Adolescence - Chapter 10, 11 and 12

Psychoactive substances that can lead to drug dependence include

- alcohol. - nicotine. - opiates.

Romantic relationships are linked to the brain systems and neurochemicals involved with

- attachment. - passion. - sexual gratification.

Canada has a mandate for comprehensive sexual health education programs for all students, designed to focus on three of the following, b)

- biological aspects of puberty. - sexual behaviour. - contraception and safer sexual practices.

When Philippe tried to stop smoking, he got twitchy and very uncomfortable. The only way he found to relieve these symptoms was to light a cigarette. Philippe is experiencing the effects of

- drug withdrawal and drug dependence

Children of depressed parents are more likely to become depressed themselves. This indicates that depression is caused by _____ factors.

- genetic - biological - familial and experiential

Evidence suggests that adolescent sexual- minority orientation is linked to

- genetic factors. - prenatal hormones. - childhood experiences.

Important risk factor(s) for delinquency that continues into adulthood is/are

- hostile or neglecting parents. - high levels of impulsiveness. - low IQ scores.

Having a close opposite-sex friend

- is common by mid-adolescence. - is rare during childhood. - is considered rewarding, especially by adolescent boys

The term "intimacy" is generally used to refer to

- sexual relationships. - romantic involvements. - close friendships.

By the late elementary school years the qualities that are important to friendships come to include

- shared values. - loyalty. - mutual support.

In one study, ______smokers who were in treatment programs for drug abuse said it was much harder to quit smoking than to kick a drug habit (Koslowski et al., 1989).

1 in 3

While relatively few young women are diagnosed with clinical cases of bulimia, about _____ show some bulimic symptoms

1 in 5

_______is the single biggest preventable cause of death in Canada (Statistics Canada, 2011).

Cigarette smoking

__________ is a legal term for behaviours such as truancy and running away, misconduct like being disruptive in school, and minor offences such as gambling.

Delinquency

"Only someone who has already achieved a clear sense of his or her own identity can be expected to develop a truly intimate relationship with another person." This statement most closely reflects the viewpoint of

Erik Erikson

Broadly speaking, _____ sees a sense of identity as a precondition for true intimacy, and _____ sees intimate relationships as contributing to the development of a sense of identity.

Erikson; Sullivan

Which of the following girls is at greatest risk for developing anorexia?

Felicity, whose family is White and upper middle class

Tenderness, companionship, and acceptance are psychological needs that are typical of different stages of childhood according to

Harry Stack Sullivan

The theory of _____ focuses on the stages in the development of interpersonal needs.

Harry Stack Sullivan

_____ is a crucial feature of close friendships that emerges in early adolescence.

Self-disclosure

_____, the major psychoactive substance in marijuana lingers in the body for several days

THC

Jim and Faizal are close friends, but Jim tends to boss Faizal around and make nasty cracks to others about Faizal's cluelessness in sports and with girls. A social scientist would probably say that Jim and Faizal have

a low-quality friendship.

Unlike Canadian teens, American teens are more likely to become pregnant because of three of the following, except

a more permissive societal attitude towards sex

Compared to adolescents in other developed countries, the rate of sexual activity among Canadian adolescents is _____ and the rate of pregnancies is _____.

about the same; much lower

Canada has a mandate for comprehensive sexual health education programs for all students, designed to focus on three of the following, except a)

abstinence from sexual activity.

For Sullivan, the close friendships that develop in preadolescence are a child's first experience of an intimate relationship based on

an exchange between equals.

Kate is very thin, intensely afraid of gaining weight, and convinced that any bite of food she takes will make her swell up like a balloon. She is probably suffering from

anorexia nervosa.

From Bowlby's viewpoint, a teen who very much wants close relationships but undermines them through overinvolvement and demandingness is likely as a baby to have had a(n) _____ attachment to parents.

anxious-ambivalent

In Sullivan's view, the characteristics and interpersonal skills that develop in the context of close preadolescent same-sex friendships

are essential for achieving close romantic and sexual relationships later on.

In low doses, the first effect of alcohol is to depress the cerebral cortex. This weakens the ability of the cortex to control and inhibit behaviour, so people feel stimulated. However, alcohol is a

depressant

During childhood, boys and girls are equally likely to experience _____, but in adolescence this becomes much more common among girls than among boys.

depression

Corey complains that nothing is worth the effort of doing it. He spends a lot of time in bed, has no appetite for meals, and says he's sure it'll be this way forever. Corey fits the description of someone suffering from

depression.

The most common psychological disturbance among adolescents is

depression.

One account of the development of depression is that it involves both an individual vulnerability or _____ and some circumstance or event that creates _____.

diathesis; stress

Indira and Raj have been serious about each other for a while, but after Indira saw Raj chatting with another girl, she picked a fight and broke up with him. Indira is most likely a victim of

rejection sensitivity.

Between 2001-2010, the rate of violent crimes in Canada by those under 18 has

declined

Research on adolescent friendships most closely confirms the saying that

"Birds of a feather flock together."

As a child, Naomi was usually the only one in the class with her ethnic background. She was also small for her age. As a result, she was often excluded or ignored by the other kids. Now, as a teen, she is often told how attractive she is. Based on the concept of rejection sensitivity, she is likely to think,

"They're all just after something, and once they get it, they'll drop me."

The suicide rate for Aboriginal boys is about _____times higher than in the general Canadian population, and the rate for Aboriginal girls is _______ times as high (Health Canada, 2012).

- 5 and 7

Canadian girls are reporting that the average age for both intercourse and oral sex initiation was about _______ years, and _______% of them had engaged in oral sex prior to intercourse.

17; 27

Which of the following is not among the findings of the Eagle Canada Human Rights Trust regarding GLBTQ students?

33 to 49% of GLBTQ students had been sexually harassed in the last year

Although 16- to 25-year-olds made up only 13.2% of Canada's population in 2006, in that year they made up _____% of alcohol-related crash fatalities (MADD, 2012).

33.4

Health Canada (2012) reported the use of marijuana decreased from ____% of youth aged 15 to 24 in 2004 to just _____ % in 2011.

37; and 21.6

The percentage of students who had ridden with a driver who had been drinking ranged from 24% to _____% for Grade 12 students.

47

Up to ______of Grade 12 students have been in a car driven by someone under the influence of marijuana.

50

Before age 16, about _____% of Canadian adolescents have experienced sexual intercourse.

50+

The rate of alcohol consumption among Canadian students went from 3.4% of Grade 7 students to nearly _____% of Grade 12 students.

51

Health Canada (2012), reported a finding that nearly ______% of youth aged 15 to 24 had used alcohol in the past year.

71

By age 18, roughly _____% of Canadian adolescents have experienced sexual intercourse.

85

Over the course of adolescence _____% of Canadian adolescents have been had at least one romantic relationship.

90

Bias, long-term inequities, marginalization and severe family dysfunction are among the reasons why ______________youth are overrepresented in the youth justice system.

Aboriginal

Victoria is sometimes overwhelmed by an urge to overeat. The only way she knows to stay at a normal weight is to make herself throw up after an eating binge. Victoria is probably suffering from

bulimia.

According to Sullivan, the preadolescent years see the emergence of the need for a close same-sex friend, or what Sullivan calls a

chum

Close friends sometimes discuss problems and negative feelings over and over, in a process known as

co-rumination.

An important reason that intimate friendships become more possible during adolescence is that

cognitive changes make teens better able to understand another person's thoughts and feelings.

Researchers find that many teens with conduct problems are also depressed; this is an example of

comorbidity

The textbook linked the following factors to beginning intercourse earlier, except

ethnicity

Slobadan skips school, gets into a lot of fights, and commits vandalism. He is exhibiting _____ problems.

externalizing

Teens with _____ problems tend to have weak impulse control and are more likely to be boys than girls.

externalizing

Tiffany's health education teacher says that someone who smokes marijuana is more likely to go on more dangerous drugs such as heroin or cocaine. This is known as the _____ hypothesis.

gateway

The presence of guns in schools in Canada is much lower than in the United States due to the ______ legislation we do have in place.

gun control

Charlie is unpopular with most classmates because he picks fights. The chances are that he will

hang out with other aggressive guys, overestimate how antisocial they are, and try to live up to them by becoming even more aggressive.

Sexual activity among Western teens

has become the norm

One of the strongest predictors for initiating sexual intercourse is

having friends who approve of sex and are sexually active.

Xaviar was caught vandalizing a local cemetery. He also gets into fights at school. It is likely that

he also had conduct problems as a child.

Gabe generally gets along well with his parents and has several close friends. Recently he became involved in a romantic relationship. Research suggests that

he and his new partner will probably have an intimate and gratifying experience

Another student brushes by Mariano's desk and knocks his book to the floor. Mariano jumps up and threatens him. It is likely that Mariano has a(n)

hostile attributional bias.

The most widespread sexually transmitted infection among Canadian adolescents is

human papilloma virus (HPV).

Friendships between peers first become a feature of social interactions

in the preschool years.

Talia, 12, is convinced that Roberto is the most amazing person on earth. She talks about him all the time with her closest friend and has scratched his name into her desktop at home. Yesterday she filched the paper napkin from his tray at lunch and tucked it in her diary. The only time they have spoken was once when she bumped into him in the hall and he said, "Oh, sorry." Talia's situation fits the description of a(n)

infatuation.

While studying for an important exam, Julie asks a friend for a dose of a prescription drug that is rumored to focus attention. Julie's substance use in this case is _____ and _____.

instrumental; illicit

Depression, anxiety, and eating disorders are among the more common _____ problems during adolescence.

internalizing

Teens with _____ problems tend to repress their impulses and are more likely to be girls than boys.

internalizing

For Erikson, the psychosocial crisis of _____ is the major challenge of the young adult years.

intimacy vs. isolation

In Sternberg's "triangular" theory of love, the basic components are

intimacy, passion, and commitment.

The custom of adolescent dating

is found mostly in the United States and Canada

When Jerry found out that Cyndi was breaking up with him, he thought, "I knew I didn't have what it takes. I'll never find another girl like her. Who'd want somebody like me?" This sort of explanation is likely to lead to

learned helplessness

John was an aggressive and defiant kid in grade school, and as a teen he is involved in serious delinquency. His mother, a single parent, has given up on him. John is at high risk for becoming a(n) _____ offender.

life-course-persistent

For many boys, and perhaps for girls as well, their earliest adolescent sexual experience takes the form of

masturbation.

A contributor to the gap between self-reported delinquency and crime statistics is that a good deal of delinquency by _________ adolescents never makes it into official records.

middle-class

Girls are _____ likely to attempt suicide than boys, and boys are _____ likely to die from suicide than girls.

much more; much more

High quality friendships

offer some protection against being bullied and becoming depressed

In a study comparing Montreal and Toronto, over _______ of students in the schools in Toronto, and 7% in Montreal, knew someone who had brought a gun to school, and many students reported that they felt guns were a very or somewhat serious problem in school.

one-fifth

Adolescents say that the following are attractive features of oral sex, except

parental encouragement.

In Canada, youth gangs are found in almost every major city and are engaged in the following, except

pro-social homelessness prevention

The offenses known as index crimes include

property crimes and violent crimes

Gus and a couple of friends meet in the parking lot every morning before school to share a hit of marijuana. This substance use is _____ and _____.

recreational; illicit

In some countries, boys and girls go to different schools from early childhood on. They use separate sports facilities as well. Any contact between adolescent boys and girls is either forbidden or strictly supervised. Ford and Beach would describe these societies as

restrictive.

Jameeran and Yassin know each other very well and feel a strong mutual attraction, but have not entered into any commitments. Sternberg would say that they are experiencing _____ love.

romantic

Research based on Bowlby's approach indicates that teens who have _____ their parents are likely to have _____ with peers.

secure attachments to; closer friendships

Through the process of _____, teens who have similar interests and attitudes tend to become friends.

selection

Ann and Bob know that they are not supposed to have sex, but they also know that their parents and others will ignore their sexual involvement unless forced to notice it. According to Ford and Beach, Ann and Bob live in a _____ society.

semi-restrictive

Through the process of _____, friends tend to become more similar in their tastes, interests, and attitudes.

socialization

Actions such as buying cigarettes or alcohol that are against the law for minors but not for adults are known as

status offences

A unique feature of intimate pre adolescent friendships, for Sullivan, is

the chance to see oneself through the eyes of another who knows and likes one well.

The most common offence committed by Canadian youth is

theft under $5000.

In an eastern Canadian study 40% of Grade 8 girls reported

they want to lose weight even though many were not overweight

Studies that have evaluated the effects of punishing adolescents as adults suggest that

those sent to adult prisons are more likely to be arrested again once they are out

Most adolescent romantic relationships come to an end

when one partner rejects the other.

According to Bowlby, the _____ formed in infancy continue to affect the expectations children and adolescents hold for relationships with others

working models