Abnormal Psychology Chapter 15 notes

Two of the most common externalizing disorders are ______ and _______.

- oppositional defiant disorder -conduct disorder

Children who have ______ functional enuresis have never been continent; children who have ______ functional enuresis have been continent for at least a year but have regressed.

- primary - secondary

In the DSM-1 initially what two disorders were given on children

-Childhood schizophrenia -Adjustment reaction of childhood

The three subtype groups of ODD

1. Angry/irritable mood 2. Argumentative/defiant behavior 3. Vindictiveness

What percentage of children and adolescents experience depression at some point in their lives?

12%

Bell and Pad Treatment

A behavior therapy technique used to treat enuresis by conditioning arousal from sleep in response to bodily signals of a full bladder

Neurodevelopmental disorders

A group of disorders in DSM-5 that are typically manifested in early childhood

Adderall

A habit-forming drug comprised of a combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine.

Strattera

A medication used in the treatment of ADHD.

Learning disorders

A set of disorders that reflect deficits in academic performance.

______ disorders are the most common mental disorder among children and adolescents

Anxiety

Why is it so important for adults to recognize when a child needs professional help and to take the initiative in seeking it?

Because in many cases children with psychological struggles cannot ask for help themselves

Enuresis

Bed-wetting; involuntary discharge of urine after the age of expected continence

Nina, age 8, and her brother, age 19, are both experiencing symptoms of severe anxiety. Which medications would likely be used for Nina and her brother?

Benzodiazepines and SSRIs would be given to both of them.

Give an example of an individual that is most likely to have difficulties with adult antisocial personality disorder?

Brandon shows symptoms of conduct disorder starting at age 7.

Ritalin

Central nervous system stimulant often used to treat ADHD

Conduct disorder (CD)

Childhood and adolescent disorders that can appear by age 9 and are marked by persistent acts of aggressive or antisocial behavior that may or may not be against the law.

Separation anxiety disorder

Childhood disorder characterized by unrealistic fears, oversensitivity, self-consciousness, nightmares, and chronic anxiety.

Oppositional defiant disorder

Childhood disorder that appears by age 6 and is characterized by persistent acts of aggressive or antisocial behavior that may or may not be against the law.

What factor would contribute to a child being vulnerable to developing a psychological disorder?

Children's lack of experience in dealing with adversity can make manageable problems seem insurmountable.

What kind of therapy emphasizes the use of positive reinforcement and exposure procedures for the effective treatment of anxiety symptoms in young children?

Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT)

Why would it be incorrect to label a child under age 4 with encopresis, even if the toileting difficulties are causing distress for the child and frustration for the parents?

DSM-5 specifies that encopresis cannot be diagnosed prior to 4 years of age.

Encopresis

Disorder in children who have not learned appropriate toileting for bowel movements after age 4

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Disorder of childhood characterized by difficulties that interfere with task-oriented behavior, such as impulsivity, excessive motor activity, and difficulties in sustaining attention.

Hydrocephaly

Relatively rare condition in which the accumulation of an abnormal amount of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium causes damage to the brain tissues and enlargement of the skull

Intellectual disability

Significant impairment in general intellectual functioning that is accompanied by significant limitations in adaptive functioning and is obvious during the developmental period.

Pemoline

Drug, similar to Ritalin, used to treat ADHD Perception. Interpretation of sensory input.

______, or parrot-like repetition of a few words, occurs in both typically developing children and children with autism. However, this type of language is ________ in children with autism.

Echolalia; more common and persistent

Disorders characterized by symptoms focused outside the person, such as engagement in disruptive and impulsive behavior, often are referred to as

Externalizing disorders

Tourette's dosorder

Extreme tic disorder involving uncontrollable multiple motor and vocal patterns

Developmental Psychopathology

Field of psychology that focuses on determining what is abnormal at any point in the developmental process by comparing and contrasting it with normal and expected changes that occur.

Dyslexia

Impairment of the ability to read

Echolalia

Parrot-like repetition of a few words or phrases

Autism spectrum disorder

Pervasive developmental disorder beginning in infancy and involving a wide range of problematic behaviors, including deficits in language, perception, and motor development; defective reality testing; and social withdrawal.

Mainstreaming

Placement of children with intellectual disabilities in regular school classrooms for all or part of the day.

Macrocephaly

Rare type of intellectual disability characterized by an increase in the size and weight of the brain, enlargement of the brain, enlargement of the skill, visual impairment, convulsions, and other neurological symptoms resulting from abnormal growth of glial cells that form the supporting structure for the brain tissue.

What is the best describes the efficacy of medications for treating enuresis?

These drugs may help reduce symptoms in children who do not respond to behavioral treatments; however, there is typically relapse when these drugs are discontinued.

Microcephaly

Type of intellectual disability resulting from impaired development of the brain and a consequent failure of the cranium to attain normal size.

Having worked for a state agency for several years, Sheri's job involves helping children and others to obtain services that they cannot get for themselves. In some cases, she works to change the system so that underserved populations can obtain more assistance. Sheri probably works for ______.

a child advocacy program

Joey is struggling in school. Despite being eager to learn and focused in class, his grades have been suffering, particularly in classes where he has to write a lot. His essays tend to have numerous spelling and grammatical errors, and they are very difficult to follow compared to his peers' essays. Joey likely has _______.

a learning disorder

When does ODD begin

age 8 with a lifetime prevalence ot 10% - 11% likely in boys - 9% likely in girls

Cooper, age 11, is quite large for his age. He is much taller than all of his classmates, and as a result they are rather intimidated by him. Cooper is very aggressive, and is regarded as a bully by his peers. He often pushes other kids around and is quickly ready to fight if they stand up to him. He has been suspended from school three times for punching other kids. In one instance, the other child suffered serious bruises from the assault. Cooper's behaviors are consistent with the ________ subtype of conduct disorder.

aggressive behavior

All family therapies view a child's problems as, to some extent, _______.

an outgrowth of pathological interaction patterns within the family.

In order for someone to be diagnosed with intellectual disability, problems with intelligence and general level of performance must be evident _____.

before the age of 10

The cohesive family model is a family-group-oriented approach used to treat oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD). With this model, ODD and CD are conceptualized as _______.

being reinforced and maintained by ineffective parenting practices

Research using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has found that people suffering from dyslexia may have reduced physiological activation in the ______.

cerebellum

What is the most common form of child abuse in the United States, accounting for about 78 percent of all such cases?

child neglect

In the first version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), there were only two diagnoses included in the section on childhood disorders: ________ and adjustment reaction of childhood.

childhood schizophrenia

The Mowrer bell-and-pad method used to treat enuresis is based on which psychological concept?

conditioning

Arnav was recently diagnosed with Tourette's disorder. Because of this disorder, he frequently has outbursts in which he begins yelling profanities. This often happens when he is in class and recently even happened in front of his grandparents, leaving him very embarrassed. The specific term for this is ________.

coprolalia

Prevalence rates of enuresis tend to ________ with age.

decrease

Marta is 19 years of age and has recently started demonstrating the functional deficits that are commonly associated with intellectual disability. She is having significant problems in general mental abilities, such as reasoning, problem solving, and planning. What would be the most appropriate diagnosis?

dementia

Children are more ________ other people than are adults. In some ways, this helps buffer against negative events because they are protected and supported; in other ways, it leaves children vulnerable to abuse or neglect.

dependent on

The best-known clinical condition associated with moderate to severe intellectual disability is ________ syndrome, which is most often caused by an extra version of the twenty-first pair of chromosomes.

down

Estimates indicate that between 2 and 10 percent of children have a learning disorder. The most common disorder is ______.

dyslexia

Which specific learning disorder is marked by problems in word recognition and reading comprehension, deficits in spelling and memory, or unusually slow reading skills that involve omission, addition, or distortion of words?

dyslexia

When a child is exposed to a disaster or trauma (Ex: hurricane, accident, hostage situation, shooting), ______ has the double goal of reducing the stressors in that child's life and strengthening her coping mechanisms.

early intervention

Many experts are concerned that the rise in the diagnosis of child bipolar disorder may be due to ________.

erroneous application of the bipolar diagnosis to a wide range of behavior problems such as ADHD

When the situation involving a child's psychological concerns involves family violence, ________ becomes a particularly important part of the treatment plan.

family therapy

Which family member has been found difficult to engage in family therapy by many clinicians?

father

Although attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is most commonly thought of as a condition that only occurs in childhood and adolescence, studies done in the United States and abroad suggested that about ________ of children with ADHD will continue to meet criteria in adulthood.

half

Dipak suffers from a condition where he has an unusual accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within his cranium. This has led to damage to brain tissue and enlargement of the skull. As a result of these factors, Dipak has many of the symptoms of severe intellectual impairment. What is the proper diagnosis for Dipak's case?

hydrocephaly

Depressed mood is a major symptom used to diagnose depression in adults. When diagnosing childhood depression with the DSM-5, the major symptom of ________ may be substituted for depressed mood.

irritability

The term juvenile delinquency ____.

is the legal term used to refer to violations of the law committed by minors

Juvenile delinquency

legal term used to refer to illegal acts committed by minors

Compared to specific phobia, ADHD is ________ and _______.

less common; more commonly diagnosed by mental health professionals

There is some evidence that the rate of autism is rising in the United States. This reported increase in diagnosis is most likely due to _______.

methodological differences between studies and changes in diagnostic practice and public and professional awareness

De novo genetic mutations _____.

occur in the egg or sperm and are passed on to every cell in the child's body, despite not appearing in the parents' bodies.

A tic

persistent, intermittent muscle twitch or spasm, usually limited to a localized muscle group, often of the facial muscles

Jenna's son inherited a genetic disorder where the child's liver is unable to process a particular amino acid. He has been placed on a restricted diet and Jenna has been advised not to feed him turkey or diet soda. Without adherence to the diet, Jenna's son could develop intellectual disability. He was probably diagnosed with ______.

phenylketonuria

The brains of children with ADHD tend to mature more slowly than the brains of children without ADHD. These maturational delays are particularly prominent in which regions?

prefrontal lobe

Eli is 6 years of age, and his parents are thrilled that he is fully potty-trained. After his new sister is born and comes home from the hospital, he notices that she receives a lot of attention and he feels ignored. Soon he begins wetting his pants again, and his parents put him back in pull-up diapers. If this problem persists, Eli might be diagnosed with ________ functional enuresis.

secondary

Sasha has a real problem. At age 5, she simply cannot tolerate being parted from her father. Ever since her mother died last year, she clings to her father's side, and cannot even be one room away from him. This causes significant problems, particularly when he has to leave her at the day care center every morning when he goes to work. He often gets calls that he has to leave work and come get her after just an hour or two. India may be suffering from _______.

separation anxiety disorder

Research suggests that, in children, exposure-based therapies that emphasize _______ result in improved treatment outcomes.

spending a lot of time engaging in exposures to highly feared stimuli

Parent management training, which involves ________, is effective in the treatment of CD and ODD.

teaching parents to effectively reinforce their child's prosocial behaviors while ignoring aggressive/antisocial behaviors

Although the DSM-II contained a more comprehensive range of diagnoses than its predecessor, the DSM, concerns about the system focused on the fact that _______.

the DSM system that was developed for adults was used to diagnose childhood problems, even though there were often no adult counterparts to many of the childhood disorders

Sally, age 7, talks to her invisible friend. Her father is worried about this behavior, so he takes her to a psychologist who says that this is developmentally appropriate behavior for a child her age, but that if it persists into adolescence, he should bring her back. This highlights that children may need ________.

unique classification systems from adults

Because many children experience fears as a normal part of childhood, how can one determine when such fears have become abnormal and pathological?

when the fears are persistent, extreme, impairing, and beyond what is developmentally expected