Abnormal Psychology sleep disorders
How hypersomnolence and narcolepsy are treated
Stimulants, such as methylphenidate or modafinil
Things nightmares are associated with
genetics, trauma, medication usage, and some psychological disorders
Schizophrenia's relation to sleep problems
hypersomnia as a result of antipsychotic medication
Depression's relation to sleep problems
insomnia/hypersomnia
Phase delays
moving bedtime later. People can best readjust their sleep patterns by going to bed several hours later each night until bedtime is at the desired hour
Gender differences regarding insomnia
Women report insomnia twice as often as men, women often report problems initiating sleep and are more affected by poor sleep than men are
Relaxation therapy
reduces the physical tension that seems to prevent some people from falling asleep at night
Psychological treatments
relaxation treatments and stimulus control
Non-24-hour sleep-wake type
sleeping on a 25 or 26 hour cycle with later and later bedtimes ultimately going throughout the day
Actigraph
Small electronic device that is worn on the wrist like a watch and records body movements. This device can be used to record sleep-wake cycles
Advanced sleep phase type
"early to bed, early to rise"
Statistics among young children regarding insomnia (%)
20% to 40%
USA average adult hours of sleep per night
6.9
Recommended sleep per night
7 to 9
Sleep paralysis
A brief period after awakening when they can't move or speak that is often frightening to those who go through it
Sleep-related hypoventilation
A decrease in airflow without a complete pause in breathing. Tends to cause an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, because insufficent air is exchanged with the environment
Fatal Familial Insomnia
A degenerative brain disorder where total lack of sleep leads to death
Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder
A discrepancy between the sleep-wake schedule required by a person to be rested and the requirements of the person's environment that leads to excessive sleepiness or insomnia
Sleep Apnea
A disorder that involves obstructed nighttime breathing
Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders
A variety of breathing disorders that occur during sleep and that lead to excessive sleepiness or insomnia
Parasomnias
Abnormal behaviors such as nightmares or sleepwalking that occur during sleep
Hypersomnia
Abnormally excessive sleep. A person with this condition will fall asleep several times a day
The amount of people in the USA with sleep problems
About 70 million
Sleep terrors
Abrupt awakening from sleep that begins with a panicky scream
Sexsomnia
Acting out sexual behaviors (such as masturbation and sexual intercourse) with no memory of the event
General statistics about insomnia disorders
Almost 1/3 of the population report some symptoms, 35% of older adults report excessive daytime sleepiness, and older black men report the most problems, reported more from women than in men
How is cataplexy treated?
Antidepressants because they suppress REM sleep
Polysomnographic (PSG) evaluation
Assessment of sleep disorders in which a client sleeping in the lab is monitored for heart, muscle, respiration, brain wave, and other functions
Neurological and Biological underpinnings of Narcolepsy
Associated with a cluster of genes on chromosome 6, may be an autosomal recessive trait. It appears that there is a significant loss of nerve cells called hypocretin neurons
Assumptions of the integrative view of sleep disorders
At some level both biological and psychological factors are present in most cases, that these multiple factors are reciprocally related
Several drawbacks to medical treatments for insomnia
Benzodiazepine medication can cause excessive sleepiness and people can become dependent on them. They can increase the likelihood of sleep-walking related problems
Cataplexy
Brief loss of muscle tone
Conditions/behaviors associated with Central Sleep Apnea
Certain central nervous system disorders, cerebral vascular disease, head trauma, and degenerative disorders
Insomnia Disorder
Condition in which insufficient sleep interferes with normal functioning
Stage 3 sleep and stage 4 (now combined)
Deep sleep stage
Several circadian rhythm sleep disorders
Delayed sleep phase type, advanced sleep phase type, irregular sleep-wake type, and non-24 hour sleep wake type
Mental disorders associated with sleep problems
Depression, mania, schizophrenia
Common disorders that co-occur alongside insomnia
Depression, substance use, neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder
Episodes of arousal during REM sleep that result in behaviors that can cause harm to the individual or others
Sleep attacks
Episodes of falling asleep during the day
Narcolepsy
Episodes of irresistible attacks of refreshing sleep occurring daily, accompanied by episodes of brief loss of muscle tone
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
Excessive Jerky Leg Movements
Hypersomnolence Disorders
Excessive sleepiness that is displayed as either sleeping longer than is typical or frequent falling asleep during the day
Predisposing Conditions (sleep disorders)
Factors that influence eventual sleep problems. For example, being a light sleeper or having a family history of sleep disorders
Nightmare Disorder
Frequently being awkward by extended and extremely frightening dreams that cause significant distress and impaired functioning
nightmares
Frightening and anxiety-provoking dreams occurring during REM sleep
Stage 1 sleep
Getting drowsy stage, easily alerted but getting sleepy
Sleep patterns in children in Italy
Have shorter nightly sleep duration, going to bed later and waking up earlier, than children in the USA
Rebound insomnia
In a person with insomnia, the worsened sleep problems that can occur when medications are used to treat insomnia and then withdrawn
Sleep stress
Includes a number of events that can negatively affect sleep
Confusional arousals
Incomplete awakening
Central Sleep Apnea
Involves the complete cessation of respiratory activity for brief periods. Individuals tend to wake up frequently during the night but are not as sleepy during the day
Restless Legs Syndrome
Irresistible urges to move the legs as a result of unpleasant sensations
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep
Periodic intervals of sleep during which the eyes move rapidly from side to side, and dreams occur, but the body is inactive
Environmental treatments of sleep disorders
Phase delays and phototherapy
Conditions/behaviors associated with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypophea Syndrome
Snoring, obesity, and old age
Stage 2 sleep
Light sleep stage
Biological clock
Located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (located in the hypothalmus) and is the mechanism that keeps us in sync with the outside world
Sleep patterns in children in Bali
May participate in occasional spiritual observances throughout the night and sleep on and off
Electroenecephalogram
Measures brain wave activity
Electrooculugram
Measures eye movements
Electrocardiogram
Measures heart activity
Electromyogram
Measures muscle movements
The most common treatments for insomnia
Medical
Infections related to hyperinsomnia
Mononucleosis, hepatitis, and viral pneumonia
Disorder of Arousal
Motor movements and behaviors that occur during NREM sleep including confusional arousals, sleep walking, or sleep terrors
Sleep patterns in children in the USA
Nonwhite kids will often go to bed later, get up later, and sleep less than white kids do
Limitations of Polysomnographic (PSG) evaluation of sleep
Not economic and not a naturalistic measure of sleep
The three types of apnea
Obstructive, central, and mixed sleep apnea
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypophea Syndrome
Occurs when airflow stops despite continued activity by the respiratory system
Irregular sleep-wake type
People who experience highly varied sleep cycles
The relation between body temperatures and insomnia
People with insomnia may have a delayed temperature rhythm
Sleep efficiency (SE)
Percentage of time actually spent sleeping of the total time spent in bed
Sleep hygiene
Preventative steps during the day to help the cessation of insomnia
Dyssomnias
Problems in getting to sleep or in obtaining sufficient quality of sleep
Stage 5 sleep
REM sleep takes place, dreaming
Prevalence of Narcolepsy
Relatively rare, occuring in .03% to .16% of the population and are approximately equal among males and females
Sleep disturbances more common in childhood
Sleep terrors and sleep walking
Substance-induced sleep disorder
Severe sleep disturbance that is the result of substance intoxication or withdrawal
Microsleeps
Short, seconds-long periods of sleep that occur in people who have been deprived of sleep
One of several benzodiazepine or related medications
Short-acting drugs such as triazolam (Halcion), Zaleplon (Sonata), and Zolpidem (Ambien), and long-acting drugs such as flurzaepam (Dalmane)
Breathing-related sleep disorders
Sleep disruption leading to excessive sleepiness or insomnia, caused by a breathing problem such as interrupted (sleep apnea) or labored (hypoventilation) breathing
Circadian rhythm sleep disorders
Sleep disturbances resulting in sleepiness or insomnia, caused by the body's inability to synchronize its sleep patterns with the current pattern of day and night
Delayed sleep phase type
Sleep is delayed or later than normal bedtime
Sleep patterns in children in Japan
Sleep less, sometimes napping after dinner but waking up to study late into the night
Sleep patterns in children in the Netherlands
Sleep longer, going to bed earlier
Two characteristics of narcolepsy that distinguishes it from other sleep disorders
Sleep paralysis and hypnogogic hallucinations
Sleep patterns in children in China
Sleep patterns change seasonally, presumably to coincide with family work patterns
Shift work sleep problems
Sleep problems are associated with work schedules and may have problems sleeping or experience excessive sleepiness during waking hours
Jet Lags sleep problems
Sleep problems that are caused by rapidly crossing multiple time zones
Polysomnographic (PSG) evaluation of sleep
The golden standard of studying sleep, measures of brain waves, eye movements, muscle movements, heartbeat, nosal and oral air flow, and behavioral observation as long as gathering a detailed sleep history form patient
Treatment of breathing-related sleep disorders
They focus on helping the person breathe better during sleep. For some, this means recommending weight loss. Others use a CPAP machine and research is going into the musical instrument didgeridoo
Phototherapy
Using bright light to track the brain into readjusting the biological clock
Hypnagogic Hallucination
Vivid and often terrifying experiences that begin at the start of sleep and are said to be unbelievable realistic because they include not only visual aspects but also touch, hearing, and even the sensation of body movement
Hypoventilation
When breathing is constricted a great deal and is labored during sleep
Nocturnal eating syndrome
When individuals rise from their beds and eat while they are still asleep
Isolated Sleep paralysis
When sleep paralysis occurs in someone who does not have Narcolepsy
Hormone melatonin
contributes to the setting of our biological clocks that tell us when to sleep
Mani's relation to sleep problems
decreased need for sleep
What is the stages of sleep (broadly)
distinguished by their electroenecephalography and each stage serves its own physiological function. Stages 1-5.
