Adolescent Final

Which of the following statements about self-conception is most likely to be made by a child rather than by an adolescent?

"I am a girl; I have two brothers; I like to read."

Which of the following is one of the characteristics that distinguish between the adolescent's and the child's self-concept?

- Adolescents distinguish among actual, ideal, and feared selves. - Adolescents place more value on core attributes in defining themselves. - The adolescent's self varies over time and across situations. - Adolescents tend to view the self as involving more dimensions than do children.

What statement(s) about intimacy is true?

- Intimacy is characterized by a willingness to disclose private and occasionally sensitive topics and a sharing of common interests. - Intimacy can take the form of close friendships between people of both sexes. - One of the central issues in the study of intimacy during adolescence is the onset of dating.

Which of the following do(es) the textbook state to explain why the development of intimacy is especially important in adolescence?

- growth of social cognition reflects more sophisticated conceptions of social relationships - truly intimate relationships do not emerge until adolescence. - friendships transform being self-conscious to being more activity oriented. - the nature of the adolescent's social world changes, with increasing importance of both same sex and other-sex peers.

Which of the following are examples of the ways adolescents display intimacy with their friends?

- they respond sensitively to their friends' feelings. their behaviors and emotional states are frequently synchronized. - they become less likely to negotiate than to disengage when resolving their disagreements. - they know what their friends worry about.

Between early and late adolescence, individuals improve in their ability to:

-imagine and analyze the consequences of their decisions. -seek and evaluate the advice of others. -make deliberate decisions that are not influenced by their emotions.

With age, adolescents become more likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated with the decisions they make and more likely to weigh the long-term consequences of their choices, and not just the immediate ones. According to the textbook, these improvements seem to be due to which of the following:

-the decline in the extent to which decisions are influenced by their potential to produce an immediate reward. -the increase in the ability to give equal weight to the potential costs and benefits of a decision. -the increase in the ability to control their impulses.

Which of the following behaviors is characteristic of increased emotional autonomy among adolescents?

Adolescents are able to see their parents as people.

Which statement about autonomy in adolescence is false?

Autonomy is closely related to adolescent rebellion.

internal working model

Determines whether we feel trusting or apprehensive in relationships; whether we go into relationships expecting acceptance or anticipating rejection

Marty's main concern in playing soccer is whether his performance will be good enough to win his father's attention and approval. Marty's behavior is being motivated by:

a performance orientation

psychosocial moratorium

a period during which individuals are free from excessive obligations and responsibilities and can therefore experiment with different roles and personalities

The transition from school to work is _________ defined transition.

a socially

Peter, who does exceptionally well in school, is likely to attribute his academic successes and failures to causes such as:

ability and effort.

The extent to which an individual strives for success is referred to as:

achievement motivation

false self behavior

acting in a way that one knows is inauthentic or fake

Eighteen-year-old Gisela stopped attending her church youth group and Sunday services, and, contrary to her conservative parents' beliefs, became immersed in a liberal political movement. Two months later, she lost interest in the movement and joined a new church. According to Erikson, Gisela is experiencing __________.

an identity crisis

According to the textbook, many writers have suggested that an adolescent's desire for autonomy may actually have an evolutionary basis, which reflects:

an individual's desire to increase his or her opportunity to find a non-familial mate to reproduce with.

A(n) [a] type of parenting style (in Baumrind's formulation) promotes healthy emotional autonomy in adolescents.

authoritative

Which parenting style is predictive of high self-esteem in adolescence?

authoritative

Jane has decided not to go along with her friends and drink after school. She realizes that drinking is wrong, and decides not to give in to the peer pressure. What type of autonomy is Jane exhibiting?

behavioral

Cassandra and Rosemarie spend a lot of time obsessing over each other's problems. What is this called?

co-rumination

Once formed, identity __________.

continues to be refined in adulthood

Viggo says to his friends, "You know, sometimes my Dad is wrong and I tell him so and I give him my opinion. I didn't use to do that when I was younger—I used to think that everything he said was right." Viggo is demonstrating:

de-idealization of parents.

Students' motivation and school performance _______ when they enter into secondary school.

decrease

Cognitive autonomy

developing an independent set of beliefs and principles, resisting peer and parental pressures

All of the following are noted in the text as reasons why achievement during the adolescent years merits special attention, except:

development in the realm of achievement begins and ends during adolescence.

Emotional autonomy

gaining emotional independence in relationships with others, especially parents

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of adolescence is __________.

identity versus role confusion

Research suggests that with regard to the link between adolescents' relationships with their peers and their families:

improving the quality of relationships at home can help adolescents improve their peer relationships

Emotional autonomy develops best when parents encourage _______ and _______.

individuation; emotional closeness

According to Sullivan, development can be best understood by examining transformations in:

interpersonal needs

Sullivan believed the crisis of adolescence is _____. Erikson believed it is _____.

intimacy; identity

For most young people, identity development __________.

is a process of exploration followed by commitment

Adolescents' close friendships are distinguished from their casual friendships in the types of conflicts they have. Although conflicts between adolescents and their close friends are _______ frequent than they are between adolescents and other peers, arguments between close friends are ________ emotional.

less; more

Behavioral autonomy

making independent decisions and following through on them

Achievement concerns the development of motives, capabilities, interests, and behavior that relate to ______________ in evaluative situations.

performance

immigrant paradox

recent immigrants perform better in school, less likely to be involved in delinquent behavior, or have physical, emotional, and behavioral problems

Issues of autonomy:

recur throughout the life span.

Being securely attached in adolescence is associated with all of the following outcomes, except:

rejection sensitivity in adulthood

Changes in __________ and __________ set the stage for developing a unified personal identity.

self-concept; self-esteem

Stereotype threat

situational factors can affect students' beliefs about their abilities and subsequent performance

The extent to which an individual receives emotional or instructional assistance is called _____ support.

social

To the extent individuals are aware of and anxious about confirming a widely held stereotypes about ethnic or sex differences in ability, the ________ effect suggests that their performance will be affected.

stereotype threat

Performance motivation (extrinsic)

strive to achieve because of external rewards or punishment for performance

Mastery motivation (intrinsic)

strive to achieve because of the internal pleasure they get out of learning and mastering the material

Amy, a 16-year-old girl, is shy around boys though she would really like to be more outgoing. This reflects:

the discrepancy between her ideal and actual selves.

identity diffusion

the incoherent, disjointed, incomplete sense of self characteristic of not having resolved the crisis of identity

identity foreclosure

the premature establishment of a sense of identity, before sufficient role experimentation has occurred

negative identity

the selection of an identity that is obviously undesirable in the eyes of significant others and the broader community

self conception

the way individuals think about and characterize themselves (traits and attributes)

In Erikson's [a] conception of identity, one's sense of ego identity is shaped by biological characteristics, psychological needs, and the culture in which one resides.

tripartite

Which of the following is not likely to predict students' achievement-related behavior?

whether the student has experienced a failure