Adolescent Psychology - Final Exam Review

Schoolwork is more demanding of teenagers' time in Japan and Korea.

Generally speaking, why are part-time jobs for adolescents less common in Japan and Korea than in the United States?

self-conception

Gwen has recently been preoccupied with trying to understand what kind of person she is. As an exercise, she writes out a list of 20 traits that she thinks best describe her. According to researchers, Gwen is focusing on her

a crowd

Mitch organizes a party for about 20 of his classmates who are all interested in theater, and they all watch a recording of the musical The Phantom of the Opera. This group of teenagers, who don't always hang out together but share common interests, would most appropriately be labeled

the majority of teenagers who engage in oral sex also engage in vaginal intercourse.

Most research with respect to oral sex between adolescents has indicated that

improved interpersonal competence

Neuroimaging studies have shown that connections between different parts of the brain during adolescence cause

release of neurotransmitters

Neurons are cells that carry information by transmitting electrical charges across the body. When the electrical charge travels through a neuron, it stimulates

normal and appropriate

One of the aspects of positive sexuality is the belief that feelings of sexual arousal are

secular trend

Over the past century, the onset of puberty has been coming at an earlier age. This is referred to as the

stock clerk in a retail store

Parker, a senior in high school, is looking for a job. What type of job is he most likely to end up with?

patterns of leisure activity

Peers usually have more influence than parents on matters of

abstract logical reasoning

Piaget theorists believe that the use of ______ is the chief feature of adolescent thinking that differentiates it from the type of thinking employed by children.

de-idealization

Viggo says to his friends, "You know, sometimes my Dad is wrong, and I tell him so and I give him my opinion. I didn't used to do that when I was younger—I used to think that everything he said was right." Viggo is demonstrating

people are drawn to situations and settings that reward them for the traits they already have

What does it mean to say that "we grow more like ourselves every day"?

nonshared environment

What factor offers the most likely explanation the fact that Dorothy and Rose, sisters who are only 1 year apart in age, have different memories of their family life as they were growing up?

Gang members may commit crimes such as robbery or murder, while crew members are more likely to commit crimes such as disorderly conduct and vandalism.

What is the difference between a gang and a crew?

His self concept is different

When Diego turned 18, he started to think more about his education and potential future careers. He felt more independent and capable. What has changed for Diego?

capacity for intimacy

When college students were asked to rate the most important criteria for deciding when someone is ready to get married, what was the most consistently endorsed item?

between the generations

When it comes to basic, core values (e.g., religion, work, education), diversity within the adolescent population is much more striking than are differences

independence; autonomy

Whereas ________ refers to individuals' capacity to behave on their own, _________ has emotional and cognitive as well as behavioral components.

behavioral autonomy

Which of the following aspects of autonomy involves the capacity to make independent decisions and follow through with them?

an abundance of low-wage positions

Which of the following characteristics of the retail and service industries contributed to the rise in adolescent employment during the second half of the 20th century?

a rise in political protests at colleges

Which of the following contributed to the popularization of the term "youth movement"?

rise of secondary education

Which of the following contributed to the rise of age segregation in contemporary society?

puberty

Which of the following events have researchers suggested is one of the most important triggers of the individuation process?

During puberty Lazar is always fighting with his father. He stops confiding in his parents and turns solely to his friends for support.

Which of the following examples describes the psychoanalytic theory of detachment?

jocks

Which of the following groups of peers is found in American schools but not most European schools?

Parents do not encourage academic pursuits at home.

Which of the following has been cited as a possible explanation for low achievement scores among American students?

holding hands; feeling breasts through clothes; feeling a penis under clothes; sexual intercourse

Which of the following illustrates the typical sequence of sexual behavior among adolescents?

Francis, who has made identity commitments, but only after a period of exploration

Which of the following individuals would be considered to be in an identity achieved state?

Naomi received a 1200 on the SATs

Which of the following is a measure of academic achievement?

New technologies increased the number of attractive and inexpensive leisure options available

Which of the following is a reason that after-school jobs became less attractive to teenagers during the recession of the first decade of the twenty-first century?

being taught the concept of majority rule

Which of the following is an example of a universalistic norm in contemporary American society?

greater absences from school

Which of the following is associated with adolescents who work?

The physical changes of puberty trigger changes in the adolescent's emotional relationships at home.

Which of the following is one theory as to why individuals develop autonomy during adolescence?

Anita's father has obsessive-compulsive disorder. After Anita's girlfriend breaks up with her, Anita begins to show signs of obsessive-compulsive behavior.

Which of the following is the best example of the diathesis-stress model in action?

Recent studies have found that stress and conflict are higher in Latino families in which adolescents are relatively more acculturated than their parents.

Which of the following research findings best describes the phenomenon known as generational dissonance?

Only half of all reciprocated best friendships that exist at the beginning of the school year exist at the end.

Which of the following statements about friendship stability is true?

the ability to stop oneself from acting automatically

Which of the following supports adolescents' improved ability to use deductive reasoning, as described in the text?

Require some challenging, project-based assignments instead of multiple-choice tests.

Which of these approaches could counteract some experts' criticisms of No Child Left Behind?

seeing beyond what is directly observable

Which of these is a feature of hypothetical thinking?

Ella chooses to have sex with her boyfriend when she decides she is ready

Which of these is an example of one of the four aspects of positive sexual development according to recent research?

agreeableness

Which of these is one of the "big five" personality dimensions that many researchers use?

Study groups in which young people and adults work together to learn technology skills

Which of these would you expect to find in a cofigurative society?

This aspect of emotional autonomy often develops later in adolescents' relations with their fathers than with their mothers.

Which statement concerning adolescents' ability to see their parents as people is true?

Sullivan

Which theorist presented one of the most important theoretical perspectives on the development of adolescent intimacy?

parental

Which type of involvement has been found to enhance the adjustment of low-income students in their transition to middle school?

divided attention

While studying for her biology exam, Jennifer watches her favorite show on TV. This is an example of

Sally, whose parents are consistently permissive

Who is probably most likely to drop out of high school?

Frank, who appraises his reading comprehension before starting the next chapter

Who of the following is probably an adolescent (and not a child)?

development can be rapid and varies widely between individuals

Why is it so difficult to draw a legal boundary between when someone should be treated like a child and when someone is ready to be treated like an adult?

initiation ceremonies

A Bar Mitzvah, religious confirmation in a church, and a quinceañera are all examples of

suffer greater consequences if bullied by peers

Mikhail, an early maturer, is more likely to ______ than Devon, a late maturer

interpersonal needs

According to Sullivan, development can be best understood by examining transformations in

experience intimacy and sex in the same relationship.

According to Sullivan, if the interpersonal tasks of adolescence are negotiated successfully, the young adolescent enters late adolescence able to

children and adolescents with lesbian or gay parents are not psychologically different from those with straight parents.

According to many well-designed studies that have looked at the psychological consequences of growing up with lesbian or gay parents

Puberty affects how adolescents maintain status in the peer group and what they consider "appropriate" achievement-related behavior for each of the sexes.

According to research, how is puberty connected to achievement?

Black adolescents

According to research, members of which of the following racial groups are most likely to become sexually experienced at earlier ages?

the Industrial Revolution

According to the inventionist theory, adolescence was not considered a distinct transitional period until

The question of how adolescents are affected by working depends on the nature of the job.

According to the textbook, in general, how does employment affect adolescent development?

performance

Achievement concerns the development of motives, capabilities, interests, and behavior that relate to ________ in evaluative situations.

future orientation

Adolescents improve their ability and tendency to consider the long-term consequences of their decisions, which is one aspect of

an underachiever

Alicia has trouble persisting at tasks and fears failure. Her grades are far lower than one would expect based on her intellectual ability. A psychologist would most likely classify her as

intimacy and trust

Allison says that Susan is her friend because she can tell Susan secrets and Susan won't tell anyone else. Allison's definition of friendship is based on:

she blames herself for her parents' problems

Amalia is most likely to be adversely affected by her parents' divorce if

noncognitive factor

Amber believes that success and failure both come from within. A psychologist would categorize this belief as a

They will marry later than their counterparts of 40 years ago did

Arwen and Nick have dated exclusively for 18 months and say they are in love. Both are age 20 and live in the United States. Based on what you have read in this chapter, which of these statements is most likely to be true?

differentiated

As adolescents develop, their self-conceptions become more

Ingrid

Based on research, which adolescent is more likely to be sexually active: Ingrid, who lives in a single-parent home, or Leanne, who lives in a two-parent home?

Familism

Before making weekend plans with his friend,15-year-old Adithan considers his family's schedule and checks with his parents to see if they need his help with anything. He also offers to bring along his 13-year-old sister, so that his parents can have time to relax. Adithan'sattitude toward the importance of his family's needs is an example of

lengthened; prolonged

Compared to 100 years ago, the adolescent period has been ______ and the transition into adulthood ______.

spend more days per year in school

Compared with their counterparts from previous decades, today's American adolescents

is, in general, bound to what he can directly observe

Dan, an adolescent, has more developed cognitive skills than his 6-year-old brother Timmy because Timmy's thinking

genetics

Differences in the timing and rate of puberty among individuals growing up in the same general environment are largely caused by which factor?

increased emphasis was placed on math and science education

During the 1950s, how did the United States respond when politicians believed the United States was falling behind the accomplishments of the Soviet Union?

young people needed to be kept away from the labor force

During the Industrial Revolution, child protectionists argued that

depend on the wording of the questions.

Estimates of the prevalence of sexual intercourse among adolescents

baby boom

Following the end of World War II, many parents wanted to have children as soon as possible, creating what has come to be called the postwar

being in a social group that is permissive about sex

For adolescent girls, which of the following is the most important factor in determining the onset of sexual intercourse?

loyalty

Friendships based on which of the following criteria are more likely to be found among adolescents than younger children?

the amount of light

Melatonin levels change naturally in response to

They can exist together or separately within relationships

How do intimacy and sex differ?

a series of interrelated developments

Identity formation is best seen as a

have a negative self-image

In America, early maturing girls are more likely than their late-maturing peers to

baby-boom generation

Individuals who were adolescents in the late 1950s and 1960s are known as members of the

take another person's perspective

It is likely that a limitation in children's ability to ________ inhibits their ability to have intimate interpersonal relationships.

learned helplessness

Janelle is told that, no matter how hard she tries, she will likely not pass the exam. As a result, she believes that failure is inevitable and stops "wasting" her time studying. What has Janelle developed?

social promotion

Jeff works at a school where some children are two to three years behind grade level in most academic areas. Jeff advocates moving these students from one grade to the next even if their academic performance does not meet the minimum standards of the grade level they are in now. What would a psychologist call Jeff's recommendation?

cascade

Jillian's family moved to another town. Even though Jillian had a high level of social competence, she was anxious about starting at a new school. However, she made friends easily, joined a sports team, and excelled in her classwork. She feels even more self-assured and confident now than she did before the move. How would a psychologist describe Jillian's transition to a new environment?

peers

Judy and Jessica hang around with people who are their age. A psychologist would most likely describe these people as

emotional

Karen's parents have noticed that throughout Karen's adolescent years, their relationship has transformed, and they can confide in Karen more than they used to. What type of autonomy is Karen developing?

false-self behavior

Kikko strongly dislikes country music but told Keith, who is a big country music fan and her latest love interest, that country music is her favorite and that she would love to go with him to a country music concert. This type of behavior is called

mastery motivation

Leroy plays video games not because he will win anything by doing well or because anyone approves of his increasing skill, but because he enjoys getting better at the games. His behavior is an example of

leisure activities

Lisa is a high-school student who earns approximately $300 a month from her part-time job. She is most likely to spend the money on

greater alienation from school

Luis's family has lived below the poverty level his entire life. Research suggests that Luis is likely to experience ______ than non-poor adolescents.

may remain present throughout the adolescent and adult years.

Research testing the theory of adolescent egocentrism has found that certain aspects

males tend to overstate their level of activity

Researchers have found that with respect to reporting adolescents' sexual activity,

probably inaccurate

Researchers would most likely say that the statement "Adolescence is a time of storm and stress" is

organization

Rose solves a chemistry problem by systematically testing several hypotheses. Which information-processing skill is she using?

babysitting and lawn work

Ryan did a survey at his middle school of the most common after-school jobs for the eighth-grade class. What are his results likely to say?

support success in school without providing material rewards for that success.

Sarah and Jacob want their children to develop a strong achievement motivation. In addition to using an authoritative parenting style, they also should

middle school, junior high school, and high school

Secondary education refers to

providing incentives for schools to push low-achieving students out of school

Some critics of No Child Left Behind argued that it was having the unintended consequence of

a clique

Steve eats lunch with Jeff, Hans, and Mike every day. After school, they play computer games and talk about girls. This group of boys would be called

individuation

Tau's parents comment that his first year in college has been very good for him because he has become more responsible for his actions and choices and less dependent on them. Tau's parents are describing

more stable; get older

Temperament and personality tend to become ________ as we ________.

hypothetical thinking

The ability to see beyond what is directly observable and reason in terms of what might be possible is called:

menarche

The average girl in the United States reaches ______, the time of her first menstrual period, sometime between the ages of 12 and 14

early; late

The children who are most likely to think of themselves as being "off schedule" with respect to their physical development are girls who mature ______ and boys who mature ______.

attachment

The close, significant emotional bond between parent and infant is called

subjects carrying electronic devices and reporting their moods when prompted

The experience sampling method involves

the more parents believe in the stereotype, the worse their relationships with their teenagers become

The fact that most books for parents of teenagers tend to focus on the problems instead of normative development is concerning because

adolescent growth spurt

The hormonally induced increase in the rate of growth in height and weight is referred to as

fear of disease and fear of pregnancy

The most common reasons that adolescents give for abstaining from sex are

environmental factors

The physical developments of puberty are influenced by which of the following?

puberty

The physical transformation from child to adult is called

standards-based reform

The policy that focuses on techniques designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of standards measured by achievement tests is called

autonomy

The psychosocial domain concerning the development and expression of independence is called

and adolescents remain in school for more years than they used to

The school year is longer than it was in the past,

on leisure activities

Today's teenagers spend the most hours

puberty; school

Today, most people go through ______ earlier than they did 100 years ago, but they tend to stay in ______ longer.