A_Chapter 13: Social Psyc - PSYC 1105

What is a phenomenon that has been shown to be a self-serving bias that serves a protective function for self-esteem? (give both names.)

Depressive Realism aka Sadder-but-Wiser Hypothesis

Define Social Identity

when the person forms an identity within the group

What are the 4 types of tasks that influence group productivity?

- Additive Task - Conjunctive Task - Disjunctive Task - Divisible Task

What are the 3 components of the ABC model of attitudes

- Affective component - Behavioural component - Cognitive component

What are the 4 personality disorders that are characterized by dramatic or emotional behaviour?

- Antisocial personality disorder - Borderline personality disorder - Histrionic personality disorder - Narcissistic personality disorder

What are the 2 factors that would increase the ability for an attitude to predict a person's behaviour?

- Attitude Specificity - Attitude Strength

What are the 3 personality disorders that are characterized by high levels of fear and anxiety behaviour?

- Avoidant personality disorder - Dependent personality disorder - Obsessive-compulsive disorder

What are 2 types of norms?

- Descriptive - Injunctive

What are the 2 categories of Attributions?

- Dispositional (internal) - Situational (external)

What are 3 specific techniques to improve changes of successful persuasion?

- Foot-in-the-door Technique - Door-in-the-face Technique - Appeals to fear

What are the 2 major barriers to Persuasion?

- Forewarning an audience that you are trying to persuade them - Beginning with a weak argument

What were the 3 factors, found in Milgram's experiments, that REDUCE people's willingness to obey?

- If a confederate served as "co-teacher" with the research participant and they refused to continue - The salience of a victim's suffering (its obviousness) - A participant's proximity to the victim.

What are the 3 elements of persuasion?

- Message - Source - Receiver

What are the 3 personality disorders that are characterized by odd or eccentric behaviour?

- Paranoid personality disorder - Schizoid personality disorder - Schizotypal personality disorder

Social Identity Theory proposes that Prejudice emerges through what 3 processes?

- Social Categorization - Social Identity - Social Comparison

What are the 3 personality disorder clusters?

1. Odd and eccentric 2. Dramatic, emotional, or erratic 3. Anxious or fearful

Define Aggression

A broad range of behaviours intended to harm others.

Define Groupthink

A form of faulty group decision making that occurs when group members strive for unanimity, and this goal overrides their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action.

Define Social Loafing

A phenomenon in which people exert less effort on a collective task than they would on a comparable individual task; also known as free riding.

Define Social Roles

A set of norms ascribed to a person's social position—expectations and duties associated with the individual's position in the family, at work, in the community, and in other settings.

Describe a Disjunctive Task. How does size affect productivity?

A single solution is required, the strongest group member is likely to provide solution Larger Group tends to be More productive

Define Cognitive Dissonance

A state of emotional discomfort people experience when they hold two contradictory beliefs or hold a belief that contradicts their behaviour.

Define Triangular Theory of Love

A theory proposed by Robert Sternberg that love is composed of three elements: intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Define Self-perception theory

A theory suggesting that when people are uncertain of their attitudes, they infer what the attitudes are by observing their own behaviour.

Define Social Identity Theory

A theory that emphasizes social cognitive factors in the onset of prejudice.

Define Injunctive Norms

Agreed-on expectations about what members of a group ought to do.

Define Social Psychology

An area of psychology that seeks to understand, explain, and predict how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.

Define Implicit attitudes

An attitude of which the person is unaware.

Define Social Facilitation

An effect in which the presence of others enhances performance. Applies to both physical and mental tasks.

Define Group

An organized, stable collection of individuals in which the members are aware of and influence one another and share a common identity.

Who developed the studies into conformorty?

Asch

What is a technique used to eliminate the social desirability factor in measuring people's genuine attitudes?

Bogus Pipeline

What are the 5 components that will motivate bystanders to intervene?

Bystander must: - notice the event - interpret the event as an emergency - feel personal responsibility for acting (diffusion of responsibility) - consider what form of assistance is needed - know how to implement action

Define Attributions

Causal explanations of behaviour.

Define Stereotypes

Fixed overgeneralized and oversimplified beliefs about a person or a group of people based on assumptions about the group.

What were 2 key factors of The Asch Studies?

Group unanimity & group size

In Milgram's experiment, What % of people did they think would increase the shocks all the way to 450V? What % actually increased all the way?

Hypothesis: 1% Actual: 60%

What does IAT stand for?

Implicit Association Test

Define the In-Group

Members of our particular group

Define the Out-Group

Members outside of our ggroup

Who developed the first studies into obedience?

Milgram

Define Prejudice

Negative and unjust feelings about individuals based on their inclusion in a particular group.

Describe the Bogus Pipeline Technique

Participant is connected to a physiological monitoring device (i.e., polygraph) and is told that the device can detect deception which makes them more likely to report report their attitudes truthfully

Define Attitudes

Relatively stable and enduring evaluations of things and people.

Define Altruism

Self-sacrificing behaviour carried out for the benefit of others.

Define Norms

Social rules about how members of a society are expected to act.

What is the study that looked into the Realistic Conflict Theory and group formation?

The Robber Cave Experiment

Define Obedience

The act of following direct commands, usually given by an authority figure.

Define Actor-Observer Effect

The discrepancy between how we explain other people's behaviour (dispositionally) and how we explain our own behaviour (situationally).

Define Group Polarization

The intensification of an initial tendency of individual group members brought about by group discussion.

Define Self-serving bias

The tendency people have to attribute their successes to internal causes and their failures to external ones.

Define Fundament Attribution Error

The tendency to use dispositional attributions to explain the behaviour of other people.

Define Conformity

The tendency to yield to social pressure.

Define Social Cognition

The way in which people perceive and interpret themselves and others in their social world.

T/F Attitudes people express are not necessarily related to how they actually behave

True

Who conducted studies into Roles and Situational Demands? Name the most notable experiment

Zimbardo The Stanford Prison Experiment

Define Descriptive norms

agreed on expectations about what members of a group do

Describe an Additive Task. How does size affect productivity?

When members of a group perform parallel tasks Group size Increases Productivity Increases

Define Social Categorization

a person affiliates with a particular group as a way of figuring out how to act and react in the world

Choose the statement that accurately characterizes aggression. a) Aggression involves both psychological and physical harm. b) Aggression involves only physical harm. c) Aggression involves both relational harm and indirect harm. d) Aggression involves only psychological harm.

a) Aggression involves both psychological and physical harm.

Which is the BEST way to determine if a group's decision will be riskier or more conservative than that of the individuals involved? a) Determine whether the overall beginning positions of individuals are risky or conservative. b) Interview the individuals with the strongest polarities and note the median position. c) Divide the group into risky versus conservative and observe who presents the best case. d) Have group members record their positions and note the one that is either most risky or most conservative.

a) Determine whether the overall beginning positions of individuals are risky or conservative.

Which of the following represent peripheral routes to persuasion? Select all that apply. a) JinJing has recently taken up tennis. She now only drinks Evian as it is endorsed by Maria Sharapova. b) Jamal voted for the liberal MP in his riding because he liked her policies on health care and her stance on fiscal management. c) Deiter bought a new BMW because he believes the brand quality is better than Lexus. d) Javeria took a class with a professor known to be particularly difficult because she knew he was an excellent instructor who demanded the best from his students.

a) JinJing has recently taken up tennis. She now only drinks Evian as it is endorsed by Maria Sharapova.

Chad decides to take advantage of his new driver's license by recruiting his two younger siblings to lie for him. He pays Logan a quarter for each time he lies to "cover" for Chad when he takes the car out when he is not supposed to, while he pays Karen one dollar each time she lies. Which of the following statements is MOST accurate? a) Logan will experience a higher level of cognitive dissonance than Karen. b) Karen will experience a higher level of cognitive dissonance than Logan. c) Logan will experience a higher level of self-serving than Karen. d) Karen will experience a higher level of self-serving than Logan.

a) Logan will experience a higher level of cognitive dissonance than Karen.

Which of the following states a fact about Milgram's study? a) Milgram advised the experimenters to prompt participants to continue. b) Milgram explained the entire experiment to the participants from the outset. c) Milgram invented a shock generator that modulated and controlled shocks. d) Milgram was studying how learners respond to punishments.

a) Milgram advised the experimenters to prompt participants to continue.

Which of the following brain areas have been identified as a "key player" and, as such, is particularly important for social functioning? a) amygdala b) hypothalamus c) anterior cingulate d) piriform cortex

a) amygdala

Cognitive dissonance can be defined as the ______________. a) experience of distress caused by a discrepancy between two conflicting cognitions or between an attitude and a behaviour b) feeling of discomfort caused by a discrepancy between cognitions of two conflicting people or between an attitude and a behaviour c) behavioural change precipitated by a discrepancy between two conflicting cognitions or between an attitude and a behaviour d) attitudinal change brought about by a discrepancy between cognitions of two conflicting people or between an attitude and a behaviour

a) experience of distress caused by a discrepancy between two conflicting cognitions or between an attitude and a behaviour

Groupthink is defined as decision making that is ____________. a) faulty because a cohesive group avoids conflicting information b) flawed because a cohesive group cannot come to agreement c) faulty because a cohesive group considers too much information d) flawed because a cohesive group has non-participating members

a) faulty because a cohesive group avoids conflicting information

Dina could not understand her friend, Deb. Deb's life was a crazy mess. She had always jumped from one relationship to the next. Dina did not know that Deb had been assaulted as a young girl and was struggling to cope with the violation. In this scenario, Dina is displaying __________. a) fundamental attribution error b) self-serving bias c) cognitive dissonance d) actor-observer effect

a) fundamental attribution error

Although both Milgram's and Zimbardo's studies are considered unethical today, one difference was that in Milgram's study, ___________. a) none of the participants suffered physical abuse b) all the participants understood the consequences c) none of the participants were concerned with their decisions d) all of the participants were aware of the real purpose

a) none of the participants suffered physical abuse

A young couple are constantly changing their plans with other friends so that they can be together. They seem to want to spend every moment making love. Which component of Sternberg's theory of love does this represent? a) passion b) romance c) commitment d) intimacy

a) passion

The fact that a close neighbour is more likely to be liked than a person living farther away demonstrates the importance of ________ in interpersonal relationships. a) proximity b) attractiveness c) cultural equivalence d) similarity

a) proximity

Attitudes are BEST described as ____________. a) the learned ways of reacting to people, objects, or events in particular ways b) a discrepancy between an attribution and a behaviour c) the focus on the most noticeable factors of behaviour d) the underestimation of the impact of external, situational factors

a) the learned ways of reacting to people, objects, or events in particular ways

While riding with friends, Ken is thrown from a horse. The BEST way for him to get help is to say, ______________ a) "Hey everyone, I've been thrown from my horse." b) "Derek, call an ambulance. I've been hurt." c) "Somebody, please come over and help me now." d) "This is an emergency. Get me some help."

b) "Derek, call an ambulance. I've been hurt."

With which of the following statements would Solomon Asch MOST strongly agree? a) People in a collectivistic society conform because they do not want to stand out as individuals. b) Group situations can create a problem in that people may change behaviour without careful reasoning. c) One of the ways that people learn how to display emotions appropriately is by observing other people in a group. d) To assure conformity, external pressure from most other members of the group is essential.

b) Group situations can create a problem in that people may change behaviour without careful reasoning.

Which BEST describes how a collectivistic culture may avoid the self-serving bias? a) People are taught to use their individual skills and personal abilities to help others. b) People are encouraged to be self-aware of their own shortcomings and work on themselves. c) People are spurred to recognize their personal value and think well of themselves. d) People are informed of the importance of competing effectively and achieving success.

b) People are encouraged to be self-aware of their own shortcomings and work on themselves.

In a social situation, suppose a well-behaved young child behaves in a way that does not seem in keeping with the adult behaviour, such as standing very close to a stranger. Which provides the BEST possible explanation? a) The child is secretly rebelling against authority. b) The child is as yet unaware of a societal norm. c) The child is actively trying to change social conventions. d) The child is being obedient to a misdirected parent.

b) The child is as yet unaware of a societal norm.

Which of the following correctly summarizes a result of Festinger and Carlsmith's test of cognitive dissonance? a) The stronger the reason for acting against one's attitude, the greater the cognitive dissonance of the participants. b) The higher the level of cognitive dissonance, the larger the shift or change in reported attitude of the participants. c) The smaller the remuneration, the less likely participants were to experience their actions as inappropriate. d) The lower the level of cognitive dissonance, the less willing participants were to follow the rules of the testing.

b) The higher the level of cognitive dissonance, the larger the shift or change in reported attitude of the participants.

Stella was concerned that if she did NOT honestly answer the questions being put to her in the research study, that the monitoring device she was attached to would show her deception. This _________ technique is used to eliminate the factor of social desirability. a) eye-gaze tracking b) bogus pipeline c) implicit attitude test d) myopic tunnel

b) bogus pipeline

Based on Sherif's Robber Cave study, which would MOST likely decrease prejudice? a) assigning groups different skills at which they could excel b) creating goals that require combined group responses c) introducing some individual group members into the opposing groups d) pointing out the importance of each group to all of the groups

b) creating goals that require combined group responses

The fact that you can recognize your friend Dieter or that you understand your mother's hurt feelings has its root in social neuroscience, which began with ______________. a) religion b) evolutionary theory c) the medical model d) biology and chemistry

b) evolutionary theory

The movement of a faction of people toward either a less risky or more speculative decision, depending on members' beginning main leanings, is known as ____________. a) risky-shift phenomenon b) group polarization c) foot-in-the-door technique d) deindividuation

b) group polarization

One way to define social psychology is by how ___________. a) experiences and processes are physiologically exhibited in individuals b) people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are influenced by others c) people develop and are affected by interpersonal relationships d) people think about and interpret themselves and others

b) people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are influenced by others

Displaced aggression MOST frequently contributes to prejudice when people ____________. a) attack the source of the frustration b) redirect anger to alternative targets c) encourage others to express frustrations d) state openly their need to retaliate

b) redirect anger to alternative targets

Social neuroscience studies how the brain behaves when people are ____________. a) engaged interpersonally b) thinking and behaving socially c) considering the collective d) socially attentive

b) thinking and behaving socially

Which is the BEST synthesis of the findings from Milgram's later studies? a) A "teacher" is most highly influenced to give strong shocks when near the learner and when the teacher feels responsible for the choice, as long as the experimenter seems authoritative. b) A "learner" is least likely to receive strong shocks when a teacher does not feel personally responsible for assigning the shock level and other teachers are apparently following the parameters of the experiment. c) A "learner" could avoid receiving strong shocks by proximity and contact with the "teacher," depending on who is administering the shocks and the level of obedient behaviour of other teachers. d) A "teacher" is primarily influenced by how other teachers are behaving during the testing rather than by the credentials of the tester or location of the testing components.

c) A "learner" could avoid receiving strong shocks by proximity and contact with the "teacher," depending on who is administering the shocks and the level of obedient behaviour of other teachers.

Which of the following BEST expresses how Sternberg's components of love must function in a positive relationship? a) One partner must have all three components, and the other must have at least two. b) Both partners must have elevated levels for all three components and be willing to compromise. c) Both partners must have similar levels of need for each of the three components. d) One partner must have high needs for three components, and the other must have lower needs to balance the levels.

c) Both partners must have similar levels of need for each of the three components.

When Jacob faces the principal of the high school to be questioned about an action, which of the following possible responses would represent the cognitive element of his behaviour? a) He enters the office door without hesitating. b) He exhibits self-confidence and lack of guilt. c) He thinks about why the principal is frowning. d) He reaches out to shake the principal's hand.

c) He thinks about why the principal is frowning.

Which would be the BEST possible description of how the fundamental attribution error operates regarding cultures? a) All cultures equally reflect this basic human error of mistaken attribution. b) Collectivistic cultures recognize limited responsibility to do as others expect. c) Individualistic cultures uphold personal responsibility for success and failure. d) Cultures that emphasize the social network inherently support this type of error.

c) Individualistic cultures uphold personal responsibility for success and failure.

Which of the following is the key finding of the Stanford Prison experiment? a) The prison guards quickly conformed to the wishes of the prisoners. b) The prison guards obeyed the directions of the warden, even though it went against their own morals. c) When put into a "prison" situation, the participants took on the roles of the prisoners and guards, even though it went against their own morals. d) The prisoners quickly conformed to the orders of the prison guards.

c) When put into a "prison" situation, the participants took on the roles of the prisoners and guards, even though it went against their own morals.

Which is the BEST definition of "prejudice"? a) a learned negative attitude toward individuals because of their race b) an unconscious negative attitude toward people because of a group they belong to c) a learned negative attitude toward people in a specific group d) an unconscious response to an individual because of his or her group membership

c) a learned negative attitude toward people in a specific group

What are the three components of attitudes, according to the ABC model? a) feelings, thoughts, and behaviour b) feelings, thoughts, and cognitive c) affective, behavioural, and cognitive d) affective, behavioural, and thoughts

c) affective, behavioural, and cognitive

Conformity may be BEST defined as _______________. a) trying to look or behave exactly like someone else. b) changing one's mind based on other people's opinions. c) altering behaviour in response to real or imagined group pressure. d) paying attention to what a group of people suggest is correct.

c) altering behaviour in response to real or imagined group pressure.

The frustration-aggression hypothesis suggests that ____________. a) aggression is the origin and root cause of frustration b) aggression and frustration generally occur together c) frustration can lead to anger that can lead to aggression d) frustration is the result of angry feelings that lead to aggression

c) frustration can lead to anger that can lead to aggression

For persuasion to occur, three elements must be present: ________________. a) attention, engagement, and accomplishment b) central route, peripheral route, and source c) message, source, and receiver d) intelligence, motivation, and ability to take action

c) message, source, and receiver

The term "similarity" in relation to interpersonal attraction refers MOST to ___________. a) having equivalent physical attractiveness b) sharing comparable personality traits c) possessing matching attitudes and backgrounds d) demonstrating congruous ways of behaving

c) possessing matching attitudes and backgrounds

Daryl has just been asked which political party he favours. After thinking about it, he responds that, because he has voted for the same party in the last two elections, he must favour that party. Which of the following does Daryl's political attitude support? a) cognitive dissonance theory b) social identity theory c) self-perception theory d) self-serving bias theory

c) self-perception theory

A student became dizzy in a warm classroom but is now seated and sipping on water. Another student, Frannie does not help her. According to Latane and Darley's five-step decision process, Frannie MOST likely did not help because _______________. a) she did not feel capable of helping b) she doesn't care about others c) she did not consider the situation to be an emergency d) she was waiting for someone else to step in

c) she did not consider the situation to be an emergency

Which part of the brain is NOT involved in social functioning? a) orbitofrontal cortex b) ventromedial prefrontal cortex c) temporal lobe d) insula

c) temporal lobe

Which strategy would work best to decrease the likelihood of social loafing? a) Make group projects easier. b) Decrease the number of group members. c) Increase the number of group members. d) Assign a specific role to each group member.

d) Assign a specific role to each group member.

Which of the following statements about social loafing is accurate? a) Fatigue is associated with a corresponding decrease in social loafing. b) Social loafing is most prevalent in cohesive groups. c) People from Eastern cultures are more likely to engage in social loafing than people from Western cultures. d) Men are more likely to engage in social loafing than women.

d) Men are more likely to engage in social loafing than women.

Suppose you want to understand the norms in a culture. Which is the MOST dependable way to learn about these norms? a) Ask a person who has lived in the culture for several years. b) Observe the behaviours and actions of children in the culture. c) Ask a native of the culture to state the expected norms. d) Observe the behaviours and actions of adults in the culture.

d) Observe the behaviours and actions of adults in the culture.

With which of the following statements would Solomon Asch MOST strongly disagree? a) One basic reason that people change their decisions to align with other members of a group may be because of external pressure. b) A person may come to doubt his own decision when that decision comes into conflict with people who believe differently and act confidently. c) Behaviour in a collectivistic society supports the idea that conformity results in self-esteem, because the value of belonging is exhibited by society as a whole. d) The idea that peers can effectively change a person's behaviour applies mostly to situations in which the consequences are not life-threatening.

d) The idea that peers can effectively change a person's behaviour applies mostly to situations in which the consequences are not life-threatening.

Which of the following statements represents the BEST synthesis of the steps in Latane and Darley's five-step decision process? a) The steps in the decision-making process are so simple that anyone can apply the questions to determine whether to offer help. b) The steps in the process are intuitive and do not require any cognitive thought or consideration. c) The steps in the process are not of equal importance in terms of whether an observer will provide help. d) The interconnectedness of the steps in the process leads logically from awareness to cognition/evaluation to action.

d) The interconnectedness of the steps in the process leads logically from awareness to cognition/evaluation to action.

The demise of romantic love in a relationship is largely related to ___________. a) the exact amount of time that has passed since the start of the relationship b) whether the partners have evolved into intimacy c) whether a future commitment by the partners has been made d) a time when the partners have passed beyond mystery and fantasy

d) a time when the partners have passed beyond mystery and fantasy

When asked about why discussions are so poor in her psychology class, Carmen says, "I don't talk in class because the classroom is too noisy. Larry and Helene do not take part in discussions because they are not diligent in their studies." This situation is MOST specifically an example of ____________. a) fundamental attribution error b) saliency bias c) saliency bias d) actor-observer effect

d) actor-observer effect

Which component of Jennifer's attitudes about the elderly is responsible for how she feels about an object or event? a) behavioural component b) cognitive component c) attribution characteristics d) affective component

d) affective component

The self-serving bias means ___________. a) we switch between situational and dispositional attributions to explain our own behaviour b) we are responsible for our success, but our failures are due to external factors c) attributions can be influenced by factors such as our moods and emotions, motives, prejudices and stereotypes, and cultural background d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Which of the following did Milgram find was a crucial factor that influenced obedience? a) the colour of the experimenter's lab coat b) distance from the shock generator c) forcefulness of the experimenter d) assignment of responsibility

d) assignment of responsibility

Henry takes part in an experiment in which he is told to speak firmly but critically when a participant makes her first mistake. For the second mistake, he is told to insult the person, which he does. Finally, he is asked to insult and yell at the person in front of the group. Henry's willingness to cooperate is most likely being influenced by the ________________. a) door-in-the-face technique b) assignment of responsibility c) modelling of behaviour d) foot-in-the-door technique

d) foot-in-the-door technique

In order to achieve the most optimum productivity, determining the optimal group size is dependent on what?

dependent on the task

Describe the Central Route to Persuasion

emphasizes the content of the message, using factual information and logical arguments to persuade.

Define the Foot-in-the-door Technique

getting someone to agree to a small request and then following up with a much larger one

Describe a Conjunctive Task. How does size affect productivity?

group as productive as its weakest member Larger Group size does not increase Productivity

Describe the Behavioural Component of the ABC Model

how we behave toward an object

Describe the Affective Component of the ABC Model

how we feel toward an object

Define the Door-in-the-face Technique

involves making an absurd request that will obviously be turned down, and then following it with a more moderate request

Describe the Peripheral Route to Persuasion

relies on more superficial information where the receiver is responding to factors like: - how attractive the spokesperson is - how amusing or engaging the message is

Describe a Divisible Task. How does size affect productivity?

simultaneous performance of several tasks Larger Groups tend to be more productive

Define Depressive Realism

sometimes occurs in depressed individuals when they have a more realistic perception of themselves and their abilities

Define the Bystander effect (Bystander apathy)

the more people present, the less likely any one person will attempt to help

Define Diffusion of responsibility

the tendency that we are less likely to assist in a large group because responsibility to help is shared

Describe the Cognitive Component of the ABC Model

what we believe about an object

Define Social Comparison

where the group member compares the group favourably with other groups, and in turn derives a sense of positive well-being from looking at himself as superior in some way