adolescent development test 1
secondary sex characteristics for girls
-Hair growth in pubic areas, underneath arms and a slight amount of facial hair -Skin becomes rougher -Sweat glands increase production -slight enlargement of breasts known as breast buds
Two Aspects of Social Cognition
Perspective taking - Selman's research Adolescent egocentrism - Elkind's research
Methods of data collection
Survey: Questionnaire (written) Face to face Telephone Focus group Observation Daily diary Secondary data
puberty
The body undergoes a biological revolution that dramatically changes the adolescent's anatomy, physiology, and physical appearance
Mesosystem:
The connections or relationships (connections between schools and families) between settings in the microsystem
Macrosystem:
The larger context that includes the attitudes and ideologies of the culture as well as historical events.
Correlation:
an association between two variables Variables are related but we don't know in what way (e.g., what happens first)
Theory:
general principles that are interrelated concepts
Storm and Stress
upheaval and disorder is a normal part of adolescent development
Downward Secular Trend of Menarche
Puberty begins earlier in cultures where good nutrition and medical care are widely available In the U.S. the average age is 12.5 Illness and thinness tend to inhibit the development of body fat resulting in delayed puberty Advances in food production have enhanced nutrition and therefore puberty has come sooner
How does semenarcheal experience compare to menarche?
Strong feelings, but rarely negative • 70% reported feeling surprised • Less than 40% said it was important Semenarche is not a socially recognized event. • Boys do not attach a lot of significance to it. Sexual experiences are more relevant.
When is adolescents?
Used to be 10 - 18 (teen years), but has expanded ¡ WHY? ¢maturing earlier, Delaying certain adult roles Depends on point of view ¡ Educational grade markers ¢ Early adolescence: 10-13 ¢Middle adolescence: 14-17 ¢Late adolescence/Emerging adulthood: 18-21
pubertal caveat
Virtually all the studies considered in the order of pubertal development have been conducted with White adolescents in the West Very few studies demonstrate the variations that may exist in other groups • Lee, Chang, and Chan, 1963 • Herman-Giddens et al., 1997; 2001
female facts
Women are born with about 400,000 immature eggs in each ovary; this drops to 80,000 by puberty Once a girl reaches her first menstrual period (menarche), one egg develops into a mature egg (ovum) about every 28 days Females release about 400 eggs over the course of their reproductive lives
What is Adolescence?
'A transitional period whose chief purpose is the preparation of children for adult roles.' Period of transitions ¡ Biological ¡ Psychological ¡ Social
physical manifestations of puberty
-Rapid growth -Development of primary and secondary sex characteristics -Changes in body composition -Changes in circulatory and respiratory systems
Primary sex characteristics for girls
-production of eggs -development of sex organs
Primary sex characteristics for boys
-production of sperm -development of sex organs
The Age of Adolescence: 1890-1920 Contributing Factors:
1. Legislation prohibiting child labor 2. Requirements for children to attend secondary schooling 3. Adolescence as a distinct field of scholarship
5 Main Advantages over children's' thought
1. thinking about possibilities 2. abstract concepts 3. metacognition 4. multiple dimensions 5. relativism
Goals of Psychological Research
1.Description of social behavior Are people who grow up in RURAL areas different from those in URBAN areas? 2.Establish a relationship between cause & effect Does heat cause higher amounts of aggression? 3.Develop theories about why people behave the way that they do We dislike LSU students to feel better about ourselves
Optimistic Bias
A concept related to the personal fable Comes from health psychology research The tendency to assume that accidents, diseases, and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to others than ourselves Both adolescents and adults have an optimistic bias with regard to health risk behaviour Adolescents tend to have a stronger optimistic bias than adults
personal fable
Believe own experiences are unique Ex., Elise broke up with her boyfriend, and when Mom tries to comfort her, Elise screams that she just doesn't understand. Believe that one cannot be harmed; can defy laws of nature Ex. Will not die from an overdose; will not get pregnant if having unprotected sex.
How can cognitive advancements change parent-adolescent relationships?
Better arguers Question parents' authority Lead to more conflict, but also to better ways to argue their case with parents
semenarche
Boys first ejaculation • Based on study - average age around 12
secondary sex characteristics
Characteristics that are masculine and feminine but not directly related to reproduction. Breast development, pubic hair, facial hair, sweat glands develop
Exosystem:
Contexts that influence development BUT the child does NOT usually have direct contact with
thinking about possibilities
Development of Deductive and inductive reasoning Deductive: drawing conclusions from general to specific If it's a duck, it will waddle and quack Inductive: drawing conclusions from particular to general. Conclusion is reached on accumulated evidence. If many students do poorly on a test, you begin to worry you did poorly as well.
primary sex characteristics
Development of internal and external organs related to reproduction. They are present at birth but not fully functional until puberty: • Females: vagina, ovaries • Males: penis, testes
Social desirability
Do people want you to know the truth? What things can we do to decrease the social desirability effect? What areas of research might this affect the most?
order of puberty events for girls
Downy pubic hair Appearance of breast buds Growth spurt Growth of sexual and reproductive organs Menarche Secretion of increased skin oil and sweat Development of underarm hair
Adolescence Today: Reality
Dramatic individual changes & challenges Institutional changes Middle to High school Storm and Stress varies ¡ Conflict with parents ¡ Mood disruptions ¡ Risk behavior
implications for puberty timing in boys
Early maturing boys • Short term effects Positive self image More popular with peers More involved in delinquent behaviors, risktaking, and drug use • Longer term effects More responsible , self-controlled, sociable More conforming, conventional and humorless More marital and career success Heavy drinking and higher alcohol use Late maturing boys • Short term effects Less involved in delinquent behaviors & risktaking Less popular with peers More negative self-concepts More exploration and curiosity • Longer term effects Better coping skills More insightful and creative
implications for puberty timing for girls
Early maturing girls • Short term effects More popular with males More emotional problems & negative body image More involved in delinquent behaviors, risktaking, earlier sexual experiences, and drug use • Longer term effects Better coping skills Negative attitude toward school/lower aspirations Higher rates of depression and eating disorders Late maturing girls • Short term effects Less emotional problems Less involvement in delinquent behaviors Much like on-time girls • Longer term effects More favorable body image
Empirical Research
Empirical Knowledge based on direct observation Theory Set of ideas which try to explain what we observe Goal is to find support OR disprove We can never prove in social sciences!!
gender differences
GIRLS Breasts grow 7-13 Pubic hair 7-14 Growth spurt 9 ½ -14 ½ Menarche 10-16 ½ BOYS Testes/scrotum grow 10-13 ½ Pubic hair 10-15 Growth spurt 10 ½ -16 Semenarche 12
influences on puberty timing
Genetic factors Environmental factors physical activity Later among those who are thin/overly exercise Increased body fat --- earlier puberty (obesity associated with earlier maturation). Nutrition Poor nutrition: later period Appalachia - poverty Rearing environments (absent father) Great deal of stress slows down maturation
growth spurt
Girls about 2 years earlier than boys Boys average 4 inches during growth spurt Girls average about 3 ½ inches during growth spurt 50% of adult weight is gained during adolescence
the endocrine system
Hormonal changes begin here Gradually increases production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Recent evidence indicates that this occurs once a threshold level of body fat is reached Fat cells produce leptin that provides the signal to the hypothalamus
Ecological Perspective Disadvantages
How do contexts impact development? How do contexts interact? How does the child impact the contexts?
Imaginary Audience
Imagine own behavior is focus of others' attention Ex., A teenager goes to a concert of 4,000 other people and may be worried about dressing the right way because 'everyone will notice".
Microsystem:
Immediate settings surrounding the developing individual
perspective taking adolescence
In early adolescence (ages 10-12) children become capable for the first time of mutual perspective taking In late adolescence children become capable of social and conventional perspective taking
abstract concepts
Increase interest in politics, philosophy, religion, and morality
changes in circulatory and respiratory systems
Increases in the size and capacity of the heart and lungs • Boys have larger hearts and lungs relative to their size Increased strength and tolerance for exercise
relativism
Less likely to accept facts as absolute truths extreme skepticism
consequences of not sleeping enough
Limit learning and listening Make you more prone to skin problems Can lead to aggressive or inappropriate behavior. Change your eating habits Heighten the effects of alcohol and increase the use of caffeine and nicotine Others?
multiple dimensions
Look at problems from multiple perspectives sarcasm, satire (Simpsons and South park)
Experimental vs. correlational
Manipulation of a variable in a tightly controlled design Independent variables Dependent variables
Social Learning Theorists (Bandura)
Modeling and observational learning Adolescent continuing engagement in risky behaviors Imitating peers, family, or actors in mass media
secular trend
Over past two centuries, tendency of individuals to be taller and reach puberty earlier \ WHY? • Improved nutrition, better sanitation, control of infectious disease
Life Stages: Infancy (birth-7) Childhood (7-14) Adolescence (14-21) L
Plato on Education Capacity for reason allows for study of science and math(14-21) Education should focus on sports and music(7-14) The infant's mind is too undeveloped to learn much(birth-7)
Conceptual Frameworks
Provide "lens" through which aspects of family life is studied Informs Research Clinical work Education Policy initiatives
define puberty
Puberty encompasses a broad range of physical changes during adolescence Develop into adult form
What triggers the start of puberty?
The endocrine system - produces, circulates, and regulates the distribution of sex hormones Sex hormones • Estrogens (estradiol) • Androgens (testosterone) Both are produced by males & females
Metacognition
Think about own emotions and own thoughts Think that others are thinking of them (self-consciousness) Consequence: Egocentrism: refers to the child's inability to see a situation from another person's point of view.
Egocentrism
characterized by preoccupation with one's own internal world regard themselves and their own opinions or interests as being the most important or valid Self-relevant information is seen to be more important in shaping one's judgments than do thoughts about others and other-relevant information (Windschitl, Rose, Stalkfleet & Smith, 2008). Egocentric people are unable to fully understand or to cope with other people's opinions and the fact that reality can be different from what they are ready to accept
Menarcheal experience depends on
girl's age at that time the kind of preparation received knowledge and expectations family support system her own personality characteristics
order of puberty events for boys
growth of testes appearance of pubic hair growth spurt penis growth deepening of voice secretion of increased skin oil and sweat development of facial hair
•self-esteem or self-image
how positively or negatively one feels about oneself
Ecological Perspective advantages
maps context
sleep
napping is good teens need eight to ten hours of sleep
Adolescents: One of the most stereotyped groups in contemporary society
often negative
Causation or a causal relationship:
one variable causes a change in another Determined from an experiment
Quantitative
oriented toward numbers/stats, usually larger sample
Qualitative
oriented toward people's experiences, usually a smaller sample
Hypotheses:
presumed relationships among variables
social cognition
refers to how individuals reason or think about their world - about other people, about interpersonal relationships, and about social institutions
possible selves
representations of what we could become, what we would like to become, and what we are afraid of becoming
• Child Study Movement
research to better the lives of children and adolescents
Sense of identity
sense of who one is, where one has come from, and where one is going.
Conceptual framework:
set of interconnected concepts, ideas, and assumptions
Ecological Perspective:
the child/adolescent/adult develops within multiple environments/setting, some of which are proximal and some are distal. microsystem exosystems and macrosystems
feared self
the self a person imagines it is possible to become but dreads becoming
Cognitive Development normal adolescent behavior
to argue for the sake of arguing to be self- centered to constantly find fault in adult's position to be overly dramatic
actual self
who i am
ideal self
who i would like to be
negative
¡ Emotional ¡ Naïve ¡ Immature ¡ Self-absorbed/centered/selfish ¡ Rebellious ¡ Awkward ¡ Unorganized ¡ Risk taker ¡ Defiant, impulsive ¡ Moody; hormones; Drama! ¡ Confused, insecure ¡ Confrontational with parents (conflict) ¡ Fitting in
positive
¡ Open minded ¡ High potential ¡ Joyful ¡ Risk taker ¡ Puppy love ¡ Creative ¡ Willing to learn ¡ High school, transitions ¡ Finding yourself ¡ Discovery, independence ¡ Relationships, cliques
G. Stanley Hall: Key Ideas
• Child Study Movement - research to better the lives of children and adolescents • Founder of the study of adolescence and wrote the first textbook on adolescence • Storm and Stress - upheaval and disorder is a normal part of adolescent development
puberty and sleep
• Delayed phase preference Pattern of later sleep and wake time Emerges during puberty Due to melotonin • Interaction of biology and environment • Daytime sleepiness is very prominent among teens Adolescents more alert after 3pm and least alert at 8am
Adolescence: From Hall's Time to Our Time
• From 1900 to 1970, initial age of menarche has declined (12.5 years) • First signs of puberty begin about two years prior to menarche, at about age 9-10
Tempo (duration)
• Girls: 1.5-6 yrs. • Boys: 2-5 yrs.
Timing (age)
• Girls: 7-13 yrs. old • Boys: 9.5-13.5 yrs. old
secondary sex characteristics for boys
• Hair growth in pubic areas, underneath arms, chest, face, shoulders, and back • Skin becomes rougher • Sweat glands increase production
Early Christian Times to Middle Ages
• Influence of Saint Augustine's autobiography, "Confessions" •The Children's Crusade of 1212 •University students were typically between the ages of 13 and 15 •During this period young people were considered, innocent, having a lack of knowledge, and lack of experience
The Transition to Adulthood: American Style
• Legally an adult at age 18 • Characterized by Individualism: • Accepting responsibility for oneself • Making independent decisions • Becoming financially independent
male facts
• Males have no sperm in their testes when they are born and do not produce any until they reach puberty • The average age that sperm production begins (spermarche) is approximately 12 years old • Boys produce sperm in astonishing quantities - there are between 30 and 500 million sperm in the typical male ejaculation, which means they produce millions of sperm everyday
African american girls
• Many African American girls at age 8 (50%) were found to begin developing breast buds and pubic hair considerably earlier than White girls (15%) • Considerable methodological/sampling issues across studies looking at African American and White girls
Changes in muscle and fat composition
• More muscle for boys • More fat for girls
Differentiation in Self-Concept
• Personality (traits and attributes) are expressed in different ways in different situations/conditions • I am friendly with people I have met before • Self-descriptions take into account who is doing the describing • people think I am not shy, but most of the time, I am really nervous when meeting new people for the first time. • Recognize that they may appear to be different to different people • My parents think I am really quiet, but my friends know I really like to party a lot.
The brain continues to develop during adolescence. Areas under construction:
• Prefrontal cortex - responsible for organizing, setting priorities, strategizing, controlling impulses • Brain functions that help plan and adapt to the social environment • Brain functions that help put situations into context; retrieve memories to connect with gut reactions
Chinese girls
• Pubic hair began to develop in most girls about 2 years after the development of breast buds and only a few months before menarche • In sharp contrast to the Western studies, which found pubic hair and breast buds developed together about 2 years before menarche
Adolescence is a time when individuals :
• Question who they are • Question who they want to be • Think about self and self-in-relation to others Factors that contribute to questioning? • Pubertal changes • Cognitive changes • Changes in social status
Is puberty universal?
• YES, but....Timing and tempo varies across regions of the world, socioeconomic classes, and ethnic groups.
• Contemporary View
• identity formation does not begin or end during adolescence
Adolescence: A Cultural Construct
•Almost all cultures recognize "adolescence" as a life period •The length, content, and daily experience differs across cultures •Different cultures define adult status, roles, and responsibilities differently
Adolescence 1500 to 1890
•Life-cycle service which began in the late teens and 20s •Young people would engage in various trades and crafts •Common in the United States •Rates of crime, premarital sex, and alcohol use increased
cognitive development older to younger
•ability to think abstractly •ability to analyze situations logically •ability to think realistically about the future, goal setting •moral reasoning •Entertain hypothetical situations, use of metaphors Need guidance for rational decision making
•self-conceptions
•ideas of oneself with regard to traits and attributes
