Abnormal Psych Test #1
Joseph, a student in the abnormal psychology class, says, "Why are we studying Freud? All he ever talked about was sex and his theory is totally outdated!" A valid response from his professor would be ____. a. "I agree. Your assessment of Freud's theory is correct." b. "Let me show you how all of Freud's theories have been supported by modern research." c. "Freud's focus on early childhood experiences, the role of the unconscious, and the use of insight continue to assert a pervasive impact on mental health practice." d. "Freud's emphasis on sexuality as a precipitating factor in all mental disorders has been found to be totally valid."
c. "Freud's focus on early childhood experiences, the role of the unconscious, and the use of insight continue to assert a pervasive impact on mental health practice."
Providing distinct categories for different patterns, indicators, and names of abnormal behavior is the goal of ____. a. assessment b. neuropsychological testing c. a classification system d. psychometrics
c. a classification system
For some strange reason, a music teacher gives students a vocabulary test before deciding what the right musical instrument is for each student. The vocabulary test gives consistent results, but the students are rarely happy with the instrument they play. The problem is that the vocabulary test ____. a. is valid but not reliable b. has excessive reliability c. is neither reliable nor valid d. is reliable but not valid
d. is reliable but not valid
Fifty survivors of an airplane crash are given questionnaires to fill out two weeks, six weeks, and thirty weeks after the crash. This study combines what types of research? a. longitudinal and historical b. case study and analogue c. single-subject experiment and survey d. longitudinal and survey
d. longitudinal and survey
One limitation of the family systems approach is that ____. a. id processes are overemphasized but ego and superego processes are ignored b. little research has been done to test the basic elements of the model c. research has failed to support the theory's central idea that family relationships contribute to the development of mental disorders d. research studies have generally not been rigorous in design
d. research studies have generally not been rigorous in design
When Dr. Wilson administers psychological tests, she strictly follows specific procedures. This refers to what aspect of test administration? a. reliability b. validity c. norming d. standardization
d. standardization
Another important mental health disorder classification system other than the DSM is the ____. a. International Classification of Disease b. World Health Organization Categories c. Character Strengths Classification System d. Cross-Cultural Classification System
a. International Classification of Disease
A researcher studies a group of elderly people and finds that, as a group, the better their memory performance, the lower their anxiety level. What can be said about this research? a. It was a correlational study. b. The results show that memory loss causes anxiety. c. It was an experiment. d. The results show a perfect positive correlation.
a. It was a correlational study.
What is the best description of assessment? a. Making conclusions based on comprehensive information b. Beginning treatment in order to judge the client's prognosis c. Making a diagnosis using DSM-5 d. Interviewing, without using psychological tests
a. Making conclusions based on comprehensive information
____ is the industrialization of health care through which large organizations determine what type and duration of treatment clients can have. a. Managed health care b. Multicultural psychology c. Moral therapy d. The drug revolution
a. Managed health care
Prevalence is to ____ as incidence is to ____. a. uncovered; hidden b. many; few c. rare; common d. total number; new cases
b. many; few
A newspaper headline in 2004 might have read, "Antidepressants raise suicide risk in children and adolescents." What might subsequent news stories have reported? a. More research is needed to determine the link between antidepressants and an increase in suicide risk as only one study found this to be the case. b. Suicide risk is just as likely to be linked to antidepressant use as the other way around. c. The researchers who reported these results were found to have faked them. d. No action was taken by the FDA to address the link between antidepressants and the increase in suicide attempts.
a. More research is needed to determine the link between antidepressants and an increase in suicide risk as only one study found this to be the case.
Dr. Rose, a clinical psychologist, is administering a battery of psychological tests to a client to gain insight into the client's current issues. In the ____, the client is shown inkblots and asked to interpret them. a. Rorschach test b. thematic apperception test c. MMPI d. WAIS
a. Rorschach test
A research report includes this paragraph: "We hypothesized that anxiety disorders are more frequent in children whose parents are divorced. We looked at the frequency of anxiety problems in divorced and intact families, using court records to determine when the divorce took place." What component of scientific research is missing in this paragraph? a. There is no operational definition of anxiety disorder. b. There is no reliable way of determining timing of divorce. c. There is no examination of base rates. d. There is no clearly stated hypothesis.
a. There is no operational definition of anxiety disorder.
With magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ____. a. a clear cross-sectional picture of the brain and its tissues is presented b. a substance is injected into the patient's bloodstream and a scanner detects the substance as it is metabolized in the brain c. electrodes are attached to the skull to record brain waves d. beams of x-rays repeatedly scan different areas of the brain to produce a three-dimensional image
a. a clear cross-sectional picture of the brain and its tissues is presented
Kira is involved in a research study consisting of four phases. First, her behavior is monitored under baseline conditions. Then her mother gives her rewards for specific behaviors. In the third stage, she goes back to baseline, and in the fourth, her mother again rewards her. What kind of research is this? a. a single-participant experiment b. longitudinal c. correlational d. a field study
a. a single-participant experiment
In his original experiments, Pavlov paired a bell tone with the presentation of food. After a while, the bell tone alone could provoke salivation. By the time this happened, the ____. a. bell had become a conditioned stimulus b. food had become a conditioned stimulus c. animal had lost interest in the food d. salivation had become an unconditioned response
a. bell had become a conditioned stimulus
Evidence-based therapies should be based on ____. a. client culture, values, and beliefs b. managed care provisions c. meta-analysis d. epidemiological studies
a. client culture, values, and beliefs
Jason says, "Mental illness is not based on voluntary, controllable behaviors." Jason's remark ____. a. contradicts the myth that people are responsible for their condition b. supports the myth that mentally disturbed people can use willpower to recover c. supports the myth that mental illness runs in families d. contradicts the myth that mentally disturbed people can cure themselves
a. contradicts the myth that people are responsible for their condition
According to the psychodynamic model, people use unconscious strategies to protect their egos from anxieties. These strategies are called ____. a. defense mechanisms b. anti-anxiety mechanisms c. ego distortions d. reaction formations
a. defense mechanisms
The two main distinguishing ideas in the psychodynamic model are that ____. a. disorders result from childhood experiences and anxieties operate unconsciously b. the causes of disorders are largely conscious and culture determines the expression of symptoms of disorders c. diathesis is a predisposition to develop an illness and stress is an environmental factor that triggers the illness d. abnormalities are inherited and symptoms start with biology
a. disorders result from childhood experiences and anxieties operate unconsciously
Two characters on the "Star Trek" television series, Mr. Spock and Commander Data, are completely logical. They make their decisions on the basis of realistic considerations, not emotions or moral judgment. From a psychodynamic perspective, their personalities are entirely ____. a. ego b. id c. superego d. ego ideal
a. ego
Measurable heritable characteristics like brain abnormalities, attention processing deficits, or eye movements that give clues about specific genes involved in psychological disorders are called ____. a. endophenotypes b. iatrogenic effects c. base rates for a behavior d. genetic linkages
a. endophenotypes
Imagine that half the clerical employees in one building of a school begin to have headaches, feel agitated, scratch themselves furiously, feel numbness in their fingers, and faint. There is no biological explanation. This incident would most likely be seen by psychologists as an example of ____. a. mass madness b. exorcism c. hypnotic susceptibility d. mesmerism
a. mass madness
Dr. Al-Suwaidi explains his clients' psychological problems by considering biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural explanations. He is using what the text refers to as the ____ model. a. multipath b. biopsychosocial c. multicultural d. integrative
a. multipath
Psychoanalysts are interested in unconscious needs and motives. Therefore, they are most likely to use which of the following in assessing clients? a. projective personality tests b. self-report inventories c. highly structured interviews d. tests for cognitive impairment
a. projective personality tests
A positive feature of the DSM-5 as compared with previous versions is that it ____. a. provides dimensional ratings of disorders on a scale, e.g., "severe" b. relies far less on behavioral criteria for determining diagnoses c. eliminated about half of the categories for disorders d. switched to a purely biological model of mental illness
a. provides dimensional ratings of disorders on a scale, e.g., "severe"
Because Joan suffers from depression, Dr. Adler has prescribed a medication that alters sensitivity and receptivity to ____ at the receptor sites in her brain. For Justin, who suffers from anxiety, Dr. Adler prescribes a drug that affects receptor reactivity to ____. a. serotonin; GABA b. GABA; serotonin c. dopamine; acetylcholine d. acetylcholine; dopamine
a. serotonin; GABA
A psychologist who supports the multicultural model would most likely say that ____. a. some cultures value family identity more than individuality b. Western cultures value "belongingness" over individualism c. European American therapists place too little importance on the problems within the person d. almost all non-Western cultures value individuality over collectivity
a. some cultures value family identity more than individuality
Conclusions of the research conducted by Moos (2005) and Bootzin and Bailey (2005) suggests that ____. a. some group-based prevention and treatment programs have resulted in increases in substance use and delinquent behaviors instead of decreases in these behaviors b. all group-based prevention and treatment programs yield similar results in drug taking and delinquent behaviors c. iatrogenic effects are the intended effects of therapy d. memories are usually less accurate in depressed individuals
a. some group-based prevention and treatment programs have resulted in increases in substance use and delinquent behaviors instead of decreases in these behaviors
Which of the following is an example of an operational definition? a. Obesity occurs when a person becomes 20 percent over normal weight. b. Frustration is when a person becomes upset with life. c. A hypothesis is a conjecture about the relationship between variables. d. Anxiety is how you felt the first time you had to give a speech.
a. Obesity occurs when a person becomes 20 percent over normal weight.
Dr. Danvers is a firm believer in Ellis's REBT theory. Given that, what can we expect Dr. Danvers to say? a. "People are less troubled by their thoughts regarding the events in their lives than the actual events themselves." b. "Belief that an event is unfortunate leads to a healthier consequence than belief that an event is a catastrophe." c. "Our reactions are due to our learned associations." d. "Depression is something you are most likely born with and can never really escape."
b. "Belief that an event is unfortunate leads to a healthier consequence than belief that an event is a catastrophe."
Oscar is suspected of having brain damage. He is given more than ten psychological tests to assess memory, abstract concept formation, auditory perception, and attention. The whole testing process takes more than six hours. It is likely that Oscar was given the ____. a. WAIS-IV b. Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery c. positron emission tomography (PET) test d. MMPI-2
b. Halstead-Teitan Neuropsychological Test Battery
Dr. O'Brien says, "Psychodynamic theory has had a significant impact on psychology because it is based largely on observations in controlled conditions. Further, the theory emphasizes freedom of choice, and the therapy is effective with all disorders." Which part of Dr. O'Brien's statement is accurate? a. Psychodynamic therapy is effective with all disorders. b. Psychoanalysis has had a significant impact on psychology. c. Psychodynamic theory is based on observations in controlled conditions. d. Psychodynamic theory emphasizes freedom of choice.
b. Psychoanalysis has had a significant impact on psychology.
The ____ is an intelligence test appropriately administered to people age 16 and older. a. WISC-IV b. WAIS-IV c. WPPSI-III d. MMPI-2
b. WAIS-IV
Dr. Appel says, "Excessive alcohol consumption is when drinking interferes with social and occupational functioning." But Dr. Baker says, "Excessive alcohol consumption is when a person's frequency and quantity of drinking is in the top 10 percent of all drinkers." What the two doctors are disagreeing about is ____. a. the need for a control group b. an operational definition c. the reliability of measurement d. the base rate
b. an operational definition
According to Kraepelin, mental disorders can be seen in terms of symptom clusters that have their own cause, course, and outcome, which are considered ____ in origin. a. sociocultural b. biological c. psychological d. culturally universal
b. biological
Which type of study is especially valuable for studying rare phenomena and for evaluating the course of a disorder and its treatment? a. field b. case c. nomothetic d. correlational
b. case
A major concern about projective tests is that they ____. a. are overly structured b. demonstrate low reliability and validity c. are too cumbersome to administer d. are too expensive to include in most psychological assessments
b. demonstrate low reliability and validity
Thuy is faced with a dilemma. She lives in a war-torn country in which for years, the economy has been severely disrupted. In order to feed herself and her children, she steals food, but she feels a great sense of guilt when she does. According to Freud, the personality structure involved in stealing food is the ____, whereas the one involved in the associated guilt is the ____. a. id; ego b. ego; superego c. superego; id d. conscience; ego ideal
b. ego; superego
Constance was instructed by her therapist to say whatever came to mind, even if it was illogical or embarrassing. Her therapist was using which psychodynamic technique? a. dream analysis b. free association c. resistance d. catharsis
b. free association
People with schizophrenia who are given large doses of certain medications begin to smack their lips and grimace. They look as though they are getting worse instead of better. The fact that treatment leads to these additional symptoms illustrates ____. a. that the medication is pathognomonic for schizophrenia b. iatrogenic effects c. analogue effects d. the need for double-blind research designs
b. iatrogenic effects
What widely used interview procedure is a useful diagnostic tool to help clinicians cover areas that are ordinarily not part of a clinical interview? a. Rorschach technique b. mental status examination c. sentence-completion test d. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
b. mental status examination
Which factor is a biological explanation of psychopathology? a. family interactions b. neurological dysfunctions c. early childhood experiences d. behaviors learned in the environment
b. neurological dysfunctions
Harold is a mental health professional who has a medical degree and prescribes antidepressants and antipsychotic medication for his patients. After graduating from medical school, he completed a three-year residency in his field. We can guess that Harold is a ____. a. social worker b. psychiatrist c. clinical psychologist d. psychoanalyst
b. psychiatrist
After three sessions, Molly decides she is madly in love with Dr. Arnold. As a psychoanalyst, Dr. Arnold will most likely ____. a. ignore these feelings and continue with therapy b. see this as a sign of other relationship issues in Molly's life c. encourage her feelings as a way to help her feel secure in her relationships d. correct her mistaken impression and discontinue therapy
b. see this as a sign of other relationship issues in Molly's life
In the diathesis-stress theory, the diathesis is ____. a. the amount of stressful life changes that activates a disorder b. the individual's predisposition to develop illness c. an individual's neurotransmitter imbalance d. a faulty schema the individual uses to understand the world
b. the individual's predisposition to develop illness
Frenchman Philippe Pinel and American Benjamin Rush were both concerned with ____. a. the development of private "madhouses" because they were highly profitable b. the moral treatment of patients in hospitals c. helping patients gain easy access to medications d. instituting the use of shamans in the modern treatment of mentally disturbed individuals in an attempt to be culturally sensitive
b. the moral treatment of patients in hospitals
The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, in comparison to the WAIS, is ____. a. the preferred test for school-age children b. the standard to which other tests are compared because of its long history, careful revision, and periodic updating c. easier to administer and yields scores on different cognitive skills d. is complicated in administration and scoring and requires considerable skill in use
b. the standard to which other tests are compared because of its long history, careful revision, and periodic updating
Unlike the Halstead-Reitan and the Bender-Gestalt Visual-Motor tests, EEGs and MRIs are ____. a. not administered to young children b. used to assess organic brain damage c. not administered to young children d. valid and reliable measures
b. used to assess organic brain damage
Teachers in a school are interested in finding a psychological test that predicts future achievement. Which statement best reflects what is known about the existence of such a test? a. Few psychologists believe that there is a test that can do what the teachers want. b. Projective tests do a good job of predicting achievement; IQ tests predict social competence. c. There is debate about whether IQ tests can predict achievement. d. There is no doubt that IQ tests can predict achievement.
c. There is debate about whether IQ tests can predict achievement.
A psychologist who sees a client's problems as caused by a lack of useful, productive behaviors and lack of consequences following inappropriate actions probably supports which model of psychopathology? a. existential b. psychodynamic c. behavioral d. humanistic
c. behavioral
Mesmer's lasting contribution to psychology is his ____. a. research showing the relationship between syphilis and the mental deterioration seen in general paresis b. development of a textbook for psychiatry that described the major disorders c. demonstration that psychological factors, such as the power of suggestion, can be highly therapeutic d. demonstration that the masses can fall for a false set of beliefs
c. demonstration that psychological factors, such as the power of suggestion, can be highly therapeutic
Teresa, normally an energetic mother of three small children, is suddenly unable to go shopping, prepare meals, or even dress her children. Teresa's behavior illustrates the practical definition of abnormality called ____. a. disorientation b. discomfort c. dysfunction d. deviance
c. dysfunction
A kindergarten teacher wants to reduce the amount of aggressiveness children display in her class and on the playground. Using operant conditioning principles, the teacher should ____. a. use negative reinforcers to decrease the behavior b. pair aggressiveness with some pleasant stimulus c. eliminate the reinforcement associated with aggressiveness d. encourage the children to get the aggressiveness out of their systems
c. eliminate the reinforcement associated with aggressiveness
Cognitive-behavioral theorists emphasize that disturbed individuals ____. a. come from disturbed families b. live in stressful environments c. have irrational and maladaptive thoughts d. are deficient in interpersonal skills
c. have irrational and maladaptive thoughts
Idiographic research is most effective ____. a. in laboratory studies with nonhuman subjects b. at showing clear cause-and-effect relationships c. in applied clinical work d. when large numbers of participants are used
c. in applied clinical work
IQ scores reflect an individual's ____. a. intelligence b. social skills c. level of performance relative to people of the same age d. future achievements and behavior relative to people of the same age
c. level of performance relative to people of the same age
Truddi has been studying the topic of repressed memories. She is likely to find that ____. a. experimental psychologists are much more likely than clinicians to believe in the validity of repressed memories b. men are much more likely than women to believe in the validity of repressed memories c. many clinicians believe that some therapeutic techniques can lead to false memories d. cognitive psychologists are more likely than psychoanalytic psychologists to believe in the validity of repressed memories
c. many clinicians believe that some therapeutic techniques can lead to false memories
The humanistic approach and the ____ approach emphasize the subjective world of the individual. Both were developed as a reaction against the deterministic and mechanistic quality of early models of psychopathology. a. existential b. observational learning c. multicultural d. behavioral
c. multicultural
DSM-5 recognizes that some disorders are more prevalent in some cultures than in others. These changes show the influence of which model? a. humanistic b. existential c. multicultural d. multipath
c. multicultural
Which technique increases the frequency of a behavior because it removes or reduces an aversive (punishing) event? a. positive reinforcement b. vicarious conditioning c. negative reinforcement d. modeling
c. negative reinforcement
When John was growing up, he saw his older brother severely beaten by their father after the brother was caught drinking a beer. Since then, John has never had a beer in his life. What form of learning does this best illustrate? a. classical conditioning b. instrumental learning c. observational learning d. operant conditioning
c. observational learning
Exorcism involves ____. a. increasing one's activity level so that, by becoming fit, a person's body can recover from a physical or mental illness b. chipping a hole in the skull of a person believed to be possessed by demons c. praying and chanting over or flogging and starving a person to cast evil spirits out of the body d. examining the brains of people who have severe mental disorders
c. praying and chanting over or flogging and starving a person to cast evil spirits out of the body
"I never accept the results of one study as conclusive. Findings must be replicated. I look carefully at the methods used to produce conclusions. Because of my skeptical attitude, you can assume that I am a ____." a. philosopher b. clinician c. scientist d. newspaper reporter
c. scientist
A child is diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder. What is one risk of this with a classification system? a. Classification tends to be highly unreliable. b. Classification tends to give psychopathology an all-or-nothing quality. c. Classification is rarely based on empirical research. d. Classification may create a self-fulfilling prophecy.
d. Classification may create a self-fulfilling prophecy.
The American Psychiatric Association has published a manual that is the most widely used classification system of psychological disorders. What is this manual called? a. International Classification of Diseases (ICD) b. Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) c. Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM) d. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
d. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
What aspect of interviewing increases the consistency of assessment information? a. Doing the interview in a naturalistic setting b. Using projective techniques c. Increasing the reactivity of the person being interviewed d. Increasing the structure of the interview
d. Increasing the structure of the interview
Results of a study show a significant positive correlation between scores on the Dissociative Experiences Scale and a questionnaire on child abuse. The researchers conclude that this supports "the view that dissociation represents a reaction to early negative experience." What is one problem with this conclusion? a. It suggests that the Dissociative Experiences Scale is valid. b. It assumes there is a negative correlation when there was actually a positive correlation. c. It suggests that child abuse is the same thing as dissociation. d. It assumes there is a cause-and-effect relationship.
d. It assumes there is a cause and effect relationship.
Which statement defines psychotherapy most accurately? a. A program of systematic intervention designed to alter behavior, emotion, or thought b. The scientific study of abnormal behavior c. A system of observing abnormal behavior in an attempt to classify it d. The application of a theoretical model to explain the cause of abnormal behavior
d. The application of a theoretical model to explain the cause of abnormal behavior
Dr. Miller, a clinical psychologist, observes that his client Jennifer is presenting with a disheveled appearance, constricted emotions, and is speaking slowly. Dr. Miller gathers this observational information of these expressions to determine ____. a. future behavior b. degree of intelligence c. cultural differences d. behavioral clues
d. behavioral clues
An assumption of the multipath model of abnormality is that ____. a. the biological perspective best explains the complexities of human behavior b. most psychological disorders are due to one or two primary factors c. biological, psychological, social, and sociocultural factors contribute equally to most psychological disorders d. different individuals exposed to different factors may develop similar mental disorders
d. different individuals exposed to different factors may develop similar mental disorders
During a diagnostic interview, a psychiatrist asks the client how he has been functioning in normal social interactions. These questions are designed to assess ____. a. disorientation b. discomfort c. distress d. dysfunction
d. dysfunction
Peter survived a stroke that damaged much of the tissue in the left hemisphere of his brain. We can expect that Peter will ____. a. have trouble controlling his emotional behavior b. be unable to sense touch on the left side of his body c. experience impaired visual-spatial abilities d. experience paralysis on the right side of his body
d. experience paralysis on the right side of his body
Psychiatric epidemiology ____ our understanding of the factors that contribute to the occurrence of specific mental disorders. a. restricts b. does not affect c. confuses d. improves
d. improves
