ACS Pilot Qualifications

What requirements must be met before a pilot can log an IAP for currency or training?

1. When conducted in an aircraft, full flight simulator, flight training device, or aviation training device, the pilot must operate that aircraft or authorized training device solely by reference to instruments. (14 CFR 61.51(g)(1)) 2. When conducted in an aircraft, full flight simulator, flight training device, or aviation training device, the pilot must be established on each required segment of the IAP to the minimum descent altitude (MDA) or decision altitude/decision height (DA/DH). 3. When conducted in an aircraft simulating instrument flight conditions, a full flight simulator, a flight training device, or an aviation training device, the simulated instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) must continue to MDA or DA/DH. 4. When conducted in an aircraft, the flight must be conducted under actual or simulated instrument flight conditions. (14 CFR 61.51(g)(1) 5. When conducted in an aircraft maneuvering in IMC, the aircraft transitions from IMC to visual flight conditions on the final approach segment of the IAP prior to or upon reaching MDA or DA/DH.

Alcohol (FAR Part 91.17)

**takes 3 hours to rid the body of alcohol in one drink 1. must stop drinking your last drink 8 hours prior to flight, the bottle to the throttle rule 2. .04 % or greater alcohol limit to fly

What are the four methods a pilot may use to conduct and then log IAPs?

1. Actual instrument flight conditions flown in an aircraft 2. Simulated instrument flight conditions, using a view-limiting device, flown in an aircraft with a safety pilot 3. Simulated instrument flight conditions conducted in any FAA-approved full flight simulator (FSS), flight training device (FTD), aviation training device (ATD) or 4. a combination of methods 1 through 3 as prescribed by 61.57 (c)

Treatment for Hypoxia

1. Administer Supplemental Oxygen **** If supplemental oxygen is not available 1. descend to lower altitudes 2. open cabin vents 3. make a precautionary landing

Middle ear and sinuses normally equalize with external air through the nasal passage, what may block these small opening and prevent the pressure from equalizing?

1. Allergies 2. Colds 3. Sinus Infections

Examples of Hypoxic Hypoxia

1. Blocked Airway 2. Drowning 3. Collapsed or damaged lungs 4. Reduced partial pressure of oxygen at altitudes

Examples of Stagnant Hypoxia (ischemia) (aka staggered blood flow)

1. Body unable to overpower G force 2. Arm falls asleep due to decrease blood flow 3. Decreased output from the heart (shock/trauma) 4. Cold Temps reducing flow

Examples of Histotoxic Hypoxia

1. Effect of Alcohol 2. Effect of Drugs (narcotics, poison)

If the air gets trapped in the middle ear or sinuses area, then what may this cause? When are the effects most severe?

1. Extreme Pain 2. Reduction in Hearing 3. Damage to Ear Drums **this is usually most severe during descend

What are the different Visual Illusions?

1. False Horizon 2. Autokinesis

Symptoms of Motion Sickness

1. General Discomfort 2. Nausea 3. Dizziness 4. Paleness 5. Sweating 6. Vomiting

Certificate Requirements (14 CFR 61.65)

1. Hold at least a current private pilot certificate, or be concurrently applying for a private pilot certificate, with an airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift rating appropriate to the instrument rating sought; 2. Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language. If the applicant is unable to meet any of these requirements due to a medical condition, the Administrator may place such operating limitations on the applicant's pilot certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of the aircraft; 3. Receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor or accomplish a home-study course of training on the aeronautical knowledge areas that apply to the instrument rating sought; 4. Receive a logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying that the person is prepared to take the required knowledge test; 5. Receive and log training on the areas of operation from an authorized instructor in an aircraft, full flight simulator, or flight training device that represents an airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift appropriate to the instrument rating sought; 6. Receive a logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying that the person is prepared to take the required practical test; 7. Pass the required knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas; however, an applicant is not required to take another knowledge test when that person already holds an instrument rating; and 8. Pass the required practical test on the areas of operation in an airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift appropriate to the rating sought; or a full flight simulator or a flight training device appropriate to the rating sought and for the specific maneuver or instrument approach procedure performed. If an approved flight training device is used for the practical test, the instrument approach procedures conducted in that flight training device are limited to one precision and one nonprecision approach, provided the flight training device is approved for the procedure performed.

What are the 4 types of Hypoxia?

1. Hypoxic Hypoxia 2. Hypemic Hypoxia 3. Stagnant Hypoxia (ischemia) (aka staggered blood flow) 4. Histotoxic Hypoxia

Signs and Symptoms of Alcohol

1. Impair Judgement 2. Decrease sense of responsibility 3. Affects coordination 4. Constrict visual field 5. Diminish memory

Signs and Symptoms of Hypoxia

1. Impaired Judgement 2. Impaired Reactions 3. Fatigue 4. Euphoria 5. Dizziness 6. Headache 7. Drowsiness 8. Tunnel Vision 9. Blue Lips 10. Passing Out 11. Death

Examples of Hypemic Hypoxia

1. Low blood volume (bleeding out or donating blood) 2. Blood disease (Anemia) 3. Oxygen binding site unable to hold oxygen (Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

How do you alleviate Motion Sickness in flight?

1. Open fresh air vents 2. Focus on objects outside the aircraft (horizon) 3. Avoid unnecessary head movements

Treatment for Hyperventilation

1. Restore normal breathing rate 2. Breathe into a paper bag to increase level of carbon dioxide 3. Often quick to recover from

What are the different Optical Illusions?

1. Runway Width Illusion 2. Runway and Terrain Slope Illusion 3. Featureless Terrain Slope Illusion 4. Water Refraction 5. Haze 6. Fog 7. Ground Lighting Illusion

What are the different Vestibular Illusions?

1. The leans 2. Coriolis Illusion 3. Graveyard Spiral 4. Somatogravic Illusion 5. Inversion Illusion 6. Elevator Illusion

3 Systems the Body Uses for Spatial Orientation:

1. Vestibular System 2. Somatosensory System 3. Visual System

Signs and Symptoms of Hyperventilation

1. Visual Impairments 2. Unconsciousness 3. Dizziness or Lightheaded 4. Tingling Sensation 5. Hot and Cold Sensation 6. Muscle Spasm

Recency of Experience (14 CFR 61.57)

1. flight review 2. to carry passengers: perform 3 takeoffs and 3 landings within the preceding 90 in an aircraft of the same category, class, and type if type is required (landings must be to full stop at night or in a tailwheel) 3. within the 6 calendar months preceding the month of the flight, performed and logged in actual weather conditions or under simulated contains using a view-limiting device, at least the following: -6 instrument approaches, holding procedures and tasks, intercepting and tracking courses through the use of navigational electronic systems second 6 month period: "grace period" the second 6 month period in which a pilot may get current by finding an appropriate rated safety pilot and in simulated IFR conditions only, acquire the 6 approaches ect. -if the second 6 month period also passes without accomplishing the minimum, a pilot may reinstate his/her currency by accomplishing an instrument proficiency check given by an examiner an authorized instructor, or an FAA-approved person to conduct instrument practical tests

What are the Special VFR requirements?

1. must be in a controlled airspace 2. instrument rated when flying at night 3. clear of clouds 4. 1 sm of visibility

How can you prevent "the bends" after SCUBA diving?

Controlled Ascent Not Required: wait at least 12 hours after for flights up to 8000 ft MSL Controlled Ascent Required: wait at least 24 hours after for flights up to 8000 ft MSL After Any Scuba Dive: wait at least 24 hours for any flight above 8,000 ft MSL

Failure to distinguish proficiency versus currency (FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-P-87 40-36)

Currency: being "current" means that a pilot has accomplished the minimum FAA regulatory requirements within a specified time period so he or she can exercise the privileges of the certificate. It means that you're legal to make a flight, but does not necessarily mean that you're proficient (safe) or competent to make that flight. Proficiency: "proficient" pilot is capable of conducting a flight with a higher degree of competence; proficiency requires that the pilot have a wide range of knowledge and skills. Being proficient is not about just being "legal" in terms of the regulations, but is about being smart and safe in terms of pilot experience and competence

one of the most treacherous hazards to flight because you cannot measure it

Fatigue

Optical Illusion: Runway Width Illusion

a narrow runway may create the illusion that the aircraft is higher than it actually is. A wide runway may cause the opposite effect of the aircraft flying too low.

Recordkeeping ( 14 CFR 61.51)

a person may log instrument time only for the flight time when the person operates the aircraft solely by reference to instruments under actual or simulated instrument flight conditions ◦ included in each logbook entry: 1. the location 2. type of each instrument approach accomplished 3. the name of the safety pilot, if required

Vestibular Illusions: Graveyard Spiral

a pilot in a prolonged, coordinated constant-rate turn may experience the illusion of not turning. After leveling the wings, the pilot may feel the sensation of turning to the other direction ("the leans"), causing the pilot to turn back in the original direction. Since a higher angle of attack is required during a turn to remain level, the pilot may notice a loss of altitude and apply back force on the elevator. This may tighten the spiral and increase the loss of altitude.

If a pilot allows his/her instrument currency to expire, what can be done to become current again?

a pilot is current for the first 6 months following his/her instrument check ride or proficiency check. If the pilot has not accomplished at least 6 approaches (including holding procedures, intercepting/tracking courses through the use of navigation systems) within this first 6 months, he/she is no longer legal to file and fly under IFR. To become legal again, the regulation allows a "grace period" (the second 6-month period) in which a pilot may get current by finding an appropriate rated safety pilot and in simulated IFR conditions only, acquire the 6 approaches, act. If the second 6 month period also passes without accomplishing the minimum, a pilot may reinstate his/here currency by accomplishing an instrument proficiency check given by an examiner, an authorized instructor, or an FAA-approved person to conduct instrument practical test

Vestibular Illusions: Coriolis Illusion

after a prolonged turn, the fluid in the ear canal moves at same speed as the canal. A head movement on a different plane will cause the fluid to start moving and result in a false sensation of acceleration or turning on a different axis

Vestibular Illusions: The leans

after leveling the wings following a prolonged turn, pilot may feel that the aircraft is banked in the opposite direction of the turn

Optical Illusion: Featureless Terrain Illusion

also known as "black hole approach." Flying over featureless or dark areas, such as in an overwater approach, can create the illusion that the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it actually is and may lead the pilot to fly at a lower altitude than desired.

Vestibular Illusions: Inversion Illusion

an abrupt change from climb to straight and level may create the illusion of tumbling backwards due to the fluid movement in the otolith organs. The disoriented pilot will push the aircraft abruptly into a nose low attitude, possibly intensifying this illusion

Vestibular Illusions: Elevator Illusion

an abrupt upward vertical acceleration may create the illusion a climb, due to fluid movement in the otolith organs. The disoriented pilot will push the aircraft into a nose low attitude. An abrupt downward vertical acceleration, usually by a downdraft, has the opposite effect, with the disoriented pilot pulling the aircraft into a nose up attitude.

Visual Illusion: False Horizone

an illusion in which the pilot may misidentify the horizon line. May be caused by sloping cloud formation, an obscured horizon, an aurora borealis, dark night with scattered lights and stars or the geometry of the ground

Motion Sickness

an unpleasant sick feeling that is experienced when the brain receives conflicting messages about the state of the body. Can be exacerbated by anxiety and stress associated with flying

Optical Illusion: Runway and Terrain Slope Illusion

an uplosping terrain or runway may create the illusion that the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it actually is.

How can you relieve this condition of air getting trapped in the middle ear or sinuses?

by trying the Valsalva Maneuver -this forces air through the Eustachian tube into the middle ear. It may not work if the pilot has a cold, sinus or ear infection, or a sore throat.

Stagnant Hypoxia (ischemia) (aka staggered blood flow)

caused when oxygen rich blood is not flowing to the body

Hypemic Hypoxia

caused when the blood is unable to bind or carry enough oxygen for the body

Hypoxic Hypoxia

causes insufficient oxygen available to the body

Somatosensory System

consists of nerves in the skin, muscles, and joints

Vestibular System

consists of organs in the inner ear: • 3 semicircular canals: sense movement in 3 axes: ‣ pitch ‣ roll ‣ yaw ◦ the canals are filled with fluid, which moves against tiny sensory hairs as the head is moved. the brain gets these signals and interprets a sensation of movement • 2 otolith organs: ‣ 1. utricle ‣ 2. saccule ◦ sense acceleration in the horizontal and vertical plane

Hyperventilation

excessive breathing or fast respiratory rate caused by: a source of panic or fright, conscious decision to breathe faster or by physiological condition

Optical Illusion: Fog

flying into fog may create an illusion of a nose-up motion.

Decompression Sickness

inert gasses (mainly nitrogen) are released rapidly from solution in the body tissues and fluids as a result of low barometric pressure. The gasses form bubbles that may harm the body in several ways. The most common result of decompression sickness is joint pain "the bends".

Optical Illusion: Ground Lighting Illusion

lights along a straight path, such as a road or lights on moving trains, can be mistaken for runway and approach lights. Bright runway and approach lighting systems, especially where few lights illuminate the surrounding terrain, may create the illusion that the runway is closer than it actually is. This may result in the pilot flying a higher approach than desired.

Optical Illusion: Haze

shooting an approach in haze may create the illusion that the runway is further that it actually is, or that the aircraft is higher than it actually is.

Visual Illusion: Autokinesis

staring at a stationary point of light in a dark or featureless scene for a prolonged period of time may cause the light to appear to be moving. A pilot may attempt to align the aircraft with the perceived moving light, resulting in loss of control.

Visual System

visual cues from our eyes help the brain figure out spatial orientation

When is an instrument rating required?

when operations are conducted 1. Under instrument flight 2. In weather conditions less than the minimum for VFR flight 3. In Class A airspace 4. Under Special VFR within Class B, Class C, Class D and Class E surface areas between sunset and sunrise 5. When carrying passengers for hire on cross-country flights in excess of 50 nautical miles or at night

Part 68 BasicMed Privileges and Limitations (AC 68-1A)

• 1. fly with no more than 5 passengers • 2. fly an aircraft with a maximum certificated takeoff weight of no more than 6,000 lbs • 3. fly an aircraft that is authorized to carry no more than 6 occupants • 4. flights within the United States, at an indicated airspeed of 250 knots or less, and at an altitude at or below 18,000 feet mean sea level (MSL). • 5. you may not fly for compensation or hire

Failure to ensure fitness for flight and physiological factors that might affect the pilot's ability to fly under instrument conditions

• I.M.S.A.F.E. ◦ I: Illness ‣ Do I have any symptoms? ◦ M: Medication ‣ Have I taken prescription or over the counter drugs ? ◦ S: Stress ‣ Am I under psychological pressure, worried about finances, health, or family discord? ◦ A: Alcohol ‣ No drinking within 8 hours, No more than .04% of alcohol in blood ◦ F: Fatigue ‣ Am I tired/adequately rested? ◦ E: Emotion ‣ Am I emotionally upset?

What are the eligibility requirements for Basic Med?

‣ either hold or have held a valid medical certificate after July 14, 2006 • *the medical certificate may be expired but cannot have been suspended, revoked ‣ must have visited their primary care physician within the preceding 48 calendar months/ 2 years

Certificate Requirements: Aeronautical Experience Requirements (14 CFR 61.65)

‣ person who applies for an instrument-airplane rating must have logged the following 1) 50 hours cross-country flight time as PIC, of which 10 hours must have been in an airplane 2) 40 hours of actual or simulated instrument time in the Part 61 areas of operation, of which 15 hours must have been received from an authorized instructor who holds an instrument airplane rating, and the instrument time includes: ‣ a. 3 hours of instrument flight training from an authorized instructor in an airplane that is appropriate to the instrument-airplane rating within 2 calendar months before the date of the practical test ‣ b. instrument flight training on cross country flight procedures, including one cross country flight in an airplane with an authorized instructor, that is performed under IFR, when a flight plan has been filed with an ATC facility, and that involves a flight of 250 NM along airways or ATC-directed routine, an instrument approach at each airport, and 3 different kinds of approaches with the use of navigation

What is the recency of experience needed to use BasicMed?

‣ you must complete a BasicMed medical education course within the preceding 24 calendar months/ 1 year before acting as pilot in command

Supplemental Oxygen Requirements-(FAR 91.211)

◦ No person may operate a civil aircraft of U.S. registry: 1. supplemental oxygen is required for flights between 12,500' MSL and 14,000' MSL for more than 30 minutes, minimum flight crew members must use supplemental oxygen 2. supplemental oxygen is required at flights above 14,000' MSL, minimum flight crew members must use supplemental oxygen at all times 3. supplemental oxygen is required for flights above 15,000' MSL, all occupants must be provided supplemental oxygen

Spatial Disorientation

◦ a state of temporary confusion resulting from misleading information being sent to the brain by various sensory organs, it is an incorrect mental image of what is actually happening

Graveyard Spin

A proper recovery from a spin that has ceased stimulating the motion sensing system can create the illusion of spinning in the opposite direction. The disoriented pilot will return the aircraft to its original spin.

Privileges and Limitations (14 CFR 61.113)

limitations: 1. no person who holds a private pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft that is carrying passengers or property for compensation or hire; nor may that person, for compensation or hire, act as pilot in command of an aircraft 2. may not pay less than the pro rata share of the operating expenses of a flight with passengers, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or rental fees privileges: 1. may act as PIC of an aircraft in connection with any business or employment if it is only incidental to that business or employment and does not carry passengers or property for compensation or hire 2. may act as PIC of a charitable, nonprofit, or community event flight described in 14 CFR 91.146, if the sponsor and pilot comply with the requirements of that regulation 3. may be reimbursed for aircraft operating expenses that are directly related to search and location operations, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or rental fees, and the operation is sanctioned and under the direction and control of local, state, or Federal agencies or organizations that conduct search and location operations 4. may demonstrate an aircraft in flight to a prospective buyer if the private pilot is an aircraft salesman and has at least 200 hours of logged flight time 5. may act as PIC of an aircraft towing a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle, provided they meet the requirements of 14 CFR 61.69 6. may act as PIC for the purpose of conducting a production flight test in a light-sport aircraft intended for certification in the light-sport category, provided they meet the requirements of 14 CFR 21. 190 provided ‣ that the aircraft is a powered parachute or weight-shift-control aircraft ‣ the person has at least 100 hours of PIC time in the category and class of aircraft flown ‣ the person is familiar with the processes and procedures applicable to the conduct of production flight testing, to include operations conducted under a special flight permit and any associated operating limitations 7. may act as PIC of an aircraft without holding a medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter provided the pilot holds a valid U.S. driver's license, meets the requirements of 61.23 c 3 and complies with this section and all of the following conditions and limitations ‣ the aircraft is authorized to carry not more than 6 occupants, has a maximum takeoff weight of not more than 6,000 pounds, and is operated with no more than five passengers on board ‣ the flight, including each portion of the flight, is carried out at an altitude that is more than 18,000 feet above mean sea level , outside the united states unless authorized by the country in which the flight is conducted, or at an indicated airspeed exceeding 250 knots, and the pilot has available in his or her logbook the completed medical examination checklist required under 68.7 of this chapter and the certificate of course completion required under 61.23 (c) (3)

Histotoxic Hypoxia

occurs when bodies tissue or cells (histo) unable to use oxygen

Valsalva Maneuver

pinch your nostrils and gently try to blow air out of your nose

Optical Illusion: Water Refraction

rain on the windscreen can create an illusion of being at a higher altitude due to the horizon appearing lower than it is. This can result in the pilot flying a lower approach.

Vestibular Illusions: Somatogravic Illusion

rapid acceleration stimulates the inner ear otolith organs in the same way as tilting the head backwards. This may create the illusion of a higher pitch angle. Deceleration causes the opposite illusion of the sensation of tilting the head forward and o the aircraft being in a nose-low attitude.