adopted the _____ orientation.

cognitive-behavioral

A therapist turns on a buzzer when a client speaks slowly and laboriously. She turns it off when the client speaks more rapidly. In other cases, the therapist instructs the client's spouse to ignore his mate when she complains or acts in a self-deprecating manner. This is an example of:

cognitive-behavioral therapy

According to research studies, the success rate for interpersonal therapy is about the same as that for:

cognitive-behavioral therapy

Which approach helps people with depression identify and change the maladaptive assumptions and negative thoughts that contribute to their psychological disorder?

cognitive-behavioral therapy

If cognitive-behavioral therapy is an effective treatment for depression, then all of the following must be true EXCEPT:

cognitive-behavioral therapy should produce a greater percentage of improvement than other therapeutic approaches

Which statement is TRUE about the research on the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating unipolar depression?

cognitive-behavioral therapy significantly improves depressive symptoms in 50-60% of clients

Conclusions from extensive studies of the effectiveness of various forms of treatment for depression show that:

cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and biological treatments are all effective treatments

Systemically ignoring a client's depressive behaviors while praising or rewarding instances of nondepressed behavior defines the _____ approach to treating depression.

contingency management

The therapeutic practice of ignoring depressive behavior while reinforcing nondepressive behaviors is called _____

contingency management

Which is NOT an example of a biological treatment for depression?

contingency management

To effectively reduce the chances of relapse of depressive symptoms, patients should:

continue to take tricyclics for at least five months after the are symptom-free

If the focus of your therapist is primarily on how communication and problem-solving difficulties with your partner are contributing to your depression, your therapist is using:

couple therapy

Which is a therapy format in which the therapist works with two people who share a long-term relationship?

couple therapy

Of the following disorders, psychotherapy plays a more central role in:

cyclothymic disorder

Transcranial magnetic stimulation has been found to be most helpful in alleviating the symptoms of depression when administered:

daily for 4 to 6 weeks

The newest of the brain stimulation treatments for unipolar depression is:

deep brain stimulation

____ is a treatment in which tiny holes are drilled into he skull through which electrodes are implanted into the brain.

deep brain stimulattion

According to psychoanalytic theory, depression is in part caused by the patient's ____ on others.

dependence

Matthre is taking imipramine. He is MOST likely being treated for _____.

depression

Why is interpersonal psychotherapy considered a sociocultural approach?

depression is thought to result from disrupted social interactions and role expectations

Psychological approaches to treating depression share which assumption?

depression should be treated by helping people recognize, interpret, evaluate, and change how they think about and respond to past losses

There has been a significant increase in the number of physicians prescribing antidepressants in the past few decades:

despite the success of cognitive therapy

Which is NOT a part of Beck's cognitive therapy for unipolar depression?

discussion with family members about their maladaptive thoughts

Compared with earlier antidepressant drugs, second-generation antidepressant drugs:

do not work either faster or more effectively

Based on current research, the treatment recommended for someone experiencing bipolar disorder is:

drug therapy, perhaps accompanied by psychotherapy

Among biological treatments for unipolar depression, which treatment produces the fastest results?

electroconvulsive therapy

Vagus nerve stimulation was proposed as an alternative to:

electroconvulsive therapy

Among biological treatments, ____ appears to be most effective for reducing depression.

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Adjunctive therapy to treat bipolar disorder commonly focuses on:

emphasizing the importance of taking the medication, even though they miss the creative and productive bursts they used to have

Psychodynamic approaches to the treatment of depression may be helpful for individuals who:

experience mild or modest symptoms of depression

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a _____ approach to treating unipolar depression.

family-social

The use of the nutraceutical SAM-e to treat unipolar depression is:

frequently helpful

"I don't know why you think you are a terrible surgeon. You haven't lost a patient during an operation in two years. No one else in the city has that kind of record." Which element of cognitive therapy is this therapy MOST likely using?

getting the client to challenge automatic thoughts and change biased ways of thinking

Which is the BEST example of interpersonal role transition?

going away to college for the first time

Psychodynamic therapy for unipolar depression would be depression would be expected to be MOST helpful for a client who:

has a long-standing sense of emptiness

Which is NOT a goal of behavioral activation for depression?

help clients gain insight into the source of their depression

Destiny was taking a tricyclic to treat her unipolar depression. Upon resolution of her depressive symptoms, Destiny immediately stopped taking her tricyclic. How likely is it that she will experience a relapse?

high; the relapse rate in this situation is approximately 50%

A cognitive-behavioral therapist treating a person with depression would be LEAST likely to:

hold the person's hand and say, "I feel so sorry for you," in response to a client who says, "I can't do anything right"

A benefit of adjunctive psychotherapy for bipolar disorder is that:

hospitalizations are reduced

What is the "contingency" in the contingency management approach?

how reinforcers are delivered or withheld depending on the nature of the behavior one produces

Clients who tend to see everything that occurs as either all right or all wrong, with nothing in between, need to focus on which phase of Beck's treatment for depression?

identifying negative thinking and biases

Which is MOST likely to elevate the mood in a person with depression?

increase the levels of norepinephrine

Studies have shown that lithium use ______ the size of the hippocampus and _____ the amount of gray matter in patients with bipolar disorder

increases; increases

Which is an example of effective adjunctive therapy for bipolar disorder?

individual or group therapy

If you are receiving therapy designed to teach you and your spouse specific communication and problem-solving skills, your therapist is prating:

integrative behavioral couples therapy

Which is NOT a problem that interpersonal psychotherapy attempts to address?

interpersonal communication problems

Violet had withdrawn from most social contacts because she never seems to be able to say the right thing. She just doesn't seem to fit in, and her comments are always misinterpreted. She feels alone and is depressed. This is an example of what interpersonal psychotherapists refer to as an:

interpersonal deficit

A person who displays extreme shyness and insensitivity to others is showing signs of:

interpersonal deficits

Kyle does not feel close to anyone. He feels alone because although he can get to know someone (a woman) white well on a friendship level, he doesn't know how to get beyond that to a more intimate level. This situation is depressing him. This is an example of what interpersonal psychotherapists refer to as:

interpersonal deficits

Natalia has very few friends and doesn't feel very close to the few friends she has. She spends all of her time with her husband but even feels disconnected from him much of the time. This scenario BEST describes:

interpersonal deficits

Which interpersonal problem area identified by interpersonal psychotherapists MOST closely resembles the cause of depression suggested by psychoanalysis?

interpersonal loss

There is evidence that _____ is especially helpful in depression brought on by social conflicts or changes in careers or social roles.

interpersonal psychotherapy

Which statement is TRUE about the research on the effectiveness of interpersonal psychotherapy in treating unipolar depression?

interpersonal psychotherapy nearly eliminates depressive symptoms in 50-60% of clients

A woman who is in conflict with her partner over whether she should have a career or stay at home full-time to care for their children is experiencing:

interpersonal role dispute

Molly is not getting what she expected out of her new marriage. Her husband is demanding but often absent. This situation is leading to depression for her. This scenario describes what interpersonal psychotherapists call a(n) _____.

interpersonal role transition

If your therapist encouraged you to explore your roles in life and how they might be changing or how your expectations might be different from someone else's, your therapist would be using:

interpersonal therapy

In which way is Beck's cognitive therapy similar to the behavioral activation techniques used to treat depression?

it initially encourages clients to increase the number of constructive activities they engage in

Which statement about lithium as a treatment for bipolar disorder is FALSE?

it interferes with the effectiveness of antidepressant medications

A therapist is treating a client with severe depression using only behavioral activation techniques. How beneficial do you expect this treatment to be?

it will have limited effectiveness

A psychodynamic therapist working with a client with depression would NOT expect the client to:

learn to shed all of his or her unconscious defense mechanisms

When the teams of Turner and Kirch accounted for publication bias, they found that the actual effectiveness of antidepressants was:

less than what originally reported

If you are a member of a minority, you are:

likely to benefit from culturally sensitive therapy

The first effective drug for the treatment of bipolar disorders was _____.

lithium

Which statement about psychodynamic therapy in treating unipolar depression is MOST accurate?

long-term therapy is occasionally helpful for those individuals with moderate symptoms

A person who is recovering from unipolar depression continues to take a tricyclic for several months after most symptoms are gone. This is called:

maintenance therapy

Which is important in using contingency management effectively?

make sure that the person receives reinforcement for engaging in positive activities

The "increasing activities and elevating mood" phase of Beck's treatment for depression:

makes the therapy cognitive-behavioral rather than purely cognitive

One concern about the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is that it:

may lead to memory loss and possible neurological damage

One of the side effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is:

memory loss

Which is a well-known side effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

memory loss

The type of antidepressants that work by interfering with the enzyme that normally degrades serotonin and norepinephrine is a(n) _____.

monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor

Individuals who take _____ must avoid foods containing tyramine

monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors

The antidepressant drugs that apparently work by stopping the breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin are called:

monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors

A clinician is treating a client with bipolar disorder. What should the clinician be aware of when considering use of mood stabilizers?

mood stabilizers help people with bipolar depression overcome their depressive episodes, although to a lesser degree than they help with their manic episodes

According to the text, why are so many treatment approaches effective in the treatment of unipolar depression?

multiple, interacting factors contribute to unipolar depression, and correcting dysfunction in one area helps improve functioning in the other areas as well

ECT has changed over the years. Patients given this treatment now may receive:

muscle relaxants

Research now suggests that once someone has been successfully treated for depression, he or she:

needs some type of continuation or maintenance therapy

Many of today's cognitive-behavioral therapists would agree that:

negative cognitions should be accepted, not necessarily eliminated

Lithium appears to affect:

neurons' second messengers

Another name for dietary supplements that are taken as drugs is _____.

nutraceuticals

Based on survey data, most Americans DISAGREE with which of the following statements?

people diagnosed with depression would recover if they could just "snap out of it"

Which finding would support behavioral activation as an effective treatment for depression?

people display fewer symptoms of depression when depressive behaviors are no longer reinforced

A therapist is focused on teaching a client how to recognize automatic thoughts. The therapist is in which phase of Beck's approach to treating unipolar depression?

phase 2

Cognitive-behavioral therapists would be MOST likely to say that people with depression must improve their social skills because:

positive reinforcement is given to people who exhibit positive social behavior

Which treatment would a cognitive-behavioral therapist be MOST likely to use with a patient with unipolar depression?

praise for engaging in positive activities

Which action is MOST consistent with a contingency management approach?

praising the person for engaging in nondepressive activities

The final phase of Beck's cognitive therapy approach involves changing _____.

primary attitudes

Exercise can help alleviate depression by:

producing social interactions

A therapist using free association and dream interpretation discovers that as a small child her client had been left alone by her mother on several occasions. The therapist concludes that the patient is experiencing unipolar depression. The therapist is MOST likely from which orientation?

psychodynamic

Free association, interpretation of associations, and dream interpretation are all techniques used primarily by:

psychodynamic therapists

If a therapist asked you to say whatever came to mind, then suggested interpretation designed to help you work through grief over real or imagined losses, your therapist would be using:

psychodynamic therapy

The oldest of all psychotherapies used to treat unipolar depression is:

psychodynamic therapy

Which form of treatment is widely used but lacks strong supportive evidence of its effectiveness in treating unipolar depression?

psychodynamic therapy

An author is praised for her unusual thinking and ability to express strong emotions. Statistically speaking, this individual MOST likely is:

psychologically stable

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was first used in the treatment of:

psychosis

Which statement about treatment for bipolar disorder is TRUE?

psychotherapy combined with mood stabilizers works best

Which patient group was the first treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

psychotic patients

How effective is psychotherapy alone as a treatment for bipolar disorder?

rarely effective

Lithium has been found to:

reduce the number of manic episodes in those individuals with bipolar disorder

Cora has just been prescribed lithium. In the initial period, Cora should expect:

regular blood and laboratory test monitoring

The contingency management approach is an example of the application of ____ to the treatment of depression.

reinforcement

Cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of unipolar depression may include:

reinforcing nondepressed behavior

Which would NOT be considered a useful goal of adjunctive psychotherapy in the treatment of bipolar disorder?

reintroducing clients who have depression to pleasurable events and activities

Couple therapy is preferable to individual therapy when:

relationship conflicts and role transitions are paramount concerns

What do ECT, vagus nerve stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation have in common?

research on their use suggests that brain stimulation is effective in treating severe forms of depression

Which description BEST indicates how tricyclics work upon ingestion?

reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin blocked, norepinephrine or serotonin remains in the synapse longer, increase stimulation of receiving neurons

Interpersonal psychotherapists believe that therapy must address:

role transitions in relationships

The substances that relay the original message from the receptor site to the firing mechanism of the neuron are:

second messenger

One explanation for mood stabilizers' effectiveness is that they act directly on the brain's:

second messenger system

Whereas antidepressant drugs affect a neuron's initial reception of neurotransmitters, mood-stabilizing drugs appear to affect a neuron's _____.

second messengers

A person taking antidepressant medication is starting to gain weight and reports decreasing interest in sexual activity. These changes are MOST common among people taking which type of antidepressant medication?

second-generation antidepressants

A person taking antidepressant medication reports a dramatic decrease in sex drive and is gaining weight. The person is MOST likely taking a:

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

Most second-generation antidepressants are:

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Second-generation antidepressants appear to act by:

selectively blocking the reuptake of serotonin

MAO inhibitors result in increases in the levels of:

serotonin and norepinephrine

Research suggests that behavioral activation techniques as the sole treatment approach are of limited help to people with _____ depression.

severe

A therapist works with a client to improve eye contact and body language that signals the client is open to being approached. This is an example of:

social skills training

The key to long-term treatment of depression is:

some sort of maintenance therapy

Based on outcome studies on treatments for depression that compared drug treatments with cognitive-behavioral therapies, which person would you expect to show significant, continued improvement?

someone who receives cognitive-behavioral therapy until symptoms resolve and then continuation drug therapy

How can publication bias affect people's perceptions about the effectiveness of antidepressant drug therapy for unipolar depression?

studies that have positive findings are more likely to be published, which could result in an overstated effectiveness

The effects of lithium were discovered during the investigation of:

the effect of toxic levels of uric acid

You would expect to see the biggest impact of lithium on which part of the neuron?

the firing of the receiving neuron

Ugo Cerletti, the first psychiatrist to use ECT effectively, later abandoned the procedure because of:

the likelihood of causing broken bones and dislocated joints

Electroconvulsive therapy is MOST commonly recommended when:

the patient has not responded to antidepressant drugs

If a person taking lithium began experiencing nausea, vomitiing, sluggishness, tremors, and seizures, and would suspect:

the person is experiencing lithium intoxication

A person with bipolar disorder is taking a commonly used drug to stabilize mood in the manic episodes. What else might also happen as a result of taking this drug?

the person might experience at least partial relief from depression episodes

One problem psychodynamic approaches to treating depression is:

the research that supports this approach stems mostly from case studies

People who take MAO inhibitors and want to decrease the risk of negative side effects would make the greatest changes in which aspect of life?

their diet

Which is NOT a goal of the cultural-sensitive therapy movement?

therapy for minority clients delivered exclusively by minority therapists

Which statement is TRTUE regarding the use of mood-stabilizing drugs in individuals with bipolar disorder?

these drugs can help prevent the development of manic symptoms

Which statement is TRUE regarding patients with depression who receive couple therapy?

they are more likely than those in individual therapy to be more satisfied with their marriage after treatment

MAO inhibitors are biochemical agents that alleviate depressive symptoms in approximately half of the clinically depressed patients who take them. What is the mechanism of action of these drugs?

they interfere with the destruction of serotonin and norepinephrine

Which is NOT a reason why people with depression take nutraceuticals?

they prefer modern medications

Why would a cognitive therapist have clients keep records of instances when they tell themselves, "I can't do anything right" and "Nobody will ever love me again"?

to help clients understand that these thoughts are probably baseless

In which of the treatments for depression is a stimulating current sent through a patent's prefrontal cortex?

transcranial magnetic stimulation

The therapy in which a stimulating current is sent through a patient's prefrontal cortex, thereby substantially reducing the patient's symptoms of depression, is called ____.

transcranial magnetic stimulation

Researchers were searching for drugs to treat schizophrenia when they came across imipramine, which alleviated the symptoms of depression, although it was not effective against schizophrenia. It became the first of a class of drugs, all sharing a similar molecular structures, called:

tricycles

Imipramine was the first:

tricyclic

Antidepressant drugs that reduce depression by acting on neurotransmitter "reuptake" mechanisms are called _____.

tricyclics

Gabe is taking carbamazepine (mood stabilizer) and paroxetine (antidepressant) to treat his bipolar disorder. His therapist should be aware that, in his case, antidepressants can:

trigger a manic episode

Research shows that clients who receive adjunctive therapy for bipolar disorders are ____ to continue taking their medications.

twice as likely

A person taking an MAO inhibitor should avoid foods containing:

tyramine

People being treated for depression with MAO inhibitors should avoid foods containing ____.

tyramine

What do psychodynamic therapists believe is the cause of unipolar depression?

unconscious grieving over real or imagined loss

Based on current research, what is the BEST recommendation about therapy for an adolescent experiencing depression?

use a combination of drug therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy

Some individuals are fearful of electroconvulsive therapy. Which steps would a clinicians MOST likely take two alleviate that fear?

use anesthetics to put the person to sleep during the procedure

Among the biological treatments for depression, the one that uses an implanted pulse generator is:

vagus nerve stimulation