Adolescent Psych Ch4-7
junior high school
an educational institution designed during the early era of public secondary education, in which young adolescents are schooled separately from older adolescents
Gangs
organized peer groups of antisocial individuals
social promotion
passing students on to the next level even though they have not mastered basic materials
nonshared environmental influences
the environmental forces that make siblings different from one another
flow experience
the experience of high levels of both concentration and interest at the same time
positive youth development
the goal of programs designed to facilitate healthy psychosocial development and not simply to deter problematic development
baby boom
the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II
age grading
the process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of age
sibling deidentification
the process through which siblings deliberately try to be different from each other
big fish-little pond effect
the tendency to experience higher academic self-concept when surrounded by peers whose academic achievement is lower
Cyberbullying
the use of electronic communication to bully a person, typically by sending messages of an intimidating or threatening nature.
perceived popularity
how much status or prestige an individual has (determins are highly variable and ever changing
· sex differences in family relationships
- Minimal differences between sons and daughters in family relations: Similar degrees of closeness, types of rules, patterns of activities - Teens tend to be closer to their mothers, have more intense relationships, Fathers rely on mothers for information about adolescent, perceived as distant authority figures
best classroom climate for adolescents
-achieve when schools are responsive and demanding, and when teachers are both supportive and demanding
behavioral genetics & 3 ways of studying
- how closely siblings resemble each other in characteristics such as intelligence, and personality - (1) twin studies, to see whether identical twins are more similar than fraternal (2) adoption studies, to see if they are more like they bio parents than they adopted (3) stepfamily studies, to see if similarity varies w/ biological relatedness
Describe the reforms associated w/ perceived social problems of the time -1950s -1970s -1990s -late 1990s, early 2000s
-1950s: space race against Russia, education focus on math and science -1970s: once ppl graduate HS not ready for the world of work, wanted to focus on job training 1990s: social problems, AIDS, drug abuse, and violence Late 90's-2000s: No child left behind, the idea of social promotion, establishing standards and if not met school would loose funding.
Ennett & Bauman (1996) study of cliques (members, liaisons, isolates)
-A study of the structure and stability of cliques among 9th graders in 5 different HS's in america. -Clique: individuals who have most of their interactions w/ the same small grp -Liaisons: ppl hwo interact w/ two or more others who are clique members, but themselves are not Isolates: have few or no links to others
impacts of violent media exposure
-Adol. who spend a lot of time playing violent games get into more fights and arguments than their peers. Repeated exposure leads to aggressive behavior.
Are peer groups a problem?
-Adult complaints about a separate, "troublesome" youth culture -problems were: youth unemployment, drug/alcohol use, and teen pregnancy -positive influence of peer groups -overall adol. exert both pos. and neg. influences on each other
Considerable research suggests a link b/n ____ parenting and healthy adolescent development.
-Authoritative
impact of racial composition of school
-Effects of desegregation -self- esteem -school attachment -perceptions of safety, loneliness
Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 styles of parenting discussed in the chapter?
-Independent
Parents who are very responsive but not at all demanding are_____ parents.
-Indulgent
free time &mood
-Most positive when w/ friends -become more pos. over time -Least positive when w/ family -become more negative b/n grades 5 & 7 - improve again between middle and HS
patterns of leisure use in the US vs other countries
-US: spending bout 4-7 hrs daily doing passive activies- TV, otp, and relaxing. Only 30 mins a day spent on reading or playing an instrument. Other countries: Asian countries such as India, Taiwan, and Japan average is 4-5 hours per day on homework.
Selection or Socialization? (do adol. develop interests & attitudes bc their friends influence them or is it that they have common interests? (· selection vs socialization in explaining similarity among friends)
-adol. choice of friends both influences and is influenced by their traits and interests -studies indicate both are at work across behavioral domains including school happiness, drug use, and mental health. (adol. who are bullies are likely to have similar friends)
Bullying and socioeconomic status
-adol. from less affluent families more likely to be bullied -Bullying more common in schools & countries w/ greater income inequality
what draws adol. into one clique and not another?
-age: age grouping makes it unlikely that adol. will have friends that are older or younger. -gender: young adol. sensitive about sex roles, worried bout sex appropriate behavior -ethnicity: more partly due to residential segregation.
Adolescents who belong to gangs are at a greater risk for what?
-antisocial behavior -mental health problems in adulthood -exposure to violence -behavioral problems in adulthood
racial differences in parenting
-authoritative parenting is less likely among Black, Asian, or hispanic families than among white families, bc parenting is linked to cultural values and beliefs -Ethnic minority parents also more demanding
what are the transformations in family relations?
-balance of power -conflict &closeness -violations of expectations
· student engagement (behavioral, affective, & cognitive)
-behavioral: completing assignments -affective: enjoying the work -cognitive: learning the material
school size
-bigger is not always better, smaller school is better for younger adol. and individual instructions.
comprehensive High school
-born in the 1920s Not just "intellectual training" for the elite -general education -college prep -vocational education -A specifically American institution
gender differences in cross-racial friendships
-boys more likely to make friends of the opposite race than girls (race is a predictor of friendship)
bullying and income inequality
-bullying is higher in schools and in countries where there is greater income inequality, adol. who come from less affluent families are more likely to get bullied. (overall)
what are the two types of peer group structures in adolescence? Describe each
-cliques and crowds cliques: small groups between 2 and 12 individuals, defined by common activities and friendships crowds: are based on a common shared activity such as (image, or reputation)
common adolescent jobs & their perceptions of them
-common adol. jobs: fast food, restaurant, retail(older students) (younger more likely to hold babysitting jobs or yard work) -pretty good perceptions on them
impacts of exposure to sexual media content
-common sexual messages are: women as sex objects, and men as dominant and aggressive. Sex as fun and a competition. Repeated exposure effects - attitudes beliefs, and intentions. Adol. who watch a lot of music vids more tolerant attitude toward sexual harrassment
characteristics of good schools
-community integration -qualified teachers -classrooms that promote active learning and critical thinking
how do adolescents sort into crowds?
-crowds are based on "identification" peers who share an image or reputation
What do adolescents and parents usually fight about? and why?
-curfew -clothing -choice of friends -cleanliness of bedrooms -why? :parents view things as right and wrong and not in a moral sense
what are the consequences of rejection?
-depression -behavior problems -academic difficulty
origins of free time in contemporary society
-development of compulsory (public) school and the increase of affluence of Americans following WW II.
what is "sleeper" effects? and what are two possible explanations?
-effects of divorce that may not be apparent until much later in the child's development -increased drug use and higher rates of early preggyness are consequences of the lower level of parental monitoring in divorced homes (effect of poor monitoring is not seen until adol) -effects of early parental divorce wont manifest until they start dating and involved in romantic rlships.
observational research suggests that sons and daughters interact with their parents in very distinct ways. (T/F)
-false
research suggests that suspending or expelling students from school decreases their likelihood of getting into further trouble
-false
transition into secondary school
-find that students academic motivation and school grades drop as they move from elem. to middle school. Scores on stand. tests dont decline suggests that the drop in grades may be more a reflection of changes in grading practices and student motivation rather than knowledge
The divergence of views b/n adolescents and parents that is common in families of immigrant parents and American-born adolescents is called:
-generational dissonance
reference groups
-group against which an individual compares him or herself
Sibling relationships in adolescence
-have emotionally charged relationships w/ siblings marked by conflict and rivalry, also nurturance and support
Green-Hennessy (2014) study on homeschools
-homeschooled adolescents w/ weak religious ties are 3 x more likely to be behind their expected grade level on achievement tests, and only half as likely to participate in extracurricular activities
what are the changes in peer groups during adol?
-increase in time spent w/ peers -reduced adult supervision -more contact with opposite sex -peer groups grow in size
stability of adolescent friendships increased stability is associated with ? and what are the most common causes of broken friendships?
-increased stability associated w/: same sex friends, boys friendshps -causes of broken friendshps: jealousy, aggression, and intimacy-rule violations
unstructured leisure time and its impacts on development
-leads to problems such as - depression, drug and alcohol use, and hoe-ism
what are the 3 broad purposes for crowds?
-locate adol. within social structure of school -channel adol. toward some peers & away from others -provide contexts that reward or discourage certain behaviors
origins of peer groups as we know them today
-originated from free public education where students were grouped by age.
what are the 2 critical elements of parenting?
-parental responsiveness: the degree to which the parent responds to the child's needs in an accepting, supportive manner -parental demandingness: the extent to which the parent expects and demands mature, responsible behavior.
what are the 4 Responses to being bullied?
-passive -aggressive: fighting back -support seeking: telling a teacher, looking for help -little of everything
the power of authoritative parenting & how it works
-power: provide appropriate balance b/n restriction and autonomy, giving them space to develop. -Are more psychosocially mature than their peers and more responsible
role of parents in peer group formation
-problematic parent-child rlships that are hostile lead to the development of antisocial disposition
The origins of peer groups in society?
-rapid growth of teenage population after WW II aka "baby boomers" -public education
why do many victims become bullies?
-reaction to victimization -contextual influences (school climate)
extracurricular activity participation and its impacts on development Participation associated w/?
-reduces likelihood of dropping out, and enhances psychological well-being and social status. - 2/3 U.S high school students participate -athletics -music Participation associated w/ -socioeconomic status -grades -school size, location -parents - Participation is stable over time
youth unemployment
-relatively common -except during summer -Higher rates among -recent HS grads who do not go to college -HS dropouts
financial demands on parents in the "sandwich generation"
-sandwiched b/n their adolescent children and their aging parents
Brown's (1990) model for social mapping of crowds
-scheme of mapping the social world of adol. classifies crowds along two dimensions: how involved they are in the institutions controlled by adults, such as school and extra-activities, and how involved they are in the informal peer culture.
The social Organization of schools -school and class size
-school size; (bigger schools) one adv is that the school can have wider range of curriculum, BUT bigger schools are NOT better. The bigger the school students tend to be less active in after school activities. Adv of small schools: students feel a sense of involvement, and more likely to be placed in positions of leadership. -Disadv: school may not able to afford more curriculums Class sizes: small classes benefit elementary school children, and more effective for tutoring and individual instruction.
what are the intervention approaches?
-teach social skills -have unpopular adol. participate in group activities w/ popular ones -social-problem-solving
3 types of rejected adolescents
-teenagers who have trouble controlling aggression -withdrawn adol.- are shy, and anxious (boys are victims of bullying) -both aggression and withdrawn (problem controlling their hostility)
National surveys suggest that student engagement levels in American schools are low. (T/F)
-true
Research suggests that high school students find school to be more boring than do middle school students (t/f)
-true
adolescents rarely rebel against their parents just for sake of rebelling. (T/F)
-true
consequences of victimization
-undermines feelings of academic competence, academic performance, and school engagement
electronic media and adolescent development
-worried bout whether online communication rather than in person affects adol. development and also sexual preds.
Dysgraphia
A learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting.
middle school
A school for children in the grades between elementary and high school. Middle school usually begins with grade 7 and ends with grade 8.
Describe each parenting style
Authoritative: parents use warmth, firm control, emphasis is placed on the development of self-direction.(warm, accepting, and loving)(high demandingness) Authoritarian: forceful discipline, believe children should accept their parents rules and standards without question. (high demandingness) Indulgent: demand very little, giving child a lot of freedom to act as they wish. They dont actively shape their child's behavior, view themselves as resources for the child. (low demandingness) Indifferent: structure their life around their own needs and interests, neglectful and know little bout child's activites and doesnt consider their childs opinion. (low demandingness)
Changes in Clique and Crowd Structure Over Time
Cliques -same-sex to mixed-sex -romance and intimacy Crowds -more differentiated -more permeable -less hierarchical and identity
the extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering material, rather than simply completing assigned work, is called student: A. diffusion B. tracking C. capital D. engagement
D. engagement
charter schools
Public schools that to establish their own curricula and teaching practices.
private schools
Schools funded by parents and sponsoring institutions.
Media Saturation
The constant bombardment of media whether it be tv, magazines, radio, ads etc.
generation gap
The cultural seperation between children and their parents
class size
The optimal number of students in any given classroom
foster care
The temporary placement of children in the homes of adults who are not related to them.
instrumental aggression
aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal
zero-tolerance policy
a get tough approach to adol. misbehavior that responds seriously
experience sampling method
a method of collecting data about adolescents' emotional states, in which individuals are paged and asked to report on their mood and activity
Cultivation Theory
a perspective on media use that emphasizes the impact media exposure has on individuals
ADHD
a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
teacher expectations
a teacher's opinion of the likelihood that students will be successful
tracking
a way of dividing students into different classes by ability or future plans
What are the 4 styles of parenting?
authoritative, authoritarian,indulgent, indifferent
critical thinking
comparing what you already know with the information you are given in order to decide whether you agree with it
sibling rivalry
competition between siblings, often for parental attention
costs and benefits of being popular
costs: being the object of classmates meanness benefits: more likely to have close friends, active social life, and receive more social recognition
midlife crisis
crisis over identity believed to occur b/n the ages of 35 and 45
What is the family systems theory?
emphasizes interconnections among different family relationships (such as marital, parent-child, sibling).
media practice model
emphasizes the fact that adolescents not only choose what media they are exposed to but also interpret the media in ways that shape their impact
generational dissonance
difference of views between adolescents and parents that is common in families of immigrant parents and American-born adolescents.
Dyscalculia
difficulty with math
direct vs indirect exposure to bullying
direct: being bullied indirect: watching someone get bullied
sleeper effects
effects of divorce that may not be apparent until much later in the child's development
reactive aggression
emotionally driven, antagonistic aggression sparked by one's perception that other people's motives are hostile
peer groups
groups of people who are similar in age and stage of life
premature affluence
having more income than one can manage maturely, especially during adolescence
sociometric popularity
how well-liked an individual is (determined by social skills, and friendliness)
familism
idea that the family's well-being takes importance over the concerns of individual family members
dyslexia
impairment of the ability to read
mainstreaming
integrating students with disabilities or special needs into the general educational program
marital conflict, divorce, and step-families and their effects on children
marital conflict: affected more when kids are aware of it and if it is hostile or physically violent. Linked depression and aggression -divorce: experience adjustment problems after 2 or 3 yrs, and well into their 30s. -stepfamilies: kids do better when there is consistency in discipline b/n their biol. and non biol. parent and when they have a good rlship w/ the step parent. Having a good rlship w/ stepparent doesnt undermine rlship with biol. parent.
Use and Gratification Approach
media use that emphasizes the active role users play in selecting the media to which they are exposed
new media
new technologies, such as the internet, that blur the line between paid and free media sources
shared environmental influences
nongenetic influences that make individuals living in the same family similar to each other in personality and behavior
relational aggression
nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people
internet addiction
persons use of the internet is pathological, defined by six symptoms: mood change, tolerance, sailence, withdrawal, conflict, relapse, and reinstatement.
reverse causation
relationship in which the correlation between two things is due not to the first thing causing the second, but to the second causing the first
spurious causation
relationship in which the correlation between two things is due to the fact that each of them is correlated with some third factor
Ethnography
research where individuals are observed in their natural settings
gifted students
students who are unusually talented in some aspect of intellectual performance
· schools within schools
subdivisions of the student body within large schools created to foster feelings of belongingness
overcrowding
too many people in one area or place at one time
iatrogenic effects
unintended adverse consequences of a treatment
Routine Activity Theory
views unstructured, unsupervised time with peers as a main cause of misbehavior