adolescence final exam

According to Pastor and colleagues, urban girls' successful strategy for coping with the challenges of racism, sexism, and classism is referred to as a) selective disregard b) critical persistence c) critical consciousness d) all of the above

c) critical consciousness

Girls who begin dating at an early age in adolescence (relative to their peers) tend to have which of the following characteristics: a) better overall long-term social development but more superficial relationships b) better overall long-term social development and deeper relationships c) delayed/impaired long-term social development and more superficial relationships d) delayed/impaired long-term social development but deeper relationships

c) delayed/impaired long-term social development and more superficial relationships

Cliff is 16 years old, drinks alcohol regularly, and has run away from home. Cliff is technically a(n) ______. a) prematurely emancipated minor b) early sociopath c) repeat status offender d) repeat criminal offender

c) repeat status offender

Over the past century, the onset of puberty has been coming at an earlier age. This has been referred to as the _____. a) pubertal advance b) delayed phase preference c) secular trend d) menarcheal trend

c) secular trend

To the extent individuals believe widely held stereotypes about ethnic or sex differences in ability, the ________ suggests that their performance will be affected, depending on how they expect to perform. a) performance motivation effect b) self-efficacy effect c) stereotype threat effect d) disparity threat effect

c) stereotype threat effect

In adolescence, internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors: a) are the main indicators of risks for sociopathic personality disorders b) are the main indicators of risks for psychopathic personality disorders c) tend to co-occur with each other (i.e., we frequently see both in the same person). d) tend to be quite distinct (i.e., they rarely co-occur in the same person).

c) tend to co-occur with each other (i.e., we frequently see both in the same person).

Which of the following is the primary explanation for delinquency offered by Gottfredson & Hirschi's Social Control Theory? a) Delinquents have failed to become attached to their parents and therefore fail to attach to the norms of societal institutions b) Societies that offer weaker forms of social control tend to have more externalizing behavior c) Families that experience coercive interaction cycles will have weaker control of their teens' behaviors d) Status offenses are relatively more common in restrictive behaviors but not true criminal behavior

a) Delinquents have failed to become attached to their parents and therefore fail to attach to the norms of societal institutions

Tim started puberty several years earlier than his peers. What do we know is likely to be true for him? a) He is likely to be popular b) He is likely to become sexually active (i.e., begin having sexual intercourse) earlier than his peers c) He is likely to be a leader as an adult d) He is likely to develop better romantic relationships than his peers

a) He is likely to be popular

The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately antagonistic is called ______. a) Hostile attributional bias/perceptual bias in ambiguous situations b) Negative implicit association/negative automatic association c) Hostile implicit association d) Oppositional defiant disorder

a) Hostile attributional bias/perceptual bias in ambiguous situations

In the in-class exercise from the Adult Attachment Interview, which of the following facts about the adjectives and examples was LEAST important in determining attachment status? a) How supportive you recalled your parents as being overall. b) The specificity vs. vagueness of the examples for each adjective c) How well the example memories or episodes matched the adjectives. d) Whether or not you had memories of your childhood relationships.

a) How supportive you recalled your parents as being overall.

Which of the following statements about verbal autonomy are true in adolescence: a) In poor and risky environments, parent behavior undermining teens' autonomy may have some positive correlates, even though in other environments, such behavior generally has negative correlates. b) Lower levels of verbal autonomy are always positive for both the parent-teen relationship and functioning in the outside world c) When verbal autonomy is high, behavioral autonomy is usually high as well. d) Autonomy tends to be more important for male outcomes, while relatedness is more important for female outcomes.

a) In poor and risky environments, parent behavior undermining teens' autonomy may have some positive correlates, even though in other environments, such behavior generally has negative correlates.

Which of the following is true regarding culture and the expression of deviant behavior a) Internalizing symptoms are relatively more common than externalizing symptoms in restrictive cultures b) Internalizing symptoms are relatively more common than externalizing symptoms in permissive cultures c) True criminal behavior (behavior that is criminal at any age) is relatively more common in restrictive behaviors but not status offenses d) Status offenses are relatively more common in restrictive behaviors but not true criminal behavior

a) Internalizing symptoms are relatively more common than externalizing symptoms in restrictive cultures

In terms of self-esteem and self-acceptance: a) Male adolescents do best if they are higher in masculinity and females do best if they are higher in levels of androgyny b) Male adolescents do best if they are higher in androgyny and females do best if they are higher in levels of masculinity c) Males do best if they are high in masculinity and females do best if high in levels of femininity d) Both males and females do best if high in androgyny

a) Male adolescents do best if they are higher in masculinity and females do best if they are higher in levels of androgyny

Having significant income without needing to use the money to pay for things like housing, food, etc. during adolescence has been called ________. a) Precocious or premature affluence b) Generational decadence c) The 'excessive abundance' phenomenon d) Income-Need Imbalance

a) Precocious or premature affluence

"Don't ask, don't tell" attitudes about sex are exhibited in ________ societies. a) Semi-restrictive b) Covertly Permissive c) Semi-Repressed d) Restrictive

a) Semi-restrictive

if we know that an adolescent has an insecure attachment organization, which of the following is also most likely to be true? a) That adolescent is less likely to form strong, warm relationships with peers. b) That adolescent will typically ask parents for help when distressed. c) That adolescent was likely to have had delayed onset of puberty. d) That adolescent was almost certainly insecure as an infant.

a) That adolescent is less likely to form strong, warm relationships with peers.

Emma is running a research study. She proposes to pay some students $30 to undergo a stressful math test, and some student $2 to undergo a stressful math test. Which group of students is likely to find the test MORE unpleasant? a) The $30 group, because over-rewarding undermines intrinsic motivation b) The $2 group, because under-rewarding undermines intrinsic motivation c) Both groups will dislike the test equally d) Neither group will dislike the test because they are being paid to complete it

a) The $30 group, because over-rewarding undermines intrinsic motivation

Which of the following is NOT a reason race is viewed as a 'social construction.' a) The definition of race has remained steady for hundreds of years. b) The genetic overlap among people of different races is so large (other than for a tiny number of genes) as to render race as largely biologically meaningless. c) Society has changed the definition of 'race' over time and definitions tend to differ greatly across different cultures d) a significant percentage of European-Americans have genes consistent with African ancestry

a) The definition of race has remained steady for hundreds of years.

When contrasting the views of Sullivan and Erikson, the contemporary view as described in lecture is generally that ________. a) The development of identity and the development of intimacy are complementary, not competing. b) Erikson's view, while historically relevant, has been superseded by Sullivan's perspective. c) Adolescent identity development has to be largely complete for intimacy development to occur. d) Sullivan's view, while historically relevant, has been superseded by Erikson's perspective.

a) The development of identity and the development of intimacy are complementary, not competing.

Which of the following statements about timing of sexual maturation is true? a) The duration of puberty (i.e. how long puberty lasts) varies widely - from 1 1/2 to 6 years in girls and 2 to 5 years in boys. b) Adolescents who begin puberty earlier usually grow to be somewhat taller as adults. c) Adolescents who begin puberty early almost always also complete it early. d) The universal norm across cultures and history is for menarche to occur around age 12 for girls (plus or minus 2 years).

a) The duration of puberty (i.e. how long puberty lasts) varies widely - from 1 1/2 to 6 years in girls and 2 to 5 years in boys.

Steve eats lunch with Jeff, Hans, and Mike every day. After school, they play computer games and talk about girls. This group of boys is called ________. a) a clique b) a proximity based cohort c) a crowd d) a preference based cohort

a) a clique

Tammy's father has absolute standards and expects Tammy to conform to them without exception. If she disobeys he generally punishes her, and sees no reason why he should explain his rules to Tammy. Instead, his response is, "I'm the father and I know what's best for you." He also doesn't believe in being 'warm and cuddly.' Her father is best described as having what kind of parenting style? a) authoritarian b) traditional c) authoritative d) deterministic

a) authoritarian

professor gates is studying large reputation-based groups of adolescents to learn about the particular characteristics of these groups. Professor Gates is studying ________. a) crowds b) cliques c) peer collectives d) subcultures

a) crowds

The recently coined term ________________ focuses on the ways in which individuals, typically in their twenties from middle and upper-middle class families, are learning to act as adults and take on adult roles in Western society. a) emerging adulthood b) delayed launch c) extended adolescence d) extended functional dependence

a) emerging adulthood

When Ramon expresses a view that differs from his father's, Ramon's father asks his son to clarify the statement and he probes his son's logic. Ramon's father is _______. a) enabling his son's autonomy b) enabling a rite of passage c) constraining his son's autonomy d) enhancing intellectual development but slightly undermining emotional development with his logical approach

a) enabling his son's autonomy

Which of the following is NOT found to be true in confidential, anonymous surveys of adolescents (i.e., which statement below is false): a) ethnic differences in the prevalence of delinquent and criminal activity are greater in confidential surveys than they are in official criminal records b) More than 60 percent of adolescents report having engaged in delinquent behavior at one time or another c) minority youth are more likely than white adolescents to be arrested and treated harshly by the juvenile justice system, even with similar levels of self-reported criminal behavior d) one-third of adolescents in high socioeconomic status neighborhoods report involvement in violence and serious delinquency

a) ethnic differences in the prevalence of delinquent and criminal activity are greater in confidential surveys than they are in official criminal records

the adolescent growth spurt a) generally begins two years earlier for girls than for boys. b) generally begins two years earlier for boys than for girls. c) increases around age 15 for boys and girls. d) proceeds along a smooth and rapid course over the teen years.

a) generally begins two years earlier for girls than for boys.

Binge drinking is defined as... a) having more than five alcoholic drinks on a single occasion at least once during the past two weeks b) having more than 7 alcoholic drinks on a single occasion at least once during the past two weeks c) having more than three alcoholic drinks on a single occasion at least once during the past two weeks d) having at least 3 drinks of alcohol every day for at least a 2-week long stretch

a) having more than five alcoholic drinks on a single occasion at least once during the past two weeks

The rapid increase in body fat that adolescent girls experience: a) leads to almost half of adolescent girls dieting, though for many this is unnecessary. b) leads to a gradual increase in protein consumption among adolescent girls trying to offset this change c) increases vulnerability to feelings of body dissatisfaction primarily among African-American adolescent girls. d) has been found to be a risk factor for obesity among adolescent girls.

a) leads to almost half of adolescent girls dieting, though for many this is unnecessary.

Fourteen-year old Dave has recently failed 3 courses and been caught drinking and selling drugs. His uncle, Marvin, says the problem is due to peer pressure because Dave has been hanging around a very bad group of kids. Uncle Marvin's explanation: a) leaves out a fundamental point: that Dave probably selected peers like himself in terms of behavior b) is correct in terms of Dave's academic failure, but would not account for his drinking and selling drugs c) is on target across the board, as peer pressure accounts for the vast majority of early adolescent deviant behavior d) is correct in terms of Dave's drinking and selling drugs, but would not account for his academic failure

a) leaves out a fundamental point: that Dave probably selected peers like himself in terms of behavior

Although marriage before age 18 is generally associated with much higher rates of divorce than marriage after age 25, certain factors are associated with higher success rates in adolescent marriages. These factors include all of the following EXCEPT: a) shared peer and parent group norms supporting early marriage b) Delay of pregnancy at least one year c) Longer relationship before marriage d) Higher levels of education

a) shared peer and parent group norms supporting early marriage

Eccles, Midgley and others make the case that the difficulty adolescents experience in the transition to middle school is due to a) teachers' low expectations and restriction of autonomy in middle school students b) increased pressure from parents to succeed c) increased class sizes in most middle schools d) disruptions created by the need to change classrooms

a) teachers' low expectations and restriction of autonomy in middle school students

Which of the following is NOT thought to explain why teens engage in risky sex: a) teens' sense that they are invulnerable b) teens' poor impulse control, especially when aroused c) teens' difficulty perceiving abstract risks that come with sex. d) teens' not having planned in advance to be sexually active

a) teens' sense that they are invulnerable

The approximate annual cost to house a convicted juvenile offender in prison for a year in Virginia is: a) ~$81,000 b) ~$204,000 c) ~$19,000 d) ~$38,000

a) ~$81,000

'Code switching' is: a) Speaking using coded language so that you can talk about people from other ethnic groups without them understanding. b) Altering how you speak and act (what slang you use, etc.) to match the patterns of those around you. c) A reflection of failure to adapt successfully to the norms of the majority culture. d) Only really possible for members of minority groups.

b) Altering how you speak and act (what slang you use, etc.) to match the patterns of those around you.

Peer influences on adolescent delinquency: a) Are far larger for poor adolescents than for middle-class adolescents b) Are real, but are not as large as they seem, because adolescents tend to pick peers who already are similar to them in levels of delinquency c) Are the single largest determinant of delinquent behavior in adolescence d) Are far larger for males than for females

b) Are real, but are not as large as they seem, because adolescents tend to pick peers who already are similar to them in levels of delinquency

Jessica's parents are verbally abusive to one another and are constantly fighting. When Jessica interacts with her boyfriend, she will be likely to ________. a) Engage in relatively low levels of intimate self-disclosure b) Get in fights frequently with him. c) Engage in relatively high levels of intimate self-disclosure d) Back away from arguments even when she shouldn't

b) Get in fights frequently with him.

Which of the following could we say based on attachment research and theory about a 16-year-old adolescent who virtually never talks to her parents, states they are unimportant to her and know little about her, and says she has almost no memories from her childhood relationship with them? a) she was almost certainly insecurely attached as an infant in the strange situation. b) If she became a mother in the next year, her infant would be likely to have an insecure-dismissing/avoidant attachment to her. c) She has probably failed to form an attachment relationship with her parents. d) compared to her peers, she would be unlikely to become a mother in the next year.

b) If she became a mother in the next year, her infant would be likely to have an insecure-dismissing/avoidant attachment to her.

Stephanie and Marilyn are both 13 years old and in 8th grade. Stephanie has dated three boys, is popular, and is not afraid to break small rules (e.g. vaping on school grounds). Marilyn has never dated anyone, has a couple close friends at school and is of just average popularity. From what you learned in lecture, which of the following predictions is most likely to come true? a) Stephanie will have better-quality romantic relationships than Marilyn at age 25. b) Marilyn will have better-quality romantic relationships than Stephanie at age 25. c) Others will perceive Stephanie as more socially skilled than Marilyn at age 25. d) Others will perceive Stephanie and Marilyn to have equal social skills at age 25.

b) Marilyn will have better-quality romantic relationships than Stephanie at age 25.

Which of the following have been shown to be effective ways of reducing juvenile problem behaviors (e.g., delinquency or drug use): a) Boot Camps and "Scared-straight" type programs b) Multi-systemic Family Therapy Programs (e.g. Comprehensive Family Treatment Programs) c) Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) Programs d) Both B. and C, but not A.

b) Multi-systemic Family Therapy Programs (e.g. Comprehensive Family Treatment Programs)

Jeannette, a 17-year-old, has decided to engage in sexual intercourse with her boyfriend. Tammy, also 17, has decided to abstain from sex until she is older although she also has serious relationships. Which adolescent is more likely to experience psychological disturbances? a) Tammy, because not having intercourse by age 17 is associated with higher levels of withdrawal and lower social skills. b) Neither sexual activity nor abstinence during late adolescence is associated with psychological disturbance. c) Jeannette, because intercourse at this age has been linked to psychological disturbance. d) The answer will depend on how restrictive both Jeannette and Tammy's families are in their attitudes toward sex.

b) Neither sexual activity nor abstinence during late adolescence is associated with psychological disturbance.

Which of the following is true regarding mastery and performance motivations? a) Teens with a performance motivation are less likely to be discouraged by setbacks b) Teens with a mastery motivation typically are more willing to seek out very difficult coursework c) By adolescence, schools typically encourage mastery motivation more than performance motivation d) Teens with a performance motivation do their best under conditions of high stress

b) Teens with a mastery motivation typically are more willing to seek out very difficult coursework

In elementary school, Trinh was considered an above-average student whereas his classmate, Kendra, was considered a below-average student. Assuming that Trinh and Kendra are fairly typical, when they graduate from high school, where are they likely to be standing academically? a) The gap between the two will have shrunk considerably but still remain. b) The gap between the two will have grown wider. c) The gap between the two will have remained remarkably constant over time. d) The gap will have disappeared by the end of 12th grade.

b) The gap between the two will have grown wider.

Which of the following statements about adolescent mood swings is true? a) The effect of hormones on adolescent mood swings is strongest toward the end of puberty. b) The majority of adolescents do not report large ups and downs in their moods. c) Adolescent girls are more prone to mood swings than their male peers. d) Pubertal hormones make adolescents less responsive to their social environment.

b) The majority of adolescents do not report large ups and downs in their moods.

Which of the following is considered an explanation for adolescence being one of the loneliest periods in the lifespan? a) adolescents tend to have fewer friends than children or adults b) adolescent friendships are unstable, yet expectations that they should have friends are quite high c) parents discourage excessive connection to peers d) The assumption of the question is wrong: adolescence is actually one of the least lonely periods of the lifespan, given the emphasis teens place on peer relationships

b) adolescent friendships are unstable, yet expectations that they should have friends are quite high

which of the following statements about adolescent moodiness is most accurate? a) adolescents' moods are almost entirely determined by their hormone levels at a given moment b) adolescents' moods are largely dependent upon what they are doing at a given time and who they are with c) adolescents' moods are generally angrier than those of children or adults, especially in later adolescence d) adolescents' moods are generally less depressed than those of children or adults

b) adolescents' moods are largely dependent upon what they are doing at a given time and who they are with

Aslam is able to relate well to his family's traditional Indian culture when he is with them, and moves smoothly into the dominant culture when he is with his high school friends. Which type of ethnic behavior is Aslam probably demonstrating? a) integrationism b) biculturalism c) assimilation d) chameleon syndrome

b) biculturalism

During the school year, Titus's parents took him to several free opera and theater performances. In addition, they frequently borrowed books and magazines from the library to follow up on any interest he might have in the arts or higher education. The treatment Titus is receiving is an example of _______. a) mastery motivation development b) cultural capital c) intrinsic motivation development d) socioeconomic status effects

b) cultural capital

Esther has been rejected (not just neglected) by her peers because she is withdrawn and reclusive. Esther is most likely to be at risk for ________. a) conduct problems in adolescence b) diminished social competence c) aggressive behavior in adulthood d) all of the above

b) diminished social competence

Research suggests that one way to change an insecure attachment style to a secure attachment style during adolescence may be to ______________. a) cut off all interactions with parents who fostered the insecurity b) form a satisfying, close relationship with a secure individual. c) attachment styles cannot be changed during adolescence d) learn to 'selectively repress' disturbing childhood memories.

b) form a satisfying, close relationship with a secure individual.

Adolescents who join antisocial peer groups are likely to have a) been coerced by their peers to join b) had problematic parent-child relationships in childhood c) high levels of intelligence d) siblings who are more conformist than they are

b) had problematic parent-child relationships in childhood

Ken Dodge's work on perceptual biases and aggression shows that aggressive youths: a) have a bias toward seeing aggression in other people's behavior across most situations b) have a bias toward seeing aggression in other people's behavior, but only in ambiguous situations c) have a bias toward seeing high levels of aggression in other people's behavior, but only when those people are behaving in hostile fashion. d) underestimate how strongly other people will react to their aggression

b) have a bias toward seeing aggression in other people's behavior, but only in ambiguous situations

Which of the following has NOT been identified as an intrapsychic factor that contributes to delinquent behavior: a) lack of impulse control b) low self esteem c) a lack of good interpersonal negotiation strategies d) a lack of empathy

b) low self esteem

Adolescents who are named by many classmates as people who are well-liked (i.e., preference-based popularity), as compared to average adolescents, tend to show all of the following except _______________. a) greater social skills in early adolescence b) lower amounts of alcohol use later in adolescence c) better relationships with their parents d) stronger close friendships in early adolescence

b) lower amounts of alcohol use later in adolescence

Friendships based on which of the following criteria are more likely to be found among adolescents than younger children? a) association b) loyalty c) common activities d) helping behavior

b) loyalty

Which of the following drugs is responsible for the greatest number of premature deaths in the United States each year (including deaths that occur both in adolescence and later in life)? a) fentanyl and opioids b) nicotine (by leading people to become addicted to cigarettes) c) cocaine (both crack and powdered forms, including overdoses and cocaine-related homicides) d) alcohol (including drunk driving deaths, overdoses & alcohol-related homicides)

b) nicotine (by leading people to become addicted to cigarettes)

The 'immigrant paradox' refers to the observation that: a) on many measures of achievement and psychological functioning more recent immigrant adolescents often score worse than those who have been here longer. b) on many measures of achievement and psychological functioning more recent immigrant adolescents often score better than those who have been here longer. c) as rates of immigration rise, attitudes towards immigrants nationally often become more accepting. d) adolescent immigrants struggle more in school when taught in their native language then when taught in English.

b) on many measures of achievement and psychological functioning more recent immigrant adolescents often score better than those who have been here longer.

Which of the following factors have not been found to influence the onset of pubertal maturation? a) family conflict b) peer norms c) good nutrition d) father absence

b) peer norms

For Sally's 13th birthday, her mother has agreed to let her get her ears pierced. In traditional societies, this type of body ritual may be equated to ________. a) secular epiphysis b) scarification c) bodily extrusion d) religious epiphysis

b) scarification

during the industrial revolution, child protectionists argued that a) child abuse reporting laws needed to be strengthened b) young people needed to be kept away from the labor force for their own good c) adolescents should need to get parental permission to marry d) juveniles should be given nutritional supplements if poor

b) young people needed to be kept away from the labor force for their own good

Which of the following statements reflects the inventionist perspective? environment. a) The adolescent's capacity to invent his or her own morality and world view is part of what defines moral and social development during this period. b) Adolescence is largely driven by the teen's desire to invent new ways of relating to parents and society. c) Adolescence is a separate period that has been largely determined by the broader social d) Adolescence is not a distinct period in the life cycle and should not be regarded as such.

c) Adolescence is a separate period that has been largely determined by the broader social

Terrie Moffitt's theory distinguishes adolescence-limited and life-course persistent offenders. Which of the following describes these types accurately? a) Adolescence-limited offenders are limited by their immaturity, while life-course persistent offenders are more successful at not getting caught, due to their persistence b) Adolescence-limited offenders are limited to committing status offenses, while life-course persistent offenders commit other offenses, as well c) Adolescence-limited offenders commit crimes primarily during adolescence, while life-course persistent offenders also commit crimes at high levels as adults d) Adolescence-limited offenders are more likely to commit crimes due to sexual or physical abuse that they experience as adolescents, while life-course persistent offenders are more likely to commit crimes due to psychopathology

c) Adolescence-limited offenders commit crimes primarily during adolescence, while life-course persistent offenders also commit crimes at high levels as adults

Ms. Jones tries to discipline Tommy, her 13-year-old, but each time she sets a limit or imposes a consequence, he makes such a pain of himself and gets so outraged that she ends up backing down and giving in. This pattern of behavior is described by Patterson as a: a) Hostile Attributional Bias b) Hostile/Ruminative Coping Strategy c) Coercive Interaction Cycle d) Pseudo-restrictive strategy

c) Coercive Interaction Cycle

Which of the following is/are NOT potential example(s) of victim-blaming? a) Describing mother-headed households as a cause of poverty among African Americans b) Describing lack of motivation as a cause of poverty among immigrants c) Describing the crisis in American education as a cause of poverty among African Americans d) Both A&C

c) Describing the crisis in American education as a cause of poverty among African Americans

Gender differences in academic attainment can best be described as indicating that: a) Males are more likely to attend college than females, but less likely to graduate from college than females b) Males are more likely to attend college than females and even more like to graduate from college than females. c) Females are more likely to attend college than males, and even more likely to graduate from college than males. d) Males and females have roughly similar levels of college attendance and graduation.

c) Females are more likely to attend college than males, and even more likely to graduate from college than males.

Which of the following is true about dating and romantic relationships in adolescence? a) About 3 in 4 (75%) of adolescents have been involved in a steady dating relationship by age 14 b) Delaying all dating until after high school is actually associated with the best outcomes for girls c) Having a significant romantic relationship in mid-adolescence is associated with developing higher levels of depression over the following year d) Romantic partners typically replace parents as attachment figures by mid-adolescence

c) Having a significant romantic relationship in mid-adolescence is associated with developing higher levels of depression over the following year

When asked in an attachment interview to describe her childhood relationship with her mother, Mary gives glowing adjectives such as "very very loving" "super warm" and "wonderful." When asked for specific examples of episodes regarding these adjectives, Mary states that she doesn't really have a lot of specific memories and prefers not to think about it that much. Mary's current attachment organization is most likely to be: a) secure b) We cannot tell, because we don't know what her actual relationship was like with her mother in early childhood. c) Insecure-Avoidant/Dismissing d) Insecure-Ambivalent/Preoccupied

c) Insecure-Avoidant/Dismissing

Which of the following is NOT true about the commission of crimes by adolescents in the United States: a) Over the past 25 years, rates of most types of juvenile crime fell dramatically b) from 1965 to 1988, arrests for the most serious violent crimes increased substantially c) Over the past 25 years, rates of all forms of youth violence have increased substantially d) juveniles who are tried and convicted in adult court are more likely to re-offend when released than are juveniles tried and convicted in juvenile court

c) Over the past 25 years, rates of all forms of youth violence have increased substantially

Which statement accurately describes the role of peer and parent influence during adolescence: a) Peers come to replace parents as sources of influence across the board b) In spite of occasional exceptions, parents remain the primary influence in almost all aspects of teens' lives until the teen leaves home. c) Peer influence is greater regarding 'everyday' issues like dress and style, but parents remain most influential regarding long-term decisions regarding things like education and career d) By age 18, healthy adolescents have developed enough autonomy that they aren't significantly influenced by parents or peers

c) Peer influence is greater regarding 'everyday' issues like dress and style, but parents remain most influential regarding long-term decisions regarding things like education and career

Which of the following continuities in attachment have been found to be consistently strongest in research to date: a) Predictions from infant behavior in the strange situation to adolescent attachment interview classifications. b) Associations of mother's current Attachment interview (AAI) classification and her adolescent's current AAI classification. c) Prediction from a mother's AAI classification to her child's strange situation classification. d) All of these continuities are consistently strong.

c) Prediction from a mother's AAI classification to her child's strange situation classification.

Compared to the average 50-year old, the average 18-year old processes information: a) Slightly slower than the 50-year old b) About the same as the 50-year old c) Significantly faster than the 50-year-old d) A great deal (more than a standard deviation) slower than the 50-year old

c) Significantly faster than the 50-year-old

Which of the following characteristics does NOT describe adolescents with status-based popularity? a) Status-based popular teens have higher levels of physical attractiveness b) Status-based poplar teens have greater susceptibility to higher levels of alcohol and substance use c) Status-based popular teen are slightly less aggressive than the norm d) status-based popular teens are more likely to have leadership roles in high-status extracurricular activities

c) Status-based popular teen are slightly less aggressive than the norm

Schlegel & Barry's study of ethnographies describing adolescents from other cultures over the past 500 years found _______. a) Evidence for the universality of adolescent problems such as delinquency b) That gender stereotypes were strongest in more primitive cultures c) That rates of delinquency were lower in cultures that integrated adolescents into the adult world d) That differences in how male and female adolescents were treated were largely universal

c) That rates of delinquency were lower in cultures that integrated adolescents into the adult world

The "reminiscence bump" refers to ___________; it is thought to be driven by ___________. a) The tendency to look back on the adolescent years as the best years of your life; the strength of emotional responses to events in adolescence. b) The tendency to look back on the adolescent years as the best years of your life; the influx of new hormones in adolescence. c) The fact that experiences from adolescence are generally recalled more than experiences from other stages of life; the strength of emotional responses to events in adolescence d) The fact that experiences from adolescence are generally recalled more than experiences from other stages of life; the influx of new hormones in adolescence.

c) The fact that experiences from adolescence are generally recalled more than experiences from other stages of life; the strength of emotional responses to events in adolescence

Which of the following statements about adolescent cigarette use is true? a) Antismoking campaigns funded by tobacco companies in the 1990s contributed to the steady decline of cigarette use among adolescents. b) Despite changes in tobacco industry policies, the percentage of smoking adolescents has remained stable over the past two decades. c) The increase in the price of cigarettes has led to a sharp decrease in the percentage of adolescents smoking cigarettes over the past two decades. d) The most effective way to reduce adolescent smoking has been via laws to restrict sales of cigarettes to persons under 18.

c) The increase in the price of cigarettes has led to a sharp decrease in the percentage of adolescents smoking cigarettes over the past two decades.

All of the following arguments for trying a 17-year-old criminal defendant as an adult in court are accurate EXCEPT for which? a) Late adolescents process information as quickly (or more quickly) than middle-aged adults. b) The cutoff between 17 and 18 is not very meaningful developmentally. c) The prefrontal cortex is fully developed by mid to late adolescence. d) Adolescents may actually calculate the risk/reward balance more accurately than adults who tend to be overly risk averse.

c) The prefrontal cortex is fully developed by mid to late adolescence.

The act of "deconstructing society" refers to: a) a tendency for members of minority groups to reject societal norms and thus engage in high levels of delinquent behavior b) a form of reverse discrimination in which all of society is judged by individuals as inherently racist and unfair c) a "survivor strategy" in which members of minority groups take a critical perspective on society and recognize the multiple disadvantages of their status d) adolescent efforts to systematically overturn the norms of their parents' generation

c) a "survivor strategy" in which members of minority groups take a critical perspective on society and recognize the multiple disadvantages of their status

Compared to children, adolescents are more likely to question others' assertions and less likely to accept "facts" as absolute truths. This is referred to as: a) emerging adulthood b) oppositional defiant disorder c) adolescent relativism d) deductive reasoning

c) adolescent relativism

Bickering and squabbling between teenagers and their parents is largely caused by a) the generation gap between parents and children. b) ongoing hormonal changes in adolescents. c) adolescents' development cognitively into better arguers. d) adolescents' increasingly antisocial tendencies.

c) adolescents' development cognitively into better arguers.

Currently, children from racial/ethnic minority groups (e.g, non-whites) account for what percentage of all U.S. children? a) around 75% b) around 25% c) around 50% d) around 15%

c) around 50%

For adolescent girls, which of the following is the most important factor in determining the onset of sexual intercourse? a) increased levels of androgens b) availability of birth control c) being in a social group that is permissive about sex d) participation in formal sex education classes

c) being in a social group that is permissive about sex

According to lecture, prior to age 8, differences in athletic ability between boys and girls are due to... a) pubertal differences in muscle mass b) differences in testosterone levels c) differences in socialization and experience d) all of the above

c) differences in socialization and experience

Which type of educational achievement has the largest implications for subsequent earnings? a) school performance b) academic achievement c) educational attainment d) each of these factors is considered equally important

c) educational attainment

Ruben works twenty-five hours a week during the school year and Marianne does not work at all. Given how much he works, Ruben, compared to Marianne, is more likely to ________. a) know how to manage his money better b) get better grades in school c) endorse unethical business practices d) be too busy to engage in significant levels of drug and alcohol use

c) endorse unethical business practices

The belief that differences between one's own culture and another culture generally reflect ways that the other culture is inferior is one example of: a) the availability heuristic b) the fundamental attribution error c) ethnocentrism d) implicit association biases

c) ethnocentrism

By the 1960s, as a result of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, schools were called upon to ________. a) give equal treatment to math/science education in response to "Sputnik" b) allow (and in some cases require) separate schools to be established for educationally disadvantaged minority students c) implement desegregation programs to address inequalities brought about by segregation d) provide equal funding to male and female education, including athletic teams and other extracurricular activities

c) implement desegregation programs to address inequalities brought about by segregation

Marcus' parents don't pay much attention to him, he never has to do chores, and he can pretty much come and go as he chooses without anyone keeping track. Marcus's parents would be described best as fitting into which of Baumrind's parenting styles? a) authoritarian b) indulgent c) indifferent d) devaluing

c) indifferent

The Bat Mitzvah, the confirmation, and the Quinceañera are examples of ________. a) cultural inventionism b) 'entry gates' into emerging adulthood c) initiation ceremonies d) extrusion ceremonies

c) initiation ceremonies

Compared to adolescents who engage in property crime or crimes against persons, adolescents who drink, smoke marijuana and use other drugs regularly are more likely to: a) be lower in intelligence b) live in poverty c) live in families with above average income d) be religious

c) live in families with above average income

according to the dahl and hariri article and lecture, adult levels of sex hormones typically ___ the levels seen during the most emotionally volatile periods of early to mid adolescence a) change from day to day more than b) change from day to day less than c) match or exceed d) are somewhat lower than

c) match or exceed

The prefrontal cortex, which is responsible in part for judgment and decision-making abilities, is generally regarded to be fully developed by... a) age 13 b) between age 13 and 19 c) mid 20s, and possibly as late as 30 d) age 8

c) mid 20s, and possibly as late as 30

Compared to typical teenagers who experiment slightly with drugs and alcohol, teens who never experiment with drugs and alcohol have been found to be slightly... a) less depressed and anxious b) more socially skilled c) more anxious d) more likely to come from high income families

c) more anxious

Which of the following can delay the onset of puberty? a) stress b) childhood abuse c) nutritional deficiencies d) all of the above

c) nutritional deficiencies

The physical changes of adolescence are marked by all of the following except ______________. a) periods of rapid acceleration in growth b) the development of secondary sex characteristics c) the first appearance of sex hormones d) changes in the capacity of the circulatory and respiratory systems

c) the first appearance of sex hormones

The "rebound effect" is the most likely explanation for: a) The increase in deviant behavior that follows a period of excessively harsh punishment b) The rapid recent rise in juvenile homicide rates after the low point of the Great Recession c) The increase in drug use following the low point reached in the early 90's. d) "Morning after" jitteriness from drinking too many beers the night before

d) "Morning after" jitteriness from drinking too many beers the night before

Of the U.S. students who start 9th grade each year, what percentage will graduate with a 2- or 4-year degree within 10 years? a) 85% b) 60% c) 40% d) 20%

d) 20%

Which of the following was NOT an example of actual racial bias mentioned in the assigned Mullainathan/New York Times article? a) Emails to faculty members at universities were more likely to get a reply if stereotypically white names were used. b) When whites and blacks were sent to bargain for a used car, blacks were offered significantly higher initial prices and received far smaller concessions in price. c) Doctors were less likely to recommend cardiac catheterization (a helpful procedure) to black patients even when their medical files were identical to white patients. d) All of the above are examples of racial bias mentioned in the article.

d) All of the above are examples of racial bias mentioned in the article.

The Supreme Court case of Wisconsin vs. Yoder involving the Amish, described in the Allen & Allen chapter, dealt with a good example of: a) An effective nontraditional education system in which adolescents were taught in classrooms that had a wider age range than in traditional schools. b) An effective traditional education system that accommodates diverse religious beliefs. c) An ineffective effort to develop a nontraditional education system. d) An effective nontraditional education system in which adolescents worked in their community rather than attending traditional schools.

d) An effective nontraditional education system in which adolescents worked in their community rather than attending traditional schools.

Vedica is attending her high school graduation and her mother, a devout Hindu, wants Vedica to wear a sari. Vedica refuses because she wants to dress so as to "be like all the other kids," who are mostly European-American. This is Vedica's usual approach to handling cultural differences. This approach to ethnic identity is called _______. a) ethnic rejection b) marginality c) biculturalism d) assimilation

d) assimilation

Which of the following is true about physical transitions in adolescence: a) Adolescent depressed mood is primarily a result of high levels of hormones during this period b) Although more differences emerge in adolescence, even in much younger children there are many significant differences between boys and girls with regard to body size and muscle composition c) The average age of the onset of puberty for girls is around 13 d) During adolescence, individuals' brains change in size and structure, but these changes have not yet been found to be directly related to changes in an individual's cognitive ability

d) During adolescence, individuals' brains change in size and structure, but these changes have not yet been found to be directly related to changes in an individual's cognitive ability

The film "Off-Track" shown in class suggests which of the following as likely effects of de-tracking a 9th grade English class: a) De-tracking does not significantly reduce racial segregation within a given academic class. b) Levels of tension/conflict between different racial/ethnic groups will increase. c) Less advanced students will not do quite as well as they would otherwise. d) Exposure to students from different racial/ethnic groups will be a major advantage of the approach.

d) Exposure to students from different racial/ethnic groups will be a major advantage of the approach.

Considering girls' and boys' friendships in terms of how much intimacy they report in the friendship AND how much is actually observed, if friends are asked to have a discussion about a problem: a) Boys report that they have more intimate friendships than girls, but girls display as much intimacy as boys when asked to discuss a problem with their friends. b) Girls both report more intimacy in their friendships and show more when asked to discuss a problem with their friends and get observed doing so. c) Boys both report more intimacy in their friendships and show more when asked to discuss a problem with their friends and get observed doing so. d) Girls report that they have more intimate friendships than boys, but boys display as much intimacy as girls when asked to discuss a problem with their friends.

d) Girls report that they have more intimate friendships than boys, but boys display as much intimacy as girls when asked to discuss a problem with their friends.

Jim and his mom are arguing because his mom found out that Jim has smoked marijuana. Jim's defense is, "Nearly half the senior class has tried it!" How accurate is Jim's statement? a) Statistics about marijuana use are too affected by attributional biases to know. b) It is very inaccurate—only 10 percent of high school seniors have tried marijuana. c) It is inaccurate—half of Americans have tried marijuana, but only about 20% of high school seniors. d) It is generally accurate—around 40-50% of all high school seniors have tried marijuana.

d) It is generally accurate—around 40-50% of all high school seniors have tried marijuana.

Which of the following is true regarding continuous and discontinuous transitions in adolescence? a) The transition into parenting is fairly continuous in our society, especially for men. b) The majority of transitions that adolescents experience in American society are continuous rather than discontinuous. c) Young people take on new roles more capably when they experience a discontinuous transition into that role. d) Modernization and globalization have made the transition from adolescence to adulthood more discontinuous.

d) Modernization and globalization have made the transition from adolescence to adulthood more discontinuous.

Which type of peer rejection is linked to the poorest psychosocial outcomes for adolescents? a) Rejected-Withdrawn b) Rejected-Aggressive c) Rejected-Neglected d) Rejected-Aggressive/Withdrawn

d) Rejected-Aggressive/Withdrawn

Which of the following statements about attachment is not true? a) One reason insecure models of attachment form and last into later life is because kids may be presented with conflicting information that leaves them with incoherent conflicting models of relationships b) The formation of internal working models often occurs unconsciously. c) Virtually everyone becomes attached, even if they receive very poor parenting. d) Securely attached adolescents rarely get into arguments with their parents.

d) Securely attached adolescents rarely get into arguments with their parents.

How are nonworking students affected when large numbers of students in their school work? a) They are not generally affected. b) They become jealous of their working peers' affluence. c) They develop problem behaviors such as cheating and losing interest in school. d) They do not get as good an education because teachers tend to lower classroom expectations.

d) They do not get as good an education because teachers tend to lower classroom expectations.

According to the Allen & Allen chapter and lecture, for every 100 students entering 9th grade each year, approximately ____ will finish with at least an Associate's degree (i.e., 2 year college degree) within three years or a Bachelor's degree within six years of the expected date of high school graduation. a) about half47% (1 in 2) b) more than 80% (4 in 5) c) about 67% (2 in 3) 61% d) about 20% (1 in 5)22%

d) about 20% (1 in 5)22%

according to the kuhn article, improved effectiveness of information processing in adolescence is achieved via which of the following a) changes in speed of processing b) changes in the capacity of the information processing system c) changes in inhibitory processes d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Researchers have found that, with regard to adolescent sleep patterns, _________. a) adolescent sleep patterns are primarily socialized by peer group norms b) although most adolescents do not get sufficient sleep during the week, they are able to successfully compensate by sleeping later on weekends c) the reason that high schools begin classes earlier than middle schools or junior high schools is that adolescents are more alert during the morning hours than later in the day d) getting fewer than 8 hours of sleep a night is associated with poorer mental health and lower grades for adolescents

d) getting fewer than 8 hours of sleep a night is associated with poorer mental health and lower grades for adolescents

When parents undermine their adolescents' verbal autonomy at age 16, this has been related to: a) more interest in seeking out compensatory peer relationships in adolescence b) more curiosity and exploratory behavior as a young adult c) reduced susceptibility to peer pressure during adolescence d) greater hostility with peers as a young adult

d) greater hostility with peers as a young adult

Research on the relationship between early maturation and problems for adolescent girls has found all of the following except _________. a) early maturing girls show more distress and this appears particularly linked to body dissatisfaction b) early maturing girls show more problem behaviors and this appears particularly likely if they have a history of problem behaviors c) high levels of family conflict in childhood predict early maturation d) high levels of behavior problems in childhood predict early maturation

d) high levels of behavior problems in childhood predict early maturation

Jessie is a physically immature 14-year-old who goes to school where it is expected that 14-year-olds date. Hillary is a physically mature 14-year-old who goes to school where it is expected students delay dating until age 16. Which adolescent is more likely to date? a) hillary b) neither Hillary nor Jessie is likely to date c) both Hillary and Jessie are likely to date d) jessie

d) jessie

Which of the following is related to increased susceptibility to peer pressure? a) high relatedness in interactions with peers b) low socio-economic status c) high socio-economic status d) low/undermined verbal autonomy in interactions with parents

d) low/undermined verbal autonomy in interactions with parents

Which of the following is NOT a widely recognized characteristic of teens who abuse drugs? a) impulsivity b) anxiety c) hopelessness d) membership in a marginalized ethnic group

d) membership in a marginalized ethnic group

In the United States today, working during high school is most common among _____ adolescents. a) wealthy b) african americans c) poor d) middle class

d) middle class

Jim and Stacey are the parents of two pre-teen girls. Throughout the girls' childhood, the family has enjoyed very harmonious relationships. The likelihood that they will experience serious problems as the girls go through the adolescent years is _________. a) a little more likely than average - a 'rebound' effect b) exactly average - there's no relation between childhood conflict and adolescent conflict c) very likely (i.e., more than 60%) - the 'universality' of adolescent problems d) not very likely (i.e., less than 40%) - adolescent 'storm and stress' mainly occurs for those who had troubles during childhood.

d) not very likely (i.e., less than 40%) - adolescent 'storm and stress' mainly occurs for those who had troubles during childhood.

Comparisons of large and small schools reveal that ________. a) students in large schools are more likely to participate in optional school activities/extracurriculars b) small schools tend to focus more on extrinsic motivation c) small schools tend to focus more on intrinsic motivation d) students in small schools are more likely to participate in optional school activities/extracurriculars

d) students in small schools are more likely to participate in optional school activities/extracurriculars

given a choice, mike would rather stay up until 1am and sleep until 10am. this pattern is called a) nocturnal asynchrony b) the secular trend c) the melatonin effect d) the delayed phase preference

d) the delayed phase preference

Seventeen-year-olds tend to take more risks than adults. The best explanation for this is that: a) they tend to believe they are relatively invulnerable b) they process information more slowly and thus can't quickly assess the consequences of those risks c) hormonal changes leave them more emotionally off-balance and impulsive d) their brains tend to give relatively more weight to rewards and less to painful consequences

d) their brains tend to give relatively more weight to rewards and less to painful consequences