Abnormal Psychology EXAM 1

21. Defining abnormal behavior, using "the four Ds": A) allows us to create diagnoses that are clear-cut and not debatable. B) allows us to eliminate those who are merely eccentric. C) allows us to include those who experience no distress. D) is still often vague and subjective.

D

23. To receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, melancholic, the individual must display: A) repeated episodes. B) fluctuation in mood during the year. C) motor immobility or excessive activity. D) almost no emotional response to pleasurable events.

D

52. According to current research, using relaxation training to treat generalized anxiety disorder is: A) the best treatment available. B) simply not effective. C) better than similar treatments such as meditation. D) better than nothing, and about as effective as meditation.

D

53. If a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced ______, according to psychoanalysts. A) repression B) transference C) resistance D) catharsis

D

53. In general, object relations theorists follow which theoretical perspective? A) cognitive B) humanistic C) existential D) psychodynamic

D

Which of the following is the primary function of the hypothalamus? A.Regulation of sleep and arousal systems B.Maintenance of homeostasis C.Regulation of emotions D.Coordination of fine motor movement

Maintenance of homeostasis

Which of the following could result in learned helplessness? a. Being in a stressful situation one cannot control b. Being in a stressful situation and refusing to control it c. Being in control and then encountering stressors d. Perceiving control when none is present

Answer: A

A one-dimensional causal model a. uses only one perspective, such as behaviorism, to treat a disorder. b. attributes a disorder to a single cause. c. notes that many paths lead to the same disorder. d. looks at only one disorder at a time.

Answer: B

Richard, who has not responded well to medication, experiences six or more manic and depressive cycles in a year. Diagnosed with bipolar disorder, Richard is displaying a. bipolar II disorder. b. rapid cycling pattern. c. seasonal patterning. d. inexplicable treatment response.

Answer: B

Which of the following is true? a. If either a diathesis or a stress is present, a disorder will develop. b. If both a diathesis and stress are present, a disorder will develop. c. The smaller the diathesis, the greater the stress needs to be to produce a disorder. d. The larger the diathesis, the greater the stress needs to be to produce a disorder.

Answer: C

Which of the following is not true of classical conditioning? a. It involves pairing of a UCS and a CS. b. It was demonstrated by Pavlov with his dogs. c. It involves shaping procedures. d. The CR can be eliminated in a process called extinction.

Answer: C

While many fears are learned, some are more easily learned, or more prepared to be learned than others. The most likely fear-prepared stimulus below would be a. rocks. b. guns. c. spiders. d. electrical outlets.

Answer: C

Personality disorders involve enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that a. may cause functional impairment. b. may cause subjective distress. c. cut across many times and places. d. all of the above

Answer: D

Psychological treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder usually involves a. ritual prevention. b. medication. c. exposure to feared stimuli. d. both a and c

Answer: D

You operate an anxiety-reduction clinic and know you can make predictions about your clientele. Who are most likely to seek treatment? a. Overly reactive people with normal fears b. People with blood-injection-injury phobia c. People with GAD d. People with situational phobia

Answer: D

For which of the following individuals is recovery from anorexia MOST likely? A) someone who is a teenager rather than a young adult B) someone who has lost a relatively large percentage of body weight C) someone who also has sex problems D) someone who enters therapy late in his or her disorder

a

How strong is the evidence supporting the usefulness of client-centered therapy for those with generalized anxiety disorder? A) not very strong: case reports of client-centered therapy's usefulness are not strongly supported by controlled studies B) not very strong: controlled studies of client-centered therapy's usefulness are not strongly supported by case reports C) very strong in both case reports and controlled studies D) very weak in both case reports and controlled studies.

a

Of the following, the BEST description of the "avoidance theory of generalized anxiety disorder" is: A) worrying serves to reduce bodily arousal. B) worry interferes with our ability to cope with life. C) worrying keeps the focus on emotions, not cognitions. D) worrying is an uncontrollable part of life.

a

Panic disorder appears to be related to abnormal activity of which neurotransmitter? A) norepinephrine B) epinephrine C) serotonin D) endorphin

a --Assocaited with anti depression medicine too

Anxiety can be _____ at low levels but _____ at high levels. A.excessive; emotionally arousing B.debilitating; socially acceptable C.adaptive; incapacitating D.rarely seen; invisible

adaptive; incapacitating

Lois avoids crowded streets and stores, and rarely ventures to the theater or to church. She is particularly fearful of traveling through a tunnel or bridge, and has never ventured onto a bus. Lois most likely suffers from _______. A.panic disorder B.social phobia C.agoraphobia D.PTSD

agoraphobia

What is the best definition of interrater reliability? A.interpretation of statistical data B.stability of a disorder over time C.consistency of measurements D.agreement among clinicians

agreement among clinicians

A major purpose of a diagnosis is to A.help patients understand the root cause of their problems. B.assist the referral source in making a differential diagnosis. C.aid communication among researchers and clinicians. D.communicate the psychologist's theoretical orientation to treatment.

aid communication among researchers and clinicians.

Men are more likely than women to suffer from A.mood disorders and anxiety disorders. B.alcohol and drug abuse. C.alcohol abuse and mood disorders. D.depression and anxiety disorders.

alcohol and drug abuse.

Regarding psychological disorders, biological treatments focus on _______. A.curing the disorder B.alleviating the physical symptoms C.unconscious motives D.eliminating the root cause

alleviating the physical symptoms

In a positive correlation of Factor A and Factor B, if Factor A goes up, Factor B ______. A.also goes up B.remains the same C.goes down D.doubles in size

also goes up

In the brain, emotional stimuli involving fear follow two primary pathway(s) leading to the _____. A.corpus callosum B.thalamus C.hypothalamus D.amygdala

amygdala

Clinical assessments made for the purpose of diagnosis typically include an evaluation of the problem behavior's symptoms and severity, patterns of symptoms over time, and A.an estimation of the length of treatment time. B.an evaluation of the patient's strengths and weaknesses. C.a clinical judgment as to the need for a second opinion. D.a mental status exam by a collaborating psychiatrist.

an evaluation of the patient's strengths and weaknesses.

Specific phobias of ______ are more common in women than in men. A.blood-injury-illness B.heights C.animals D.needles

animals

Gwen is preparing for her Psychology of Learning midterm exam. Although she has read all of the material and been active in class discussions, she has recurring thoughts of failing the exam. Her thoughts persist even though she is an honors student and has never failed a test. Gwen is experiencing A.a panic attack. B.delusions. C.suicidal ideation. D.anxiety.

anxiety.

DSM-5 encourages clinicians to do all of the following except a. choose the most accurate diagnosis b. indicate likely biological bases for the disorder c. describe how the person's disorder influences occupational functioning d. describe how environmental factors may have contributed to the disorder

d. describe how environmental factors may have contributed to the disorder

a clinician who notes the role of patient's sex, income level, and race in his or her problems is illustrating the influence of a. class differences b. sociocultural models c. symptom expression d. feminist psychology

b. sociocultural models

a normal source of anxiety for a 1- to 2-year-old child is a. loss of physical support b. strangers c. heights d. being alone

b. strangers

the human nervous system has two main parts: a. the left and right cerebral hemispheres b. the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system c. the upper and lower brain d. the cortex and the brain stem

b. the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

in placebo-controlled studies, experts who rate the degree of patient improvement following treatment must be kept unaware of a. the funding source of the study b. which subjects were in the treatment group and which were in the control group c. who the authors of the study were and whether they implemented the treatment exactly as originally described d. whether enough subjects were recruited so that the study will have generalizable results

b. which subjects were in the treatment group and which were in the control group

The experience of feeling like weeping constantly would be considered a(n) ______of depression. A) cognitive B) emotional C) behavioral D) motivational

b...

In some branches of medicine, diagnosis refers to the identification of a physical illness and may be made on the basis of laboratory tests. In psychology, however, a diagnosis is A.based more on the presence of clusters of symptoms. B.made only after consultation with the primary physician. C.based on several significant epidemiological factors. D.made on the basis of a single behavior, if significant.

based more on the presence of clusters of symptoms.

The term "deviance" implies A.having a mental illness. B.engaging in criminal wrongdoing. C.looking different. D.behaving differently.

behaving differently.

Dr. Shomeyer is conducting a twin study in order to determine the presence of ADHD in familial cohorts. Ultimately, she hopes to uncover information on the degree to which the disorder might be heritable. Dr. Shomeyer's methodology would be described as a __________ approach. A.familial determinism B.candidate gene C.behavioral genetic D.genomewide

behavioral genetic

The anxiety-sensitivity model of fear acquisition holds that some people A.are highly sensitive to the anxiety cues manifested by others. B.believe that anxiety will result in negative consequences. C.lack the ability to regulate their emotions. D.are more motivated by anxiety than others.

believe that anxiety will result in negative consequences.

biological perspective (ocd)

biological perspective (ocd) twin studies show partial genetic link. -Serotonin levels low so ANTI-DEPRESSANTS MAY HELP -glutamate, GABA, and dopamine may also play a role. -Brain may function abnormally, specifically the *orbitofrontal cortex & caudate nuclei* -treatments involve drugs but high relapse occurs with drug therapy only.

. Current research regarding the effectiveness of behavioral therapy for depression is MOST consistent with which of the following statements? A) Therapy is most effective when techniques are used one at a time, in isolation. B) Increasing one's positive activities is more effective than just keeping track of them. C) Using a combination of behavioral techniques works better than using just one. D) Behavior therapists usually reject the addition of cognitive techniques to their therapy.

c

101. Of the following, the MOST accurate description of the symptoms of mania would be that they: A) are highly correlated with positive life events. B) are the same as those of depression (e.g., sadness), but accompanied by aggressiveness. C) don't include a sense of the impact of one's actions on others. D) very seldom include physical activity, usually including only mental activity.

c

110. The cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them: A) have relatives who are atypically anxious. B) are prone to allergies and have immune deficiencies. C) misinterpret bodily sensations. D) experience more stress than average.

c

141. All the treatment methods for bulimia nervosa share the immediate goal of: A) changing distorted self-perceptions. B) addressing the underlying causes of the bulimic patterns. C) assisting patients to eliminate their binge-purge patterns. D) forcing patients to accept the responsibility for their actions.

c

4. Support for the idea that mood disorders set the stage for eating disorders comes from evidence that shows: A) high levels of serotonin in the brain. B) that eating disorders have been successfully treated using anti-anxiety medication. C) that close relatives of people with eating disorders have a high rate of mood disorders. D) that people with eating disorders are not more likely themselves to be diagnosed with depression.

c

communication in the nervous system relies on signals transmitted by a. electrical impulses called action potentials b. chemicals called neurotransmitters c. an electrochemical process d. all of the above

d. all of the above

diagnosis is important to physicians and psychologists because it facilitates a. treatment planning b. communication across clinicians and researchers c. understanding of a person's psychological status d. all of the above

d. all of the above

german psychiatrist emil kraepelin contributed to the study of abnormal psychology by a. observing hundreds of living patients b. introducing two diagnostic categories c. laying the groundwork for a classification system d. all of the above

d. all of the above

hippocrates was an ancient greek physican who a. produced a diagnostic classification system and a model by which to explain abnormal behavior b. identified common psychological symptoms such as hallucinations, melancholia & mania c. introduced the term hysteria d. all of the above

d. all of the above

more so than its predecessors, DSM-5 a. considers how the expression of disorders may differ by age b. considers how cultural factors may influence the expression of disorders c. considers how sex may influence the expression of disorders d. all of the above

d. all of the above

which of the following is a major factor in distinguishing between normal anxiety and an anxiety disorder? a. developmental age b. functional impairment c. sociodemographics d. all of the above

d. all of the above

why do biological theories of anxiety disorders consider serotonin to be important? a. serotonin is lower in the CSF of people with anxiety disorders b. biochemical challenges that alter serotonin levels are related to increases or decreases in feelings of anxiety c. people who are prescribed SSRIs, which increase serotonin, report that their feelings of anxiety decrease d. all of the above

d. all of the above

a measure of clinical significance tells us that a. the patient is or is not satisfied with the treatment b. a patient's treatment is "finished" c. two clinical assessments are in agreement d. an observed change in a patient is a meaningful improvement

d. an observed change in a patient is a meaningful improvement

a strong positive correlation between the number of cigarettes smoked and the amount of alcohol consumed per day can be interpreted to mean that a. smoking leads to drinking b. drinking leads to smoking c. a third variable such as stress increases both behavior d. any of the above

d. any of the above

sam has a spider phobia, and he has not gone to the wood-shed since his wife complained of all the cobwebs in there. he has responded behaviorally with a. arousal b. worry c. distress d. avoidance

d. avoidance

a patient has an extreme spider phobia. he is taken to a room with a cage of spiders against the opposite wall. he is asked to walk as close to the cage as he can. he takes two steps toward the cage and says he cannot go any closer. the psychologist measures the distance on the floor from the patient's feet to the cage. this is a a. continuous recording b. self-report measure c. natural environmental assessment d. behavioral avoidance test

d. behavioral avoidance test

a primary function of the hypothalamus is homeostasis and the regulation of a. thoughts and cognition b. sleep/wake states and consciousness c. balance and many motor activities d. blood pressure, temperature, and weight

d. blood pressure, temperature, and weight

when a clinician finds that several members of a patient's family has similar symptoms, he or she may suspect that the patient has a predisposition to illness known as a. stressor b. biological model c. genetic abnormality d. diathesis

d. diathesis

a criticism of early group-based research in abnormal psychology is that it a. regularly used samples that were too small b. failed to control for biological differences between the sexes c. stigmatized many of its subjects d. failed to include diverse samples

d. failed to include diverse samples

pioneer behaviorist joseph wolpe discovered that a stimulus will not elicit fear or anxiety if a. conditioning prevents negative emotions b. operant conditioning reinforces relaxation c. discrimination becomes increasingly difficult d. incompatibile behavior occurs at the same time

d. incompatible behavior occurs at the same time

compared with unstructured interviews, structured interviews have several advantages including a. avoidance of irrelevant questions b. briefer time frame c. identification of the best course of therapy d. increased reliability

d. increased reliability

moral treatment, the eighteenth-century innovation of philippe pinel and william turke, was characterized by a. daily compulsory church attendance b. imposition of a work schedule to teach patients duty and productivity c. separation of patients from evil influences outside their homes d. kind treatment of patients and work to occupy their minds

d. kind treatment of patients and work to occupy their minds

we cannot infer the causes of behavior from case studies, but they do let us a. rule out subjective biases of the therapist b. rule out subjective biases of the patient c. control for the attention of the therapist d. objectively describe rare phenomena

d. objectively describe rare phenomena

stuart has never had a romantic partner. when he talks with his therapist, he says that he is afraid to ask anyone out because he becomes extremely anxious about initiating and maintaining conversations. he is likely to have a. panic disorder b. agoraphobia c. generalized anxiety disorder d. social anxiety disorder

d. social anxiety disorder

contextual factors that should be considered in evaluating abnormal behavior includes sex, race/ethnicity, and a. cognitive skills b. dimensional approaches c. personality problems d. socioeconomic status

d. socioeconomic status

In Aaron Beck's model of depression, the cognitive triad consists of A.past, present, and future expectations. B.three levels of the mind. C.three types of negative thoughts. D.Freud's id, ego and superego.

three types of negative thoughts.

The most obvious reason for using assessment procedures is to _____. A.explain the reasons for the patient's hallucinations B.recommend hypnosis C.predict the patient's prognosis D.describe the nature of the patient's main problem

describe the nature of the patient's main problem

112. A physician who offers psychotherapy is called a:

psychiatrist. They go to medical school and then 3-4 years of additional training (residency) Vs clinical psychologist earn doctorate in psychology in about 4-5 years and then 1 year internship in mental health setting

Jeffrey's therapist is conducting an initial interview with him. The therapist spends a lot of time asking questions about Jeffrey's parents and his early life experiences. Since he seems to view Jeffrey's parents as the "root cause" of his problems, this therapist is most likely oriented toward ____________. A.behaviorism B.psychoanalysis C.behavioral genetics D.humanism

psychoanalysis

Which form of depression treatment lacks strong supportive evidence of its effectiveness in treating unipolar depression? psychodynamic behavioral cognitive biological

psychodynamic -RARELY EFFECTIVE BY ITSELF IN TREATING UNIPOALR

todays leading explanations for hysterical somatoform disorders come from the

psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive models

One way to overcome a limitation of the case study method is to A.standardize the types of treatment methods used. B.vary the levels of the independent variable. C.generate conclusions as to the cause of a disorder in a case report. D.vary the number of sessions used.

standardize the types of treatment methods used.

Common themes of OCD and the MOST COMMON

MOST COMMON: dirt/contamination -religion -sexuality -orderliness -sexuality

Which of the following is an example of an open-ended interview question? A."How frequently do you miss class?" B."Do you have periods of feeling blue or hopeless?" C."Tell me more about it." D."Is your family supportive of your decision to seek treatment?"

"Tell me more about it."

Cognitive Therapies for GAD

*Rational-emotive therapy* -therapists point out the irrational assumptions held by clients and suggesting more appropriate assumptions and give them hw to challenge these assumptions -Also for social anxiety *Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy* -acceptance and commitment therapy -Help clients become ware of their thoughts and accept such thoughts!

Clients who test their assumptions about what is causing their depression are working in which phase of Beck's treatment program? A) changing primary attitudes B) challenging automatic thoughts C) identifying negative thinking and biases D) increasing activities and elevating mood

A

19th century decline of moral treatment because

1. Speed that moral treatment moved. Too fast so severe money and staffing problems raised 2. Assumed all people could be cured with humanity and dignity. Proved not to be the case with SOME. On some it did work:) 3. New wave of prejudice emerged that saw them as strange and dangerous -- changed their mind about making donations or allocating gov funds 4. Most of them were forge in immigrants, who they had no interest in donating/helping

Select the following correlation that demonstrates the strongest relationship between two variables. A.-.76 B.+.75 C.-.50 D.+.20

-.76

Renaissance

-Demonological views of abnormality continued to decline -German physician Johann Weyer believed that the mind was as susceptible to sickness as the body -Across Europe, religious shrines were devoted to the humane and loving treatment of people with mental disorders Unfortunately, this time also saw a rise of asylums - institutions whose primary purpose was care of the mentally ill. But once they began to overflow they became virtual prisons for mentally ill -became tourist attractions -treatment harsh and cruel

People with OCD tend to have what according to the cognitive perspective

1. Be more depressed than others 2. Have exceptionally high standards of conduct and morality 3. Believe thoughts are equal to actions and are capable of bringing harm 4. Believe that they can, and should, have perfect control over their thoughts and behaviors

What three features allow correlational/experimental investigators draw a board conclusion on abnormality?

1. Observe many individuals = collect enough info to draw a BROAD conclusion 2. Apply procedures uniformly so other researchers can replicate a study to see whether it gives the same findings 3. Use statical tests to analyze results which indicate whether broad conclusions are justified

Current IQ test scores are standardized using a mean of ______ and a standard deviation of __________. A.100; 10 B.115; 10 C.115; 15 D.100; 15

100; 15

Approximately what total percentage of adults in the U.S. have suffered from a psychological disorder at some time in their lives? A.25% B.38% C.10% D.47%

47%

67. Which of these statements would NOT reflect a part of the cognitive triad? A) Everyone is out to get me. B) Life is just too overwhelming. C) I don't even want to wake up tomorrow. D) I just can't go on.

A

A woman who has just given birth is anxious, has trouble sleeping, and feels sad. These symptoms diminish in the next couple of weeks. What she has experienced is most likely: A) the "baby blues," something experienced by under half of new mothers. B) the "baby blues," something experienced by over half of new mothers. C) postpartum depression, something experienced by over half of new mothers. D) postpartum depression, something experienced by under half of new mothers.

A

If a clinician wanted to know more detailed information about a person's functioning in a specific area, the clinician would use: A) a response inventory. B) a validity assessment. C) a measure of reliability. D) standardization.

A

If your university had a first-year program designed to ease the transition from high school to college and to decrease the dropout rates, that program would have elements MOST similar to: A) mental health prevention programs. B) positive psychology programs. C) deinstitutionalization programs. D) outpatient therapy.

A

Imagine that you are asked to give a scientific opinion on the use of polygraphic evidence. Your BEST response would be: A) "Although they are used widely, they are not particularly reliable." B) "The APA endorses their use." C) "On average, 50 out of 100 truths are categorized as lies." D) "Most courts admit evidence from polygraphs in criminal trials."

A

Which of the following would a psychodynamic therapist be MOST likely to say about studies regarding the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy for depression? A) The therapy does not lend itself to empirical research. B) Therapists' reports of individual recovery and progress should be disregarded. C) The therapy is less effective than other methods. D) More empirical studies need to be done before drawing conclusions.

A

he decline in the use of moral treatment and the rise in the use of custodial care in mental hospitals at the end of the twentieth century is due to all of the following EXCEPT: A) the total lack of success of moral treatment. B) too many hospitals, resulting in funding and staffing shortages. C) prejudice against poor, immigrant patients in hospitals. D) lack of public and private funding for hospitals.

A

people who engage in frenetic, manic activity may not experience distress. They are: A) nevertheless considered to be abnormal. B) not abnormal because abnormality requires distress. C) doing something illegal, not abnormal. D) no longer considered abnormal, but were in the past.

A

tudies show that errors in diagnosis MOST commonly involve information gathered: A) early in the assessment process, and in a hospital setting. B) late in the assessment process, and in a hospital setting. C) early in the assessment process, and in a private office setting. D) late in the assessment process, and in a private office setting.

A

Which of the following best captures the meaning of reliability? A.Test scores vary over time but stay within 2 standard deviations of the mean. B.Test scores of different people are highly correlated. C.A test consistently produces the same score for the same person. D.Interrater agreement is low.

A test consistently produces the same score for the same person.

When clinicians use subjective impressions of clients based on interpersonal interactions, rather than behavioral observations outlined by DSM criteria, more _______________ is likely to enter into diagnostic decisions. a. bias b. error c. accuracy d. expert opinion

Answer: A

Your college newspaper features a headline reading, "COUNSELING CENTER RESEARCHER SEEKING UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS FOR SMOKING STUDY. PARTICIPANTS WILL BE PAID FOR THEIR TIME." This type of recruitment is most typical of which of the following research techniques? A.Analogue sample B.Random sample C.Correlational study D.Clinical sample

Analogue sample

"Pa-leng" is a. a fear of cold found in Chinese cultures. b. a Japanese form of obsessive-compulsive disorder. c. a phobia stemming from paternal abuse. d. the sound that money makes when it falls into the therapist's pocket.

Answer: A

A circuit of this system controls alarm reactions. a. Noradrenergic b. Dopamine c. 5-HT d. GABA

Answer: A

A prognosis is based primarily upon a. information about the course of the disorder in other individuals. b. whether the symptoms an individual exhibits correspond to the DSM-IV category for a particular disorder. c. the treatment options available to the patient. d. the client's desire to reform.

Answer: A

According to studies with monkeys, a sense of control can influence a. responses to neurotransmitters. b. self-esteem. c. egotism. d. degree of yoking.

Answer: A

Alarmingly, in some areas where the rate of new cases of AIDS had been declining, it has begun increasing again. The statistic that tells us this information is a. incidence. b. correlation. c. deviation. d. prevalence.

Answer: A

Anxiety is difficult to study because a. humans may manifest it in many different ways. b. animal research cannot be applied to our understanding of the human anxiety experience. c. it is implicated in only a few types of psychopathology. d. it has no physiological consequences.

Answer: A

As a clinician, you begin your initial assessment interviews by a. asking broad, open-ended questions. b. asking specific questions related to the diagnosis. c. assessing neurological development. d. giving clients diagnostic tests.

Answer: A

Batman is walking down a dark alley in Gotham City. Suddenly, a dark figure jumps out from behind a trash bin and points a gun at him. Batman turns and runs, faster than a speeding bullet. This is an example of a. alarm response. b. panic. c. anxiety. d. wimpy behavior.

Answer: A

Breuer discovered that a. hysterical symptoms were alleviated after patients discussed them under hypnosis. b. dogs salivate to a bell if the bell is rung prior to feeding. c. discussing problems while hypnotized leads to patient insight. d. general paresis was caused by the same bacteria that cause syphilis.

Answer: A

Equifinality refers to the idea that a. different paths may lead to the same outcome. b. a psychological disorder is caused by more than one factor. c. a disorder will have a different prognosis, depending on the individual. d. the same disorder can have multiple symptoms.

Answer: A

External cues to panic attacks a. may include increases in heart rate or respiration. b. may be places similar to the one where the original panic attack occurred. c. are only places where panic attacks have occurred in the past. d. none of the above

Answer: A

IPT deals with four interpersonal issues. These include all but which of the following? a. Issues of intimacy b. Role disputes c. Adjustment to loss d. Social skills deficit correction

Answer: A

Inverse agonists have a(an) _____________ effect on neurotransmitters. a. opposite b. decreasing c. increasing d. no

Answer: A

Obsessive-compulsive disorder appears to be linked to the area of the brain called the __________________. The implications of this finding are that__________________. a. orbital frontal cortex; although the disorder is related to a particular brain circuit, the causes of the disorder are not necessarily completely biological b. orbital frontal cortex; the disorder is probably due only to brain damage in this area c. occipital lobe; although the disorder is related to a particular brain circuit, the disorder causes the abnormalities in the brain d. occipital lobe; the disorder is most likely due to purely psychological causes ANS: A

Answer: A

The two neurotransmitters referred to as the "chemical brothers" are a. serotonin and dopamine. b. dopamine and GABA. c. glutamate and GABA. d. epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Answer: C

On the MMPI, results are assessed according to a. how the pattern of answers corresponds to that of people diagnosed with a specific disorder. b. how often the individual refers to specific ideas, such as aggression or sexuality. c. the degree of emotionality associated with results. d. how often an individual responds to questions that reflect aggression or some other concept.

Answer: A

One of the results of the discovery that the disease syphilis and the disordered behavior that results from it are both caused by the same bacterial microorganism was a. mental health professionals began to think that other psychological disorders might be caused by other microorganisms, and biological cures might be possible. b. individuals diagnosed with syphilis were referred to psychologists instead of doctors for further treatment. c. the mental hygiene movement was established, which attempted to provide a sterile, bacteria-free, environment for those suffering from disorders. d. mental health professionals adopted a genetic model, which has been supported by further scientific investigations into the causes of disorders.

Answer: A

Psychological conditioning involves a. learning a relationship between two events. b. salivating to a metronome. c. adding body and manageability to one's hair. d. learning to salivate to food.

Answer: A

Reuptake refers to a. a neurotransmitter being released at the synaptic cleft. b. a neuron reabsorbing a neurotransmitter after it is released. c. a neurotransmitter attaching to a receptor cell. d. a neurotransmitter being broken down at the synaptic cleft.

Answer: A

Seligman's theory on the depressive attributional style has generated substantial research. A conclusion that cannot be reached from the current conceptualization of the theory is that a. the first response to a stressful situation is negative feelings about one's failings. b. depressive attributions will occur over time and across situations if not modified. c. learned helplessness contributes to the maintenance of the depressive attributional style. d. we do not know whether learned helplessness is a cause or symptom of depression.

Answer: A

The CAT scan neuroimaging technique a. uses x-rays to portray brain structures. b. uses magnetic fields to portray brain structures. c. follows tracer elements in the nervous system. d. uses magnetic fields to portray brain functions. e. studies brains of domestic felines.

Answer: A

The diagnostic report states "The patient was oriented to time and space, showed appropriate affect, and could do simple calculations. Short and long-term memory were intact." Someone has done a. a mental status exam. b. psychophysiological testing. c. projective testing. d. reliability evaluation.

Answer: A

The phenomenon in which entire groups of people simultaneously begin to behave abnormally is known as a. mass hysteria. b. exorcism. c. lunacy. d. melancholy.

Answer: A

The purpose of structured and semi-structured interviews is a. to collect necessary information in a standard way to allow for comparison with similar individuals. b. to initiate treatment. c. to increase confidentiality. d. to help develop the therapist/client relationship.

Answer: A

The relationship between obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) a. is a distant one; those with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder tend not to have the obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors of OCD. b. is a highly overlapping one; OCD encompasses all of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder characteristics, but no characteristics of other personality disorders. c. is as close as can be; the disorders are one and the same. d. none of the above

Answer: A

The scientist-practitioner model of psychology focuses on a. the psychologist's use of scientific principles to study which treatments are most effective and to decide which treatment to use. b. the psychologist's use of statistics, such as prevalence and incidence, to diagnose clients. c. the exchange of information between scientists. d. the use of drugs in clinical practice.

Answer: A

This week's first client shows a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy. You diagnose ___________personality disorder, one of the dramatic, emotional, or erratic cluster of disorders. a. narcissistic b. schizoid c. avoidant d. histrionic

Answer: A

Tim owns a cat who licks her chops when she hears cellophane cat food packets being opened. This is not a skill she or her wild ancestors learned in the jungle. According to a classical conditioning account, the cellophane sound is a. a conditioned stimulus b. an unconditioned stimulus. c. a conditioned response. d. an unconditioned response.

Answer: A

Travis suffers from acute major depressive episodes. He does not respond to therapeutic drugs and has been spotted pacing along the bridge near his home. Travis recently gave his therapist a favorite family heirloom. His psychiatrist is concerned about his suicidal ideation and is considering ______________ due to the ineffectiveness of the current treatment and the severity of Travis' symptoms. a. electroconvulsive shock therapy b. frontal lobotomy c. insulin shock therapy d. hypnosis

Answer: A

Tricyclic medications a. have been widely used for depression in spite of a variety of side effects. b. include imipramine, fluoxetine, and amitriptyline. c. are not beneficial for children with attention problems, but are safe for children having major depressive disorder. d. are given to patients demonstrating a rapid cycling pattern of depressive, manic, and hypomanic symptoms.

Answer: A

Valerie tells you that she has been receiving cognitive-behavioral treatment for her generalized anxiety disorder. This treatment most likely involves a. bringing on the worry process during therapy sessions and confronting the anxiety-provoking images and worrisome thoughts head-on. b. discussing the earliest memories of anxiety-provoking events and finding meaning in these fears. c. snapping a rubber band on her wrist when she is anxious. d. the prescription of serotonin reuptake inhibitor medication.

Answer: A

What is Joseph Wolpe's most noted contribution to psychology? a. Systematic desensitization as a means of therapy b. The discovery that fear can be repressed through familiarity with the feared object c. The definition of operant conditioning d. The discovery of the mechanism of the extinction process

Answer: A

What is the most common experience of depression? a. Major depressive episode b. Hypomanic episode c. Catalepsy d. Atypical episode

Answer: A

A pervasive pattern of overconcern with orderliness, control, and perfectionism at the expense of openness and flexibility a. is the DSM-IV category known as schizotypal personality disorder. b. is the DSM-IV definition of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. c. is the DSM-IV definition of histrionic personality disorder. d. can be typical of people who grade these exams.

Answer: B

According to the principle of prepared learning, humans a. are genetically predisposed to know certain things. b. inherit a capacity to learn certain things that are beneficial to the survival of the species. c. ready to learn to read by the age of six. d. are unable to learn the same things that rats learn.

Answer: B

As a psychiatrist, you have a client experiencing anxiety and panic attacks. You most likely prescribe a. reserpine. b. benzodiazepines. c. bromides. d. neuroleptics.

Answer: B

Binet, in an attempt to predict which children would succeed in school, developed a. a sentence completion test. b. an intelligence test based on an intelligence quotient. c. an intelligence test based on deviation IQS. d. achievement testing.

Answer: B

Bipolar II disorder is characterized by major depressive episodes alternating with _______________, while bipolar I disorder is characterized by alternating episodes of major depression and _______________. a. mania; hypomania b. hypomanic episodes; mania c. dysthymia; cyclothymic disorder d. periods of remission; hypomania

Answer: B

Bipolar disorder a. appears to occur independent of external events. b. may be triggered by a traumatic event and maintained through some psychological mechanism. c. is seen in a majority of adults who experienced severe early childhood trauma. d. is diagnosed most frequently in geographic areas of extreme temperatures.

Answer: B

Cyclothymic disorder a. may be specified as a subtype of schizoaffective disorder. b. includes both hypomanic and depressive symptoms. c. includes symptoms of mania and hypomania. d. cannot be diagnosed in children.

Answer: B

Deceitful, irresponsible, aggressive, irritable, and lacking remorse are characteristics describing a. bipolar disorder. b. antisocial personality disorder. c. borderline personality disorder. d. schizoid personality disorder.

Answer: B

Elliot constantly worries about his health, his finances, his job security, and the stability of his marriage. Often, his worries keep him awake at night, causing him to be so fatigued at work that he cannot perform his duties adequately. His wife is becoming frustrated with him, since he is so preoccupied with his worries that he is unable to do the dinner dishes when it is his turn. Elliot's problem might be diagnosed as a. panic disorder. b. generalized anxiety disorder. c. simple phobia. d. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Answer: B

External cues to panic attacks a. may include increases in heart rate or respiration. b. may be places similar to the one where the original panic attack occurred. c. are only places where panic attacks have occurred in the past. d. none of the above

Answer: B

Generalized anxiety disorder is considered the "basic" anxiety disorder because a. it was the first anxiety disorder to be studied using animal models. b. all the other anxiety disorders include intense generalized anxiety. c. both a and b d. it was the first anxiety disorder to be studied by Freud.

Answer: B

George lives every day on a strict schedule. He must have everything perfect and organized, and is excessively devoted to his work. However, he has difficulty completing projects. Which personality disorder is he likely to be diagnosed? a. Paranoid b. Obsessive-compulsive c. Dependent d. Borderline

Answer: B

If using the diagnosis "depressed" allows you as a clinician to determine an effective treatment and give an accurate prognosis, the diagnosis has a. reliability. b. criterion validity. c. construct validity. d. content validity.

Answer: B

In a study described in the text, when a case history of antisocial personality disorder was ascribed to a male client, therapists diagnosed it correctly. When the same behavior was ascribed to a woman, a. their different diagnosis proved the existence of gender bias. b. their different diagnosis probably reflects a belief by therapists, accurate or not, that males are more likely to display antisocial behavior. c. the client was more frequently labeled dependent personality disorder. d. all of the above

Answer: B

Mood disorder prevention research focuses on a. decreasing conflict. b. teaching social skills to adolescents. c. teaching financial skills to the elderly. d. medications.

Answer: B

Psychophysiological assessment techniques are used to a. determine the physiological causes of psychological disorders. b. measure bodily changes, such as heart rate and anxiety, associated with psychological processes. c. analyze the functioning of the brain to determine if brain damage or abnormalities contribute to psychological disorders. d. ensure that both the body and the mind respond appropriately to stress.

Answer: B

Recently, there has been considerable interest in ____________ as an herbal treatment for depression. a. Milk Thistle b. St. John's Wort (hypericum) c. Ginkgo Biloba d. Saw Palmetto

Answer: B

Research comparing psychological interventions (talk therapy) to biological interventions (medication) suggest that talk therapy affects the brain from the _____ ______, and biological interventions affects the brain from the _________ _________. a. bottom up; top down b. top down; bottom up c. right to left; left to right d. left to right; right to left

Answer: B

Research indicates that the relationship between psychological treatment and brain circuits is such that a. psychological treatment works regardless of the brain circuit activity. b. psychological treatment can alter brain circuits. c. brain circuit activity alone determines the response to psychological treatment. d. psychological treatment is not effective due to the changes in the brain caused by mental disorders.

Answer: B

Research suggesting that cigarette smoking by teenagers increases the risk for developing anxiety disorders as adults indicates that a. the negative effects of smoking are permanent. b. environmental factors can affect susceptibility to the development of anxiety disorders. c. adolescents have underdeveloped brain circuits. d. nicotine decreases anxiety levels.

Answer: B

The DSM-IV system of diagnosis is __________, whereas, many theorists propose that personality disorders occur on a continuum, rather than an all-or-none dichotomous fashion. These theorists propose changing to a ______________ system of diagnosis. a. dimension based; category-based b. category based; dimension-based c. behavior based; trait-based d. trait based; behavior-based

Answer: B

The endocrine system is important because it a. produces the neurotransmitters that determine bodily growth. b. produces hormones that are implicated in some psychological problems. c. produces the hormones that directly cause some psychological disorders. d. is the main controller of the entire nervous system.

Answer: B

The reason that a possible mixed anxiety-depression diagnosis is considered for DSM inclusion is a. the disorder was theoretically sound. b. the symptoms were often seen in primary care settings. c. the disorder was scientifically based. d. the disorder had construct validity.

Answer: B

The statement that best describes the role of serotonin in the etiology of depression is that a. low levels of serotonin are solely responsible. b. low serotonin levels appear to have an impact, but only in relation to other neurotransmitters. c. elevated serotonin levels are solely responsible. d. fluctuating levels of serotonin are the underlying basis for depression.

Answer: B

Therapist Dr. X (not her real name) is working with a client who is heavily involved with body-piercing. The client enjoys it, but Dr. X thinks the amount is so excessive she considers it abnormal behavior. She is employing which definition of abnormality? a. Dysfunction b. Culturally inappropriate or unexpected c. Impairment d. Distress

Answer: B

Which of the following is not an aspect of the definition of psychological disorders? a. The atypical response element, which states that a deviation from normal behavior is evidence of a psychological disorder b. The psychodynamic element, which suggests that abnormal behavior is the result of poor ego defense mechanisms c. The distress element, in which personal discomfort signals the presence of a psychological disorder d. The impairment in functioning element, which defines a psychological disorder based on a disruption in ability to carry out normal tasks

Answer: B

Which of the following observations is not true of individuals with generalized anxiety disorder? a. They are more sensitive to threats than are other people. b. They show more responsiveness on physiological measures than individuals with other anxiety disorders. c. They exhibit more muscle tension than other people. d. They appear to be autonomic restrictors.

Answer: B

You would expect a remorseless, seasoned criminal to score highly on which scale of the MMPI? a. Paranoia b. Psychopathic deviation c. Psychasthenia d. Social introversion

Answer: B

Your client displays schizotypal personality disorder. Because you are a well-trained, responsible professional, you know to assess for a likely comorbid disorder, namely, a. histrionic personality disorder. b. major depressive disorder. c. eating disorders. d. sexual disorders.

Answer: B

A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluations, part of the anxious or fearful disorder cluster, is diagnosed as ____________ personality disorder. a. narcissistic b. schizoid c. avoidant d. dependent

Answer: C

A young woman was intently observing a handsome young man. He noticed her observations and promptly turned away and blushed. This is an example of a. self-monitoring. b. formal observation. c. reactivity. d. clinical diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder.

Answer: C

According to the text, which is NOT true in the treatment of paranoid personality disorder? a. Clients often do not remain in therapy long enough to be helped. b. Clients usually seek help for problems such as anxiety or depression, rather than for their personality disorder. c. Paradoxical intervention is used; i.e. therapists intentionally lie to these clients to create mistrust. d. No therapy has been shown to greatly improve the lives of those with the disorder.

Answer: C

Anxiety is a. an immediate alarm reaction to stressful situations. b. usually a sign of an underdeveloped ego. c. potentially helpful in planning for the future. d. always a hindrance to adaptive functioning.

Answer: C

Comorbidity refers to a. a disorder that manifests itself in several ways. b. the same disorder being diagnosed for two members of a family. c. more than one disorder diagnosed for the same individual. d. the severity of a particular disorder.

Answer: C

Cross-cultural studies indicate that a. the term "depression" is universal, but symptoms of it vary across cultures. b. the symptoms of depression are universal, but the term "depression" varies across cultures. c. the symptoms and terminology of depression vary across cultures, but all cultures claim some form of the disorder. d. depression is most common in Western society.

Answer: C

Dysthymic disorder is to major depressive episode as cyclothymic disorder is to a. major depressive episode. b. dysthymic disorder. c. bipolar disorder. d. none of the above

Answer: C

Emily has been evaluated by three different professionals, each of whom offers a different diagnosis. She wonders whether the field has any standards because their judgments obviously lack a. statistical significance. b. clinical utility. c. reliability. d. clinical significance.

Answer: C

Human behavior, both normal and abnormal, is the result of biological, psychological, and social factors a. competing. b. operating independently. c. interacting. d. conflicting.

Answer: C

In the treatment you offer most of your clients with anxiety disorders, you seek to relax muscle tension and reduce blood pressure and heart rate. The exception is a. social phobia. b. specific phobia. c. blood-injection-injury disorder. d. panic disorder with agoraphobia.

Answer: C

This instrument measures brain-wave activity by recording the electrical activity of the brain. a. CAT scan b. MRI c. EEG d. SPECT

Answer: C

Which of the following is an incorrect match between a drug and the problem it is used to treat? a. Reserpine: aggression b. Benzodiazepines: panic attacks c. Bromides: hallucinations d. Neuroleptics: delusions

Answer: C

Jenny has experienced long-standing feelings of depression that have never interfered with her productivity or functioning until now. During the past 10 days, she has experienced a depressed mood, feelings of emptiness, and a significant weight loss. Jenny confided in a neighbor that she is considering suicide. It is likely that Jenny is suffering from a. major depressive disorder, single episode. b. major depressive disorder, recurrent. c. double depression. d. dysthymia with depressive episode.

Answer: C

Many people have fantasies of unlimited power, brilliance, or beauty, but a man who also believes himself grandly unique, entitled to special privileges, is arrogant, and expects to be admired and recognized as superior while envying others who are successful, might find himself with a psychological diagnosis. Which personality disorder would apply? a. The one named for the Greek word for "uterus" b. Borderline personality disorder c. The one named for the mythological Greek character Narcissus d. Schizotypal personality disorder

Answer: C

Marguerite is tested for brain damage. Although her test results indicate that she has no brain damage, in reality, she has a brain tumor. Her test results indicate a __________, which is a problem because a. false positive; she will not get the treatment she needs. b. false positive; she may end up paying for costly treatment that is not necessary. c. false negative; she will not get the treatment she needs. d. false negative; she may end up paying for costly treatment that is not necessary.

Answer: C

Marjorie stopped attending temple for fear that she would yell obscenities at the rabbi during service. This is an example of a. a compulsion. b. a phobia. c. an obsessive impulse. d. a ritual.

Answer: C

More recent DSM versions have promoted all but which of the following? a. Wide acceptance among mental health professionals b. Higher reliability c. Greater correspondence between categories and their theories of etiology d. Multi-axial approach to diagnosis

Answer: C

Most behavioral geneticists think that psychological disorders are influenced by a. single genes. b. several different genes, each of which determines the severity of the disorder. c. many genes, each of which exerts only a small effect. d. no genes in particular.

Answer: C

One advantage of a formal observation, as compared to an informal observation, is that a. formal observations are easier to make. b. formal observations rarely require the use of naturalistic settings. c. formal observations are more reliable due to the focus on behaviors that are both observable and measurable. d. formal observations give more information about an individual.

Answer: C

One key difference between Jung and Adler was that a. Jung focused on the individual reaching his or her potential, while Adler emphasized the significance of the individual's contributions to a society. b. Adler focused on the individual reaching his or her potential, while Jung emphasized the significance of the individual's contributions to a society. c. Jung saw people as struggling to control their aggressive instincts, while Adler saw society as repressing peoples' desire to self-actualize. d. Adler saw people as struggling to control their aggressive instincts, while Jung saw society as repressing peoples' desire to self-actualize.

Answer: C

Paula has frequent panic attacks, but only when she views the national news on television. However, she does not experience a panic attack every time she sees the national news. Paula's panic attacks would be classified as a. unexpected. b. situationally bound. c. situationally predisposed. d. justified.

Answer: C

Ritualistic, repeated actions designed to prevent intrusive thoughts are called a. obsessions. b. convulsions. c. compulsions. d. delusions.

Answer: C

Seligman's main contribution to psychology was the concept of ___________; Bandura's was the notion of ____________. a. modeling; observational learning b. observational learning; learned helplessness c. learned helplessness; modeling d. modeling; learned helplessness

Answer: C

Sportscaster John Madden's fear and avoidance of flying is an example of a. generalized anxiety disorder. b. panic disorder with agoraphobia. c. specific phobia. d. panic disorder without agoraphobia.

Answer: C

The Oedipus complex, which, according to Freud, occurs during the __________ stage of psychosexual development, is characterized by_____________ __________. a. genital; penis envy b. oral; penis envy c. phallic; castration anxiety d. latency; castration anxiety

Answer: C

The classical and dimensional approaches to nosology differ in that a. the classical approach uses categories, and the dimensional approach uses prototypes. b. the classical approach uses prototypes, and the dimensional approach uses profiles. c. the classical approach diagnoses based on the presence of symptoms, and the dimensional approach notes the degree of severity of symptoms. d. the classical approach places individuals in categories, and the dimensional approach places symptoms in categories.

Answer: C

The following list of exercises would most likely be an example of which type of treatment, 1) shop in a crowded supermarket, 2) walk five blocks away from home, 3) drive? a. Panic control treatment. b. Cognitive-behavioral treatment. c. Gradual exposure treatment. d. None

Answer: C

The main element in psychological treatment of panic disorders is a. benzodiazepines. b. hypnosis. c. exposure to the feared symptoms. d. teaching avoidance techniques.

Answer: C

The mental status exam does not directly involve a. observing a person's appearance. b. noting the presence of delusions, hallucinations, or ideas of reference. c. determining whether the condition is due to a medical problem. d. determining mood and affect.

Answer: C

The most common phobia, the fear of public speaking, is an example of a. specific phobia. b. agoraphobia. c. social phobia. d. specific, situational phobia.

Answer: C

The part of the nervous system that is activated in times of stress is the _______________ nervous system. a. parasympathetic b. somatic c. sympathetic d. central

Answer: C

The purpose of psychoanalysis is a. to reduce the symptoms of a disorder. b. to examine ego defenses. c. to reveal unconscious conflicts. d. to overcome the Oedipal complex.

Answer: C

Women are more frequently diagnosed with mood and anxiety disorders than are men. A proposed explanation for this described in the text is a. women tend to have more dopamine than men. b. there is a high familial incidence of these disorders in families, suggesting that mothers "pass on" predispositions to their daughters. c. cultural stereotypes encourage women to develop interpersonal styles of dependency and passivity. d. the changing role of women in society has caused increased stress levels because of the new expectation of women to find their "place in the universe."

Answer: C

A diagnosis of more than one personality disorder in the same client a. may indicate the disorders are poorly defined. b. is called comorbidity. c. may reveal substantial overlap among the disorder categories. d. all of the above

Answer: D

A false positive result on your neuropsychological test is problematic because a. damage that requires treatment is more likely to be overlooked. b. no neurological damage may be actually present. c. it may call for unnecessary and expensive further testing. d. all but a

Answer: D

A person identified as exhibiting avoidant personality disorder has just lost a close friend to a rival and is now seeking other friendships as replacements. You know the person a. actually is desperate for nurturance. b. will assume the worst about other people. c. will conclude the original relationship person really wasn't good enough anyway. d. has been misdiagnosed.

Answer: D

A specific phobia involving motorcycles can develop as a result of a predisposition to develop fear combined with a. watching another person experience a motorcycle accident. b. hearing your mother repeatedly warn you about the doom associated with motorcycles. c. experiencing a traumatic event yourself, such as a motorcycle skid. d. all of the above

Answer: D

According to the textbook, DSM-IV is based on the a. classical system of nosology. b. dimensional system of nosology. c. categorical system of nosology. d. prototypical system of nosology.

Answer: D

Acute stress disorder a. is really PTSD occurring directly after the trauma. b. can include dissociative symptoms. c. is a new disorder in DSM-IV. d. all of the above

Answer: D

An individual who blocks disturbing thoughts or experiences from conscious awareness is said to be using the defense mechanism a. sublimation. b. rationalization. c. projection. d. repression.

Answer: D

DSM-IV calls for categorical judgments about the diagnosis for personality disorders. Imagine that the new DSM-V appears just as you earn your professional license in a few years, and it calls for dimensional determinations, as many current psychologists suggest. This change would mean a. deciding whether to reject the personality disorder diagnosis. b. deciding whether another diagnosis is more appropriate. c. differential diagnosis. d. determining the severity of the personality disorder.

Answer: D

Defense mechanisms may be important in treatment planning because they a. cannot be studied scientifically. b. are most prevalent in people with psychological disorders. c. have potential significance in the study of schizophrenia. d. may differ for different psychological disorders.

Answer: D

Dependent personality disorder and avoidant personality disorder have the following in common: a. feelings of inadequacy. b. sensitivity to criticism. c. need for reassurance from others. d. all of the above

Answer: D

Depressed people a. exhibit erratic REM patterns over the course of several nights. b. begin REM sleep earlier than do non-depressed people. c. experience intense REM activity, but may not reach the stages of deepest sleep. d. both b and c

Answer: D

Dysthymic disorder shares many of the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but differs in that a. symptoms tend to be somewhat milder. b. symptoms tend to be of shorter duration. c. symptoms tend to be of longer duration. d. both a and c

Answer: D

Feelings of depression a. are very rare and occur only in people with a genetic predisposition. b. occur only when triggered by a severely negative event. c. occur only in people between the ages of 25 and 40. d. are universal and experienced by everyone occasionally.

Answer: D

How do individuals with blood-injury-injection phobia differ from those with other phobias? a. In their avoidance behavior b. In their physiological reaction c. In their familial history of the disorder d. Both b and c

Answer: D

If you wished to look for possible damage in a client's brain, which technique would be appropriate? a. Neuropsychological testing b. PET scan c. Autopsy d. All of these

Answer: D

Judy's blood-injury-injection phobia described in the text was likely caused by a. a biological predisposition. b. behavioral influences. c. social influences. d. all of the above

Answer: D

Louie was barking like a dog and walking on his hands and knees. A professional thought the cause of Louie's problem was that he had an excess of a particular neurotransmitter, so she prescribed a drug for him. The professional is most likely a ____________, operating under the _____________ model of abnormal behavior. a. clinical psychologist, psychological b. psychiatric nurse, supernatural c. psychiatric social worker, behavioral d. psychiatrist, biological

Answer: D

Lyle is 23 years old. His mother died two weeks ago, and since then he has been so upset that he has unable to eat or sleep. He has been crying a great deal. The death was completely unexpected, and Lyle has been alternating between feeling sad, to feeling very anxious, and to wanting to deny that his mother is dead. Lyle appears to be experiencing a. rapid cycling bipolar disorder. b. a major depressive episode. c. double depression. d. grief.

Answer: D

Mack almost always draws conclusions from situations that emphasize the negative rather than the positive. This is an example of a. overgeneralization. b. learned helplessness. c. delta commentary. d. arbitrary inference.

Answer: D

People who grieve over the death of a loved one a. may speed up the "process" of grief with intervention from a mental health professional. b. may be predisposed to depressive disorders. c. may exhibit undifferentiated dysthymia. d. rarely exhibit impacted grief reaction.

Answer: D

Rita suffers from a panic disorder. After she begins exercising, her heart rate increases. A cognitive theorist would predict that Rita would a. interpret the increased heart rate in a catastrophic way. b. experience a surge of anxiety after interpreting the heart rate increase as something dangerous. c. be likely to experience a panic attack if she interprets any additional physical sensations as signs of increasing danger. d. all of the above

Answer: D

Rob presented at the clinic with complaints that he is terrified to go anywhere that does not have a bathroom for fear that he will begin vomiting and not be able to stop. He has had one panic attack and reported that a week after that attack, he felt no residual effects from it. Rob would most likely receive a DSM-IV diagnosis of a. panic disorder with agoraphobia. b. panic disorder without agoraphobia. c. interoceptive agoraphobia. d. agoraphobia without history of panic disorder.

Answer: D

The "fight or flight" response refers to a. an Air Force principle for dealing with conflict. b. a typical response to learned helplessness. c. a technique used in Ellis's rational-emotive therapy. d. an alarm reaction in the face of adverse circumstances.

Answer: D

The DSM uses a categorical approach to personality disorders. This is a problem because a. the severity of the disorders is not given much consideration. b. these disorders may simply be extreme degrees of normal patterns. c. it may lead clinicians to view these disorders as real entities. d. all of the above

Answer: D

The average duration of an untreated depressive episode is a. 2 years. b. 1 year. c. 6 months. d. 9 months.

Answer: D

The elements of person-centered therapy include a. hypnosis and catharsis. b. reinforcement and shaping. c. rest and relaxation. d. unconditional positive regard and empathy.

Answer: D

The purpose of standardization is a. to make a diagnosis predictive. b. to increase the scores on a test. c. to determine whether a technique is appropriate. d. to make techniques consistent and comparable.

Answer: D

This lobe is the part of the brain that is used for reasoning and relating to the world as humans. a. Cerebral b. Temporal c. Limbic d. Frontal

Answer: D

We can use a computer to score polygraph tracings to eliminate human judgment and error and, thus, increase ____________. To call this system a "lie detector" is a question of ____________. a. validity; ethics b. validity; standardization c. sensitivity; reliability d. reliability; validity

Answer: D

What is the most prevalent psychological disorder? a. Major depression b. Posttraumatic stress disorder c. Schizophrenia d. Social phobia

Answer: D

Which is true of avoidant personality disorder? a. Behavioral interventions for anxiety and social skills problems have had some success. b. As with most personality disorders, research on treatment effectiveness is lacking. c. Treatments are similar to those used for social phobia. d. Both a and c

Answer: D

Which of the following accurately illustrates the reciprocal gene-environment model of interaction? a. Due to her phobia of cats, May avoids them. b. Joan knows her father is an alcoholic, so she avoids alcohol. c. Tony has a predisposition to develop a blood-injury phobia, and he leads a cautious lifestyle. d. George has a vulnerability to depression, and he frequently rents sad movies on video.

Answer: D

Which of the following is a problem with the snapshot approach to psychological disorders? a. It leads to poor prognosis. b. It fails to account for change over time. c. Faulty perceptions lead to improper diagnoses. d. It neglects certain symptoms.

Answer: D

Which of the following is an example of interoceptive avoidance? a. Martha does not enter public restrooms for fear of disease. b. Ronald does not visit his mother-in-law because she makes him anxious. c. Noel does not go to church for fear of having a panic attack while there. d. Chelsea does not play on merry-go-rounds because the dizziness resembles the early symptoms of a panic attack.

Answer: D

Which of the following is an incorrect combination of neurotransmitter and what it affects? a. Norepinephrine; emergency reactions b. Serotonin; moderation and regulation of behavior c. Benzodiazepine and GABA; general anxiety d. Dopamine; depression

Answer: D

Which of the following is not a stage of interpersonal therapy? a. Negotiation stage b. Impasse stage c. Resolution stage d. Treatment stage

Answer: D

Which of the following is the area of the brain most often associated with anxiety? a. Occipital lobe b. Orbital frontal lobe c. Medulla d. Limbic system

Answer: D

Which of the following might be considered in treating an individual with schizotypal personality disorder? a. Antidepressant medication b. Social skills training c. Encouraging acceptance of the behaviors without major changes d. All of the above

Answer: D

Which of the following people are experiencing symptoms of a manic episode? a. Lorraine has inflated self-esteem and grandiosity b. Tevon is irritable and is experiencing flight of ideas c. Valerie suddenly goes on an excessive spending spree that she clearly cannot afford d. All of the above

Answer: D

Which of the following statements is NOT true about borderline personality disorder? a. It is one of the more common personality disorders. b. People with the disorder tend to improve during their 30s and 40s. c. Women are affected by the disorder more often than men. d. People with the disorder usually have a high self-image.

Answer: D

Which of the following would not be present during a major depressive episode? a. Changes in appetite and sleeping habits b. Anxiety c. Anhedonia d. Grandiosity

Answer: D

Which part of the brain gives humans the capacity to think, plan, and reason? a. Cerebellum b. Thalamus c. Limbic system d. Cerebral cortex

Answer: D

You are deciding whether to purchase a new assessment measure your staff will use in your psychology clinic. The factor(s) you should consider include a. its reliability. b. its validity. c. its standardization. d. all of the above

Answer: D

Your best friend tells you she has just gotten a job in a Veteran's Administration hospital where she will administer and interpret tests, diagnose and treat mental disorders, and continue her research on chronic disorders. All of her training in _____________ has paid off. a. nursing b. psychiatry c. social work d. clinical psychology

Answer: D

____________ is the only country that has a higher suicide rate for women than for men. a. China b. Africa c. The United States d. Taiwan

Answer:???

Early findings apparently supporting psychoanalytic therapy were based on a. scientific inquiry. b. case studies. c. introspection. d. literature reviews.

Answer:B

now about the relationship of the variables? A.There is no relationship between the variables. B.As hours of sleep increase, test performance increases. C.As hours of sleep decrease, test performance increases. D.There is a causal relationship between the variables.

As hours of sleep decrease, test performance increases.

_____ has to be present in order for a fear to be considered a phobia. A.Excessive worry B.Avoidance C.Sudden onset D.Panic

Avoidance

1. A person who is so miserable that he or she can see no reason for living BEST fits which of the following definitions of abnormality? A) deviance B) distress — upsetting/unpleasent to individual C) dangerousness D) dysfunction

B

114. The specialty that presently has the largest number of practitioners is: A) psychiatry. B) psychiatric social work. C) psychology. D) counseling. (women most)

B

124. Recent research using genetic linkage studies has looked for possible patterns of inheritance of bipolar disorders. The results suggest that: A) there does not appear to be a genetic component in the development of bipolar disorders. B) there may be several different genes that establish a predisposition to develop bipolar disorders. C) the close relatives of people with bipolar disorders have an 80 percent chance of having one of these disorders. D) careful studies in other countries suggest that environmental factors are of far greater importance than genetic factors in the development of bipolar disorders.

B

5. A person suspected of having unipolar depression has a smaller-than-normal hippocampus, although it produces a normal number of new neurons. This is: A) normal. B) unusual; those with unipolar depression usually have a smaller-than-normal hippocampus, causing it to produce a low number of new neurons. C) unusual; those with unipolar depression usually have a normal-sized hippocampus, causing it to produce a low number of new neurons. D) very unusual; those with unipolar depression usually have a normal-sized hippocampus, causing it to produce a normal number of new neurons.

B

74. The first step in systematic desensitization treatment is: A) role playing. B) relaxation training. C) construction of a fear hierarchy. D) graded pairings with the phobic object.

B

91. In the United States today, one is MOST likely to find a severely ill mental patient: A) in a mental hospital. B) on the street or in jail. C) receiving drug counseling in a shelter. D) in private therapy paid for by the state.

B

92. Which of the following statements BEST reflects the current care for people with less severe disturbances? A) Many are treated by generalists who specialize in a number of different types of disorders. B) Private insurance companies are likely to cover outpatient treatment. C) It is difficult to find treatment for someone experiencing a "problem in living." D) Private psychotherapy is available only to the wealthy.

B

A prisoner eligible for parole is required to take a polygraph test. Although the prisoner tells the truth in response to one question, the polygraph operator records the response as a lie. According to recent research, this kind of error is: A) extremely common; over one-third of true statements are interpreted as lies. B) unusual; less than 10 percent of true statements are interpreted as lies. C) rare; less than 3 percent of true statements are interpreted as lies. D) very rare; less than 1 percent of true statements are interpreted as lies.

B

An assumption of determinism is that abnormal behaviors: A) are learned. B) are not accidental. C) have physiological bases. D) are due to unconscious conflicts.

B

Challenges faced by clinical researchers include all of the following EXCEPT: A) measuring abnormal concepts such as mood change, assessing private though, and measuring unconscious motives is difficult B) there are very few graduate students trained in clinical research. C) rights of research participants must be carefully guarded. D) there are many variables to consider, such as gender, race, and culture.

B

If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: A) structural family therapy. B) conjoint family therapy. C) feminist therapy. D) self-help therapy.

B

If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: A) spontaneity. B) unconditional self-regard. C) unconditional positive regard. D) conditions of worth.

B

On an impulse, David decides to throw a huge party. It takes four days of round-the-clock work to get everything ready, then David welcomes over 200 guests. When the police stop by because David has blocked a public road to have room for the party, he flies into a rage. MOST likely, David is experiencing: A) a manic phase of bipolar II disorder. B) a manic phase of bipolar I disorder. C) a manic phase of cyclothymic disorder. D) mania.

B

Recent research indicates that all of the following brain structures or regions are part of the brain circuit involved in unipolar depression, EXCEPT: A) Brodmann Area 25. B) the corpus callosum. C) the hippocampus. D) the amygdala.

B

So-called "new wave of cognitive therapy" differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: A) challenging irrational cognitions. B) accepting problematic thoughts. C) working to change unacceptable thoughts. D) researching the effectiveness of the therapy.

B

Teresa has been told that her course of therapy is likely to take a year or more because it involves the reshaping of her personality and that takes many sessions. Her therapy is MOST likely: A) client-centered therapy. B) psychodynamic therapy. C) cognitive-behavioral therapy. D) existential-humanistic therapy.

B

The model with its roots in the philosophical idea that people are dynamic beings, giving meaning to their existence through their actions, is the: A) humanistic model. B) existential model. C) cognitive model. D) behavioral model.

B

Which of the following BEST reflects the impact of deinstitutionalization? A) Fine; most people with severe disturbances are receiving treatment. B) Not so well; many people with severe disturbances are in jail or on the street. C) Better than hospitalization; at least care is consistent and there is no shuttling back and forth through different levels of care. D) Well; communities have been able to pick up the care of those with severe disturbances and provide effective treatment for most all of them.

B

Which of the following sequences is correct in terms of prominence of mental health treatments in the United States during the twentieth century and beyond? A) sociocultural, biological, psychoanalytic, behavioral B) psychoanalytic, biological, cognitive, sociocultural C) humanistic, sociocultural, biological psychoanalytic D) biological, humanistic, psychoanalytic, sociocultural

B

Your worries? They're only thoughts. Don't try to stop them, but recognize that they're thoughts, and don't let them upset you so much." This statement MOST likely would come from someone using which form of therapy for generalized anxiety disorder? A) rational-emotive therapy B) mindfulness-based cognitive therapy C) intolerance of uncertainty therapy D) biofeedback

B

Vomiting as a compensatory behavior for those experiencing bulimia: A) prevents the absorption of about 90 percent of calories consumed. B) ironically, leads to greater hunger and more frequent binges. C) helps one to feel full quicker during the next binge. D) is often done in public with no attempt to hide the behavior.

B 1/2 caloriies

Assume you have a friend who is a talented artist, and has occasional short-term hypomania. What is the best thing, in terms of being a creative, productive artist, that your friend could do? A) Seek immediate, in-depth treatment; hypomania severely limits artists. B) Do nothing; sometimes, hypomania increases artistic creativity and productivity. C) Try, at least occasionally, to feel mildly depressed; cyclothymic disorder is characteristic of most great artists. D) Try, at least occasionally, to feel severely depressed; bipolar II disorder is characteristic of most great artists.

B Aritsitic ability occurs in mild cases BUT NOT SEVERE

CH 4 A functional analysis involves: A) using projective tests. B) learning about a person's behaviors. C) learning about unconscious conflicts in the client. D) obtaining information about the components of a person's personality.

B Assumes behaviors are learned

If your therapist tried to reintroduce you to pleasurable activities, reinforced nondepressive actions, and improved your social skills, your therapist would be using: A) psychodynamic therapy. B) behavioral therapy. C) cognitive therapy. D) sociocultural therapy.

B BEST FOR MILD UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION

Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others, is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: A) authentic. B) self-actualizing. C) role playing. D) experiencing catharsis.

B Believe that humans have this natural tendency to self-afctualize by accepting weaknesses and strengths

Which of the following is important in using contingency management effectively? A) Increase the total number of activities, both positive and negative, so the person can learn to tell the difference. B) Make sure that the person receives reinforcement for engaging in positive activities. C) Be sure the person receives feedback from a group regarding which activities are positive and which are negative. D) Develop ways for the person to express depressed feelings through journal writing.

B part of behavioral approach for unipolar

Existential Theories and Therapy

Belief that psychological dysfunction is caused by (self-deception;* people *hide from life's responsibilities* and fail to recognize that it is up to them to give meaning to their lives --In therapy, people are encouraged to accept personal responsibility for their problems --Goals more important than technique --Great emphasis placed on client-therapist relationship

What does the biopsychosocial model state? A.Biological and gender factors contribute to mental disorders. B.Only biological factors contribute to mental disorders. C.Only gender and culture factors contribute to mental disorders. D.Biological, social, and psychological factors contribute to mental disorders.

Biological, social, and psychological factors contribute to mental disorders.

53. What appears to be the KEY factor in determining the types of food that are likely to be eaten in a binge? A) oral stimulation through crunchiness B) high protein through meat C) rapidity through soft texture D) taste of the food

C

76. Today, ______ clinical psychology is the MOST popular theoretical orientation among professional psychologists. A) behavioral B) psychodynamic C) cognitive D) interpersonal

C

83. A medical researcher develops a drug that decreases symptoms of depression and other "mood" disorders. The general term for this type of drug is: A) psychogenic. B) somatogenic. C) psychotropic.

C

Clients who tend to see everything that occurs as either all right or all wrong, with nothing in between, need to focus on which phase of Beck's treatment for depression? A) increasing activities and elevating mood B) challenging automatic thoughts C) identifying negative thinking and biases D) changing primary attitudes

C

Henry goes into a fit of depression and self-abuse when anyone criticizes or expresses disapproval. Much of what he does is for the purpose of getting people to like him. Cognitive theorists would say that Henry's depression results in large part from: A) modeling. B) self-efficacy. C) illogical thinking. D) unconscious feelings of loss.

C

If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel, and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: A) humanistic therapy. B) existential therapy. C) cognitive therapy. D) psychoanalytic therapy.

C

Support for the idea that mood disorders set the stage for eating disorders comes from evidence that shows: A) high levels of serotonin in the brain. B) that eating disorders have been successfully treated using anti-anxiety medication. C) that close relatives of people with eating disorders have a high rate of mood disorders. D) that people with eating disorders are not more likely themselves to be diagnosed with depression.

C

Symptoms such as sadness, loss of appetite, and low energy cluster together to form a: A) treatment. B) classification system. C) syndrome. D) medical condition.

C

Which of the following patients is MOST likely to benefit most from psychoanalytic treatment? A) a person who needs to make profound behavioral changes very quickly B) a person who has difficulty expressing ideas and feelings verbally C) someone who is insightful and thinks clearly

C

Which of the following patients is MOST likely to benefit most from psychoanalytic treatment? A) a person who needs to make profound behavioral changes very quickly B) a person who has difficulty expressing ideas and feelings verbally C) someone who is insightful and thinks clearly D) someone who is severely disturbed and in a mental hospital

C

Studies reporting abnormalities in the basal ganglia of individuals with bipolar disorder provide the strongest support for which of the following causes of biopolar disorder? A) inappropriate neurotransmitter levels B) genetic linkage patterns C) brain structure D) ion activity at the cellular level

C & cerbellum

118. Biochemical explanations for bipolar disorder focus on all of the following EXCEPT: A) neurotransmitter activity. B) ion activity. C) hormonal functioning. D) genetic factors.

C-- It is focused on in unipolar

A patient comes to a clinician with complaints of depression and anxiety. Given the rule of no symptom appearing in more than one category, what would likely be the diagnostic result? A.No diagnosis would be entered given the contradictory information. B.The International Classification of Diseases-10 would be used. C.The rule would not affect the diagnosis. D.Comorbid diagnoses would be recorded.

Comorbid diagnoses would be recorded.

Intolerance of uncertainty theory for GAD (cognitive)

Consider it unacceptable negative events may occur -Worry constantly such events are about to occur *supported by research

Hippocrates treatment Greeks & Romans

Correct underlying physical pathology -rebalance the four humors (body chemicals) -phlegm, blood, yellow bile, black bile -focused on internal/natural causes of these problems!!

Which of the following designs captures a "snapshot" of a cohort at one time? A.Cross-sectional B.Randomized controlled C.Longitudinal D.ABAB reversal

Cross-sectional

Evidence of the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy: A) is research based. B) comes from pharmaceutical companies. C) comes from double-blind studies. D) is limited to case studies.

D

The clinical interviewer MOST interested in stimuli that trigger abnormal responses would have what orientation? A) cognitive B) psychodynamic C) humanistic D) behavioral

D

The model of abnormality that focuses on the role of values and choices in behavior is the: A) cognitive model. B) sociocultural model. C) psychodynamic model. D) humanistic-existential model.

D

The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: A) religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. B) psychologically healthy people have more time and energy for religion. C) people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. D) people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier.

D

What model of mental illness did MOST people believe in during the Middle Ages? A) the moral model B) the medical model C) the psychogenic model D) the demonology model

D

Raul is a college freshman who looks forward to weekend parties at college. He especially likes to play "beer pong" and is known on campus as a champion player. After a recent party, Raul received a DUI citation. Raul's parents have urged him to seek treatment for his "alcohol problem," but Raul refuses. He does not believe he has a drinking problem. In Freud's theory, which of the following defense mechanisms is Raul likely using? A.Intellectualization B.Rationalization C.Denial D.Repression

Denial

William is a well-educated 40-year-old man who suffers from schizophrenic disorder. Originally, he was employed as a computer programmer, but he was fired two months ago because of chronic absenteeism. For the last several weeks he has been homeless. He sleeps at night in a cardboard box behind a Dunkin Donut after closing time. Which of the following theories might describe William's current plight? A.Downward drift B.Developmental trajectory C.Downward shift D.Downward SES

Downward drift

Gestalt Therapy of Humanistic Appraoch

Drive patient to self-regintion by frustrating and challenging them! -Role playing -Skillfull frustration -"I language"

Changing reaction to worry therapy for cognitive theory of GAD

Educate pts about the role of worrying in GAD and have them observe their bodily arousal and cognitive responses across life situations Pt's learn to identify their worrying and their attempts to control their lives by worrying Pt's learn to see the world as less threatening, to adopt more constructive ways of coping, and to worry less

20th century Somatogenic Approach

Emil Kraepelin's textbook argued that PHYSICAL FACTORS or organic factors (like fatigue) are responsible for mental dysfunction Richard von Krafft-Ebing: Syphilis lead to general paresis = disorder = supported this theory *However, most medical techniques failed to work - disappointing results *BIOLOGICAL VIEW!!!* -effective psychotropic drugs inspired this (anti anxiety, depressant, psychotic) -best treatment for patients in HOSPITALS

In the classical conditioning paradigm demonstrated by Pavlov through his study of the physiology of dog digestion, what was the UCS? A.Pavlov B.Bell C.Food powder D.Salivating

Food powder

_______, or the ability to speak freely and openly about anything, is a cornerstone of Freud's treatment methods. A.Unconditional positive regard B.Biochemical therapy C.Changing cognitions D.Free association

Free association

Dr. Santiago is interested in evaluating the prevalence of binge drinking in freshmen and seniors at a local college. After collecting data from a self-report survey, he concludes that freshmen have a higher rate of binge drinking than seniors. Given these findings, what is Dr. Santiago able to conclude from the research? A.Freshmen will continue to drink at this rate throughout their college careers. B.Freshmen binge drink more than seniors in this college at this time. C.The freshman rate for binge drinking will decrease as students move closer to graduation. D.Seniors most likely engaged in high rates of binge drinking as freshmen.

Freshmen binge drink more than seniors in this college at this time.

psychodynamic theory (GAD)

Freud- everything goes back to childhood. Kids experience realistic (anxiety when facing actual danger), neurotic (anxiety when repeatedly prevented from experiencing id impulses), and moral (anxiety when punished for expressing id) anxiety. Today's psychodynamic theorists say that GAD can be traced to inadequacies in childhood relationships.

Benzodiazepines bind to receptors in the brain that are associated with what substance? A.GABA B.glutamate C.serotonin D.norepinephrine

GABA

sociocultural theory (GAD)

GAD most likely in those faced with dangerous societal conditions and threatening environments. war, poverty, natural disasters, race & ethnicity. *note- sociocultural variables not only factor at work because not all people in threatening environments develop GAD

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

Guide patients to become aware of their painful thoughts and feeling that streamy brought heir minds and to accept many thoughts and feelings rather than try to eliminate them

An older client is being evaluated for memory deficits. After completing an assessment, the clinician suspects that the client suffers from Alzheimer's disease. This client would most likely have problems in which part of the limbic system? A.Caudate B.Hippocampus C.Amygdala D.Cingulate gyrus

Hippocampus

Psychodynamic perspective of OCD

ID impulses: obsessions ED defense mechanism: compulsions = isolation, undoing, reaction formation (lifestyle that opposes their unacceptable impulses) Freud said it was from the ANAL stage of development Conflict btw ID and EGO = OCD

What is the major disadvantage of case studies? A.Case studies do not provide in-depth accounts. B.Case studies provide very little information on the individual. C.Case studies do not provide information about family history. D.It is difficult to draw generalities from case studies.

It is difficult to draw generalities from case studies.

Reynaldo has an irrational fear of cats and has all the symptoms of a phobia. Knowing that some behavioral techniques are effective with fears of certain types, his therapist decides to bring a cat into the office. Which behavioral technique is the therapist using? A.dream exposure B.Imaginal exposure C.In vivo exposure D.Virtual exposure

In vivo exposure

What are the differences between incidence and prevalence in epidemiology? A.Incidence refers to the number of cases within a small sample; prevalence is the number of cases within a population. B.Incidence refers to the number of new cases in a population within a certain time; whereas prevalence is the total number of active cases. C.Incidence consists of the total number of cases in a research study; prevalence is the number of new cases in a study. D.Incidence is the number of cases in 12 months or less; prevalence describes the number of cases in 12 months or more.

Incidence refers to the number of new cases in a population within a certain time; whereas prevalence is the total number of active cases.

According to Freud, which of the following was critical to overcoming psychological difficulties? A.Insight B.Empathy C.Hypnosis D.Regression

Insight

Which of the following IS NOT a benefit of the case study method? A.It allows for the examination of rare disorders or conditions. B.It allows for the evaluation of large groups with rare disorders. C.Case studies may highlight important clinical issues that may not surface in group studies. D.It may lead to the generation of new hypotheses to be tested in group studies.

It allows for the evaluation of large groups with rare disorders.

In psychology, if the term "abnormal" means "away from normal," what problem doesthis definition present when categorizing someone as being "abnormal"? A.It does not allow for positive deviations. B.It does not measure standard deviations. C.It does not assume abnormality is negative. D.It does not provide for negative deviation on both sides of average.

It does not allow for positive deviations.

What are the two primary reasons for the need of a classification system for abnormal behavior? A.It helps clinicians identify the cause of a disorder and it is used in the search for new knowledge. B.It helps clinicians to identify the reason for a disorder and to determine catharsis for the client. C.It helps clinicians identify the cause of a disorder and determine what medication to use. D.It helps clinicians match the disorder with an effective intervention and it is used in the search for new knowledge.

It helps clinicians match the disorder with an effective intervention and it is used in the search for new knowledge.

What is a major advantage to cognitive behavior therapy? A.It tries to understand the complex dynamics of personality. B.It may cause memory loss C.It is empirically-based and designed to change behavior. D.It gives people the unconditional positive regard they desire

It is empirically-based and designed to change behavior.

Identify a primary limitation of case studies. A.They do not apply to the general population, only the mentally ill. B.It is risky to draw general conclusions about a disorder from a single example. C.Their basis for truth is flawed. D.They become outdated quickly.

It is risky to draw general conclusions about a disorder from a single example.

What is meant by the term "empirically supported treatment"? A.It means that Dr. Phil has used the therapy. B.It means that a treatment has demonstrated its ability to improve patients' symptoms. C.It means that the patient goes through catharsis. D.It means that a patient is able to uncover their unconscious desires.

It means that a treatment has demonstrated its ability to improve patients' symptoms.

Which statement best illustrates the major advantage of a case study? A.It provides summaries on a large number of individuals who share unusual mental conditions. B.It provides research statistics on interesting personality issues. C.It provides generalities about psychological symptoms. D.It provides an in-depth account of an individual's experience with a mental disorder.

It provides an in-depth account of an individual's experience with a mental disorder.

Select the statement that is TRUE of the DSM classification system. A.The number of diagnostic categories continues to decline as new research data emerges on disorders. B.The system uses broad categories of underlying conflicts to explain the causes of maladaptive reactions. C.It undergoes revision based on new research and field studies regarding disorders. D.It continues to include important diagnostic information such as assumptions about the causes of each disorder.

It undergoes revision based on new research and field studies regarding disorders.

Taijin kyofusho

Japanese fear of offending or embarrassing others -so avoid social situations (anxietY)

What is the major disadvantage of the experimental method? A.Researchers cannot determine correlation from the experimental method. B.Researchers cannot determine causation from the experimental method. C.Many important variables cannot be manipulated. D.Researchers cannot use random assignment in the experimental method.

Many important variables cannot be manipulated.

Which of the following IS NOT a feature of randomized controlled designs that can affect a study's outcome? A.Assessment strategies B.Participant selection procedures C.Internal validity D.Moderator variables

Moderator variables

Psycholgoical debriefing therapy for PTSD

Normalize responses to the disaster Encourage expressions of anxiety, anger, and frustration Teach self-help skills Provide referrals

Which of the following is TRUE about observation techniques? A.Observations provide an indirect measure of behavior. B.All types of psychopathology can be observed. C.Observation tells us about only what happens in particular situations. D.Observers rarely have biased perceptions so observational errors are unusual.

Observation tells us about only what happens in particular situations.

Bill has been undergoing cognitive behavior therapy for two years after being diagnosed with PTSD. He is frustrated because he does not seem to be getting better, and exhibits signs of depression. His therapist has given Bill a prescription for an antidepressant. What is the most likely explanation? A.Bill is no longer suffering from PTSD, but the therapist wants to relieve some troubling symptoms. B.Bill has high levels of anxiety regarding his lack of therapeutic progress. C.PTSD and depression have high comorbidity rates, making it likely that Bill is suffering from depression. D.Antidepressants will help Bill block past traumatic events and work toward healing.

PTSD and depression have high comorbidity rates, making it likely that Bill is suffering from depression.

_____ is more immediate, more intense, and more emotionally focused than anxiety. A.Panic B.Excessive worry C.Pessimism D.Apprehension

Panic

Diatethesis-stress explanation of biopsychosocial theories

People 1st have biological, psychological, or sociocultural predisposition to develop a disorder and then subjected to episodes of severe stress!

Avoidance theory of GAD (cognitive)

People with GAD have greater bodily arrousal than other people and that worrying actually serves to reduce this arrousal by distracting the individual from unpleasant physical feelings *supported

During which of the following psychosexual stages does a child experience fantasies about the opposite-sex parent? A.Oral Stage B.Anal Stage C.Phallic Stage D.Genital Stage

Phallic Stage

Which of the following IS NOT a social situation that creates distress for someone with a social anxiety disorder? A.Playing a sport with others B.Eating with others C.Drinking with others D.Writing in the presence of others

Playing a sport with others

Rational-emotive therapy for cognitive theory of GAD

Point out irrational assumptions Suggest more appropriate assumptions Assign related homework Studies suggest at least modest relief from treatment

Every time little Jeffrey goes shopping with his mom, there is an incident at the checkout line when he spots candy. Typically, Jeffrey's mom initially refuses his request for a candy bar. When the child throws himself to the floor kicking and screaming, Jeffrey's mom gives in and hands him the candy bar to end the embarrassing scene. In operant conditioning terms, what is maintaining the child's "checkout tantrums"? A.Positive reinforcement B.Negative reinforcement C.Vicarious reinforcement D.Non-contingent reinforcement

Positive reinforcement

One who systematically gathers information in order to describe, predict, and explain abnormality is a clinical:

Scientists

Which of the following neuroimaging techniques uses a radioactive substance and allows us to trace neuotransmitter pathways in the brain? A.Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan) B.Functional MRI (fMRI) C.MRI D.CAT scan

Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan)

If you wanted a career in which you focus on detecting, assessing, and treating abnormal patterns of functioning, you should look into becoming a clinical:

Practitioner

which of the following pairs of words best describes the current emphasis in mental health?

Prevention and positivism The community mental health approach has given rise to the prevention movement Prevention programs have been further energized by the growing interest in positive psychology - the study and enhancement of positive feelings, traits, and abilities

Acquiring insight about unconscious psychological processes is a feature of:

Psychoanalysis -developed as "outpatient" therapy

Which therapy would treat depression and anxiety by attaining insights, along with a release of emotions, which would act to develop more mature patterns of behavior? A.Cognitive-Behavioral B.Psychodynamic C.Humanistic D.Biological

Psychodynamic

_______ is now rarely used as a treatment for psychological disorders because of its irreversible brain damage. A.Psychoanalytic therapy B.Psychopharmacology C.Electroconvulsive therapy D.Psychosurgery

Psychosurgery

The _____ movement has tried to identify a set of common strategies that are present in the work of all effective therapists, regardless of the clinician's particular orientation. ecumenical uniformity rapprochement naturalistic

Reapproachement

Morgan obtains a score on a screening device for depression, which indicates the presence of significant depression. Morgan's psychologist is most likely to do what at this point in the assessment process? A.Repeat the testing to determine reliability B.Look at the treatment outcome C.Refer Morgan for in-patient hospitalization D.Recommend further evaluation

Recommend further evaluation

Which of the following statements about reinforcement is TRUE? A.Reinforcement may increase or decrease a behavior it follows, as it depends on the targeted behavior of the organism. B.Reinforcement for one person may be punishment for another. C.Reinforcement must be primary to have an impact. D.Reinforcement must be delivered every time a behavior is emitted to strengthen that behavior.

Reinforcement for one person may be punishment for another.

Longitudinal Correlation Studies

Researchers observe the same individuals on many occasions over a long period -Their correlations provide clues about which events are more likely to be causes and which are more likely to be consequences since you know the order of events

Epidemiological Correlation Studies

Reveal/DESCRIBE the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population -Incidence = number of new cases that emerge in a given period -Prevalence = total number of cases in a given period

Roshanda is a good-natured four-year-old who typically enjoys her 7:30 PM bedtime ritual. After the first day of preschool, Roshanda cries and refuses to stay in bed following her mother's goodnight kiss and demands to sleep in her parents' bed. After three unsuccessful attempts to entice Roshanda to sleep in her own bed, her mother gives in. This pattern is repeated every night. Which statement most appropriately applies to this scenario? A.Roshanda's avoidance of bedtime is maintained through negative reinforcement. B.The mother could overcome Roshanda's resistance to obedience through vicarious conditioning. C.The pattern of behavior is not indicative of a typical fear response for a child. D.Roshanda's behavior is resistant to extinction.

Roshanda's avoidance of bedtime is maintained through negative reinforcement.

Middles Ages Europe

Shift back to DEMONOLOGY MODEL Church in charge! (CLERGY) Rejected all scientific forms of investigations -Controlled education

melinda is a 23-year old woman who complains of chronic abdominal pain, dizziness, nausea, and lack of sexual desire, for which there was no organic cause. She would most likely be diagnosed with:

Somatization disorder

Statistical vs clinical significance

Stastical= participants improvement in functioning (large or small) occurred bc of treatment (experiments can determine this) Clinical= whether the amount of improvement is meaningful in the individuals life (only individuals and their clinicians can determine)

Ancient Views and Treatments

Stone age: trephination (cut hole in skull as treatment for abnormal behavior). Released evil spirits that were causing the problem

Which of the following are components of the autonomic nervous system? A.Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems B.Brain and spinal cord C.Peripheral nervous system and brain D.Somatic sensory system and parasympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

You are walking toward your car in the campus parking garage late at night. Suddenly, you hear a car horn and are startled. Instantaneously, your heart begins to race and your breathing becomes shallow. Which system of your body responded to the car horn? A.Sympathetic nervous system B.Sensory-somatic nervous system C.Peripheral nervous system D.Parasympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

Which statement below is TRUE of the original definition of a culture-bound illness? A.It is usually found only in children. B.The behavior usually requires hospitalization in the home culture. C.The abnormal behavior is specific to a particular location or group. D.It is less severe than other forms of mental illness.

The abnormal behavior is specific to a particular location or group.

Joe comes to the counseling center with complaints of "overwhelming anxiety" in social situations. After an initial interview, the psychologist asks Joe to complete a homework assignment: identify the nature of the situations in which he is anxious. He is asked to recall what happens just before he becomes anxious and what happens immediately after he becomes anxious. What would the psychologist be trying to find out about Joe's anxiety attacks? A.The antecedents and consequences of the behavior that are maintaining it B.The internal, enduring states maintaining the emotional reaction C.The negative reinforcers present before the anxiety is experienced D.The classically conditioned extinction response that precedes the behavior

The antecedents and consequences of the behavior that are maintaining it

Dr. Pambros returns Abnormal Psychology exams. Juanita, Kevin, and Morgan all receive grades of "C." Juanita is grateful to have passed. Kevin is devastated. Morgan is mildly disappointed but recognizes that there are three remaining exams that could boost his grade. How would the cognitive model explain the different responses of these students to the same event? A.Grades are inherently powerful events. B.Thoughts are not as important at the event itself. C.Grades are classic negative reinforcers. D.The event is essentially neutral.

The event is essentially neutral.

What are the advantages of the clinical interview process, in addition to gathering a lot of information in a relatively short amount of time? A.The interviewer can control the interaction and can probe further when necessary. B.The patient can self-report and the psychologist can self-monitor. C.The patient can take an unstandardized tests and the clinician can interpret results concurrently with the interview. D.Family members can report objective observations and the psychologist can make a diagnos

The interviewer can control the interaction and can probe further when necessary.

Which of the following is TRUE of an individual diagnosed with agoraphobia without history of panic disorder? A.The person has panic disorder that is in remission. B.The disorder usually remits without treatment. C.The person has never been diagnosed as having panic disorder. D.The person fears open spaces because of previous panic attacks.

The person has never been diagnosed as having panic disorder.

20th century Psychogenic Approach

The rise in popularity of this perspective was based on work with hypnotism: -Friedrich Mesmer and *hysterical disorders*(patients with bodily problems but no physical basis) -Sigmund Freud' s theory of psychoanalysis -The psychoanalytic approach had little effect on the treatment of severely disturbed patients in mental hospitals -Now outpatient therapy

Select the statement that is most likely TRUE of dimensional models. A.They are innately more complex than categorical models. B.They lead to considerable within-category heterogeneity. C.They facilitate clinical decision-making more than categorical models do. D.They pigeonhole patients into types.

They are innately more complex than categorical models.

What are the advantages to using brain imaging techniques? A.They can rule out neurological conditions and can help researchers explore the relationship between brain functions and specific mental disorders. B.They can define and determine the severity of almost any disorder. C.They can accurately diagnose the patient without other data. D.They are inexpensive to conduct and can take the place of psychological assessments.

They can rule out neurological conditions and can help researchers explore the relationship between brain functions and specific mental disorders.

Why would scientist-practitioners choose to use a projective test with inadequate normative data? A.They do not subscribe to such rigid psychometric requirements as empirically oriented psychologists. B.They may find them useful to "get the patient talking" in the initial stages of therapy. C.They find that patients often relate better to unstructured tests than to structured tests. D.They take less time to score and less training to administer than self-report measures of psychopathology.

They may find them useful to "get the patient talking" in the initial stages of therapy.

If mental health professionals identify themselves as eclectic, what do they mean? A.They use different treatments for different disorders. B.They use only humanistic techniques to treat disorders. C.They rely on psychoanalysis as a treatment option. D.They alternate between two primary therapeutic techniques.

They use different treatments for different disorders.

When anxious people attend to threatening cues, which of the following is likely to occur? A.Their ability to perform will increase. B.They will become distracted by repetitive thoughts. C.They will control of their emotions. D.They will remain safe at all times.

They will become distracted

Exorcism

Treatment for abnormality in early societies -coax the evil spirits to leave or to make person;s body uncomfortable place to live -Shaman (priest) may say prayers, plead evil spirits to leave, or have person drink potions. -If these failed, shaman perfumed more extreme exocrisms like whipping or starving the person

19th Century: Reform and moral treatment

Treatment for mental disorders improved *Moral treatment:* offer moral guidance and humane and respectful treatment! Patients are potentially productive humans whose mental functions had broken down UNDER STRESS -State mental hospitals created in US -William Tuke: England -Philippe Pinel: France -Benjamin Rush: US -Dorthea Dix: Boston. Opened state hospitals

Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test and Clinical tests

Type of neuropsychological test --indirectly asseses brain function by assessing cognitive, perceptual, and motor functioning on certain tasks and interprets abnormal performances and indicators of brain problems ---look at design on 9 cards and copy of paper than redraw from memory)

Mental status exam

Type of structured clinical interview -set of interview questions and observations designed to revolt he degree and nature of a clients abnormal functioning -Evaluate client's awareness, orientation with time and place, attention span, memory, judgement, mood, appearance

Someone who has panic symptoms and cannot identify an environmental trigger for the event is most likely experiencing which specific type of attack? A.Situationally bound attack B.False attack C.Situationally cued attack D.Uncued attack

Uncued attack

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A.Modern psychologists believe that psychopathology is physiologically based. B.Understanding abnormal behaviors requires an integration of models. C.Abnormal behavior may be best understood using a single theoretical framework. D.Sociocultural factors are the best explanation for disordered behavior.

Understanding abnormal behaviors requires an integration of models.

Geraldine has completed an IQ test. In reviewing the test results, the psychologist observes that the patient's Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) is significantly lower than her Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI). Given this information, which of the following tests has the psychologist administered to Geraldine? A.Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale B.Simon Intelligence Test for Adults C.Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV D.Luria-Nebraska Intelligence Test

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV

What forms can obsessions be

Wishes Impulses Ideas Images (germs lurking everywhere) Doubts (one will make a wrong decision)

. Assume that a new study suggests the corpus callosum may cause unipolar depression by moving messages too slowly from one cerebral hemisphere to the other. This study would be: A) very unusual; previous studies have most strongly connected other brain areas to depression. B) one-of-a-kind; previous studies do not connect specific brain areas to depression. C) unusual; only a few previous studies connect this brain area to depression. D) expected; many previous studies connect this brain area to depression. This study is a replication.

a

. Behaviorists explain the downward spiral of depression by theorizing that: A) depressed behavior leads to even fewer opportunities for social rewards. B) depressed people aren't responsive to normal social rewards. C) depressed family members give inaccurate self-reports. D) depressed mood cannot be alleviated by positive experiences.

a

127. Relaxation training, biofeedback, meditation, and hypnosis all illustrate the use of: A) psychological treatments for physical illnesses. B) physical treatments for psychological illnesses. C) combinations of physical and psychological treatments. D) insight and social support therapies.

a

22. Internal validity reflects how well a study: A) rules out the effects of all variables except those being studied. B) can be generalized to others that are not studied directly. C) appears to be measuring what it is designed to measure. D) predicts some future behavior.

a

7. The term for the form of psychotherapy pioneered by Carl Rogers is: A) client-centered. B) insight. C) Gestalt. D) existential.

a

Antidepressants that are effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder serve to: A) increase serotonin activity in the brain. B) increase norepinephrine activity in the brain. C) increase the level of all brain neurotransmitters. D) decrease serotonin activity in the brain.

a Caudtate nuclei & orbiofrontal area in brain

Hippocrates believed that maladaptive behaviors were caused by an imbalance in bodily humors that originated either with physical factors or A.demonic possession. B.a shifting of lunar tides. C.the wrath of the gods. D.a change in the seasons.

a change in the seasons.

Dr. Otto went to graduate school for five years and completed an internship. She now has a doctoral degree and works with patients and treats them using psychotherapy. She cannot prescribe medication, but is pursuing the right to do so. Name Dr. Otto's profession. A.a psychiatrist B.a social worker C.a mental health counselor D.a clinical psychologist

a clinical psychologist

Roberto has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder and is about to begin treatment. What type of treatment will probably be most effective for Roberto? A.a combination of exposure and response prevention B.a combination of flooding and breathing retraining C.a combination of breathing techniques and thought suppression D.a combination of exposure and progressive muscle relaxation

a combination of exposure and response prevention

Every evening, Ramin must knock on his front door three times before going to bed. He discovered that this was an effective way to ward off robbers. His knocking on the door is an example of A.an obsession. B.an intrusive thought. C.a cognitive impairment. D.a compulsion.

a compulsion.

Mario has just returned from his third deployment to Iraq. For several months after returning, he is unable to sleep and has difficulty dealing with flashbacks of mortar fire over the compound in which he worked. Using a biopsychosocial model, we might explain his problems as deriving from A.a diathesis and the stress of deployment. B.the stress of deployment alone. C.a failure in coping alone. D.a lack of social support.

a diathesis and the stress of deployment.

The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) assesses an individual's ability to set shift, or display flexibility, in thinking as the goal of a task changes. As a "frontal lobe test," it is able to discriminate A.a frontal lesion from a nonfrontal lesion in a patient. B.violent versus nonviolent patients. C.and detect only subcortical lesions. D.persons at risk for a seizure disorder.

a frontal lesion from a nonfrontal lesion in a patient.

Trent suddenly begins trembling, sweating and having heart palpitations as he enters the convention center where he is scheduled to speak. He feels like he is losing control, and just wants to run away and hide. After breathing deeply and slowly for several minutes, the feeling subsides. What is Trent likely experiencing? A.a compulsion B.a panic attack C.obsessive-compulsive disorder D.generalized anxiety disorder

a panic attack

An intense fear reaction resembling sheer terror is called A.a nervous breakdown. B.an acute stressor. C.a phobia. D.a panic attack.

a panic attack.

The social learning model of behavioral acquisition proposes that A.only behaviors in a social context are reinforced. B.punishment is only effective in producing learning in humans. C.a person does not actually have to do the behavior to learn it. D.humans are motivated more by primary reinforcers than secondary reinforcers.

a person does not actually have to do the behavior to learn it.

Allison is irrationally afraid of being inside elevators, small closets, and small vehicles. She is so afraid of being in small spaces that she avoids them altogether. While visiting Chicago with her friends, Allison refused to go to the top of the Sears Tower because it would involve riding in an elevator. Her extreme fear of small spaces is _____. A.an element of panic disorder B.a compulsive behavior C.a phobia D.an example of excessive worry

a phobia

The Rorschach projective test includes _______. A.a behavioral journal B.a structured interview C.a series of images on cards D.a detailed questionnaire

a series of images on cards

Willie has always been shy, but his new job requires him to give presentations to clients. As the first presentation approaches, Willie gets more and more nervous, until he finally calls in sick to work that day. He is just not sure how he will handle this in the future. Willie suffers from _______. A.aerophobia B.generalized anxiety disorder C.acrophobia D.a social phobia

a social phobia

Compare the following, and determine which is most likely to trigger the onset of an anxiety disorder? A.a disability or impairment B.a loss or failure C.a threat or danger D.a relationship or friendship

a threat or danger

physicians and other practitioners may choose to give new patients a screening assessment, which is a. a brief measure in which a cutoff score indicates the possibility of significant problems b. a test to determine whether the patient has a medical rather than a psychological condition c. a test to see whether the patient will benefit from psychological therapy d. a questionnaire that determines whether a patient needs to see a physician

a. a brief measure in which a cutoff score indicates the possibility of significant problems

the currently available data on the heritability of anxiety disorders suggest that a. a general vulnerability factor or anxiety proneness is what is inherited b. vulnerability to anxiety is likely to be controlled by a single gene c. genetic factors are only rarely involved in anxiety disorders d. four genetic factors are associated with GAD, panic disorder, and agoraphobia

a. a general vulnerability factor or anxiety proneness is what is inherited

which of the following is not one of the groups of specific phobias? a. agoraphobia b. natural environment phobia c. blood/injection/injury phobia d. animal phobia

a. agoraphobia

a researcher interested in social anxiety placed an ad in the newspaper seeking people with public speaking anxiety. people who volunteer for this type of study are party of a(n) a. analogue sample b. proband sample c. aggregate sample d. clinical sample

a. analogue sample

dimensional classification is an alternative to categorical systems such as the DSM. one advantage of a dimensional system is a. better description of patients whose problems do not fit into a single category b. better use of a "common language" to classify patients c. simpler, clearer diagnostic labels for all conditions d. exclusion of all patients' comorbidity issues

a. better description of patients whose problems do not into a single category

which of the following represents all the different levels of research in abnormal psychology? a. cellular, individual, group, and population b. neuroanatomy, neurohormones, neurotransmitters, and genetics c. correlational, group, cross-cultural, and multiethnic d. cross-sectional, longitudinal, cohort, and epidemiological

a. cellular, individual, group, and population

derealization or depersonalization (feelings of being detached from one's body or one's surroundings), fear of losing control or going crazy, and fear of dying are a. cognitive symptoms of panic attack b. behavioral symptoms of panic attack c. physiological symptoms of panic attack d. all of the above

a. cognitive symptoms of panic attack

dr. smith develops the smith depression inventory and gives it to hundreds of patients with depression. he also gives those patients the widely used beck depression inventory. he finds that the average scores on the two questionnaires are highly correlated. dr. smith has demonstrated that the smith depression inventory has a. concurrent validity b. predictive validity c. statistical prediction d. clinical prediction

a. concurrent validity

the common ingredient in the most effective forms of behavioral and cognitive behavioral treatments of anxiety is a. exposure b. restructuring c. relaxation d. imagery

a. exposure

research on an exciting new treatment that takes place with carefully selected patients at a world-renowned laboratory is less likely to have a. external validity b. external reliability c. internal validity d. internal reliability

a. external validity

a test publisher describes a psychological test as having extremely high predictive validity. this means the test a. has the ability to forecast particular outcomes b. has a high correlation with similar measures c. discriminates well between related concepts d. all of the above

a. has the ability to forecast particular outcomes

our knowledge of early theories of abnormal behavior is limited because a. historical evidence is scanty b. modern technology cannot study demons and spirits c. only organic models were used before the modern era d. until recently, no records of patients' symptoms were kept

a. historical evidence is scanty

twin studies have been of particular importance in the study of abnormal behavior because they have a. identified genetic vs. environmental contributions to psychological disorders b. examined similarities between twins from different families c. shown that MZ twins in different environments develop different disorders d. shown that identical twin are never truly identical

a. identified genetic vs. environmental contributions to psychological disorders

biological scarring, or the process whereby years of living with a disorder causes changes in the brain, demonstrates the a. interaction among biopsychosocial factors b. importance of the psychoanalyric model c. interaction between psychological and social factors d. significance of downward drift

a. interaction among biopsychosocial factors

the meaningfulness of experimental results can be evaluated in several ways. the statistical significance of the results indicates the a. mathematical probability that the findings occurred by chance b. practical value of the findings c. clinical value of the findings d. all of the above

a. mathematical probability that the findings occurred by chance

which of the following statements about anxiety disorders is not true? a. most anxiety disorders develop in early adulthood b. comorbidity with depression and other anxiety disorders is common c. anxiety disorders are equally common among the three largest ethnic groups in the united states d. panic attacks may be a symptoms of any anxiety disorder

a. most anxiety disorders develop in early adulthood

behaviorist b.f. skinner demonstrated that behavior could be changed by events that happened afterwards, a phenomenon known as a. operant conditioning b. systematic desensitization c. fear hierarchy d. contingent reinforcement

a. operant conditioning

the cognitive model is based on the idea that our a. perceptions and interpretations of events are more important than the events themselves b. cognitive abilities differ depending on our developmental stage c. brains are permanently affected by external events d. intelligence level determines which disorders we are prone to

a. perceptions and interpretations of events are more important than the events themselves

the three elements of anxiety and fear are a. physiology, cognition, and behavior b. self-report, arousal, and worry c. worry, anticipation, and subjective distress d. escape, avoidance, and subjective distress

a. physiology, cognition, and behavior

the biological model seeks knowledge of abnormal behavior by studying a. the biology of the body, particularly the brain b. biological scarring and structural abnormalities c. brain morphology as it affects bodily processes d. neuroimaging techniques

a. the biology of the body, particularly the brain

The most important function of neurotransmitters in the brain is to relay electrical signals A.down the axon. B.into the endocrine system C.across the synapse. D.into the myelin

across the synapse.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves symptoms that ________. A.are either long-lasting or have a delayed onset B.occur within four weeks of the traumatic event C.are less severe than those of acute stress disorder D.are immediate

are either long-lasting or have a delayed onset

The fiber used by a cell to transport information to other cells is called a(n) A.soma B.synapse C.axon D.dendrite

axon

51. An inventory that asks about one's level of anxiety, depression, or anger is a(n) ______ inventory. A) cognitive B) affective C) social skills D) functional

b

68. In which of the following disorders would you expect nearly equal numbers of men and women? A) restricted-type anorexia nervosa B) binge eating disorder C) purging-type anorexia nervosa D) bulimia nervosa

b

96. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: A) spontaneity. B) unconditional self-regard. C) unconditional positive regard. D) conditions of worth.

b

A depressed individual receiving therapy is told that many, even most of the negative thoughts that an individual experiences and records, have no basis in fact. MOST likely, the therapist is: A) changing primary attitudes. B) challenging automatic thoughts. C) training the individual in dichotomous thinking. D) negatively reinforcing verbal avoidance responses.

b

All treatments for anorexia nervosa share the long-term common goal of: A) producing weight gain in the patient. B) addressing the underlying causes of the disorders. C) moving the patient out of the situation that caused the problem. D) forcing the patient to accept responsibility for his or her actions.

b

Pierre feels terrible. He is sad, tired, and depressed, but he refuses to show it. This is consistent with the: A) hormone theory. B) artifact theory. C) quality-of-life theory. D) social pressure.

b

Somene who experiences a half-dozen alternations between mild mania and major depression within a one-year time span would be classified as: A) bipolar II seasonal. B) bipolar II rapid cycling. C) bipolar I mixed episodes. D) bipolar I.

b

todd is afraid of flying. he his invited for a job interview that requires air travel. he has a panic attack while preparing for his interview a week before his flight. his panic attack is a. situationally bound b. situationally cued c. out of the blue d. uncued

b. situationally cued

The dean of academic affairs visits a professor's class as part of a tenure review. At the conclusion of the lecture, the dean exits hurriedly, without saying a word to the professor. The professor, who is prone to depression, concludes, "The dean hated my class so much he was too embarrassed to speak to me." This is an example of a(n): A) overgeneralization. B) arbitrary inference. C) selective abstraction. D) magnification and minimization.

b

the primary classification system used in the united states and published by the american psychiatric association is the a. ICD b. DSM c. Mereck Manual d. Psychiatric Census

b. DSM

to be considered abnormal, a person's behavior must be "away from normal" and a. a violation of the individual's culture b. a cause of emotional distress and/or functional impairment c. a source of conflict with a person's peer group d. an embarrassment to the person's family

b. a cause of emotional distress and/or functional impairment

the most common type of research in abnormal psychology is a. single-subject design b. controlled group design c. longitudinal design d. epidemiological design

b. controlled group design

in the middle ages, groups of people believed that demons possessed them. such episodes of mass hysteria are now explained by the concept of a. mimicry behavior b. emotional contagion c. alien abduction d. lycanthropy

b. emotional contagion

the great advantage of the electroencephalogram (EEG) is that it a. can determine which neurotransmitters are active b. is the only measure that directly assesses electrical activity c. can identify functioning in a specific brain region d. is able to show specific neurons in the act of firing

b. is the only measure that directly assesses electrical activity

children accidentally exposed to mercury when vaccinated are evaluated at one point in time. they are follow for 10 years and evaluated again. these children are part of a study called a a. group design b. longitudinal design c. comorbidity design d. randomized clinical trial

b. longitudinal design

steve can't leave home without checking the doors and windows repeatedly to see that they are locked. when he finds that everything is locked, a sense of relief comes over him. which of the following learning principles is likely to be maintaining his compulsive checking behavior? a. self-reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. positive reinforcement

b. negative reinforcement

when symptoms are diminished or eliminated not because of any specific treatment but because the patient believes that a treatment is effective, we see the power of the a. therapeutic relationship b. placebo effect c. humane care movement d. animal magnetism effect

b. placebo effect

46. The belief that the prefrontal cortex has a very important part to play in the development of depression: A) is probably wrong; current studies focus on the hypothalamus. B) is probably correct; higher activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression. C) is probably correct: lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression. D) is probably correct, although researchers haven't identified the specifics of the relationship.

c

87. Which of the following best represents how tricyclics work? A) tricyclic ingested, reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin blocked, larger amounts of norepinephrine and serotonin released, less neuronal firing. B) tricyclic ingested, smaller amounts of norepinephrine and serotonin released, normal amounts of norepinephrine and serotonin released, reuptake triggers more neuronal firing. C) tricyclic ingested, less neuronal firing, more norepinephrine and serotonin released, reuptake slows release of norepinephrine and serotonin. D) tricyclic ingested, norepinephrine and serotonin blocked, neurons cease firing briefly, neurons begin firing without norepinephrine and serotonin.

c

9. In which of the following cases are you MOST likely to develop an eating disorder? A) if you have a fraternal twin with anorexia nervosa B) if you have a fraternal twin with bulimia nervosa C) if you have an identical twin with anorexia nervosa D) if you have an identical twin with bulimia nervosa

c

A person experiencing mania goes out with friends, looking for adventure. Additionally, the individual talks loudly, runs rather than walks, and has given away a lot of money to random people on the street. These symptoms are primarily: emotional and cognitive. B) physical and cognitive. C) motivational and behavioral. D) motivational and emotional.

c

A woman who was frequently but unpredictably beaten by her husband was finally taken to a shelter by the police. While there she did not take advantage of educational and job training opportunities. How would cognitive theorists explain her behavior? A) automatic negative thoughts B) faulty cognitive triad C) learned helplessness D) arbitrary attribution

c

Artifact theory differs importantly from other sociocultural theories of depression because it suggests: women and men are equally likely to develop depression. B) hormone changes mask the development of depression in women. C) concern about body weight can be both a cause and a result of depression. D) depression is caused by examining one's feelings too closely.

c

For women experiencing postpartum depression, which of the following is true regarding psychotherapy for depression? A) Most women stop having depressive symptoms within four weeks after the birth of their child. B) A psychodynamic approach works particularly well. C) Many women with postpartum depression find self-help support groups particularly helpful. D) They should avoid antidepressant medications. Such medications work well for unipolar depression but not for postpartum depression.

c

How does an MRI make a picture of the brain? A) It measures the degree of activity in the various areas scanned. B) It uses X-rays, and pictures are taken at several different angles. C) It relies on the magnetic properties of the atoms in the cells scanned. D) It uses a recording of the electrical impulses produced by the neurons in the brain.

c

If you were receiving multicultural therapy, you could expect all of the following EXCEPT: A) greater sensitivity to cultural issues in therapy. B) a focus on the uniqueness of the issues you face. C) a focus on healthy feelings and actions rather than on problems. D) sensitivity to the traditions of your particular culture.

c

Interpersonal psychotherapists believe that therapy must address: A) maladaptive attitudes. B) ego-superego conflicts. C) role transitions in relationships. D) developing social skills to elicit reinforcement from others.

c

Which of the following is the BEST example of the therapy technique known as behavioral activation? A) systematically ignoring the patient's depressive behavior B) asking patients to say whatever comes into their minds C) adding positive activities to the patient's life D) asking family members to help reinforce the patient's positive behavior

c

70. If I'm in a depressed mood and all I do is think about my mood, without trying to change it, I'm making what kind of response? A) helplessness B) hopelessness C) ruminative D) perseverative

c Your aunt says, "I know I'm depressed, and I think and worry about my depression constantly; however, I never actually do anything about it." She is: A) providing an example of the cognitive triad. B) making ruminative responses. ** C) committing errors in logic. D) regressing toward the oral stage of development.

76. People with alexithymia are NOT able to: A) tell when they are hungry. B) admit what is causing their eating disorder. C) put descriptive labels on what they are feeling. D) accurately represent how large they are.

c an inability to describe one's feelings accurately

What would be your BEST recommendation (i.e., MOST scientifically valid) about behavioral therapy for an adolescent experiencing depression? A) There is really no difference in treatment effectiveness among adults and adolescents. B) Avoid drug therapy because of the side effects for adolescents. C) Use a combination of drug therapy and cognitive therapy. D) Focus on the brain stimulation treatments—ECT, in particular.

c but in adults its psychotherapy and drugs

Of the following statements, which is accurate, based on current research? A) Unipolar depression and bipolar disorder both have several important factors. B) Unipolar depression has one major factor; bipolar disorder has several important factors. C) Unipolar depression has several important factors; bipolar disorder has one major factor. D) Unipolar depression and bipolar disorder have one major factor.

c BIPOLAR is one factor (biological)

susan was sent to a neuropsychologist after a car accident left her having trouble concentrating and remembering things. the neuropsychologist gave her a battery of 10 measures assessing memory, abstract thought, language, sensory-motor integration, perceptions, and motor dexterity. the test batter is called the a. GAF b. WAIS c. Halstead-Reitan d. WCST

c. Halstead-Reitan

with psychological disorders, the diagnosis given is primarily based on a. the therapist's theoretical perspective b. communication across clinicians c. a cluster of symptoms d. findings of laboratory tests

c. a cluster of symptoms

the study of whether certain behavioral traits or mental disorders are heritable, or influenced by genes, is called a. epidemiology b. behavioral ecology c. behavioral genetics d. homogeneous group design

c. behavioral genetics

which of the following statements best describes what we know about how genes affect behavioral traits? a. a few genetic loci control all complex traits b. family studies show that genes are less important than environment c. behavioral traits are rarely caused by single genes d. complex traits exerts only small effects

c. behavioral traits are rarely caused by single genes

compared with freud, contemporary psychoanalytic theorists place less emphasis on psychosexual development and more importance in a. phenomenology b. sibling rivalry c. conscious motivation d. dream analysis

c. conscious motivation

it is important to consider a person's age and developmental stage when evaluating behavior because a. children have more serious disorders than adults do b. adults may not report all their symptoms c. developmental maturity affects what disorders occur and what symptoms are present d. disorders not treated during childhood will always persist throughout life

c. developmental maturity affects what disorders occur and what symptoms are present

neuroscientists who want to see brain activity in people with a snake phobia would use which of the following imaging tests? a. CAT b. MRI c. fMRI d. PET

c. fMRI

for the past year, maya has been experiencing uncontrollable worry about the future of her business, crime in the neighborhood, whether her husband truly cares for her, and her children's health. all of these concerns are out of proportion to the actual situation. she may be experiencing a. panic disorder b. agoraphobia c. generalized anxiety disorder d. social anxiety disorder

c. generalized anxiety disorder

after an interview, a psychiatrist rates jim's depression as severe. the next day a clinical psychologist also conducts an interview and rates jim's depression as severe. the two clinicians are demonstrating a. interrater validity b. test-retest reliability c. interrater agreement d. test-retest validity

c. interrater agreement

vicarious conditioning is different from other types of conditioning in that it involves a. shaping rather than punishment b. learning without punitive consequences c. learning without actually doing a behavior d. acquiring new behaviors by practice

c. learning without actually doing a behavior

when a treatment cannot be reversed, or if it would be unethical to withdraw a treatment, the single-case design strategy that should be used is call a(n) a. case study design b. AB design c. multiple baseline design d. ABAB design

c. multiple baseline design

comparing a person's score on a psychological test to the average score obtained on that test from a large representative sample of people is a a. self-referent comparison b. psychometric comparison c. normative comparison d. clinical comparison

c. normative comparison

heart palpitations (pounding heart or accelerated heart rate), sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, choking, chest pain, nausea, and dizziness are a. cognitive symptoms of panic attack b. behavioral symptoms of panic attack c. physiological symptoms of panic attack d. all of the above

c. physiological symptoms of panic attack

although intelligence tests are controversial, they are useful in assessing a. genetics and its relative importance b. influences from a person's cultural background c. prediction of academic success d. nonverbal memory

c. prediction of academic success

sally suffers from an eating disorder. the psychologist asked her to keep a diary and record what she eats, when she eats something, where she is when she eats, and what she is feeling right before, during, and after she eats. this is called a. behavioral application b. testing for specific symptoms c. self-monitoring d. self-report measuring

c. self-monitoring

parents go to a clinical psychologist asking about their child who seems to worry all the time about being hurt. he refuses to go to school and won't sleep alone. on the way to school, he often develops stomachaches or headaches. the clinical psychologist suggests that the child be evaluated for a. OCD b. PTSD c. separation anxiety disorder d. agoraphobia

c. separation anxiety disorder

the autonomic nervous system includes the a. neurotransmitter and neurohormone system b. somatic and hormonal nervous system c. sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system d. midbrain and brain stem

c. sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

researchers find that a chemical in a recently discovered rainforest plant significantly reduces appetite in laboratory mice. other researchers then make the chemical into a drug and test it to see whether it helps obese people lose weight. this type of research is called a. bedside b. bench c. translational d. communication

c. translational

the scientist-practioner approach is important in the treatment of patients because patients are a. treated by clinicians who have developed models of human behavior b. taught how to evaluate research and choose treatments c. treated by clinicians who use empirical research to guide the treatment process d. able to help advance psychological research by being research subjects

c. treated by clinicians who use empirical research to guide the treatment process

sally was extremely apprehensive about her meeting next week with her boss to discuss her annual performance review although she had been doing well at work. she was experiencing excessive a. panic reactions b. compulsions c. worry d. phobic discharge

c. worry

Ahmid is experiencing some significant emotional changes for no apparent reason. This signals a mental disorder if the condition results from some internal dysfunction and _____. A.no cure can be found B.appears to be permanent C.causes a harmful dysfunction according to cultural standards D.he also suffers significant physical distress

causes a harmful dysfunction according to cultural standards

The human nervous system is composed of two parts, the A.autonomic nervous system and the central nervous system. B.central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. C.peripheral nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. D.peripheral nervous system and the brain nervous system.

central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

You are able to read and understand this question because of processing and information integration that takes place in your A.midbrain. B.cerebral cortex. C.brain stem. D.hindbrain.

cerebral cortex.

Anxiety disorders are often _____ conditions. A.extremely short-term B.chronic C.acute D.violent

chronic

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is an important tool for ______. A.classifying and diagnosing mental disorders B.developing new treatment options for mental disorders C.learning more about personality traits and their effect on culture D.researching mental disorders within large populations

classifying and diagnosing mental disorders

The term "subthreshhold syndrome" in a categorical approach to diagnosis implies that the A.client is trying not to display symptoms of a specific disorder. B.client does not have enough of the symptoms to warrant a specific diagnosis. C.symptoms are too weak to be identified. D.model is not sensitive enough to detect pathology more than half of the time.

client does not have enough of the symptoms to warrant a specific diagnosis.

William was treated for anxiety related to test-taking. At the end of his therapy, he reported fewer anxiety symptoms and a better ability to manage his fear of failure. Most probably, William's progress will be viewed as _______ at termination. A.treatment resistant B.a partial failure C.clinically significant D.clinically insignificant

clinically significant

The content and style of questions used in a clinical interview are guided by the A.presenting problem and the nature of the patient's difficulty. B.clinician's theoretical orientation and presenting problem. C.presenting problem. D.clinician's theoretical orientation.

clinician's theoretical orientation and presenting problem.

A patient has been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. Her therapist has used decatastrophisizing to treat her symptoms. What type of therapy has the clinician used? A.systematic desensitization B.cognitive C.interoceptive exposure D.biological

cognitive

As many as 30 percent of patients with depression who use these two treatment modalities, as well as cognitive-behavioral therapy, are likely to relapse after cessation of symptoms. biological and cognitive biological and behavioral cognitive and interpersonal

cognitive and interpersonal

A parent is using positive and negative reinforcement to change a child's behavior. What paradigm is this parent using? A.cognitive behaviorial B.psychodynamic C.humanistic D.biological

cognitive behaviorial

It is now widely accepted that _____ play an important role in the development of anxiety disorders as mediators between experience and response. A.social factors B.cognitive factors C.biological factors D.environmental factors

cognitive factors

Thirty years of research on psychological interventions for anxiety disorders have shown behavioral therapy and ______ interventions to be the most efficacious treatments. A.client-centered B.reality based C.cognitive-behavioral therapeutic D.psychoanalytic

cognitive-behavioral therapeutic

Psychological assessment is the process of _____. A.collecting and interpreting information that will be used to understand a person B.interpreting only unconcious cues and signals C.using a therapeutic technique to treat a person D.predicting a prognosis for a person

collecting and interpreting information that will be used to understand a person

Juan has been diagnosed with both major depression and alcoholism. This is referred to as ______. A.comorbidity B.a syndrome C.mild psychosis D.sex additction

comorbidity

All of the following EXCEPT ________ are symptoms of PTSD. A.an overactive sympathetic nervous system B.compulsions C.numbing D.an exaggerated startle response

compulsions

A factor increasing the likelihood of a relapse of bulimia is: A) length of time in treatment. B) age at onset of the disorder. C) age at which treatment is implemented. D) development of a pattern of frequent vomiting.

d

A message that implies "I will love you if you graduate with honors" is an example of A.conditional positive regard. B.conditional negative regard. C.unconditional positive regard. D.unconditional negative regard.

conditional positive regard.

Mary, a 19-year old college sophomore, has been referred to a psychologist by her physician. Mary has a high level of anxiety and complains of intrusive thoughts that interfere with her ability to study for exams. She also reports having severe migraine headaches before exams. Most likely, the psychologist will A.conduct a brief assessment because of Mary's young age and the simplicity of the case. B.assume that the migraines are triggered by the stress of Mary's worries about exams and will assess her test-taking skills. C.disregard his theoretical approach and use behavioral assessments that have been proved effective in anxiety-reduction cases. D.consider Mary's medical state, age, and symptoms in selecting appropriate assessment tools.

consider Mary's medical state, age, and symptoms in selecting appropriate assessment tools.

The brain stem is critical to survival because it A.contains the area known as the cerebral cortex. B.mediates responses between the autonomic and peripheral nervous system. C.regulates higher cognitive functioning. D.controls most of the biological functions associated with living.

controls most of the biological functions associated with living.

Dr. Chin is interested in determining the relationship between a student's attending class and the final grade received by the student. What type of research should he conduct? A.case study B.observational C.correlational D.survey

correlational

129. A person who was receiving the best and most current treatment for an eating disorder would receive treatment designed to: A) deal only with changing the poor eating habits. B) deal first with what caused the eating disorder, then correct it. C) deal only with what caused the eating disorder. D) deal first with changing the eating habits, then with what caused them.

d

149. The MOST well-developed understanding of the causes of suicide come from the: A) biological model. B) psychoanalytic model. C) behavioral model. D) sociocultural model.

d

4. Outcome studies on treatments for depression, comparing drug treatments with cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies, show that: A) cognitive therapies work quicker, but must be combined with drug therapy over the long run. B) all are equally effective, both initially, and in preventing recurrences. C) all three are equally likely to be prescribed by physicians. D) cognitive therapies are better at preventing relapses unless the drug therapy is continued even after the patient has improved.

d

5. Which of the following is a valid critique of the use of response inventories? A) Response inventories don't have good face validity. B) Response inventories are not used much these days. C) Response inventories are standardized too rigidly. D) Response inventories are improvised as the need arises and are not well-tested.

d

53. In general, object relations theorists follow which theoretical perspective? In depression A) cognitive B) humanistic C) existential D) psychodynamic

d

54. Which of the following is designed to disclose a patient's thoughts and assumptions? A) the MMPI-2 B) the Rorschach C) an affective inventory D) a cognitive inventory

d

71. All of Beck's cognitively based explanations for depression have received research support, EXCEPT for: A) the cognitive triad. B) automatic thoughts. C) maladaptive attitudes. D) All of these explanations have received research support.

d

8. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were the: A) instincts, the ego, and the self. B) biological forces, culture, and learning. C) consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. D) instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards.

d

84. Apparently tricyclics work by: A) blocking the production of norepinephrine and serotonin. B) blocking the reuptake of the tricyclic by the neurotransmitter. C) blocking the ingestion of the tricyclic. D) blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.

d

90. Compared to earlier antidepressant drugs, "second-generation" antidepressant drugs: A) work faster and more effectively. B) work faster, but not more effectively. C) do not work faster, but do work more effectively. D) do not work either faster or more effectively.

d

90. Which of the following statements is NOT generally accurate regarding gender and depression? A) Women are more likely to be diagnosed with depression. B) Men have less frequent bouts of depression. C) Women have longer-lasting bouts of depression. D) Men respond less successfully to therapy for depression.

d

According to Hilde Bruch, which of the following characterizes ineffective parents whose children are prone to eating disorders? A) They feed children crying from hunger and comfort ones crying from fear. B) They feed children too much, regardless of whether they are crying or not. C) They feed anxious children and comfort tired ones. D) They decide when their children are hungry and misinterpret the actual condition of their children

d

An older person retires and begins experiencing health problems. Consequently, the person loses contact with old friends and becomes unpleasant to be around. A behaviorist would explain the resulting depression in terms of: A) learned helplessness. B) object relations loss. C) sociocultural changes. D) loss of positive social rewards.

d

If a patient chose a dynamic focus for therapy, the patient would MOST likely be receiving: A) relational psychoanalytic therapy. B) psychoanalysis. C) extended psychoanalytic therapy. D) short-term psychodynamic therapy.

d

If you are overweight, the development of which of the following is MOST likely to appeal to you? A) a way to safely block GLP-1 in humans B) a way to safely activate the lateral hypothalamus in humans C) a way to safely deactivate the ventromedial hypothalamus in humans D) a way to safely increase GLP-1 in humans

d

Imagine that researchers investigating panic disorder gave you a drug that caused you to hyperventilate and your heart to beat rapidly. You would have been given a(n): A) in vivo test. B) modeling test. C) covert sensitization test. D) biological challenge test.

d

In terms of cognitive theories explaining generalized anxiety disorder, a good deal of research supports: A) only metacognitive theory. B) only intolerance of uncertainty theory. C) neither metacognitive theory nor intolerance of uncertainty theory. D) both metacognitive theory and intolerance of uncertainty theory.

d

Jamal is experiencing a major depressive episode that appears to have begun three weeks ago. He is miserable and suffers from at least five symptoms of depression. No unusually stressful events have occurred in the past year. Based on these data, the diagnosis would be: A) postpartum depression. B) reactive depression. C) exogenous depression. D) endogenous depression.

d

The first step in treating anorexia nervosa is to: A) correct family coping patterns. B) resolve unresolved oral conflicts. C) correct maladaptive thought patterns. D) help the person start to regain the lost weight.

d

Which of the following conclusions about family patterns and eating disorders is MOST supported by systematic research? A) People with eating disorders come from enmeshed families. B) Children who take on a "sick role" will likely develop eating disorders. C) Individuality and independence are related to the development of eating disorders. D) Families of those with bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa vary widely.

d

Which of the following distinguishes a quasi-experimental study from a true experiment? A) The quasi-experiment does not use a control group. B) The quasi-experiment uses multiple groups for comparison. C) The quasi-experiment does not use any experimental control. D) The quasi-experiment does not allow for manipulation of the independent variable.

d

Which of the following is a reason to question the validity of clinical interviews? A) People respond differently to different interviewers. B) People may respond differently to clinicians who are not of their race. C) On different days, people might describe themselves differently. D) Clinicians might overemphasize pathology.

d

Which of the following statements MOST accurately reflects current research findings? A) Dysregulated immune systems produce stress, which may then produce unipolar depression. B) Unipolar depression produces stress, which produces dysregulated immune systems. C) Unipolar depression and stress both produce dysregulated immune systems. D) Stress produces dysregulated immune systems, which may then produce unipolar depression.

d

fear of situations such a public transportation, enclosed spaces, lines or crowds, of being outside of the home alone is termed a. panic disorder b. social anxiety disorder c. generalized anxiety disorder d. agoraphobia

d. agoraphobia

abnormal behavior must always be considered in context because a. normal feelings, such a grief, can be mistaken for illness b. a person's cultural background may affect behavior c. a person's age may affect his or her symptoms d. all of the above

d. all of the above

administering psychological tests to someone from another country may produce biased results if which of the following is not considered? a. the language in which the test was written b. the education of the person taking the test c. cultural beliefs and values of the person taking the test d. all of the above

d. all of the above

selection of assessment tools is largely determined by the patient's symptoms, age, and medical status. one other factor may be the a. early childhood experiences of the patient b. referral process c. environmental cues perceived by the therapist d. therapist's theoretical perspective

d. therapist's theoretical perspective

In the technique known as behavioral observation, the first step is A.determining whether the patient can keep reliable records of his or her own behavior. B.testing possible observers to see if they can be sufficiently attentive in a natural environment. C.defining the behavior so that it can be closely observed and reliably monitored. D.choosing an observer who can work without bias.

defining the behavior so that it can be closely observed and reliably monitored.

LaShelle takes a drug to regulate her mood disorder. The drug inhibits the reuptake of a neurotransmitter in the brain. What condition in LaShelle's brain is contributing to her mood disorder? A.increased amounts of serotonin B.increased amounts of dopamine C.depletion of serotonin D.blocked receptor sites for dopamine

depletion of serotonin

More than half of the people with obsessive-compulsive disorder also have comorbid disorders such as social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, GAD, panic disorder and A.bipolar disorder. B.depression. C.agoraphobia. D.sexual dysfunctions.

depression

In observational epidemiology, the most common method of data collection used for evaluating the presence of psychological disorders is a(n) A.psychiatric rating scale. B.self-report. C.unstructured interview. D.diagnostic interview.

diagnostic interview.

What does the diathesis-stress model of abnormal behavior focus on? A.relationships with parents, siblings, and peers B.differences in conflict management style C.the nature of intimacy in relationships D.difficult experiences, risk factors, and genetic predispositions

difficult experiences, risk factors, and genetic predispositions

A clinician is interested in classifying identical twins. She finds that James has a higher level of measured intelligence than his twin, John. What type of classification system is the clinician using? A.dimensional B.continuous C.categorical D.qualitative

dimensional

What approach to classification focuses on a specific characteristic and how much of that characteristic is displayed? A.subjective B.labeling C.dimensional D.categorical

dimensional

Which of the following approaches would allow an understanding of how abnormal behavior varies in severity over time, perhaps increasing and decreasing, or how behaviors change from one disorder to another? A.dimensional B.categorical C.rational D.orthogonal

dimensional

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities. general & persistent feelings of worry & anxiety. DSM 5 requires it to be present for at least 3 months and it used to be 6 months

The dimensional model of classification is qualitative, implying that A.it is not possible to place disorders along a continuum of functioning. B.different observed disorders are quantitatively distinct from each other. C.disorders that are observed are simply extreme variations of normal behavior. D.no real differences exist among diagnostic subtypes.

disorders that are observed are simply extreme variations of normal behavior.

Aaron Beck theorized that depression is caused by _______. A.neurochemical imbalances B.genetic predisposition C.childhood maltreatment D.distorted thinking

distorted thinking

What are the two primary degrees associated with clinical psychology? A.master of science; doctor of philosophy B.doctor of medicine; doctor of philosophy C.doctor of psychology; doctor of philosophy D.doctor of medicine; doctor of psychology

doctor of psychology; doctor of philosophy

Amin is a professional who collects data and analyzes both the frequency and the distribution of mental health disorders in his state. Amin works as a(n) ______. A.social worker B.pathologist C.Psychiatrist D.epidemiologist

epidemiologist

Clinical assessments for outcome evaluation may be repeated over time during treatment in order to A.evaluate a patient's progress. B.recheck the accuracy of the diagnosis. C.determine the patient's changing attitudes toward the therapist. D.be certain the problem behavior has been identified.

evaluate a patient's progress.

In medieval Europe, mental illness was thought to be caused by A.evil or demonic spirits. B.a dysfunctional family. C.a wandering uterus. D.retribution from the gods.

evil or demonic spirits.

The "placebo response" is the result of ________ on the part of the _________. A.blinded treatment; participant B.expectations; researcher C.expectations; participant D.blinded treatment; researcher

expectations; participant

A researcher is interested in studying the effect of orange juice on test performance. She will evaluate the test performance of students who drink the juice a half-hour before the test against the performance of students who receive nothing to drink before the test. The groups are equivalent in terms of demographics, intelligence, and prior college classes. In this example, the orange juice would be the A.comparison control. B.experimental variable. C.control variable. D.experimental control.

experimental variable

A researcher is interested in evaluating rates of posttraumatic stress disorder for firefighters involved in 9/11. In this example, participants would be labeled a(n) ________ cohort. A.incident B.exposure C.inception D.birth

exposure

Gender roles directly affect the ______ of abnormal behaviors. A.chronicity B.expression C.cause D.severity

expression

Broad social phobia

fear of functioning poorly in front of people or being evaluated by others

Narrow social phobia

fear of talking in public or eating in front of others Ex: public speaking

Harry, who is afraid of snakes, wants to get over his fear before taking a camping trip with his buddies. A therapist tells Harry to stand in an enclosure filled with nonpoisonous snakes for several minutes, until he no longer feels fearful. What technique is the therapist recommending? A.aversion therapy B.systematic desensitization C.flooding D.psychodynamic therapy

flooding

The cerebral cortex is divided into _____ lobes. A.four B.three C.five D.two

four

Which of the following is NOT a lobe of the brain? A.frontal B.temporal C.parietal D.four

four

psychodynamic therapies (GAD)

free association, transference, resistance, and dreams. Object relations therapists (identify and settle the childhood relationship problem) studies suggest these are only of MODEST help and are best used short term psychodynamic in therapy.

A psychologist is conducting an assessment of a child who appears to have high distractibility in a classroom setting. The psychologist is interested in what happens just before the child is distracted from a task, how the child behaves during the distracted period, and what happens immediately after the task disruption. In assessing the relationship between situational influences and behavior, the psychologist is using a A.structural analysis. B.internal analysis. C.topical analysis. D.functional analysis.

functional analysis.

A factor to be considered in discriminating normal anxiety from abnormal anxiety is A.the genetic component. B.the type of object feared. C.the patient's response to medication. D.functional impairment.

functional impairment.

Freud and his successor, Carl Jung, had fundamental disagreements about the motivation for behavior. While Freud thought that past events and sexual impulses were important, Jung believed that A.future goals and spiritual motivators were causal elements. B.present events and spiritual motivators cause behavior. C.past events and sexual and spiritual motivators were important. D.birth order was the most important determinant.

future goals and spiritual motivators were causal elements.

Mike and Jill are twins who were raised together. Jill developed an eating disorder at the age of 16, but Mike did not. Jill's psychologist believes her hormones contributed to the development of her disorder. According to epidemiological studies, what is the most likely factor that would contribute to the difference between Mike and Jill? A.society B.attachment issues C.gender differences D.parenting style

gender differences

The type of sample selected for a research study affects the recruitment strategy for participants as well as the A.number of dependent variables studied. B.generalizability of the study findings. C.number of conditions in a study. D.length of the study.

generalizability of the study findings.

"I have to worry about the future. It's always been a good strategy. If I worry, I'm able to avoid problems and negative consequences. It's kind of like trouble-shooting." A statement of this sort would most likely come from someone who has A.obsessive-compulsive disorder. B.a social anxiety disorder. C.post-traumatic stress disorder. D.generalized anxiety disorder.

generalized anxiety disorder.

A genotype is an individual's _____, whereas a phenotype represents its _____. A.environmental structure; biological structure B.physical expression; emotional structure C.dominant gene structure; recessive gene structure D.genetic structure; physical expression

genetic structure; physical expression

Having a biological predisposition for a disorder means that a person A.will only develop a partial manifestation of the problem behavior. B.has a genetic mutation for the disorder. C.has increased vulnerability to developing a disorder. D.will develop the full syndrome over the life span.

has increased vulnerability to developing a disorder.

Clara enters her dark apartment after a brief out-of-town trip. As she turns on the light, her cat jumps out from behind a large plant, causing Clara to scream and drop her bags. Clara is experiencing arousal of _______. A.her thyroid gland B.her autonomic nervous system C.her pituitary gland D.her somatic nervous system

her autonomic nervous system

What is the function of the id, according to psychoanalytic theory? A.houses biological drives B.mediates the interactions between the superego and the ego C.reduces conscious anxiety D.promotes awareness of societal norms

houses biological drives

Longitudinal studies provide valuable data about which of the following? A.how labels for mental illness currently vary from one culture to the next B.how mental illness is currently perceived by people in different regions of the country C.how mental illness develops across the life span D.how labels for mental illness stigmatize persons when they apply for a job

how mental illness develops across the life span

Flooding is a therapeutic technique involving _____. A.gradual acceptance of an obsessive thought B.gradual memory recall regarding anxious incidents C.immediate exposure to the most feared stimulus D.progressive breathing and relaxation techniques

immediate exposure to the most feared stimulus

Thought suppression may actually _____ associated with those thoughts. A.eradicate unwanted cognitions B.instill healthy coping behaviors C.decrease the physical responses D.increase the undesirable emotions

increase the undesirable emotions

Cognitive theories of fear acquisition focus on _________ as explanations for the condition. A.environmental conditions B.repression and denial C.interpretations of internal or external events D.how a person vicariously learns anxiety

interpretations of internal or external events

Two psychologists diagnosed a patient and both arrived at the same disorder and same diagnosis. This is an example of _____. A.multiaxial classification B.concurrent validity C.comorbidity D.interrater reliability

interrater reliability

The biopsychosocial perspective, compared with the perspectives of Freud, Jung, and Rogers, A.assumes the nature of man to be good. B.adequately explains all disorders. C.focuses on early developments as the diathesis. D.is broader than the other models.

is broader than the other models.

A projective personality test is one in which a person _____. A.is asked to answer straightforward questions about himself or herself B.replies to casual and informal questions from a clinician C.is presented with a series of ambiguous stimuli D.responds to true/false questions about physical complaints, psychological states, social attitudes, and occupational preferences

is presented with a series of ambiguous stimuli

Post-traumatic stress disorder is initiated when an individual experiences a traumatic event or A.is witness to serious injury or the violent death of another. B.recalls a traumatic event as a flashback. C.hears another person discuss a traumatic event and relives the experience. D.is threatened with violence by another.

is witness to serious injury or the violent death of another.

A psychologist might question the concept of "comorbidity" in DSM because A.it is difficult to determine if there are two distinct disorders present or if what is being observed is a different manifestation of a single disorder. B.the concept of comorbidity implies the presence of an underlying medical disorder. C.manifestations of different symptoms in a given disorder are rare. D.true comorbidity is not generally accepted by most mental health professionals.

it is difficult to determine if there are two distinct disorders present or if what is being observed is a different manifestation of a single disorder.

One difficulty associated with family studies is that A.it is difficult to determine the contribution of dominant versus recessive genes in family members. B.the drop-out rate for family members tends to be high. C.it is not possible to separate the influence of genetics from that of the environment. D.they do not indicate whether symptoms "run in families."

it is not possible to separate the influence of genetics from that of the environment.

All scientific research using case study methodology has this severe drawback. A.it can make a patient's condition worse B.it is too intrusive to the patient C.it is quite costly D.it is subject to multiple interpretations and cannot be generalized to the population

it is subject to multiple interpretationsand cannot be generalized to the population

Stigma is defined as a(n) _______ that sets a person apart from others, connects the person to undesirable features, and leads others to reject the person. A.mental disorder B.emotion C.label D.thought process

label

Genomewide linkage analysis allows researchers studying a disorder to focus on specific areas on specific chromosomes through using large families with the disorder or A.members of large families matched against cohorts from the general population. B.large groups of non-relatives affected by the disorder. C.large samples of affected relative pairs. D.large samples of non-affected relative pairs.

large samples of affected relative pairs.

What is classical conditioning? A.removing a stimulus to increase responses B.adding a stimulus to increase responses C.learning by use of consequences D.learning an association that produces a conditioned response

learning an association that produces a conditioned response

What is operant conditioning? A.measuring behaviors by use of observation B.learning by use of rewards and punishments C.learning by use of associations D.ending an association by use of extinction

learning by use of rewards and punishments

In making a differential diagnosis, the psychologist performing the assessment gathers data from multiple sources and completes a process that is more extensive than a screening in order to determine the A.likelihood that a psychological disorder is present. B.presence or absence of psychosocial factors contributing to multiple disorders. C.likelihood that the patient has one disorder as opposed to another. D.presence or absence of an organic basis for a specific disorder.

likelihood that the patient has one disorder as opposed to another.

The experience of emotion, the regulation of emotional expression, and basic biological drives are of particular interest in abnormal psychology. These functions are controlled by structures in the ________ system. A.nervous B.limbic C.reticular activating D.endocrine

limbic

The hypothalamus is a structure within the _____ that regulates _____. A.limbic system; emotion B.limbic system; basic biological urges C.autonomic nervous system; emotion D.hindbrain; basic biological urges

limbic system; basic biological urges

People who suffer from generalized anxiety disorder are characterized by excessive worry about A.safety issues. B.cleanliness. C.specific feared objects. D.many different things.

many different things.

Sigmund Freud's basic assumption was that ______. A.sex is the key drive for all behaviors B.biology is destiny, and our entire lives are preordained and predetermined C.many motivations, and protective psychological processes are unconscious D.the ego does not begin to develop until adulthood

many motivations, and protective psychological processes are unconscious

A recent news story describes an unusual condition found among females at a local high school. After eating frozen yogurt from their cafeteria, a number of girls have begun to "spin wildly" throughout the lunchroom until being restrained by a faculty hall monitor. Immediately after being stopped, each girl reported feeling compelled to "spin" after eating. The number of girls involved in these incidents increased until the yogurt machine was removed from the cafeteria. In all probability, this behavior can be considered an episode of A.mass hysteria. B.mass-induced mania. C.emotional dysplasia. D.demonic possession.

mass hysteria.

The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) is a clinician-administered scale that A.focuses on the patient's perceptions of his or her progress in treatment. B.measures a broad range of psychological symptoms. C.is used exclusively with psychiatric patients. D.uses 21 items to assess psychological functioning in inpatient populations.

measures a broad range of psychological symptoms.

In correlational research, it is possible that a third variable influences the relationship of the other two variables. This type of variable is labeled a(n) A.moderator variable. B.independent variable. C.dependent variable. D.indirect variable.

moderator variable.

Anxiety disorders are _____ than any other form of mental disorder. A.more likely to require hospitalization B.more common C.less common D.less understood

more common

Family and genetic studies tell us that compared with relatives of people without an anxiety disorder, relatives of someone diagnosed with an anxiety disorder are A.more likely to also have the disorder. B.less susceptible to the disorder. C.less likely to have the disorder. D.not at higher risk for the disorder.

more likely to also have the disorder.

From 1952 to the present, the number of diagnostic categories in DSM has approximately A.more than doubled. B.remained the same. C.reduced by half. D.more than tripled.

more than doubled.

The diathesis-stress model is one way to explain _____ influences on abnormal behavior. A.singular B.developmental C.role-prescribed D.multiple

multiple

This qualification is needed in order to become a psychiatrist. A.must complete graduate school and a two year internship B.must complete graduate school and two internships in psychopharmacology C.must conduct original research with a university D.must complete medical school and residency training that is focused on abnormal behavior

must complete medical school and residency training that is focused on abnormal behavior

Functional brain images have been used to examine the _______ related to mental disorders. A.social factors B.emotional elements C.neurological underpinnings D.physical disabilities

neurological underpinnings

The _____ is the basic building block of the brain. A.synapse B.axon C.neuron D.neurotransmitter

neuron

A placebo control group is one in which A.no active treatment is given. B.blindedness is of no concern. C.participants do not really have the disorder under study. D.assessment is not provided.

no active treatment is given.

A major limitation of the current DSM approach is that A.not all persons with the exact same diagnosis experience the exact same symptoms. B.all people do not accept the underlying etiology of their disorders. C.not all persons experience the exact same symptoms at the exact same age. D.all people do not meet any symptoms outlined for a disorder.

not all persons with the exact same diagnosis experience the exact same symptoms.

Gerry is a night watchman who has worked at the same company for 25 years. He is described as very shy and withdrawn around others. While this behavior is not problematic at work, his relatives find him "weird" and tend to shun him at family gatherings. Despite encouragement by his immediate family to mingle, Gerry hardly speaks to others at these events. According to the "goodness-of-fit" concept, Gerry's behavior would A.only be viewed as a problem if it caused difficulty for his immediate family. B.not be viewed as a problem at all. C.not be viewed as a problem at family gatherings. D.not be viewed as a problem at work but would be viewed as a problem at family gatherings.

not be viewed as a problem at work but would be viewed as a problem at family gatherings.

Biological treatments for GAD

o Sedative-hypnotic drugs: help calm people with anxiety o Relaxation Therapy: teach clients how to relax when faced with stressful situations o Biofeedback: client given info about physiological reactions as they occur and learns to control he reactions voluntarily (via EMG) learn voluntary muscle tension reduction

A community screening for depression might identify A.people at risk for depression if they are not treated. B.the number of people likely to recover without any psychological treatment. C.the people in a cohort who might benefit from a particular type of therapy. D.what a specific cohort's cut-off score should be, considering all risk factors.

people at risk for depression if they are not treated.

Culture-bound syndromes are best described as groups of symptoms that A.start in one culture and spread to others. B.occur universally across cultures. C.occur uniquely in certain ethnic or racial groups. D.are omitted from the DSM because they are culturally biased.

occur uniquely in certain ethnic or racial groups.

One Minnesota study highlighting the importance of genetic factors was conducted A.on DZ twins reared apart. B.on DZ twins reared together. C.on MZ twins reared together. D.on MZ twins reared apart.

on MZ twins reared apart.

A researcher trains a rat to press a bar in order to receive food. What type of conditioning is this? A.negative B.positive C.classical D.operant

operant

Both structured and unstructured clinical interviews are used for screening, diagnosis, treatment planning, and A.outcome evaluation. B.field testing. C.reliability monitoring. D.establishing construct validity.

outcome evaluation.

Sonia had an unusual experience this morning. As she walked into her class, she suddenly felt sheer terror. Her heart raced and she had difficulty breathing. During the attack, her thoughts swirled and she thought she might be losing control over herself. Sonia's experience is best described as a A.stress-related episode. B.gender-specific stress incident. C.panic attack. D.school-related phobia.

panic attack.

Women are about twice as likely as men to experience _______. A.substance dependence and eating disorders B.obsessive compulsive disorder C.panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder D.hallucinations

panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder

Biological challenge test for panic disorder -cognitive approach

panic sensations -Induce physical sensations, which cause feelings of panic: Jump up and down && Run up a flight of steps -Practice coping strategies and making more accurate interpretations

Blood-injury-illness phobias are different from other phobias in a unique way involving vasovagal syncope. This condition involves A.elevated blood pressure. B.sympathetic system response. C.overuse of emergency room facilities. D.parasympathetic system activation.

parasympathetic system activation.

Metacognitive theory of GAD (cognitive)

people with GAD have both positive and negative beliefs about worrying Positive: worrying useful way of appeasing and coping with threats in life Negative: society teaches them that worrying is bad so they come to believe their repeated worrying is harmful and uncontrollable! METAWORRIES: worry about the fact that they are worrying!! *Research has supported this theory

Patients who take benzodiazepines for anxiety disorders for extended periods of time may risk A.severe disruptions in sleep. B.physical and psychological dependency. C.excessive weight gain. D.depressive episodes.

physical and psychological dependency.

The _______ group of clinical participants is intentionally given treatments with no active ingredients. A.blind B.evidential C.placebo control D.experimental

placebo control

Darien is 3 years old. He slips off a step, falls, and bruises his knee. Upon picking the crying toddler up, Darien's mother kisses his knee and gives him an M&M. Magically, Darien's pain disappears. This phenomenon would be known as the _____________ in psychology. A.talking cure B.Positive effect C.classical conditioning effect D.placebo effect

placebo effect

Seven weeks after returning from the war in Iraq, Bob is experiencing intense negative emotions and has flashbacks of combat. What do these symptoms suggest? A.acute stress disorder B.somatoform disorder C.dissociative symptoms D.posttraumatic stress disorder

posttraumatic stress disorder

Generalized anxiety probably evolved as a way to _____. A.deal with sudden personal loss B.bond with others when facing hopelessness and despair C.prepare for threats that could not be identified clearly D.provide a way to avoid dealing with certain types of imminent anger

prepare for threats that could not be identified clearly

Neuropsychological Battery tests are used by clinicians to evaluate the A.level of brain dysfunction due to substance abuse. B.symptoms of a severe personality disorder. C.presence of brain damage. D.client's emotional intelligence level along neuropsychological dimensions.

presence of brain damage.

Psychologists using psychological challenge studies examine brain functioning through PET scans of people affected by a disorder and of those not affected by it. For obsessive-compulsive disorder studies, this technique would A.question participants in order to activate certain portions of the brain. B.engage participants in storytelling in order to identify underactivated brain areas. C.present subjects with contaminated objects and note differences in brain activity. D.measure differences in response times for object recognition.

present subjects with contaminated objects and note differences in brain activity.

The statistical significance of a research finding refers to the A.judgment of a clinician that the results are important. B.probability that findings did not occur by chance. C.relevance of clinical results. D.degree to which the treatment group reports symptom reduction.

probability that findings did not occur by chance.

In psychoanalytic theory, what is the analyst's primary tool for facilitating insight? A.helping the patients change their thinking B.suggesting drug alternatives C.providing unconditional positive regard D.providing interpretation of the patient's account of their life, including hidden meanings

providing interpretation of the patient's account of their life, including hidden meanings

Dr. Clark works in a hospital where she studies and treats mental disorders. Earlier she had a patient with major depression and she prescribed an antidepressant for him. Identify Dr. Clark's profession. A.clinical psychologist B.social worker C.psychiatrist D.mental health counselor

psychiatrist

Both PET scans and MRIs are neuroimaging techniques that allow us to understand brain structures. While the PET scan relies on __________, the MRI uses _______ to produce images of the brain. A.X-rays, radioactive positrons B.radiofrequency waves; radioactive dye and x-rays C.radioactive positrons; magnetic fields D.radioactive dye; x-rays

radioactive positrons; magnetic fields

GABA

receptors receive this neurotransmitter to stop firing and stop anxiety Benzodiazpine helps GABA bind to these receptors!

Biofeedback training often combines monitoring of physiological responses with A.medication. B.self-reports of anxiety levels. C.in vivo exposure. D.relaxation training.

relaxation training.

Randomized controlled designs depend on two conditions in assessment instruments. What are they? A.standardization, efficacy B.efficacy, reliability C.reliability, validity D.validity, efficacy

reliability, validity

Compulsions can best be defined as _______. A.irrational fears of situations B.emotional states derived from environmental threats C.unwanted intrusive thoughts or images D.repetitive behaviors that reduce anxiety

repetitive behaviors that reduce anxiety

What is the most effective therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder? A.Systematic desensitization B.systematic dysregulation C.response prevention combined with exposure D.Flooding

response prevention combined with exposure

In behavioral terms, the goal of psychotherapy in treating an anxiety disorder is to A.identify the cause rooted in early childhood. B.reverse the pattern of negative reinforcement. C.reverse the pattern of the client's dependency on avoidance behaviors. D.identify the pattern of bad relationships

reverse the pattern of negative reinforcement.

Doyle has a genetic history of heart disease in his family (diathesis). He has worked in a physically demanding field for 35 years (stress). He has also smoked cigarettes for 35 years. According to the diathesis-stress model, smoking cigarettes is a(n) _____ related to the development of heart disease. A.genetic factor B.predisposition C.risk factor D.pathway

risk factor

What are the common side effects of benzodiazepines? A.sedation with mild psychomotor and cognitive impairments B.mania, dry mouth, and overstimulation C.food cravings, weight gain, and high blood pressure D.hyperactivity, insomnia, and overstimulation

sedation with mild psychomotor and cognitive impairments

Rachael is asked to record her cigarette cravings as they occur each day over the course of a week. She writes down how often she feels the urge to smoke, how long the cravings last, and her behavior and thoughts about each episode. Within a behavioral paradigm, this activity recording would be known as A.functional monitoring. B.behavioral analysis. C.antecedent analysis. D.self-monitoring.

self-monitoring.

A screening device is able to indicate a problem when it is present and accurately indicate the absence of a problem when none exists. In psychological terms, this would constitute A.screening specificity. B.differential diagnosis. C.sensitivity and specificity. D.screening sensitivity.

sensitivity and specificity.

Research indicates that the generalized subtype of social anxiety disorder is associated with a childhood history of A.neglect. B.abuse. C.panic attacks. D.shyness.

shyness.

Teddy suffers from agoraphobia. His therapist has urged him to join a therapy group which takes controlled, periodic outings to shopping malls, grocery stores and theaters. The group has had great success in making its members feel more comfortable in crowded situations. The therapist is recommending a form of therapy known as _______. A.aversion therapy B.interoceptive exposure C.situational exposure D.flooding

situational exposure

What are the two components of relaxation training? A.slow breathing; alternating muscle relaxation and tension B.desensitization; flooding C.accelerated breathing; cognitive behavior techniques D.slow breathing patterns; response prevention

slow breathing; alternating muscle relaxation and tension

Obsessions are distinguished from worry in that obsessions most often are about _____. A.everyday things and common concerns B.fear of the future C.attempts to reduce depression D.socially unacceptable themes

socially unacceptable themes

While psychoanalytic and humanistic models assume that abnormality lies within the individual, ________ models assume that abnormal behavior must be understood in a larger context outside of the individual. A.socioenvironmental B.sociocultural C.sociopathic D.phenomenological

sociocultural

In operant conditioning, a reinforcer serves to _______ a behavior it follows. A.strengthen B.weaken C.diminish D.extinguish

strengthen

Cognitive symptoms that accompany anxiety are also referred to as A.compulsions. B.subjective distress. C.delusions. D.flight reactions.

subjective distress.

Carl Rogers proposed that phenomenology is critical in understanding an individual. Phenomenology means the A.difference between what one perceives and what one ought to do. B.degree to which objective reality and subjective reality are a fit. C.objective world of reality. D.subjective world of the individual.

subjective world of the individual.

All of the following are techniques Freud used for treatment EXCEPT A.hypnosis. B.dream analysis. C.sublimation. D.free association.

sublimation.

Which of the following is the most common cause of PTSD? A.sudden and unexpected death of a loved one B.sexual or physical abuse C.military participation in combat D.weather emergency or natural disaster

sudden and unexpected death of a loved one

humanistic theory (GAD)

sufferers fail to receive unconditional positive regard & have conditions of worth -Client centered therapy -Not much support for this approach, only sometimes superior to placebo

"Hysterical" and psychogenic approach

suffering from bodily problems with no physical basis. His patients' disorders are termed

After being startled by a balloon that popped, you once again calm down. Which nervous systems, in order, are involved in this example? A.autonomic; parasympathetic B.sympathetic; parasympathetic C.parasympathetic; sympathetic D.peripheral; autonomic

sympathetic; parasympathetic

A syndrome is defined as a group of _____. A.symptoms that identify a particular disorder B.random symptoms that do not lead to any particular diagnosis C.symptoms that rule out a mental disorder D.generalized symptoms that can represent many disorders

symptoms that identify a particular disorder

Dr. Barstow is treating a young man who is afraid of dogs. One method he uses is progressive muscle relaxation using vivid imagery. Once the patient is relaxed, Dr. Barstow introduces the patient to a picture of a dog with instructions to "Breathe deeply and remain calm and relaxed." Which learning principle is being employed in this example? A.Negative reinforcement B.Mindfulness C.systematic desensitization D.shaping

systematic desensitization

Javier has been diagnosed with agoraphobia. He is seeing a cognitive behavior therapist that uses muscle relaxation, a ranking process for his fears, and a learning process to decrease his phobia. What cognitive behavior technique is the therapist using? A.contingency management B.aversion therapy C.social skills training D.systematic desensitization

systematic desensitization

The intelligence quotient or IQ was originally determined by A.using the mental age as a gauge of natural intelligence. B.dividing a child's chronological age by his mental age. C.taking the child's mental age and dividing it by his chronological age. D.comparing a child's score with those obtained by peers.

taking the child's mental age and dividing it by his chronological age.

Select the following domain that IS NOT assessed through the use of neuropsychological tests. A.language B.motor skills C.learning abilities D.temperament

temperament

Paulo reassessed his patient three times within a two-week period in order to confirm his diagnosis. What assessment procedure is demonstrated here? A.split-half reliability B.test-retest reliability C.etiological validity D.interrator reliability

test-retest reliability

What brain structures are involved in the processing of conditioned fear? A.thalamus, parietal lobe, amygdala B.cerebral fluid, thalamus, hypothalamus C.amygdala, pituitary gland, visual cortex D.thalamus, amygdala, hypothalamus

thalamus, amygdala, hypothalamus

In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, classical conditioning was demonstrated when A.the CS elicited the CR. B.the UCS elicited the CR. C.the UCS elicited the UCR. D.the CS was paired with the UCS.

the CS elicited the CR.

Biological scarring, as seen in some disorders such as PTSD, demonstrates that A.the brain is capable of healing itself after a trauma. B.genetics plays a vital role in vulnerability to a disorder. C.brain plasticity is not possible after trauma. D.the brain may change as a result of the disorder.

the brain may change as a result of the disorder.

The Reliable Change Index (RCI) is a measure of A.the change in a patient's condition from the beginning to the end of therapy. B.the degree of change a therapist might expect based on no treatment. C.the predicted change in a patient's behavior compared with that of similar patients. D.the degree of change in a patient's condition estimated to be attributable to non-therapeutic factors

the change in a patient's condition from the beginning to the end of therapy.

On psychological tests, the standard deviation gives an indication of A.the number of points required for a person's score to fall within the "normal" range. B.the distance between an obtained score and the average score of the normative group. C.the number of standard points required for a person's score to demonstrate improvement. D.the distance between the scores of a referent group and the scores of a normative group.

the distance between an obtained score and the average score of the normative group.

In using the same test more than once during the course of therapy, the psychologist is most likely trying to gauge the course of symptoms over time or A.the acceptability of the treatment recommendations. B.the effect of treatment. C.the baseline frequency of symptoms. D.the validity of the diagnosis.

the effect of treatment.

A major drawback of the ABAB reversal design lies in A.the length of time it takes to complete all of the treatment conditions. B.its limited use with adults and developmentally disabled persons. C.the fact that there are limits to generalizability of results to other cases. D.the problem of determining accurate baselines for behaviors targeted for treatment.

the fact that there are limits to generalizability of results to other cases.

In the clinical assessment process, referral questions aid in the determination of A.an appropriate placement for the patient upon discharge. B.the goals of assessment and the psychological tests or measurements to be administered. C.the best way to psychologically triage the individual for further testing. D.how long the therapeutic process will take.

the goals of assessment and the psychological tests or measurements to be administered.

The key elements of systematic desensitization include progressive muscle relaxation, constructing a hierarchy of fears and _______. A.the learning process B.the Freudian process C.the Oedipal process D.the aversion process

the learning process

A psychologist is interested in finding the lifetime prevalence rate for substance abuse in the U.S. His main interest is in learning A.if the rate of substance abuse is higher in adolescence than adulthood. B.the number of people who currently report substance abuse problems. C.the number of people who report substance abuse problems at any point in their lives. D.whether the number of people who report developing substance abuse problems has increased within the last year.

the number of people who report substance abuse problems at any point in their lives.

The most serious adverse effect of benzodiazepines is _______. A.the potential for addiction B.tardive dyskinesia C.sudden weight gain D.severe insomnia

the potential for addiction

Humanistic therapy is similar to cognitive behavioral therapy because it primarily focuses on ________. A.transference B.unconscious processes C.the present D.the past

the present

What does a correlational study assess? A.the pattern of behavior that precedes the onset of a disorder B.the relation between two factors C.biological structures D.causality among multiple factors

the relation between two factors

What is the most important factor in humanistic therapy techniques? A.the ability of the client to uncover family secrets and blocked emotions B.the ability of the client to categorize his or her true feelings C.the frequency and duration of therapy sessions D.the relationship between the client and the therapist

the relationship between the client and the therapist

According to Freud's theory, the id is A.located at the conscious level of awareness. B.the source of basic drives and of psychic energy. C.capable of delaying gratification through its conscience. D.controlled by the superego but not by the ego.

the source of basic drives and of psychic energy.

Although Dr. Johnson has been trained in Exner's comprehensive system for scoring and interpreting the Rorschach Inkblot Test, he does not use the test as part of his clinical test battery. Having reviewed the literature, Dr. Johnson found that A.the test has significant test reliability and validity but the normative data are outdated. B.the projective nature of the test makes it useful for screening severe pathology, but it results in false negatives when used with normal individuals. C.the test has questionable test reliability, its normative data are outdated, and it has limited validity. D.the test has appropriate validity properties, but its projective nature limits its use for scientist-practitioners.

the test has questionable test reliability, its normative data are outdated, and it has limited validity.

In nonwestern societies, people tend to be more concerned with how anxiety affects _____. A.their social life and their work life B.the business climate C.their work life D.their families and their religious experiences

their families and their religious experiences

Patients who have the most severe problems are often comorbid, meaning _____. A.they have a mental disorder that cannot be cured B.they are near death C. they are experiencing more than one condition D.they exhibit low levels of social and functional impairment

they are experiencing more than one condition

A primary reason why patients do not take their medications is because _______. A.they often come with unpleasant side effects B.They don't have the time C.they may exacerbate symptoms D.they often lack symptom alleviation

they often come with unpleasant side effects

Why do clinicians use unstructured interviews? A.to determine interrater reliability and judge the patient's character B.to help people clarify their subjective feelings and to provide general empathic support C.to help prepare people for job interviews D.to introduce themselves to the patient and begin the psychotherapy process

to help people clarify their subjective feelings and to provide general empathic support

In an experiment involving a specific form of therapy, the independent variable is the A.outcome of the intervention. B.variable not manipulated by the experimenter. C.treatment administered. D.variable that serves as a moderator.

treatment administered.

Cognitive behavior therapy is based on changing a client's behavior rather than _______. A.understanding why the behavior is happening B.punishing bad behavior C.encouraging desired behavior D.trying to understand the dynamics of their personalities

trying to understand the dynamics of their personalities

Carl Rogers felt that therapists should demonstrate _______, which involves valuing clients for who they are and not judging them. A.unconditional positive regard B.therapeutic insight C.emotional distancing D.self-disclosure

unconditional positive regard

What did the psychodynamic paradigm identify as the cause of abnormal behavior? A.the pleasure principle B.the id, superego, and ego C.unconscious mental conflicts D.hysteria

unconscious mental conflicts

eccentricity

unusual pattern with which others have no right to interfere. Variation btw human beings IE: someone who wants to live with 12 cats