acbs

Savanna Hypothesis

Preference for particular landscapes or habitats that offered key resources.

Wolf Adoption Hypothesis

Proposed idea that our hunter-gatherer ancestors kidnapped wolf puppies by taking them directly from a wolf den, and then hand-reared them.

Camp Scavenging Hypothesis

Proposed idea that self-domestication or natural selection over generations favored wolves who were neither aggressive nor fearful toward humans, enabling them to survive by scavenging from permanent camp trash sites.

Darwinian Perspective

The conceptualization of humans and animals as related to each other through common ancestry so our differences lie on a continuum rather than sharp categories.

Eye coloration

The contrasting iris and pupil of most social canid species enables them to extract information from the eyes.

Categorical Perception

The human brain's intrinsic tendency to impose categories on the world

Cute Response

The unconscious response to neotenous features. Domesticated dogs have such features including floppy ears and shortened muzzle.

Out of Africa

There were 2 waves of expansion from Africa to Eurasia and beyond. The first was a Homo species that evolved into Neanderthal. The second was fully modern Homo sapiens that expanded worldwide.

sentience or consciousness

To be aware of, or to feel, something; often used as a criterion for inclusion in a Moral Community

Why did the Silver Foxes bred for domestication develop unintended characteristics like floppy ears and white patchy fur? Question options: a) Temperament, behavior, and appearance are all genetically linked - selecting for genes that promote a friendly temperament caused the genes controlling floppy ears and curly tails to also become more strongly expressed b) By not being selected against (as they would have been in nature), these traits began to emerge more and more with each generation AND Temperament, behavior, and appearance are all genetically linked - selecting for genes that promote a friendly temperament caused the genes controlling floppy ears and curly tails to also become more strongly expressed c) By not being selected against (as they would have been in nature), these traits began to emerge more and more with each generation d) These traits were specifically selected for by the breeders e) The foxes learned they would receive more attention from the humans if the looked "cute"

b

Why do some scientists question whether cats should be considered as fully domesticated? Question options: a) People used to believe that cats are the devil incarnate b) The genome of domesticated cats is not very different from the wild cat (only few genetic changes) c) Cats can't be easily trained d) People don't breed cats for specific traits

b

A possible origin for the pork eating taboo in Jewish and Muslim traditions comes from ancient Egyptian mythology. Question options: a) True b) False

a

According to the video/documentary of Mongolian history "Barbarians: Genghis Khan", in the 1200's AD (~800 BP) Genghis Khan controlled the largest contiguous land empire in the history of the world. Question options: a) True b) False

a

As an example of a close relationship between sheep and sheep-owner, the 2001 epidemic of Foot & Mouth disease led to a large increase in sheep-owner suicide. Question options: a) True b) False

a

As described in the reading, what was significant about the "Do dogs steal in the dark?" experiments? Question options: a) They suggest that dogs have a 'Theory of Mind' about what the owner can see. b) They illustrate that food reward is most important to dogs. c) They demonstrated the keen eyesight of dogs in low light. d) They show that dogs have been bred to be obedient to humans.

a

Brain imaging studies have demonstrated that the same areas of the brain, such as the amygdala, are activated when women look at their own children and pet dogs. Question options: a. True b. False

a

Compared to earlier domesticated animals, such as cattle or goats, horses are better adapted to the harsh steppe environment because they have the ability to find forage and water under snow and ice. a) True b) False

a

Contrary to Peter Singer's position, Tom Regan argues that it is morally wrong to sacrifice the life of any human or other animal for a greater good. Question options: a) True b) False

a

Horses originally evolved Question options: a)in North America but then migrated to Eurasia b)on the steppes of Eurasia c)in Eurasia but then migrated to North America d)in North America but then migrated to South America

a

Horses were hunted by Ice-Age hunters of Asian origin that ultimately contributed to the extinction of horses in North America. Question options: a) True b) False

a

If an animal has the same neuroanatomical structures for emotions, such as the limbic system which controls emotions in humans, then the animal may also experience emotions or have "sentience". a. true b. false

a

People of different cultures put non-human animals into different categories or groupings. These categories primarily reflect Question options: a) how the animal(s) are used b) cultural opinion on how smart an animal is c) the zoological (scientific) classification system d) how similar they look to humans

a

Reasons for domestication of the horse include their use for Question options: a) all choices are correct b) transport/packing c) meat d) milk

a

Regarding the significance of eye coloration in canids and humans, which of these statements is NOT true: Question options: a) The eye coloration pattern in solitary or pair living species promotes gazing at each other. b) The eye coloration pattern is similar in cooperative hunters. c) The eye coloration pattern provides cues as to the direction of gaze. d) The eye coloration pattern in social canids is similar to that seen in humans.

a

Selective breeding for large, muscular (white meat) "super size" chickens Question options: a) produced several unintended consequences, such as "flip-over" disease b) also produced roosters, who because of their muscular physique were especially attractive to hens c) began in the 1800s with growing demand for chicken meat d) was a breeding program begun by the fast-food chain restaurant McDonalds

a

The "war standard" or war mosaic of the ancient city of Ur (4500 BP) shows humans in early 'chariots' being pulled by donkeys. Question options: a) True b) False

a

The Human "Cute Response" likely stems from humans' attraction to Question options: a) Infantile features of babies b) Small heads c) Symmetrical body shapes d) Disney characters, such as Bambi

a

The consolidation of the meat industry in the US involved Question options: a) "vertical integration" , allowing large companies to control all aspects of production b) the cattle industry primarily c) creation of corporate monopolies only in the poultry industry d) all choices are correct

a

The domestication of the horse fundamentally transformed the lives of the early Kurgan nomadic herders of the steppe because Question options: a) they could harness swift horses to spoked wheel chariots, enabling them to penetrate deep into farmlands at the edge of the steppe b) they could have reliable food (meat, milk) for the first time c) it enabled them to create larger settlements d) they could use horses for plowing large agricultural fields

a

The evolutionary ancestor of all modern placental mammals, including the group from which the horse evolved, Question options: a)Was a small-bodied animal that looked a modern shrew b)Was a large-bodied animal that ate leaves c)Resembled a modern dog in its appearance and behavior d)Most resembled a modern rhinoceros

a

The human mental capacity of "mind-reading" (known as "Theory of Mind") would have helped our ancestors Question options: a. all choices are correct b. imagine, anticipate, and plan for future events c. anticipate the movements and habits of prey animals d. take the mental perspective of animals they hunted

a

The toxoplasma parasite may cause cat urine to be perceived as an attractant by people and rodents. Question options: a) True b) False

a

There are 3 foci or themes that will appear throughout this course. Select one that will NOT be covered in this course. Question options: a) Appropriate methods for training your dog and cat. b) The close relationship humans have to particular species of animals. c) The ethical implications of animal use. d) The causes and consequences of animal domestication.

a

Archeological evidence documenting the pathway of horse domestication consists of (check all that apply) a. human foot bones in stirrups b. bit wear on teeth c. corrals with horse dung d. reins found around horses' necks

b and c

archeological evidence documenting the pathway of horse domestication consists of a. human foot bones in stirrups b. bit wear on teeth c. corrals with horse dung d. reins found around horses' necks

b and c

Evidence for the "savanna hypothesis" includes (select all that apply): Question options: a) People who grow up in a savanna setting have no preference for a particular habitat b) Grassland deer mice prefer grassland over forest habitat, even if reared in the laboratory c) Nigerian children who grew up in rainforest settings, still preferred savanna landscapes d) US East Coast children under 12 prefer savanna settings over familiar natural settings, though they have not experienced a savanna

b, c, and d

Which animal followed the commensal pathway to domestication, likely with Horticulturalists in the Neolithic? (select all that apply) Question options: a) Dog b) Chicken c) Pig d) Cat

b, c, and d

Under the "Camp Dog" hypothesis, what is proposed as the steps toward dog domestication? Question options: a) Wolves became "self-domesticated" for low fear and aggression, and later were domesticated once humans were in permanent settlements. b) Wolves became "self-domesticated" for larger body size to help with cooperative hunting with humans. c) Wolves protected Paleolithic hunter-gatherer camps, and were selectively bred for this trait by these hunter-gatherers. d) Wolf pups were captured and trained, then selectively bred.

a

What category of animals was second to be domesticated (after the dog)? Question options: a) Food Animals b) Companion Animals c) Labor Animals d) Guard Animals

a

What kind of brain studies support the idea that dogs have emotional bonds to humans? Question options: a) Brain imaging studies show that the same areas are active in dogs and humans when they hear positive vocalizations. b) Dogs had increased brain activity following exposure to all human scents. c) Experimental removal of certain brain areas in dogs interfered with their attachment to their owners. d) All choices are correct

a

What led to the increased demand for beef and mutton in London? Question options: a) Urbanization b) Poverty c) Avian flu affecting poultry supply d) No choice is correct

a

Who developed the idea of Evolution by Natural Selection? Question options: a) Darwin and Wallace b) Darwin and Malthus c) Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin d) Wallace and Malthus

a

the early hittite empire had an advantage in war over the Egyptians because the Hittites a. had more effective three-person horse-drawn chariots b. fought on horse back c. always outnumbered the Egyptians on the battlefield d. had better navigational techniques

a

In general, Artiodactyla is an Order of mammal ... (select all that are correct) Question options: a. that includes camels b. that includes goats & sheep c. who bear weight on the 3rd or middle digit d. that includes horses and donkeys e. who bear weight between the 3rd and 4th digit e. that are even-toed f. that includes pigs g. that are odd-toed

a (and another)

Many contemporary welfare and ethical issues about animals involve consideration of a. an animal's capacity to feel something b. animal sentience c. benefit to humans d. financial cost

a and b

In the field of moral philosophy, Utilitarianism is

a part of Normative ethics, a type of Consequentialism, associated with Jeremy Bentham

we presented the big 5 early horse warrior cultures, which included... a. the mongols b. the scythians c. the cossacks d. the hittites

a, b & c

Observations and experiments with cows have shown that (check all that apply) a. they learn to operate manual water pumps in order to get drinking water b. they can recognize individual human faces c. they can understand the meaning of spoken human sentences d. they form long-lasting relationships with other cows in a herd Correct

a, b & d

Archeological sites in the fertile crescent, with evidence of cattle domestication, indicate that (check all that apply) a. the first steps toward cattle domestication occurred around 10,000 to 10,500 BP b. the pathway to domestication included the steps of game management, followed by herd management c. consisted of walled, protected settlements

a, b, & c

compared to donkeys, camels are better adapted for a. going for longer periods of time without water b. carrying heavier loads c. traveling over longer dessert routes d. navigating steep mountain trails

a, b, and c

donkeys were first domesticated a. to transport supplies over harsh desert terrain b. from an African Wild Ass ancestor c. via the directed pathway d. in the Middle East

a, b, and c

Which are pathways to animal domestication? (select all that apply) Question options: a) Directed Pathway b) Commensal Pathway c) Predator Pathway d) Indirect Pathway e) Prey Pathway

a, b, and e

Based on archaeological evidence, the earliest connection between Hominins and other animals included: (select all that apply) Question options: a) Hominins as opportunistic hunters of small game b) Hominins as domesticators of animals c) Hominins as prey of carnivores d) Hominins as herders of livestock animals e) Hominins as scavengers of carcasses f) Hominins as cautious or fearful of poisonous or venomous animals

a, c, e and f

Advances in ______ around the 1930s contributed to the science of stockbreeding. Question options: a) feed and nutrition b) genetics c) in-vitro fertilization d) vertical integration

b

As it relates to large scale agribusiness, what methods were drawn from industrialization? Question options: a) Emphasis on efficiency b) all choices are correct c) Emphasis on profit d) Technological innovation

b

Camels have the ability to store excess water in their hump. a) True b) False

b

Clever Hans was believed to have the numerical reasoning of a 14 year old human. This belief turned out to be incorrect because a. the psychologist Pfungst proved that horses lack any kind of intelligence b. the psychologist Pfungst showed that Clever Hans could only respond correctly to questions if humans provided cues for Hans to follow c. Hans could only solve simple addition problems d. his owner von Osten showed that Hans was picking up cues

b

In the history of the US, donkeys played an important role a) for US combat troops engaged in special operations in the jungles of Nicaragua b) in the gold rush days of the American West c) as a symbol of the US political party-- the "stubborn" Republicans d) all choices are correct

b

In the video "And Man Created Dog" what traits lead to wolves developing a survival advantage around humans? Question options: a) Least aggressive, least territorial, least curious b) Least aggressive, least territorial, most curious c) Most aggressive, least territorial, most curious d) Most aggressive, most territorial, most curious

b

Long before zoos were developed, people in many parts of the ancient world kept captive exotic animals Question options: a) because they understood that animals in the wild were endangered b) as part of a private menagerie, with the animals often provided as gifts from other wealthy, ruling elites c) so that they would have a ready food supply d) all choices are correct

b

One of the ancestral forms of camel in North America was a) discovered still living in small groups in the American Southwest b) a "giant" camel, much larger than modern camels, that was adapted to the Canadian arctic c) a rodent-sized species d) found by archeologists in the deserts of central Mexico

b

Paleontological evidence shows the spread of humans all over the planet began with two migratory waves from the land of our origins. Which statement about these Hominins is NOT correct: Question options: a) Hominins of the second wave outcompeted those of the first wave b) Hominins of the first wave were Australopithecines c) Hominins of the second wave were Homo sapiens d) Hominins of the first and second wave interbred e) Hominins of the first wave were Homo erectus

b

Pastoralists were farmers, and they domesticated goats via the commensal pathway. Question options: a) True b) False

b

Regarding pet-keeping, which of the following statements is false? Question options: a) There have never been observed instances of individual animals keeping other animals as pets in the wild. b) Most (>50%) US college students consider boa constrictors to be pets. c) Only a few cultures consider animals to be family members. d) One definitions of a pet is that is has no obvious function.

b

Researchers found that hunter-gatherers that use dogs today always take good care of all their dogs by providing food, medicine and shelter. Question options: a. True b. False

b

The "Columbian Exchange" refers to Question options: a) the exchange of prisoners between the US and Colombia b) the transfer of goods (such as new foods and animals) among three continents (Americas, Europe, Africa) c) the gold trade established by Columbus d) goods Columbus exchanged with the peoples he encountered

b

The "human-animal" distinction Question options: a) probably originated many millions of years ago with our ape-like ancestors b) likely originated with the domestication of animals, and subsequently justified by Western philosophers c) is supported by our biological understanding of humans and animals which shows how different they are d) none of the choices are correct

b

The Cirque de Soleil is a good example of a modern circus that trains animals without abusing them. Question options: a) True b) False

b

The Fertile Crescent, an area east of the Mediterranean Sea, is known as the first site where plant domestication by humans occurred. The fertile crescent was aptly named for being rich in a wide variety of plants including wheat and barley that could easily be domesticated. From this we can conclude that the development of domestication in the fertile crescent followed the PUSH model. Question options: a) True b) False

b

The ancestor of both the Dromedary and Bactrian camel Question options: a) can be traced to Saudi Arabia b) can be traced to North America from which it moved into Eurasia c) originated in Mongolia d) has not been identified

b

The approach taken in this course to understand the complexity of our relationships to non-human animals ... Question options: a) examines how these relationships have developed over time, geographic region, and cultural contexts b) all choices are correct c) is based on scientific evidence d) is multi-disciplinary

b

The aurochs, the ancestor of modern cattle, was domesticated along which pathway? a. wild b. prey c. commensal d. directed

b

The beginning of cattle "pre-domestication" is dated to about 11,000 BP, and by ________ cattle bones are fully within the size range of modern domesticated cattle. Question options: a) 14,000 BP b) 10,000 BP c) 5,000 BP d) 3,000 BP

b

The earliest archeological evidence of horse riding around 5-6,000 years ago consists of Question options: a)bone pathology indicating heavy load carrying b)cheek pieces and bit wear on teeth c)primitive saddles and stirrups d)use of metal bits

b

The earliest evidence of chicken domestication is found in Question options: a) The Indus Valley b) China c) The Fertile Crescent d) Indonesia

b

The increased vulnerability in some modern human populations to diabetes and alcoholism is explained by their exceptionally long history of agricultural practice and reliance on grains. Question options: a) True b) False

b

The roughly 400 dog breeds that exist today are the result of intense selective breeding begun around 4,000 BP. Question options: a) True b) False

b

The spread of humans all over the planet began with Question options: a) a first migratory wave out of Africa followed by a second wave out of Asia b) a first migratory wave out of Africa followed by a second wave out of Africa c) a first migratory wave out of Europe followed by a second wave out of Asia d) a first migratory wave out of Africa followed by a second wave out of Europe

b

There is good evidence that humans are attuned to dogs, but very little evidence that dogs are attuned to humans. Question options: a) True b. False

b

What are the steps, in order of first to last, of the prey pathway? Question options: a) Prey, Game Management, Intensive Breeding, Herd Management b) Prey, Game Management, Herd Management, Intensive Breeding c) Prey, Herd Management, Intensive Breeding, Game Management

b

Where did Equus originate from and how did Equus caballus (today's modern horse) get from its place of origin to other part of the world? a)North America, They were chased by human hunters across the Bering Strait b)North America, They migrated across the Bering Strait c)Eurasia, They migrated across the Bering Strait d)Eurasia, They were brought from there by humans on ships

b

Which of the following is NOT true of the Neolithic Revolution? Question options: a) It started in the "Fertile Crescent." b) It began about 100,000 years ago. c) It involved a significant population increase d) It saw the beginning of ecosystem engineering.

b

There are many evolved mutualisms in nature. Which statements are true regarding such evolved symbiotic mutualisms? (select all that apply) Question options: a) Mutualisms are rare between humans and a wild animal. b) The early relationship between "wolf-dogs" and humans is an example of a mutualism between humans and a wild animal. c) The oxpecker-impala gazelle symbiosis is an example of a mutualism. d) An example of a mutualism between humans and a wild animal is the human-honeyguide relationship. e) An example of a mutualism between humans and a wild animal is the human-mammoth symbiosis.

b, d (and another)

Some species of animals like the gazelle, present insurmountable barriers to domestication. Which are the main reason mammals like the gazelle cannot be domesticated? Question options: a) Its horns are too long making it too much of a risk and danger to domesticate. b) all choices are correct c) The gazelle has a very well developed flight reflex (long flight distance), tends to panic, and can leap over high fences. d) The gazelle is too fast and too aggressive for humans to manage in captivity.

c

The development of new _______ was crucial to advances in stock breeding and growth of the meat industry in the 19. Question options: a) packaging b) housing c) feeds d) regulations

c

Though horses were domesticated 5-6,000 BP, warfare on horseback emerged much later ~3,000 BP. This required a new kind of horsemanship and horse-human relationship. Which horse culture invented warfare on horseback that required a close relationship? Question options: a) Early Kurgan b) Hittites c) Scythian d) Huns e) Mongols

c

What is one major problem with the wolf "Adoption" Hypothesis? Question options: a) Humans would likely have wanted to eat abandoned wolf pups. b) The wolves would have eaten too much of the humans' food. c) Early humans would not have been able to selectively breed wolves. d) Humans did not have time to train the wolves.

c

Which of the following characteristics would NOT make a wild animal a suitable candidate for domestication by humans? Question options: a) Group or herd living animal's social group b) Omnivorous diet c) A long flight distance d) Promiscuous mating behavior

c

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the gaucho lifestyle? Question options: a) They were rugged individuals b) They hunted feral cattle c) They travelled around trying to wipe out Native American tribes d) Some served as rebel hero and cultural symbols

c

Archeological evidence in Egypt from around 5000 BP shows that donkeys a) were buried with an Egyptian king b) suffered from arthritis, indicating they carried heavy loads c) were economically valuable d) all choices are correct

d

By the emergence of Homo, meat was a regular part of the diet. This kind of diet enabled Question options: a) increase in gut capacity to digest the meat b) all choices are correct c) enlargement of teeth for chewing meat d) larger brains and smaller guts

d

In humans, the rare "Williams-Beuren" syndrome is potentially relevant to understanding the genetic basis of tameness. One relevant trait of this syndrome is ... Question options: a) dwarfism b) leads to chronic heart problems c) produces unusual patterns of skin pigmentation d) leads to extremely high sociability and trusting behavior

d

Prior to the arrival of Europeans in the Americas, the native Indian peoples a. hunted buffalo on horseback b. used firearms in battle c. were skilled fighters on horseback d. hunted on foot because they had no horses

d

Pure-breeding of dogs is an example of? Question options: a) Sexual selection b) Natural AND Artificial selection c) Natural selection d) Artificial selection

d

The "Sally-Anne False Belief" test Question options: a) is easily mastered by older children b) involves two child characters names Sally and Anne c) is used by developmental psychologists as a measure of "theory of mind" capacity d) all choices are correct e) is a measure of a high level of cognitive empathy

d

The livestock animal welfare 5 freedoms include a. freedom from captivity b. freedom from experimental procedures c. freedom from handling d. freedom from hunger or thirst

d

The nomadic pastoralists and the dromedary of Southern Arabia played a crucial early role in globalized trade because a. they brought slaves out of Arabia b. they brought gold out of Arabia c. they brought myrrh and frankincense out of Arabia d. they brought salt out of Arabia

d

The paleo archaeological record shows that the horse linage evolved over time. Specifically, the teeth and digits changed as an adaptation from a ______ lifestyle in the moist forests to a ______ lifestyle in grasslands. a)browsing, prey b)grazing, browsing c)prey, browsing d)browsing, grazing

d

Many contemporary issues about animals can be reduced to a conflict or priority between the welfare of people vs. animals. Central to this conflict is the debate about ___________.

sentience

When dogs gaze into their human owners' eyes, it leads to: Question options: a) A rise in oxytocin only in the owner. b) A rise in oxytocin only in the dog. c) A rise in cortisol in both the dog and owner. d) A mutual and equal rise in oxytocin in both the dog and owner.

d

north america

site of early equid evolution then crossed the Bering-Strait to Eurasia

Where did Equus originate from and how did Equus caballus (today's modern horse) get from its place of origin to other part of the world? Question options: a) North America, They were chased by human hunters across the Bering Strait b) Eurasia, They were brought from there by humans on ships c) Eurasia, They migrated across the Bering Strait d) North America, They migrated across the Bering Strait

d

Which of the following is false or untrue about horse communication? Question options: a) Horses use their ears and eyes approximately equally to locate hidden food b) Horses can see color c) Horses can be taught to recognize human faces d) It is clear that human-horse communication is a result of domestication

d

Which pathway of domestication did our pet dogs and cats and some of our farm animals (chickens, pigs, ducks, geese) take? Question options: a) Predator pathway b) Direct pathway c) Prey pathway d) Commensal pathway

d

horses originally evolved a. in eurasia but then migrated to North America b. in North America but then migrated to South America c. on the steppes of Eurasia d. in North America but then migrated to Eurasia

d

In developing his theory of evolution, Darwin was influenced by evidence from Question options: a) Embryology b) Comparative anatomy c) Artificial breeding d) Paleontology e) All choices apply

e

Based on archaeological evidence, the earliest connection between Hominins and other animals included: (select all that apply) Question options: a) Hominins as opportunistic hunters of small game b) Hominins as cautious or fearful of poisonous or venomous animals c) Hominins as scavengers of carcasses d) Hominins as herders of livestock animals e) Hominins as prey of carnivores f) Hominins as domesticators of animals

e (and one other)

The 5 Domains Model of Welfare includes

environment, physical health, behavior, mental state, nutrition

tarpan

eurasian wild horse & ancestor of the domesticated horse

In defining well-being, Maslow's hierarchy of needs included 3 general categories:

existence, relatedness, growth

virtue ethics moral theories

A moral position that argues that the right action is one that would be taken by a virtuous person; championed by modern day philosopher Philippa Foot

oxytocin

A neurochemical that is increased in humans and dogs in response to mutual eye gaze

industrial revolution

A period in the 19th Century, stimulated by the invention of the steam engine, characterized by mechanized production in factories

menagerie du jardin des plantes

first zoological garden in paris

hind-gut fermentation

horse food digestion system

long before modern zoos were established, wealthy, powerful people around the world had collections of wild animals because

of their entertainment value

the spanish conquistadors, although few in number, managed to conquer the native american peoples primarily because the spanish had

steel armor, firearms, war-trained horses

the industrial revolution ushered in large-scale "agribusiness" which

stimulated cattle ranching and cattle drives, changed our relationship to animals, included the meat packing plants around the chicago stockyards

Perissodactyla

taxonomic group of "odd-toed" hoofed mammals that includes zebras, asses, horses, rhinos and tapirs

equid

taxonomic group that includes horses, asses, and zebras

Domestication Syndrome

A suite of traits that consistently appear together as a by-product of the selection for tameness, such as floppy ears, curly tails, smaller brains, teeth and muzzles, and white fur patches and behavior such as licking, and responsiveness to human social cues.

Utilitarianism

A type of consequentialism that weighs the overall pleasure vs. suffering outcomes when deciding what is the morally right action; originated with Jeremy Bentham who pushed for the first animal anti-cruelty laws; currently championed by Peter Singer who advocates for reducing animal suffering.

commodity

Anything that can be mass produced, bought, and sold

Modern Human's Rise to Dominance

By 40,000 years before present, fully modern humans had out-competed and likely exterminated all other forms of Homo. Likely reasons included greater cognitive complexity, projectile weapons, and perhaps most importantly the partnership with wolves.

Emotional Empathy

Capacity to feel the emotions of another person or animal.

Cognitive Empathy

Capacity to take another's perspective and gauge their intentions or desires (a.k.a. Theory of Mind), more specifically to understand another's emotional state.

land grant universities

Designated centers for research on the improvement of animal production, and agricultural practices.

Symbioses

Different types of ecological relationships between two organisms that reflect the fitness or energetic costs and benefits to each.

Wolf social competence

Dog domestication did not newly create the capacity for dogs to attend to human gestures; rather, dogs have retained this basic capacity that was present in their wild ancestors

Pedigree Dog

Dogs with such highly specialized abilities, produced by careful breeding and even inbreeding, and guaranteed by the American Kennel Club (AKC).

Example of gene-culture co-evolution

In human populations that made heavy use of dairy products, this cultural practice led to natural selection favoring genetically-based traits that allowed people to digest milk sugar.

The genetic changes in human populations that allowed people to digest milk sugar (lactose)... Question options: a) occurred in all human populations because they can all be traced to a common geographic place of origin were cattle were domesticated b) is an example of the profound changes in humans caused by our relationship with cattle c) is an example of a selected trait in domesticated animals d) affected only African herders because of their unusually close tie to cattle

NOT A

Under the leadership of Munich Zoo director Heinz Heck, scientists in Nazi Germany launched a program... Question options: a) to insert the genes of aurochs into cows b) of breeding domestic cattle with characteristics of the extinct aurochs c) to create a human "super race" with aurochs genes d) of domesticating the few remaining aurochs

NOT A

What animal species did the US Military kill approximately 60 million of in the 1800s, leading to the defeat of the Native Americans? Question options: a) Wolves b) Buffalo c) North American Horse d) Cattle

NOT A

What are some of the major benefits of tracking canine ancestry through a pedigree of purebreeds)? Question options: a) Desired traits reliably produced AND Inbreeding b) Specialized skills and utility to humans c) Desired traits reliably produced d) Inbreeding e) Specialized skills and utility to humans AND Desired traits reliably produced

NOT A

What is the best example of human and dog evolved attunement (either through artificial or natural selection)? Question options: a) Dogs are one of the most common types of pet b) Wolves have a foundation for social competency c) Dog puppies without prior experience show a high sensitivity to human gestures and voice commands d) Human willingness to spend money on their dogs has increased over time

NOT A

Why would humans domesticate the pig? Question options: a) They are omnivorous and can eat garbage/scraps b) They produce many piglets c) They are easily trainable and intelligent d) all choices are correct

NOT A

A study that attempted to discern whether humans could identify specific cat meows, such as ones made in affiliative or distress contexts, resulted in which of the following? Question options: a) Only cat owners were able to distinguish the meows b) Cat meows were easier to discern than dog barking c) Most people thought all cat meows sounded emotionally negative d) 80% of owners were able to correctly identify the cat meow

NOT B

According to the textbook, pigs likely followed the _________ pathway(s) to domestication. Question options: a) prey b) commensal c) directed d) commensal followed by directed e) combination of prey and commensal

NOT B

Based on the goat experiment described in class that tested goat's attunement to human faces and body postures (Nawroth et. al., 2016) we can conclude that Question options: a) goats attend to body and head orientation b) goats follow human pointing gestures c) goats attend to whether or not the experimenter's eyes are open d) goats look in the direction the experimenter is looking (i.e., follow eye gaze, like dogs)

NOT B

By 3,200 BP, Dromedary camels were bred for a specific reason in Arabia. What was it? Question options: a) For pleasure riding by the elite b) For their meat, which was considered a delicacy c) For their thick fur d) To be pack animals on trade caravans

NOT B

During the early stages toward dog domestication, which possible relationship between wolves and humans best portrays a mutualism? Question options: a) Humans learned they could benefit from wolves that approached their camp sites to help with protection, hunting, and other tasks while the wolves gained a reliable source of food. b) Humans discouraged wolves from seeking their leftovers because there was already limited food without having to feed wild animals. c) Humans tolerated wolves that approached their campsites for food scraps because they were cute. d) Humans kidnapped wolf pups and began to breed them for human benefit.

NOT B

In the American West, "Cowboy Ethics" is remarkably similar to key aspects of the Culture of Honor. Which of the following is NOT a component of Cowboy Ethics? Question options: a) Know when to hold them, know when to fold them b) When you make a promise, keep it c) Be tough, but fair d) Know where to draw the line

NOT B

One way to describe and understand the biological connection between humans and other animals is Question options: a) as types of ecological interrelationships b) as types of emotional interrelationships or bonds c) as different religious doctrine d) as different kinds of use

NOT B

Paleontological evidence shows the spread of humans all over the planet began with two migratory waves from the land of our origins. Which statement about these Hominins is NOT correct: Question options: a) Hominins of the second wave were Homo sapiens b) Hominins of the first wave were Homo erectus c) Hominins of the second wave outcompeted those of the first wave d) Hominins of the first and second wave interbred e) Hominins of the first wave were Australopithecines

NOT B

Peter Singer's ethical position is often considered to be highly controversial or even inflammatory because Question options: a) all choices are correct b) it extends moral consideration to all sentient animals c) it does not grant moral rights or consideration to terminally comatose humans who lack sentience d) it grants legal personhood to all animals

NOT B

The earliest evidence of sheep and goat domestication comes from the region of Question options: a) SW Asia (Fertile Crescent region) b) Europe (French Croissant region) c) Great Britain (Fertile Hills region) d) North America (Fertile Valley region)

NOT B

Which of the following is NOT an example of behavioral evidence for animal sentience? Question options: a) Response to pain or pleasure b) Large brain size c) Recognition of self d) Intentional communication

NOT D

What are some of the ways plants benefit from being domesticated and becoming part of a mutualistic relationship with humans? Question options: a) Improved reproductive success compared to plants in the wild b) Defense from pests c) Elimination of competitors d) Seed distribution e) Provisioning of water and nutrients

NOT E

Ecosystem engineering

Neolithic humans were the first to dramatically change landscapes and entire ecosystems

Silver Fox Experiment

Only six generations of artificial selection for tameness produced domestication traits such as curly tail, white spots, and floppy ears

normative ethics

A branch of philosophy that provides frameworks for reasoning about our moral responsibility to other living beings; rules and reasons that dictate what one ought to do

moral community

A category of things or beings that are given moral consideration

right to flourish

A deontological moral position that advocates for a sentient being's right to express its natural abilities and inclinations, championed by social justice advocate Martha Nussbaum

right to life

A deontological moral position where a primary duty is to not interfere with an entity's desire to live; a recent advocate of this position is Tom Regan.

personhood

A legal category that depends on self-awareness and bestows the right to live a free life, and not be treated like property

Anthropomorphism

An outcome of cognitive empathy, whereby humans project or attribute their own feelings, beliefs, and motivations to another animal.

bear baiting

Animal spectator sport common in mid-19th C England

pets

Animals we live with that have no obvious function

menagerie

Collections of animals kept by wealthy or high status people

ex situ conservation

Conservation programs in zoos outside the species' range state

in situ conservation

Conservation programs within a species' range state.

The Human-Animal Divide

In Western philosophical and theological traditions, humans are different from animals because humans have either reasoning, morality, or a soul.

Dogs can be bad for our health. According to the CDC and other reports, serious harm to our health can occur by all the following EXCEPT one: Question options: a. zoonotic diseases b. tripping over a pet c. overexertion while walking a pet d. attacks/bites by a pet

NOT A

In addition to artificial breeding, humans have altered dog breeds by Question options: a) surgical techniques b) ear cropping c) debarking d) all choices are correct

NOT A

Sedentary sheep and goat pastoralism led to new forms of ecosystem engineering including Question options: a) silos for grain storage b) meat processing plants c) water filtration systems d) the creation of pastures with desirable plants for animal food and elimination of undesirable plants

NOT A

The Hallan Cemi site in Eastern Turkey is significant because Question options: a) it shows that humans cared for their cats and were even buried together as early as 10,500 BP b) cats were worshiped and protected as early as 10,500 BP c) it shows that cats were fully domesticated by 10,500 BP d) it shows that wild cats were commensals with humans in settlements by ~10,500 BP

NOT A

The archeological site of Çatal Hüyük ... Question options: a) was a settlement of well over one million people supported by cattle products b) all choices are correct c) includes ceremonial rooms in which people may have worshiped aurochs d) shows the importance of cattle to people living around 14,000 B.P.

NOT D

neolithic revolution

Major shift from reliance on hunting-gathering to farming

animal industry

Mass production of animals and animal products for public consumption

Fitness differences

Members of a population vary in traits that lead to differences in survival and reproduction.

deontological moral theories

Moral principles that are based on a person's moral duties to others; originated with Immanuel Kant

consequentialist moral theories

Moral theories that define the right action as the one that has the best consequences for all affected by the action.

Archeological evidence from the Neolithic shows that Question options: a) wheat and barley farming first occurred in China b) humans were living in the first permanent settlements around 30,000 B.P. c) the first permanent settlements were still small, consisting of about 20 mud-walled houses. d) the first plants to be domesticated were potatoes and beans

NOT A

Typical savanna trees with a dense canopy and low branching trunk are preferred across cultures over more familiar trees such as oak, conifer, palm, and eucalyptus. Why might this be? Question options: a) They invoke a subconscious attraction people have to the savannah terrain inhabited by our evolutionary ancestors. b) They were important to our small-bodied ancestors as sleeping sites and for escaping predators. c) They are easily recognizable. d) They are often associated with water. e) They invoke a subconscious attraction people have to the savannah terrain inhabited by our evolutionary ancestors. AND They were important to our small-bodied ancestors as sleeping sites and for escaping predators. f) They are easily recognizable. AND They are often associated with water. g) all choices are correct

NOT B

Which of the following are examples of social competency seen in wolves? Question options: a) Observational learning b) Attention to facial and vocal signals c) All choices are correct d) Sensitivity to eye direction e) Tolerance of others (social inhibition) f) Cooperation

NOT B

According to the textbook Chapter 3, at approximately what point in time (and among what Hominin) did cave paintings of animals begin to appear? (Note: BP=before present) Question options: a) 2.5 million BP among Homo sapiens b) 1 million BP among Australopithecus c) 40,000 BP among Homo neanderthalensis d) 40,000 BP among Australopithecus e) 40,000 BP among Homo sapiens

NOT C

An additional attractive feature of donkeys as a domesticated animal was Question options: a) its large ears b) the male donkeys protecting herds of goat and sheep c) its long flight distance d) its capacity to eat whatever foods humans ate

NOT C

As described in the textbook (Chapter 1), humans generally place animals into different categories according to their use. However some animals can have multiple uses and thus can fall into multiple cultural categories. For example, in the United States pigs are considered food and sometimes also pets. In other countries, such as ______________ dogs are considered pets and also food. Question options: a) India b) South Korea c) Mongolia d) Argentina

NOT C

As described in the textbook Chapter 3, an efficient hunting-gathering mode of subsistence among our men and women ancestors involved Question options: a) women providing a majority of the daily calories needed by the family b) women participating alongside men in big-game hunting c) men providing all the food d) a division of labor where men provided food from hunting and women provided food from gathering

NOT C

As shown in the video clip "The Stranger Test" which of the following demonstrates that dogs are attached to their owners? Question options: a) When the owner leaves the room, the dog becomes agitated and looks for the owner. b) When the owner returns to the room, the dog keeps close to the person that stayed in the room. c) The dog interacts equally with everyone in the room d) The dog is unconcerned when the owner leaves the room

NOT C

How did scientists "stump" Clever Hans and prove that he wasn't in fact a brilliant equine? Question options: a) They caught Clever Hans answering one his owner's (Wilhelm von Osten) questions incorrectly b) They showed that Clever Hans couldn't answer questions if no one around him knew the answers c) They showed that Clever Hans couldn't identify his owner d) They asked Clever Hans calculus questions which he couldn't answer

NOT C

In defining well-being, Maslow's hierarchy of needs included 3 general categories: Question options: a) existence, relatedness, growth b) subsistence, existence, transhumance c) safety, protection, love d) food, sleep, sex

NOT C

In the video "And Man Created Dog" what traits lead to wolves developing a survival advantage around humans? Question options: a) Least aggressive, least territorial, most curious b) Most aggressive, least territorial, most curious c) Most aggressive, most territorial, most curious d) Least aggressive, least territorial, least curious

NOT C

In the video "The Beak of the Finch: Speciation of finches on the Galapagos", when evolutionary biologists Rosemary and Peter Grant quantify dates breeding took place, number of years bred, number of offspring, and how many offspring survived to sexual maturity, they are: Question options: a) Developing a finch breeding program b) Analyzing evolutionary fitness c) Assessing finch physical strength d) Assessing habitat carrying capacity

NOT C

One way to describe and understand the biological connection between humans and other animals is Question options: a) as types of emotional interrelationships or bonds b) as different kinds of use c) as different religious doctrine d) as types of ecological interrelationships

NOT C

The "savanna hypothesis" posits that Question options: a) trees like oaks and palms are more attractive to humans because they are exotic as compared to the savanna trees b) as savannas dried up, hominins had to live in acacia-like trees c) humans evolved a fear of savanna-like landscapes due to the dangerous predators they encounterd there d) humans evolved a preference for savanna-like landscapes

NOT C

The earliest archeological evidence of horse riding around 5-6,000 years ago consists of Question options: a) cheek pieces and bit wear on teeth b) use of metal bits c) primitive saddles and stirrups d) bone pathology indicating heavy load carrying

NOT C

What led to the increased demand for beef and mutton in London? Question options: a) Avian flu affecting poultry supply b) Urbanization c) Poverty d) No choice is correct

NOT C

Which of the following is NOT a component of the commensal pathway to animal domestication? Question options: a) Habituation b) Partnership c) Captive Animal Control d) Herd Management

NOT C

Why is it surprising that 70% of Americans consider themselves to be "dog people"? Question options: a) There are more cats as pets in the United States than there are dogs. b) Rodents are the most popular pets. c) Most people who have dogs also own cats. d) Cats are scientifically proven to be better pets than dogs.

NOT C

Because for millions of years our ancestors' survival depended on recognizing the potential danger and also food value of animals Question options: a) all choices are correct b) our brains' visual system evolved to quickly and efficiently recognize animals c) our brains come equipped with an "inanimate monitoring system" d) much research shows that our brains' memory system does not store images of landscapes

NOT D

Traits unsuitable for domestication

Wild animal characteristics, such as nasty disposition or long flight distance.

robert bakewell

bread cattle and sheep for meat

A variety of evidence, including genetic studies, agrees that horses were originally domesticated Question options: a)by pastoralist people in Anatolia (Turkey) b)on the steppes of the "Fertile Crescent" c)by people living on the Western Eurasian steppe d)independently in several geographic areas of the Old and New World

c

Based on evidence from archaeological sites and genetics, domestication of the horse happened when? a)20,000 BP to 25,000 BP b)10,000 BP to 12,000 BP c)5,000 BP to 6,000 BP d)2,000 BP to 3,000 BP

c

Before the emergence of the genus Homo, our Australopithecus earlier ancestors Question options: a) included a lot of plant material in their diet, as indicated by their relatively small back (molar) teeth b) had sophisticated stone tools that were used exclusively for processing plant foods c) occasionally ate meat, but meat was not a major portion of their diet d) were bipedal, allowing them to chase down large game

c

During the dog domestication process, dogs became "attuned" to humans, becoming skilled at responding accurately to all of the following human behaviors except Question options: a) Spoken words b) Eye gaze direction c) Clapping d) Pointing

c

Examples of social-economic consequences of domestication include all of the following EXCEPT? Question options: a) Allowed long-distance travel and migration b) Ability to live in more diverse climates because of food storage c) Ability to digest milk into adulthood d) More tightly defined and defended territories

c

More than 80% of dog bites do not require medical attention. However some breeds of dog have a powerful bite and therefore can cause serious injury. Which two breeds of dogs contribute to the majority of serious dog bite attacks? Question options: a) Rottweilers and Chihuahuas b) Mastiffs and Chow Chows c) Pitbulls and Rottweilers d) Chihuahuas and Pitbulls

c

Paleolithic evidence shows that horses were Question options: a)hunted and not domesticated until 2,000 BP b)hunted then herd managed by 10,000 BP c)hunted in large numbers around 20,000 BP d)fully domesticated by 10,000 BP

c

Why did the Silver Foxes bred for domestication develop unintended characteristics like floppy ears and white patchy fur? Question options: a) These traits were specifically selected for by the breeders b) Temperament, behavior, and appearance are all genetically linked - selecting for genes that promote a friendly temperament caused the genes controlling floppy ears and curly tails to also become more strongly expressed c) By not being selected against (as they would have been in nature), these traits began to emerge more and more with each generation AND Temperament, behavior, and appearance are all genetically linked - selecting for genes that promote a friendly temperament caused the genes controlling floppy ears and curly tails to also become more strongly expressed d) The foxes learned they would receive more attention from the humans if the looked "cute" e) By not being selected against (as they would have been in nature), these traits began to emerge more and more with each generation

c

which two animals do you need to breed to produce a mule? a. male mule, female mule b. female donkey (Jill), male horse (stallion) c. male donkey (Jack), female horse (mare) d. all choices are possible ways to produce a mule

c

Compared to earlier domesticated animals, such as cattle, sheep, or goat, the horse was particularly well suited for the pastoralists of the Western steppe because (check all that apply) a. it could cover long distances without water b. it could be used for plowing agricultural fields c. it could survive the harsh winters by finding forage and water under snow and ice d. it could provide faster transport over greater distances

c and d

compared to earlier domesticated animals, such as cattle, sheep, or goat, the horse was particularly well suited for the pastoralists of the Western steppe because a. it could cover long distances without water b. it could be used for plowing agricultural fields c. it could survive harsh winters by finding forage and water under snow and ice d. it could provide faster transport over greater distances

c and d

the english farmer robert bakewell was the first to successfully breed

cattle & sheep to yield more "meat" rather than for labor or work

horse evolution

change from browsing to grazing