Abnormal Psych Exam #4
Which of the following groups is at the HIGHEST risk for tobacco use?
individuals with no high school diploma individuals with some college individuals with a bachelor's degree tobacco use is not related to level of education A
Anhedonia
inability to experience pleasure
The ______ system is the neural pathway or system is MOST implicated in addiction.
mesolimbic dopamine ventral cortical limbic corticoid serotonin selective A
Schizophrenia affects about 1 person in ______.
50 100 150 200 B
overactivity in the brain's ______ and underactivity in its ______.
midbrain; limbic system midbrain; higher cortices limbic system; higher cortices higher cortices; midbrain B
Which Personality Disorder is NOT associated with very limited levels of social interaction
schizoid avoidant antisocial schizotypal C
Which alternative correctly arranges schizophrenia-spectrum disorders with respect to symptom duration, from the briefest to the longest?
schizophrenia à brief psychotic disorder à schizophrenia brief psychotic disorder à schizophrenia à schizophreniform disorder brief psychotic disorder à schizophreniform disorder à schizophrenia schizophreniform disorder à brief psychotic disorder à schizophrenia C
Antagonist drugs
-block or change the effects of a substance/drug -counteracts neurotransmitter activity -makes the drug you take after not do anything
Agonist drugs
-increase neurotransmitter activity (increase the effects of the drug/medicine/substance)
Aversive drugs
-medications used that cause the drug/substance to have unpleasant effects -Antabuse
Caffeine
-stimulant -antagonist (blocks the action of a neurotransmitter) -increases activity of glutamate, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine
What is the world-wide prevalence rate for schizophrenia?
1% 5% 10% 0.005% A
What percentage of people with Borderline Personality Disorder commit suicide?
1% 5% 9% 20% C
Which statement regarding the relationship between cannabis and psychosis is true?
A relationship likely exists, and the mechanism is probably genetic. There is no relationship. It is an urban myth based on the 1930s film Reefer Madness. Cannabis use tends to run in families but is not related to developing psychosis. A
Controlled drinking approaches do NOT include ______.
Antabuse treatment reduced-risk drinking behavioral self-control training asymptomatic drinking A
Which of the following is NOT a Cluster B Personality Disorder?
Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder A
According to the slides presented in class which is the CORRECT pairing of personality disorder cluster with and adjective used to help remember the core features of the clusters?
Cluster A - worried Cluster C - worried Cluster A - wild Cluster C - weird B
The sedation associated with alcohol intoxication MOST likely reflects heightened activity of the neurotransmitter _____
GABA norepinephrine serotonin glutamate A
______ is synthesized from ______, which is, in turn, derived from the poppy plant.
Heroin; methamphetamine Heroin; morphine Morphine; heroin Cocaine; morphine B
Which of the following best describe the DSM-5 approach to diagnosing problems with substance use and abuse?
It makes a clear distinction between abuse and dependence. It makes a clear distinction between dependence and addiction. It makes a clear distinction between abuse and addiction. It focuses on the idea of disordered use with distinguishing between abuse and dependence. D
What does alcohol do in terms of neurotransmitters?
It suppresses the inhibitory effects of GABA activates reward network
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor associated with cannabis use?
Interference with normal neurological development in adolescents increased risk of having a psychotic episode increased risk of having a manic or hypomanic episode interference with normal working memory processes C
Which of the following best describes the pattern of addiction?
Intoxication à Bingeing à Withdrawal à Craving Intoxication à Craving à Bingeing à Withdrawal Craving à Intoxication à Withdrawal à Bingeing Craving à Bingeing à Intoxication à Withdrawal A
Which of the following is NOT considered one of the core elements of personality functioning presented in class?
Introversion Self-Direction Empathy Intimacy A
The MOST commonly used illicit drug in the United States is ______.
MDMA ("Ecstasy") cocaine marijuana methamphetamine C
Delirium tremens is caused by the discontinuation of ______.
Mescaline Alcohol Cocaine Heroin B
Which is NOT one of the pathological personality traits presented in class?
Negative affectivity Detachment Antagonism Hyper-conscientiousness D
The difference between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia is that
Negative symptoms cause distress and dysfunction; positive symptoms are weird but harmless. Positive symptoms occur during recovery; negative symptoms occur during acute phases of the disorder. Positive symptoms are seen during manic phases; negative symptoms are seen during depressive phases. Positive symptoms refer to the presence of unusual behaviors and experiences; negative symptoms refer to deficits in typical types of functioning. B and D
What are the 3 types of schizophrenia?
Paranoid, disorganized, catatonic
Phases of schizophrenia
Premorbid phase: subtle symptoms seen Prodromal phase: initial positive symptoms seen Psychotic phase: positive symptoms are apparent Stable phase: fewer positive symptoms/increase in negative symptoms
All else being equal, which individual is MOST likely to experience the onset of schizophrenia in the coming year?
Rae, who is 5 June, who is 8 Nina, who is 18 Margie, who is 39 C
Significant impairment in sense of self and relationships is a primary symptom of
The DSM-5 categorical approach to personality disorder diagnosis The DSM-5 dimensional approach to personality disorder diagnosis NIMH's RDoC approach to personality disorder diagnosis The Big - 5 Personality Inventory B
Based on the textbook's discussion, which statement BEST evaluates the status of the dopamine and glutamate hypotheses in contemporary psychopathology?
The glutamate hypothesis has supplanted the dopamine hypothesis. The dopamine hypothesis has supplanted the glutamate hypothesis. The dopamine and glutamate hypotheses are viewed as competing ideas. The dopamine and glutamate hypotheses are viewed as complementary. D
What is the first step in treating a substance related disorder?
remove the drug/substance from the person's system
Recent reviews suggest a link between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the symptoms of ______ schizophrenia.
catatonic disorganized paranoid residual B
When an individual with schizophrenia rarely speaks, and when doing so only mumbles inaudibly, that person is probably displaying
a positive symptom a negative symptom A symptom rarely associated with schizophrenia A symptom only associated with non-schizophrenic disorders B
EEG research indicates that among people with schizophrenia, the normal hemispheric specialization for language seems to be ______.
absent reduced the same heightened A
Which pair consists of negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
alogia and flat affect anhedonia and disorganized speech avolition and hallucinations delusions and hallucinations A
Janice has schizophrenia. She has returned to live with her parents and siblings following a hospitalization during a psychotic episode. Her recovery is impeded by the fact that her family is high in expressed emotion. This means that Janice's home atmosphere is probably BEST described as ______.
angry and contentious warm and nurturing distant and cold dramatic and exciting A
Naltrexone is to Antabuse as ______ drug is to ______ drug.
antagonist; agonist aversive; antagonist agonist; aversive antagonist; aversive D
The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are BEST described as symptoms that ______.
are clearly identifiable reflect a decrease in normal functioning reflect an excess or distortion in behavior confer an advantage to the patient C
A substance that blocks receptor sites so that the illicit drug does not produce an effect is called _________
aversive antagonist agonist appetitive B
A substance that binds to receptor sites and mimics the function of an illicit drug (without producing the high) is called an ______ drug.
aversive antagonist agonist appetitive C
What is the most common symptom of schizophrenia?
belief others are out to get them/hearing voices
f an individual is experiencing schizophrenia and develops a mood disorder while in an active phase of schizophrenia, the most likely diagnosis would be
bipolar disorder schizophreniform disorder delusional disorder schizoaffective disorder D
Cocaine ______ the reuptake of dopamine, which ______ dopamine in the synapse
blocks; decreases blocks; increases enhances; decreases enhances; increases B
In a survey of addiction specialists which substance was rated as having the highest addiction potential?
caffeine opioids alcohol nicotine D
Some researchers believe that ______ schizophrenia should be considered a separate disorder because it responds only to a(n) ______ medication rather than to an antipsychotic.
catatonic; antianxiety catatonic; antidepressant paranoid; antianxiety paranoid; antidepressant A
Which pairing of brain structure dysfunction and type of schizophrenia symptom is NOT CORRECT?
cognitive symptoms - frontal cortex motor abnormalities - Broca's area negative symptoms - limbic system structures positive symptoms - temporal lobe B
Which pairing of brain structure dysfunction and type of schizophrenia symptom is NOT CORRECT?
cognitive symptoms - frontal cortex motor abnormalities - Broca's area negative symptoms - limbic system structures positive symptoms - temporal lobe B
Among adolescents who develop schizophrenia, synaptic pruning is ______.
completely absent less pronounced than that in adolescents who do not develop schizophrenia similar to that seen in adolescents who do not develop schizophrenia more pronounced than that in adolescents who do not develop schizophrenia D
Addiction is MOST similar in meaning to the term ______.
craving withdrawal intoxication dependence D
What network is suppressed in schizophrenia?
default
DSM-5 on abuse and dependence
doesn't clearly distinguish between abuse and dependence
What are the neurotransmitters mitters that drugs impact?
dopamine, GABA, glutamate
Tardive dyskinesia is BEST described as a(n) ______ side effect of first-generation antipsychotics.
emotional cognitive motor perceptual C
When they perform cognitive tasks, individuals with schizophrenia fail to ______ the brain's ______ network.
engage; central executive engage; default suppress; central executive suppress; default D
In the dopamine theory of schizophrenia negative symptoms are associated with ------------------------------ and positive symptoms are associated with------------------------------------------.
excess dopamine activity in the frontal cortex; insufficient dopamine activity in the basal ganglia Excess dopamine activity in the frontal cortex; excess dopamine activity in the basal ganglia insufficient dopamine activity in the frontal cortex; excess dopamine activity in the basal ganglia Insufficient dopamine activity in the frontal cortex; insufficient dopamine activity in the basal ganglia C
Of the types of psychological therapy discussed throughout the text, psychosocial treatments of schizophrenia are MOST often based on ______ therapy.
existential emotion-focused brief psychodynamic cognitive behavioral D
According to the CDC, ______ use is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States.
heroin alcohol tobacco methamphetamine C
With respect to the etiology of schizophrenia, the prodromal phase ______ the premorbid phase and _____ the psychotic phase.
follows; follows follows; precedes precedes; follows precedes; precedes B
A reduction in the number of connections between the ______ and the ______ lobes may be partly responsible for the hallucinations that people with schizophrenia experience.
frontal; parietal frontal; temporal parietal; temporal parietal; occipital B
A psychology instructor tells his or her class that schizophrenia may be a byproduct of the development of the brain's ability to process language. This statement is MOST consistent with a(n) ______ theory of schizophrenia.
glutamate evolutionary biopsychiatric psychodynamic B
Caffeine ingestion increases the activity of
glutamate norepinephrine Serotonin all of the above D
If the neurotransmitters ______ and ______ are blocked, an individual may display psychotic symptoms.
glutamate; acetylcholine GABA; acetylcholine glutamate; dopamine GABA; dopamine C
Heroin, morphine, methadone, and oxycodone are members of a class of drugs called ______.
hallucinogens opioids amphetamines stimulants B
What is the pattern of addiction?
intoxication, bingeing, withdrawal, craving
Alogia
lack of interest in talking with others or answering things in more than a one word answer
Avolition
lack of will
What are amphetamines?
like cocaine, but it is produced in a lab
What is cannabis?
marijuana
What type of family interaction pattern is associated with increased frequency of relapse in schizophrenia
maternal rejection insufficiently strict parenting low levels of expressed emotion high levels of expressed emotion D
THC affects receptors in all of the following areas EXCEPT the ______.
medulla hippocampus cerebellum basal ganglia A
Over a long period of repeated alcohol ingestion people become
more responsive to alcohol-related cues less responsive to motivational cues unrelated to alcohol Both of the above Neither of the above C
Because alcohol inhibits the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, after ingestion people generally feel
more socially inhibited less socially inhibited a higher level of social anxiety more likely to inhibit sexual behavior B
Gray matter in the brain consists primarily of------------------------- while white matter consists primarily of ---------------------------.
most of the brains nerve cell bodies (including dendrites, axon terminals) ; myelin-covered axons. Myelin-covered axons; glial cells damaged or dead brain cells; living functional cells old cells; extremely old cells A
What has the highest addiction potential of any legal substance?
nicotine (tobacco)
The BEST health outcomes are associated with ______ drinking.
no light heavy binge B
Hallucinogens produce their psychoactive effects primarily by affecting the ______ neurotransmitter system.
norepinephrine GABA dopamine serotonin D
Naltrexone is a drug that blocks opioids by attaching to the opioid receptors without activating them. Naltrexone is an
opioid antagonist opioid agonist opioid aversive none of the above A
Which class of drugs is associated with increased energy, alertness, and positive feelings?
opioids hallucinogens stimulants benzodiazepines C
The text suggests that ______ deficits, such as impaired working memory, are perhaps the most damaging symptoms of schizophrenia with respect to their impact on an individual's quality of life.
perceptual cognitive emotional social B
Craving is an aversive state associated with a history of disordered alcohol use. The increased likelihood of disordered use that occurs when I consume alcohol to reduce craving is an example of
positive reinforcement positive punishment classical conditioning negative reinforcement D
The text states that the environmental factors associated with schizophrenia affect the development of the social brain. These influences are MOST likely to occur during ______.
prenatal development infancy early childhood adolescence B and C
The white matter losses seen in schizophrenia are ______.
present before the onset of the disorder an effect of antipsychotic medication part of the progression of the disorder less pronounced than originally thought C
Which of the following neurotransmitter systems is NOT among those mentioned in the textbook as being affected by alcohol consumption?
serotonin endorphins dopamine acetylcholine D
Curt's performance on the WCST indicates that he has difficulty adjusting his strategies when task demands change. Curt's example BEST illustrates a ______ endotype associated with schizophrenia.
simple physical physiologic neuropsychological neuromotor C
As an example of a ______ abnormality, people with schizophrenia show a different pattern of eye movements than do people without the disorder when they are asked to follow a moving object with their eyes.
simple physical physiologic neuropsychological neuromotor D
The major detoxification site for alcohol is
the stomach, resulting in gastrointestinal problems the liver, resulting in cirrhosis of the liver or hepatitis the skin, resulting in the yellowing of the skin the brain, resulting in blackouts and memory problems B
The tendency for a substance's reinforcing effects to diminish with repeated use is called ______.
tolerance withdrawal disordered use dependence A
The first step in treating addiction is to help the individual remove the drug from her or his system. This process called ______.
tolerance withdrawal purging detoxification D
With respect to emotional processing, people with schizophrenia seem to have the MOST trouble ______.
understanding the emotions of others experiencing a range of emotions processing negative feelings describing their emotional experience A
According to the video case example and Dr. Hemming, therapy can focus upon the following:
understanding what they like about their drinking and the functionality of the alcohol use having the client describe the instances and circumstances when drinking obtaining their early life experiences, including alcohol use and family history All of these D
Anna is a patient in a psychiatric hospital. She sits immobile for hours each day in an odd position in the visitor's chair in her room. Anna BEST exemplifies ______ schizophrenia.
undifferentiated catatonic residual paranoid B
People with schizophrenia MOST often report hallucinations in the ______ sense.
visual tactile gustatory auditory D
What is alcohol sensitivity?
when people develop cravings and like alcohol a lot early on in their life