Abnormal Psych Final Exam

Personality disorders typically become recognizable in:

adolescence or early adulthood.

People with anorexia nervosa are motivated primarily by

fear.

Token economy programs relied on the systematic application of _____ techniques.

operant conditioning

Boys and girls have about the same percentage chance of being diagnosed with:

oppositional defiant disorder if they are postpubertal.

According to the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia:

people with a biological predisposition for schizophrenia will develop it if certain psychosocial stressors are also present.

"It is clear that very demanding parents caused this person to develop paranoid personality disorder." This statement MOST likely would be made by someone from which theoretical perspective?

psychodynamic

The belief that people with voyeurism are seeking to gain power over others by their actions is a _____ perspective.

psychodynamic

A group of physical illnesses that seem to be caused or worsened by an interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors is called:

psychological factors affecting other medical conditions.

People with alexithymia are NOT able to

put descriptive labels on what they are feeling.

Most clinicians would agree that paraphilic activities should NOT be considered a disorder when:

the behavior is part of an otherwise typical sex life.

_____ are equally helpful in the treatment of high blood pressure, headaches, and asthma.

Relaxation training and biofeedback training

An individual who is dependent on alcohol is experiencing delirium tremens. This reaction is:

uncommon, starting within three days after an individual stops drinking.

The usual way of dealing with troublesome or violent people with schizophrenia in institutions in the first half of the twentieth century was to:

use physical restraint.

The lack of consensus about the correct diagnosis of personality disorders questions the _____ of the DSM categories.

validity and reliability

Because of similarities in presentation, people with illness anxiety disorder often receive the same kinds of treatments used to address symptoms of:

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Early ejaculation is defined as ejaculation within _____ minute(s) of beginning the activity and before the person wishes it.

one

People with _____ have repeated and intense sexual urges or fantasies in response to objects or situations that society deems inappropriate, and they may behave inappropriately as well.

paraphilias

You suspect that a child you are treating has ADHD. Which of the following should be completed to confirm the diagnosis of ADHD?

parent and teacher reports, clinical observations, interviews, psychological tests, and rating scales

An intervention in which parents and their children who have been diagnosed with conduct disorder do behavior therapy targeting and rewarding desired behavior is called:

parent management training.

Research shows that people recovering from severe symptoms of schizophrenia who receive _____ often function better and relapse less often than those who receive _____.

partial hospitalization; extended hospitalization

Missing an opportunity to place a recently discharged client in a halfway house is to _____, whereas not finding a room for a client because all halfway houses are all fully occupied is to _____.

poor coordination of services; shortage of services

Inappropriate affect, the experiencing of emotions that are unsuited to a situation, is classified as a(n) _____ symptom of schizophrenia.

positive

A person with schizophrenia who is experiencing alogia is displaying:

poverty of speech.

Psychodynamic theorists say that _____ and _____ are the two mechanisms at work in hysterical somatoform disorders.

primary gain; secondary gain

The categorical approach to personality disorders assumes that:

problematic personality traits are either present or absent.

The stage of the development of schizophrenia marked by deterioration of functioning and the display of some mild symptoms is called the:

prodromal phase.

The disorder that appears to be MOST closely related to the schizotypal personality disorder is:

schizophrenia.

People with _____ personality disorder display a range of interpersonal problems marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, odd patterns of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities.

schizotypal

An increase in mass hysteria, in which large numbers of people share psychological or physical maladies that have no apparent cause, can be attributed to:

social media.

Dani has been diagnosed with breast cancer. She has a very supportive husband, caring children, and several friends who will provide support for her during her recovery. Lori also has been diagnosed with breast cancer, but she does not have a family or any close friends. Because of the differences in_____, Dani is more likely to have a successful recovery.

social support

Therapists who advise clients to apply special breathing and relaxation techniques in response to their hallucinatory voices are using a technique from the cognitive-behavioral approach that involves

teaching clients ways of coping with hallucinations.

A man's sexual partner repeatedly stimulates him to erection and then allows the erection to subside without the man experiencing an ejaculation. The sexual technique is called the

tease technique.

According to the cognitive-behavioral view of schizophrenia, an early step in the "rational path to madness" is:

telling others about the unusual sensations and being told that the experiences aren't real.

Regarding emotions, the pattern common in bulimia from pre-binge, through binge, to post-binge is BEST described in sequence as:

tension, powerlessness, shame.

If you went to a meeting of a group lobbying for better care for the mentally ill and made up primarily of family members of people with severe mental disorders, you would probably be attending:

the National Alliance on Mental Illness.

Marijuana users in the 1960s were less likely to develop drug dependence than users starting around the year 2000. This trend MOST likely reflects that:

the THC content in marijuana has increased.

Research on the relationship between schizophrenia and family interactions has shown that:

the rate of relapse is lower in families with lower levels of expressed emotion and higher levels of support.

Certain professions are associated with increased risk for anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Which professional would be at GREATEST risk of developing one of these eating disorders?

Actor

William, a 20-year-old who is having his first sexual relationship, has gone to see a sex therapist about a sexual dysfunction problem. What is William MOST likely suffering from?

Early ejaculation

Before the 1950s, why did some therapists believe that psychotherapy is unsuccessful in treating schizophrenia?

People with schizophrenia are too far removed from reality to form a trusting relationship with the therapist.

Which statement BEST describes the relationship between brain circuits and schizophrenia?

Schizophrenia has been linked to overactivity of some brain structures and underactivity of other brain structures.

What is the concern regarding the changes produced by token economies?

The person may have learned new behaviors without changing distorted thinking.

What is the primary source of sexual excitement for sexual sadists?

The victim's suffering

Which statement BEST describes children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder?

They show disturbed and contradictory patterns of reactions to stimuli.

An individual goes to a casino two weekends every year. While there, she usually loses several thousand dollars gambling. Between casino visits, she neither gambles nor thinks much about gambling. Which statement is the MOST accurate assessment of this behavior?

This behavior is not a gambling disorder.

People with which eating disorder are MOST likely to be obese?

Those with binge eating disorder

According to Masters and Johnson, performance anxiety may result in a man:

adopting a spectator role during sexual activity.

During the mid-1900s, why were the most "difficult" patients transferred to the back wards of state hospitals, where they were often isolated, restrained, and punished?

because the priority of state hospitals shifted from treating people humanely to maintaining order

The purpose of an antagonist drug is to:

block or change the effect of an addictive drug.

People with _____ personality disorder are emotionally unstable, impulsive, and reckless.

borderline

The inability to accurately interpret one's internal biological emotional or physiological states is characteristic of both:

borderline personality disorder and eating disorders.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is MORE common in _____ than in _____.

boys; girls

A growing number of community therapists have become _____ for people with schizophrenia and other severe mental disorders.

case managers

Frederick has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. He remains standing for hours and resists efforts to be moved. Frederick is likely experiencing:

catatonic posturing.

Those with schizophrenia who stop responding to their environment and remain motionless and silent for long periods of time are experiencing:

catatonic stupor

DSM-5, like its predecessor, DSM-IV-TR, identifies 10 personality disorders utilizing a:

categorical approach.

Studies show that children with autism spectrum disorder are more likely than other children to have abnormalities in which section of the brain?

cerebellum

Which theory of conditioning has been used to help explain the origins of sexual masochism?

classical conditioning

Behaviorists believe that the fears found in illness anxiety disorder have been acquired through:

classical conditioning or modeling.

A therapist applies a small electric shock to a client every time that person views an image of a cigarette. The client develops an intense dislike of cigarettes and quits smoking. This therapy is based on:

classical conditioning.

Exercises that boost attention, memory, planning, and problem-solving are classified as _____, whereas exercises that train people how to understand and neutralize the voices in their head are classified as _____.

cognitive restructuring approaches; hallucination reinterpretation and acceptance approaches

An individual diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder reports having a great deal of difficulty figuring out how others feel and as a child had difficulty developing adequate language skills. These findings would make the MOST sense to a theorist with which background?

cognitive-behavioral

Children with _____ and an accompanying _____ disorder apparently have a heightened risk of developing antisocial personality disorder.

conduct disorder; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Cocaine abusers on an inpatient ward earn rewards—and eventual release from the program—if they produce periodic urine samples that are free of the drug. The program they are in is a form of:

contingency management.

Disorders that represent the conversion of conflicts and anxiety into physical symptoms would include:

conversion disorders.

Secretive destructive behaviors such as violating other people's property, breaking and entering, and setting fires are consistent with what pattern of conduct disorder?

covert-destructive

At a parent-teacher conference, a child's parents are astounded to learn that their son has been showing up late for school, despite leaving home with more than enough time to get to school. This behavior MOST closely fits which pattern of conduct disorder?

covert-nondestructive

People with _____ believe their feelings, thoughts, and actions are being controlled by other people.

delusions of control

A woman proclaims, "I am the Virgin Mary, and I've come to give birth to a new savior." This person is MOST likely experiencing:

delusions of grandeur.

The symptom of schizophrenia most likely to be relieved by antipsychotic drugs is:

delusions.

Patients are more likely to recover from schizophrenia if they:

demonstrated good premorbid functioning.

Which disorder is characterized by an excessive need to be taken care of and a fear of separation?

dependent personality disorder

The most commonly occurring sleeplessness-produced problem is:

difficulty concentrating.

The _____ approach to personality disorders assumes that personality disorders should be classified by the severity of personality traits rather than by the presence or absence of specific traits.

dimensional

Family members are overinvolved in each other's lives but are affectionate and loyal. This description fits Salvador Minuchin's definition of an:

enmeshed family pattern.

The most common type of activity people perform when they want to relieve stress is engaging in:

entertainment, such as watching television, listening to music, or reading.

According to DSM-5, someone who initiates sexual contact with children is:

experiencing a paraphilia regardless of how troubled the individual may be.

Parents who want to decrease the likelihood that their young daughters will experience orgasmic disorder as adults should:

expose their daughters to positive attitudes about sex.

Sociocultural perspectives differ from other perspectives of schizophrenia because they focus exclusively on factors that are:

external to the individual.

The category of odd personality disorders includes the traits of:

extreme suspiciousness, social withdrawal, and cognitive and perceptual peculiarities.

A person who intentionally produces or fakes physical symptoms simply out of a wish to be a patient might be diagnosed with a:

factitious disorder.

LaTisha experiences little sexual response to erotic cues and physical stimulation. She is MOST likely experiencing:

female sexual interest/arousal disorder.hypersexuality.vaginismus.gender dysphoria.

A pattern of abnormalities, head and facial deformities, heart defects, and intellectual development disorder characterizes someone with:

fetal alcohol syndrome.

Psychodynamic therapies may not be very effective in the treatment of substance use disorders because:

finding the cause of a substance use disorder is less important than treating the use as an independent problem.

The word lanugo refers to:

fine silky body hair that develops in individuals with anorexia nervosa.

Luke constantly strives to be the center of attention, yet the ideas he so eloquently expresses are usually shallow and changeable. If he were diagnosed with a personality disorder, it MOST likely would be:

histrionic.

A belief that unrelated events pertain to oneself in some important way is known as:

ideas of reference.

People receive a diagnosis of _____ when they display general intellectual functioning that is well below average, in combination with poor adaptive behavior

intellectual disability

One similarity of those experiencing paranoid personality disorder and those experiencing schizoid personality disorder is that they both tend to:

lack close ties to others

Compared with African Americans, non-Hispanic white Americans are:

less likely to receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia and less likely to be institutionalized.

Intentionally feigning illness to achieve some external gain is described as:

malingering

One should be cautious when examining instances of schizophrenia using hospital records from much of the twentieth century because:

many people with psychotic symptoms were misdiagnosed as having schizophrenia.

What is the most effective ADHD treatment program?

Drugs, combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy, work best.

A new disorder in the DSM-5 that is used to describe children with patterns of severe rage is called:

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.

Elimination disorders are diagnosed when which criteria have been met?

A child has reached an age at which he or she is expected to control bodily functions.

Which person would be MOST likely to develop alcoholism?

A lower-socioeconomic-class person living in a high-unemployment area

Which characteristic is MOST consistent with anorexia nervosa?

Body size overestimation

What is an accurate statement about child sexual abuse?

Child sexual abuse appears to be equally common across all socioeconomic classes, races, and ethnic groups.

A therapist is treating a young woman with bulimia nervosa. Which treatment approach would the therapist use to break the binge-purge cycle seen with this condition?

Exposure and response prevention

A college-aged woman with a history of dieting has significantly reduced her food intake. She views her constant hunger pains as a positive sign that she is maintaining control over her eating. Her weight has dropped sharply below average, but she still thinks she is overweight. You suspect possible anorexia nervosa. Which other sign or symptoms would be present with anorexia nervosa?

Fear of becoming overweight

What is a typical response for a person who just indulged in a binge episode?

Feeling guilty

What is the term for the use of and attraction to inanimate objects as a preferred method of achieving sexual excitement?

Fetishism

Which statement about hallucinations is FALSE?

Hallucinations have historically been a sign of a psychological disorder

Which statement BEST reflects the findings of twin studies evaluating genetic factors associated with schizophrenia?

If one twin has schizophrenia, there is an increased risk of schizophrenia developing in the other twin, with a substantially higher risk for identical twins.

What is mentalization?

the capacity to understand one's own mental states and those of other people

Which type of eating disorder is found almost exclusively in men?

Muscle dysmorphia

Which psychological problem is often associated with anorexia nervosa?

Obsessive-compulsive patterns

What is the most immediate danger of heroin use?

Overdose

According to Hilde Bruch, which is an example of ineffective parenting that could make children prone to eating disorders?

Parents feed anxious children and comfort tired ones.

People with _____ are said to be consistently angry, cynical, driven, impatient, competitive, and ambitious.

Type A personality style

People with _____ are thought to be more relaxed, less aggressive, and less concerned about time.

Type B personality style

A revolution in the treatment of sexual dysfunctions occurred with the publication of the landmark book Human Sexual Inadequacy, which was written by:

William Masters and Virginia Johnson.

A man does not have any penile erections during sleep. This indicates:

a biologically based erectile dysfunction.

New-wave cognitive-behavioral therapies are similar to which of the following?

acceptance and commitment therapy

Lasting improvement for a person with anorexia nervosa depends on:

addressing underlying psychological problems.

Antipsychotic drugs were discovered accidentally when researchers were trying to develop:

antihistamines.

DSM-5 stipulates that a person must be at least 18 years of age to receive the diagnosis of _____ personality disorder.

antisocial

The cluster of "dramatic" personality disorders includes:

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic.

One reason that the personality disorders are difficult to treat is that the afflicted individuals:

are frequently unaware that they have a problem.

A modern explanation of why many people with anorexia continually have food-related thoughts and dreams is that such thoughts and dreams:

are the result of food deprivation.

Research shows that sexual dysfunctions among homosexual couples:

are the same as those seen in heterosexual couples.

Research suggests that the psychological needs of children who have been abused should be addressed:

as early as possible.

MOST children in the United States with intellectual disability live:

at home.

Someone who fasts or exercises strenuously following a binge is engaging in:

compensatory behaviors.

The MOST common cognitive disturbance seen in individuals with anorexia nervosa is a:

distorted body image.

"It's all right to have sex with children as long as they agree." This is an example of the _____ often experienced by pedophiles.

distorted thinking

The _____ theory suggests that schizophrenia causes victims to fall from a higher to a lower socioeconomic level or to remain poor because they are unable to function effectively.

downward drift

A child does well in some school subjects. However, the only way that he can read is slowly, one word at a time. He must direct his gaze with his index finger. Even with great effort, he makes many errors and has poor comprehension. This is a description of:

dyslexia.

Terry has autism spectrum disorder. When his teacher asks, "Do you want candy?" Terry responds, "Do you want candy?" This particular communication problem is referred to as:

echolalia.

The most widely applied method of biofeedback uses a device called an _____, which provides feedback about the level of muscular tension in the body.

electromyograph

Which childhood disorder usually disappears by adulthood?

elimination disorders

Conversion disorders most often begin between:

late childhood and young adulthood.

The most consistent feature of intellectual disability is that the person with the disability:

learns very slowly.

A risk factor for development of a psychophysiological disorder is:

living in poverty.

A wounded veteran of the U.S. Civil War suffering from "soldiers' disease" MOST likely was suffering from:

morphine dependence.

If the onset of tardive dyskinesia is detected early:

most people recover from it when antipsychotic medication is discontinued.

The idea that both partners share the accountability for sexual dysfunction is known as:

mutual responsibility.

"I am the greatest!" a famous boxer declared loudly and often. Had he in fact acted throughout his adult life as though he were the greatest, the MOST appropriate diagnosis would be:

narcissistic personality disorder.

The five traits to be included in future revisions of the DSM-5 that utilize a dimensional approach in diagnosing personality disorders are:

negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, psychoticism.

People with _____ are so preoccupied with order, perfection, and control that they lose all flexibility, openness, and efficiency

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Conversion disorders in men:

occur approximately half as often as they do in women.

People with schizophrenia who feel positive about their relatives:

often do better in treatment.

Vaginismus and dyspareunia are considered disorders of sexual

pain.

An enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that impairs the sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy, and/or capacity for intimacy is known as a:

personality disorder.

A therapist treating an individual with a conversion disorder works to reduce pleasurable outcomes associated with being sick, while increasing pleasurable outcomes associated with being well. This technique is called:

reinforcement.

The treatment model advocated by Alcoholics Anonymous is an example of a _____ approach.

sociocultural

Mild intellectual disability is linked mainly to:

sociocultural and psychological causes.

The disorder with a wide range of vague, long-lasting, and disturbing physical symptoms without a medical cause is:

somatic symptom disorder (somatization pattern).

If people with schizophrenia make at least modest gains when they receive behavioral therapy, this would indicate that:

some symptoms of schizophrenia may be learned.

The drug methylphenidate is classified as a(n):

stimulant.

Ainsley has a drink in the morning on rising and a cocktail with breakfast. She usually sneaks a snort during the morning ("just to get through the day") and then drinks during lunch. Later, at home, she generally has a small dinner and sits in front of the TV and drinking wine, often an entire bottle. Somehow she manages to get up and go to work the next morning. Ainsley is displaying:

substance use disorder.

The main difference between schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder is:

the duration of symptoms.

David Rosenhan (1973) sent eight people to various psychiatric hospitals. All eight falsely reported hearing voices that said "empty," "hollow," and "thud." After being admitted to one of the hospitals, each person acted normally, yet all were diagnosed as having schizophrenia. One of the conclusions from this study is that:

the expectations produced by labeling can alter perception.

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are to _____, as negative symptoms are to _____.

the presence of inappropriate behaviors; the absence of appropriate behaviors

The term sensate focus refers to the technique in which:

the sexual relationship is rebuilt, concentrating on pleasure.

IQ score below _____ would indicate profound intellectual disability.

20

Which is a potential sign of a family system that places an unhealthy importance on appearance?

A father repeatedly jokes about his son's "scrawny" legs and tells him he should start lifting weights.

Which statement BEST describes someone with illness anxiety disorder?

A person misinterprets normal bodily functions and changes as signs of a serious health condition.

In which situation is bulimia nervosa or anorexia nervosa MOST likely to begin?

After a period of intense dieting that has been successful and has earned praise from others

Which of the following drugs, when used at low levels, may raise the sex drive?

Alcohol

"Alcoholism is a disease. You are an alcoholic for life, and you must stop drinking." The treatment favored by the person/group being quoted MOST likely is:

Alcoholics Anonymous.

Which statement BEST describes Internet use disorder?

Although not an official diagnosis, systems of this pattern are similar to those seen in substance use disorder and gambling disorder.

Which problem is common in anorexia nervosa?

Amenorrhea

Which type of medication has been used to help reduce binges and vomiting in persons with bulimia nervosa?

Antidepressants

_____ hallucinations are by far the most common type in schizophrenia.

Auditory

_____ is characterized by difficulty establishing social ties, discomfort in social situations, and fear of being embarrassed or appearing foolish.

Avoidant personality disorder

How is social withdrawal related to avolition?

Both appear to be behaviorally different, but each has similar underlying features.

What theory explains how the sight of a hypodermic needle can induce a "high" in a person who is dependent on heroin?

Classical conditioning

Which statement about genetic factors in schizophrenia is accurate?

Close relatives of those with schizophrenia are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than distant relatives of those with schizophrenia.

"Drug dependence may develop because one finds drug use rewarding when it reduces tension." A person with which view of substance abuse would MOST likely agree with this statement?

Cognitive-behavioral

A woman is raped by someone who was intoxicated. How common is this?

Common; alcohol is a factor in more than one-third of all rapes.

The _____ requires that people with mental disorders receive treatment in their communities rather than being transported to institutions far from home.

Community Mental Health Act

Which medical condition is MORE common in people with bulimia than those with anorexia?

Dental problems

Which of the following was NOT a factor that contributed to the expanded use of lobotomies during the 1940s and 1950s?

Early antipsychotic drugs were ineffective in treating psychotic symptoms and produced dangerous side effects.

An exhibitionist exposes himself to another. Which response from the victim would be LEAST satisfying to the exhibitionist?

Ignoring the exhibitionist

Which method of ingesting a substance produces the fastest effect on the brain?

Inhaling

How does Viagra work?

It increases blood flow into the penis.

Currently, what is known about the relationship between hallucinations and delusions?

It is likely that hallucinations and delusions occur together and feed one another.

What statement BEST describes modern sex therapy?

It is short term and instructive.

Which statement is TRUE regarding the typical onset of binge eating disorder?

It occurs later in life than other eating disorders, often in the individual's twenties.

Which characteristic is very common in individuals with anorexia nervosa but significantly less common in those who have bulimia nervosa or binge eating?

Loss of menstrual periods

How is milieu therapy related to social breakdown syndrome?

Milieu therapy incorporates institutional practices that are likely to prevent social breakdown syndrome.

Which statement provides the WEAKEST evidence linking schizophrenia to early viral exposure?

People who were born in the late winter months have higher rates of schizophrenia than people born during other times of the year.

If a therapist thought that eating disorders were BEST explained by an interaction of sociocultural, psychological, and biological factors, that therapist would be taking which type of perspective?

Multidimensional

For the past 9 months, Joan has been taking a conventional antipsychotic drug to treat symptoms associated with her diagnosis of schizophrenia. Although she has fewer auditory hallucinations, Joan now experiences muscle tremors and rigidity to the point where she can no longer dress herself. It is likely that she is experiencing:

Parkinsonian symptoms.

A teenager has recently developed signs of bulimia nervosa. She has been binge eating alone in her room and vomits immediately afterward to try to control her weight. Why will this not result in sustainable weight loss?

Purging increases hunger, which decreases metabolism and triggers more frequent binges.

The _____ assigns numerical values to the stress that most people experience at some time in their lives.

Social Readjustment Rating Scale

Which person would be MOST likely to cut out sweets, then eliminate more and more types of foods, but not engage in forced vomiting?

Someone experiencing restricting-type anorexia nervosa

Based on current research, which statement about the relationship between antipsychotic medications and side effects is NOT true?

The benefits of taking antipsychotic medications outweigh the costs of the side effects they produce.

Generally speaking, what are the outcomes of gender reassignment surgery?

The outcomes are positive

Why does the textbook's author describe dieters who have fallen to a weight below their set point as being engaged in a "battle against themselves"?

Their brains are working against them to get them back to their "set point."

Which of the following has been identified as a problem in designing and evaluating treatment methods for substance abuse?

There is no standard definition of treatment success.

Which is a true statement regarding the childhood disorders covered in this chapter?

They are more prevalent in boys than in girls.

Which statement about women with bulimia nervosa is accurate?

They generally maintain their normal weight, with some fluctuations.

A patient with schizophrenia who is mute, statue-like, and fails to participate in the hospital routine is MOST likely experiencing:

Type II schizophrenia.

If a person were looking at a photograph of herself and adjusting the size until she thought the picture looked like herself, she would MOST likely be participating in an assessment of her:

accuracy in estimating body size.

What does theory of mind refer to?

an awareness that other people base their behaviors on their own beliefs, intentions, and other mental states

The traditional psychophysiological disorder most commonly associated with intense feelings of anger and the presence of bacteria is:

an ulcer.

Freudian theorists suggest that people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are:

anal retentive.

The "high" produced by using narcotics is due to the drug

attaching to sites normally receptive to endorphins.

Oversensitivity of the _____ can cause a person to respond to mildly stressful events as if they were significant events.

autonomic nervous system

A client being treated for alcohol abuse receives just enough of a drug called curare to produce temporary paralysis whenever that client takes a drink of beer. Presumably, sufficient pairings of paralysis and alcohol will reduce the client's desire for alcohol. This procedure is called:

aversion therapy

According to early psychodynamic approaches, schizophrenia stems from:

being raised by a mother who was cold, domineering, and uninterested in the needs of her child

If a physician wanted to relieve a patient's anxiety with a treatment that carries a lesser risk of drowsiness, overdose, and slowed breathing, the physician should prescribe:

benzodiazepines.

A person who loses weight by forcing herself to vomit after meals or by using laxatives and who otherwise fits the definition of anorexia is experiencing:

binge eating/purging-type anorexia nervosa

Participants who have just completed a very-low-calorie weight-loss program would be MOST at risk for:

bingeing.

Therapists who advise clients to resist following orders from their hallucinatory voices are using a technique from the cognitive-behavioral approach that involves:

challenging ideas about the power of hallucinations.

Hilde Bruch's ego deficiency view of children with eating disorders involves:

children lacking control over their lives and misperceiving internal cues.

Recent work has revealed that the MOST effective treatment for autism spectrum disorder has been the use of:

cognitive-behavioral therapy.

People with somatic symptom disorders use their symptoms to express emotions they cannot easily express otherwise. This statement reflects the:

cognitive-behavioral view

If psychological and sociocultural explanations are to make the same kind of progress in understanding schizophrenia that biological explanations have, then they must:

come up with more precise theories that explain how psychological and sociocultural factors contribute to schizophrenia.

Throughout much of the United States, it is illegal to use marijuana, even for medical reasons. Compared with other nations, this is:

common; most countries do not allow either medical or recreational use of marijuana.

According to the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, the most stressful event in an adult's life is:

death of a spouse.

Damage to the prefrontal cortex would likely cause which symptom to be observed?

deficits in planning, self-control, and decision making

During the 1960s and 1970s, the criteria for remaining in state schools changed, and many individuals with intellectual disability were released into the community. This is an example of

deinstitutionalization

Which is NOT one of the broad categories of symptoms of autism spectrum disorder?

delinquent-type behaviors

Although token economies can change delusional behavior, _____ may not change

delusional thinking

Transgender people who experience extreme distress over the incongruence of their gender identity and/or find themselves impaired by it in their social relationships, at work, or at school have:

gender dysphoria.

People with gender identity disorder were previous called transsexuals and now are more accurately referred to as:

gender dysphoric.

A large survey of parents and their children shows that parents:

generally underestimate how worried their children are.

Relational aggression is a term used to describe a pattern of aggression MOST common among:

girls diagnosed with conduct disorder.

Which positive symptom of schizophrenia is most quickly reduced by taking antipsychotic medications?

hallucinations

The MOST powerful form of cannabis is:

hashish.

Women tolerate alcohol less well than men because they:

have less of a stomach enzyme that breaks down alcohol.

Therapists who teach clients to make statements such as, "It's not a real voice; it's my illness," are using a technique from the cognitive-behavioral approach that involves:

helping clients interpret their hallucinations.

The typical person with transvestism is almost always:

heterosexual.

Which is NOT a description of the three clusters of DSM-5 personality disorders?

high degree of learned helplessness

The complete remission rate for those diagnosed with schizophrenia is:

higher in developing countries than in developed countries, possibly because of better family and social support.

The part of the brain MOST closely associated with the control of eating and body weight is the:

hypothalamus.

Muscle contraction headaches typically produce pain:

in the front or back of the head or in the back of the neck.

Which is NOT mentioned as being a useful form of psychotherapy for people suffering from schizophrenia?

insight therapy

Which treatment approach is more likely to strengthen juvenile delinquent behavior than to help reduce it?

institutionalization

Anoxia, one possible source of intellectual disability, involves brain damage resulting from:

lack of oxygen during or after delivery

Research indicates that the students MOST likely to binge drink:

live in a sorority or fraternity house

In women, the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase is found at:

lower levels in the stomach, making them more susceptible to becoming intoxicated.

Winnie, who has an intellectual disability, goes to school with other children her age. Most of the children in her class do not have a disability. This is referred to as:

mainstreaming.

Women with female sexual interest/arousal disorder have difficulty with:

maintaining proper lubrication.

An otherwise healthy man reports almost no interest in sexual activity and has had very few sexual experiences in the past several years. This person MOST likely is experiencing:

male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

One of the dangers of a diagnosis of conversion disorder is that the patient:

may have a genuine medical problem.

An individual who has been diagnosed with a somatic symptom disorder would MOST likely first seek:

medical help.

The club drug that damages nerve endings but is NOT considered hallucinogenic is:

methamphetamine.

Isabelle was born into a very poor family. Both parents have below-average IQs and are barely able to support and provide for themselves. Isabelle's nutrition and health care have never been very good. She is at risk for:

mild intellectual disability.

This inability to take the perspective of another is referred to as:

mind-blindness.

With _____, a person pays attention to the feelings, thoughts, and sensations that are flowing through his or her mind but does so with detachment and objectivity and, most important, without judgment.

mindfulness meditation

Freebasing has the effect of making cocaine:

more concentrated

According to the family stress model, parents of those diagnosed with schizophrenia display all the following EXCEPT:

more empathy.

Individuals with schizophrenia sometimes make up words that have meaning only for themselves. These words are called:

neologisms.

Some individuals experience a normal interest in sex but choose not to engage in sexual relations. Such people would be diagnosed with:

no sexual dysfunction.

Compared with researchers of past generations, modern researchers believe that clitoral orgasms are:

normal and healthy.

The cluster of anxious personality disorders includes avoidant, dependent, and _____ personality disorders.

obsessive-compulsive

A patient in therapy who eats exactly eight pieces of bread that he has carefully made into balls of equal diameter is displaying a symptom of anorexia nervosa related to:

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

If a child with conduct disorder displays openly aggressive and confrontational behaviors, which pattern of the disorder would that child be displaying?

overt-destructive

Openly offensive and confrontational behaviors are consistent with what pattern of conduct disorder?

overt-destructive

The "odd" cluster of personality disorders consists of which personality disorders?

paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal

Children who suffer some form of abuse are most likely to be abused by a:

parent.

Delusions of _____ are the most common type of delusions in schizophrenia.

persecution

Getting extremely upset if an object is moved to a different part of the room represents:

perseveration of sameness.

The way a person generally responds to life reflects that person's:

personality style.

The consistencies of one's characteristics are called:

personality traits.

The set of uniquely expressed characteristics that influence behaviors, emotions, thoughts, and interactions that is unique to each individual is termed

personality.

The most common metabolic disorder to cause intellectual disability is:

phenylketonuria (PKU).

Dyspareunia in women usually has a _____ cause.

physical

Cognitive-behavioral theorists propose that the physical symptoms of hysterical disorders bring _____ to sufferers

rewards

People with _____ personality disorder persistently avoid and are removed from social relationships and demonstrate little in the way of emotion.

schizoid

Researchers found that phenothiazines reduced psychotic symptoms but also caused Parkinsonian symptoms, like tremors. This discovery suggests that:

schizophrenia is tied to excessive dopamine.

An individual with a diagnosis of an odd personality disorder is MOST likely to have a parent or sibling who has:

schizophrenia.

People with _____ personality disorder display a range of interpersonal problems marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities

schizotypal

What is considered the first line of treatment for schizophrenia?

second-generation antipsychotic medications

Nondemand pleasuring, or _____, is often used in therapy to help couples focus on giving and receiving sexual pleasure with a reduced focus on orgasm.

sensate focus

A child does almost everything with her mother and seems extremely anxious at school, getting frequent stomachaches and wanting to go home. If the child has an anxiety disorder, it is MOST likely:

separation anxiety disorder.

As many as 90 percent of men with _____ experience some degree of erectile dysfunction.

severe depression

A person with _____ is repeatedly and intensely sexually aroused by the act of being humiliated, beaten, or made to suffer.

sexual masochism disorder

Ayesha decided to go to therapy to address her low sexual desire and limited sex life with her husband. She talks about lots of issues from her past. The event from her past that her therapist believes is most responsible for her low sexual desire is:

sexual molestation.

A person who is sexually aroused by inflicting physical pain on others is probably a:

sexual sadist.

Several people with schizophrenia work at a recycling center, where on-time behavior is expected, and payment is made solely for work completed. The people do not compete with each other. MOST likely, this work takes place at a:

sheltered workshop.

An individual who displays serious psychotic symptoms, but would not benefit from being sent to a large state psychiatric hospital for a long period of time, would BEST be served by:

short-term hospitalization in a local psychiatric unit.

To be diagnosed with schizophrenia, symptoms must be present for _____, during which a person must have been _____ for at least one month.

six months; in the active phase

The starting body weight of a person who develops anorexia nervosa is typically:

slightly overweight or normal weight

Delia does not display all the full-blown schizophrenia symptoms anymore. Occasionally, a shadow of a symptom appears. She is a bit withdrawn and not entirely clear all the time, but she can marginally function in the world. This is an example of:

the residual phase of schizophrenia.

Antipsychotic drugs have all the following in common EXCEPT:

they increase the risk of future substance abuse and chemical dependency.

What is a common reason for the hospitalization of people with borderline personality disorder?

they may attempt suicide or otherwise hurt themselves

According to cognitive theorists, the underlying distortion in eating disorders is related to:

too much concern with eating, shape, and weight.

A person who is biologically male but considers himself a woman and would like to live as a woman is:

transgender.

During a _____ a needle is inserted into the brain through the eye socket and is then rotated to destroy brain tissue.

transorbital lobotomy

Conduct disorder has MOST often been associated with:

troubled parent-child relationships.

Psychodynamic theorists believe that people who develop antisocial personality disorder have failed to develop a sense of:

trust.

The parents of those with schizoid personality disorder are MOST likely to have been:

unaccepting.

Sociocultural explanations of schizophrenia have the most difficulty in explaining:

what causes schizophrenia.

Of the few psychotherapists who treated patients with schizophrenia before the discovery of antipsychotic drugs, most believed that the first task of therapy was to:

win the trust of patients and build a close relationship with them

A client receives directed masturbation training and self-exploration instruction as part of the client's sex therapy. MOST likely, the client is a:

woman being treated for orgasmic disorder.