ADJ Chapter 5

cigar smoking, which has increased dramatically in recent years, elevates health risks almost as much as ________ smoking

cigarette

Established risk factors for coronary disease include __________ , ___________, high ____________ levels, and high _______ pressure

smoking; diabetes; cholesterol; blood

but these diseases tend to emerge in women about _____ years later than in men, presumably due to both physiology and lifestyle

10

For example, the average smoker has an estimated life expectancy ___to ___ years shorter than that of a similar nonsmoker

13; 14

About ___ million of these smokers live with some chronic disease tied to their smoking habit.

16

Nonetheless, about ____% of adult men and ____% of adult women in the United States continue to smoke regularly

20.5; 15.3

In reality, cancer is actually a collection of more than ______ related diseases that vary in their characteristics and amenability to treatment

200

Research shows that long-term success rates for efforts to quit smoking are in the vicinity of only ____%

25

As noted earlier, heart disease accounts for nearly ___% of the deaths in the United States every year.

27

Among those with normal blood pressure, the high-anger subjects experienced almost ____ times as many coronary events as the low-anger subjects

3

Smoking among college-aged students has dropped from close to ___% to just under ___%

30;20

_____ years after people stop smoking, their health risk is already noticeably lower than that for people who continue to smoke. The health risks for people who give up tobacco continue to decline until they reach a normal level after about ___ years.

5; 15

tobacco smoke contains about _______ chemicals, and at least ____ of the latter are known cancer-causing agents, or carcinogens

7000; 70

Coronary heart disease causes about ____% of heart-related deaths.

90

Type ___'s are ambitious, hard-driving perfectionists who are exceedingly time conscious. They routinely try to do several things at once.

A

Specifically, they identified an apparent connection between coronary risk and a pattern of behavior they called the Type ___ ______________, which involves self-imposed stress and intense reactions to stress

A personality

____________ is an unpleasant emotion that is accompanied by physiological arousal, whereas __________ involves a social component—a negative attitude and often reaction toward others

Anger; hostility

____________ is the principal cause of coronary disease

Atherosclerosis

_______________ is a gradual narrowing of the coronary arteries, usually caused by a buildup of fatty deposits and other debris on the inner walls

Atherosclerosis

__________ refers to malignant cell growth, which may occur in many organ systems in the body

Cancer

Here is a surprising and stark fact: _________ lead to the death of more people each year than suicides, car accidents, homicides, alcohol, illegal drugs, fire-arm related incidents, and AIDS combined

Cigarettes

_____________ heart disease results from a reduction in blood flow through the coronary arteries, which supply the heart with blood. This type of heart disease causes about 90% of heart-related deaths.

Coronary

____________ refers to a persistent negative attitude marked by cynical, mistrusting thoughts, feelings of anger, and overtly aggressive actions.

Hostility

________ Kiecolt-Glaser has explored how stress can reduce beneficial immune system activity in humans, thereby putting affected people at risk for various illnesses.

Janice

_______ smokers are somewhat more successful at quitting than heavy smokers, as are ________ smokers compared to younger ones (

Light; older

___________ is actually the most preventable cause of mortality in the United States.

Smoking

__________ is characterized as the one of the leading causes of headaches

Stress

Other leading behavioral causes of death include _________ consumption, unsafe driving, sexually transmitted diseases, and illicit drug use.

alcohol

In fact, an early researcher interested in hostility argued that individuals who use ________ as a response for dealing with interpersonal problems were at an elevated risk for _________ disease

anger; heart

However, in recent years, researchers have found a stronger link between personality and coronary risk by focusing on a specific component of the Type A personality: ________ and __________

anger; hostility

This ischemia may be accompanied by brief chest pain, called ________, as well as shortness of breath.

angina

Alternatively, stress may simply alter health-related behaviors, increasing the incidence of "________ habits"—smoking, eating poorly, drinking alcohol, using illegal drugs, sleeping less—all of which increase people's risk for diseases and disrupt their immunity

bad

experts caution that the relationship between the two conditions is surely ________________ and that heart disease also increases vulnerability to depression.

bidirectional

Smokers also have an elevated risk of a wide variety of cancers throughout the _________ , including oral, bladder, and kidney cancer, as well as cancers of the larynx, esophagus, and pancreas; for atherosclerosis, hypertension, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases; and for bronchitis, emphysema, and other pulmonary diseases

body

Learning to recognize one's impending emotional state, such as feeling angry, but then expressing the emotion as _________ and rationally as possible may be a healthier response. I

calmly

Lung _______and _______ disease kill the largest number of smokers; in fact, smokers are almost _______ as likely to succumb to cardiovascular disease as nonsmokers are.

cancer; heart; twice

Over time, this relentless mental "stewing" can become a negative coping strategy that actually increases people's risk for __________problems.

cardiac

The frequent ups and downs in heart rate and blood pressure may create wear and tear in their ______________ systems.

cardiovascular

keep in mind that hostility does not always lead to the development of ______________ problems. One large-population project did not find any overall effect for hostility and the onset of heart disease

cardiovascular

A wealth of evidence suggests that stress influences physical health. However, virtually all of the relevant research is correlational, so it cannot demonstrate conclusively that stress _______ illness

causes

Among infectious diseases, stress has been clearly implicated in development of the common _______

cold

The Type A personality includes three elements: (1) a strong ____________ orientation, (2) _____________ and time urgency, and (3) _____ and ________

competitive; impatience; anger; hostility

At present, psychological interventions aimed at helping cancer patients __________ can enhance their quality of life

cope

more convincing evidence has shown that stress and personality influence the ________ of the disease.

course

most people are aware of the dangers associated with certain habits, but they often engage in ________ when it is time to apply this information to themselves.

denial

Indeed, _____________ is the most common psychological reaction to having a heart attack (

depression

Overall, studies have found that depression roughly ___________ one's chances of developing heart disease

doubles

Ironically, perhaps, keeping negative emotions to oneself is potentially more harmful than ___________ anger toward others

expressing

In an analysis of the causes of death in the United States, Mokdad and colleagues (2004) estimate that unhealthy behaviors are responsible for about ______ of all deaths each year.

half

Fourth, perhaps because of their cynicism, people high in anger and hostility seem to exhibit a higher prevalence of poor ________ habits that may contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease.

health

However, studies conducted in the last decade or so have suggested that the causal relation may also flow in the opposite direction—that the emotional dysfunction of depression may cause _________ disease

heart

More often than not, studies found an association between Type A personality and an elevated incidence of __________disease, but the findings were not as strong or as consistent as expected

heart

, people high in ___________ are more likely to smoke, drink alcohol and coffee, and be overweight than others

hostility

The manner in which individuals deal with their anger, though, may be quite consequential, creating a link to __________ toward others.

hostility

____________ may be a decided risk factor for some people but not others, just as it may exert its influence on promoting heart disease through some other pathway.

hostility

Reduced levels of ____________ activity were found during the extremely stressful finals week. Reduced immune activity was also correlated with higher scores on the SRRS.

immune

Why should stress increase the risk for so many kinds of illness? A partial answer may lie in ____________ functioning.

immune

The _________ __________ is the body's defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral agents, or other foreign substances.

immune response

Individuals who work through their anger in ways that attempt to resolve disputes or cope with ______________problems tend to have better cardiovascular health (Davidson & Mostofsky, 2010). This finding is particularly true for _______.

interpersonal; men

Other research by Kiecolt-Glaser and colleagues indicates that immune function can be compromised by particular stressors, including ____________, _____________, and __________ problems

loneliness; depression; marital

Those who see themselves as being __________ in the social hierarchy experience frequent and high stress, which is predictive of poor health.

lower

More college-aged _____ than women smoke, and one study argues that this gender gap is explained by males with low _____-______ who view smoking favorably

men; self-esteem

women who perceive little or no social support at home or at work are at greater risk for __________ resulting from a heart attack than other women

mortality

If a coronary artery is blocked completely (by a blood clot, for instance), the abrupt interruption of blood flow can produce a full-fledged heart attack, or __________ ____________.

myocardial infarction

In fact, the strongest links are between _________ emotionality and an inclination to _________ rather than express emotions.

negative; repress

The overall risk is positively correlated with the __________ of cigarettes smoked and their tar and nicotine content.

number

Still other students—approximately _____ in five—are smoking by using a hookah or waterpipe, often because they erroneously believe that waterpipe smoking has a less destructive effect on health than traditional cigarettes

one

Roughly ____ in five Americans smoke, which means there are currently about ___ million adult smokers.

one; 42

Some psychologists searched for evidence for the so-called Type C or "cancer-prone personality" but failed to find any link between _____________ traits and the development of the disease

personality

perhaps some aspect of ____________ or some type of physiological predisposition makes people overly prone to interpret events as stressful and overly prone to interpret unpleasant physical sensations as symptoms of illness

personality

anger-prone individuals appear to exhibit greater ____________reactivity than those lower in hostility

physiological

many health-impairing habits involve activities that are quite ____________ at the time.

pleasant

Type B's are less hurried, less competitive, and less easily angered than Type A's, and there is some evidence that Type B's engage in more ___________ and less risky behaviors when facing ________

preventive; stress

In fact, the research linking ______________ factors to the onset of cancer is extremely weak.

psychological

The development of _______________ to measure life stress has allowed researchers to look for correlations between stress and a variety of diseases.

questionnaires

The core problem in cancer is that cells begin to reproduce in a ___________, disorganized fashion. As this reproduction process lurches out of control, the teeming new cells clump together to form _________. If this wild growth continues unabated, the spreading tumors cause _________ damage and begin to interfere with normal ___________ in the affected organ systems.

rapid; tumors; tissue; functioning

One reason this matters is that physical fitness mediates cardiac reactivity: People who stay in good physical shape have lower ___________ than those in poor shape

reactivity

Type B personality is marked by relatively _________, _______, easygoing, amicable behavior.

relaxed; patient

the ________ associated with most health-impairing habits are related to chronic diseases such as cancer that usually take 10, 20, or 30 years to develop.

risks

E-cigarettes might also encourage some students to engage in more ______ behaviors, such as smoking actual cigarettes, using marijuana, and consuming alcohol

risky

A related form of suppressed emotion is __________—engaging in repetitive negative thinking about some event.

rumination

About _______ out of ten regular smokers would like to quit completely (

seven

Several factors are involved. First, many health-impairing habits creep up on people __________.

slowly

The habits that account for the most premature mortality, by far, are ________ and poor ______/physical inactivity.

smoking; diet

There is even evidence that where people perceive themselves on the "_________ ladder" can influence immune function

social

Third, thanks to their antagonistic ways of relating to others, hostile individuals tend to have less ________ support than others

social

Second, hostile people probably create additional ________ for themselves

stress

laboratory experiments with cardiology patients have shown that brief periods of mental ___________ can trigger acute symptoms of heart disease, such as myocardial ischemia and angina

stress

The presence of _______, ___________, and depression, too, can be related to inflammation

stress; anxiety

One line of research has supported the hypothesis that transient mental _____________ and the resulting __________ can tax the heart.

stress; emotions

People reporting higher levels of ________ are more likely to become _____. Interestingly, people who are social and ____________ are at lower risk of getting a cold after exposure to a virus

stress; ill; agreeable

Studies by Janice Kiecolt-Glaser and her colleagues have related _______ to suppressed __________ activity in humans

stress; immune

Evidence is mounting that the __________ and reddening of arteries in the heart plays a key role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, as well as the acute complications that trigger heart attacks

swelling

The association between stress and illness could be due to a _______ variable.

third

it appears that people have a tendency to _____________ the risks associated with their own health-impairing habits while viewing the risks associated with others' self-destructive behaviors much more _____________

underestimate; accurately

_________ _________, in which they are aware that certain health-related behaviors are dangerous, but they erroneously view those dangers as risks for others rather than themselves.

unrealistic optimism

some people smoke in order to control their ______, and many smokers claim that cigarettes elevate their _______, suppress hunger pangs (which they believe helps them stay thin), and enhance alertness and attention.

weight; mood

Contrary to public perception, cardiovascular diseases—those related to the heart and blood vessels—kill ________ just as much as men

women

Smoking and diabetes are somewhat stronger risk factors for __________ than for men

women

Atherosclerosis progresses slowly over many _______. Narrowed coronary arteries may eventually lead to situations in which the heart is temporarily deprived of adequate blood flow, causing a condition known as myocardial __________.

years; ischemia