Adult & Pediatric First Aid, CPR & AED Review

Your co-worker fell off of a tall ladder and hit their head quite hard. You can see they have a large lump and they are bleeding a lot. You suspect a potentially life-threatening injury. You tell them you are trained in first aid and want to help them. They tell you, no; that they are fine and it is no big deal. What should you do?

Call 911 or tell someone to do so

Step Two: Call

Call or send someone to call 911 Call or send someone to get an AED

You are working in a senior center when you hear a thud and someone yells out that a man has collapsed. The scene is safe, but the man appears unresponsive. What should you do next?

Check for responsiveness by using the shout-tap-shout sequence while checking for breathing, life-threatening bleeding and other life-threatening conditions.

You hear a scream and some loud noises coming from a few feet away in the crowded school playground. As you walk quickly across the playground, you tell yourself to do what first?

Check the scene for safety

A young child burns their hand and wrist on a camp fire at a remote mountain camp site. They start screaming. You check to make sure the scene is safe and obtain consent from their parent. You notice that a large portion of their skin is white, and blisters are already formed. Which actions should you take?

Cover the burn loosely with a sterile dressing, call 911 or tell someone to, cool the burn under clean, cool running water for at least 10 minutes, ideally 20

Vomiting and diarrhea in young children and infants can lead to which of the following?

Dehydration and Shock

Which of the following are examples of life-threatening sudden illnesses?

Diabetic emergency and anaphylaxis

Cardiac arrest is often due to a blockage of the blood vessels supplying oxygen to the heart muscle (heart attack). However, it can also occur due to the effects of which of the following?

Drowning & Breathing Emergency

When giving CPR to an unresponsive choking infant, what CPR technique should you use?

Encircling thumbs technique

What should you do if a choking person is coughing forcefully?

Encourage them to keep coughing

After encouraging the coughing choking person to keep coughing, it is fine to leave them. True or False?

False

As part of general care for a person with an environmental emergency, it is not important to watch for changes in the person's condition because EMS will be there soon. True or False?

False

If a person is responsive and fully awake, you should place them in a recovery position while you wait for EMS to arrive and begin their care of the person? True or false?

False

If you are unable or unwilling for any reason to perform full CPR, give continuous breaths at a rate of 10 to 12 per minute. True or False?

False

Sinus infections are a common cause of cardiac arrest in children and infants. True or False?

False

The person tripped over a rock while hiking, fell and cut their leg. There is a slow trickle of blood from the cut on the person's leg. This is life-threatening bleeding. True or False?

False

You are using an AED on an 82-year-old woman in cardiac arrest. She is frail and only weighs about 105 pounds, so you should use pediatric AED pads. True or False?

False

You have just given a shock to a person in cardiac arrest. You should check to see if the person is breathing before starting CPR again. True or False?

False

When drowning is the suspected cause of cardiac arrest, what should the responder do first?

Give 2 breaths

Step Three: Care

Give care based on your knowledge and training as needed

A choking adult is unable to speak or cough forcefully. Your partner is calling 9-1-1. What should you do now?

Give cycles of 5 back blows and 5 abdominal thrusts

Which of the following is best to use when applying direct pressure to control life-threatening bleeding?

Hemostatic dressing

You may need to give chest thrusts in which of the following situations?

If a person is pregnant, too large for you to stand behind and reach around or if the person is in a wheelchair and you are unable to give abdominal thrusts, you will need to give chest thrusts.

If more than one responder is available and trained in CPR, when should the responders switch?

If more than one responder is available and trained in CPR, the additional responder should switch with the original responder whenever the original responder giving compressions indicates that they are tiring or after every five cycles of CPR (about every 2 minutes).

If the responsive choking person becomes unresponsive, what care should you give?

If the choking person becomes unresponsive while you're giving care, carefully lower them to a firm, flat surface. Then immediately begin CPR, beginning with compressions. Before attempting breaths, open the mouth and look for an object. If you see an object, remove it with a finger sweep.

If the person with a suspected opioid overdose is unresponsive and not breathing (cardiac arrest), which care step should you do first?

Immediately begin CPR

When giving chest thrusts, where on the choking infant's chest should the responder give thrusts?

In the center of the infant's chest, just below the nipple line.

You are giving CPR to a 5-month-old in cardiac arrest. You know to follow techniques and use equipment for which of the following age groups?

Infant

Why is it important for you, the first aid responder, to ask questions using SAM and do a focused check of the responsive person?

It can help you to determine, what care they may need and as time passes the person may be able to say less things.

When giving abdominal thrusts, where on the choking person's abdomen should the responder place their hands.

Just above the navel

When giving back blows and abdominal thrusts to a small child, you may need to do which of the following?

Kneel behind the child.

When you ask someone to call 9-1-1 for you in an emergency situation, what communication techniques/instructions should you use?

Look directly at one person, say "you, call 911."

What is your risk of catching a disease when giving first aid care?

Low Risk

What is important to determine before giving sugar by mouth to the person experiencing a diabetic emergency?

Make sure the person is awake, can follow simple commands, and can chew and swallow

You are placing pediatric AED pads on a 7-month-old infant. What is the correct placement of the pads for this infant?

Middle of the chest and on the back, between the shoulder blades.

Before giving breaths to the infant, you should open their airway using the head-tilt/chin-lift technique to which position?

Neutral

You are working a shift at the local farmer's market when you recognize that a 10-year-old shopping with their parent is choking. You check the scene for safety and approach the child. What do you need to do at this point?

Obtain consent from the parent because the person is a minor

Before giving breaths to the adult, you should open their airway using the head-tilt/chin-lift technique to which position?

Past-neutral

Which of the following is a sign or symptom of a heart attack?

Persistent chest pain

If you see an object in the infant's mouth, which finger(s) should you use to do a finger sweep?

Pinky finger

You are placing adult AED pads on a 3-year-old child. When placing them on the chest, you notice that the pads are touching. What should you do?

Place one pad in the middle of the chest and one on the back, between the shoulder blades.

When applying direct pressure, it is important to do which of the following?

Press hard and directly over the wound

What is the correct method to care for frostbite?

Protecting the affected area with loose, dry dressings

The three important steps when applying a windlass rod tourniquet are which of the following?

Pull, Twist, Clip

When giving chest compressions, the goal is to do which of the following?

Push hard and fast

You have a first aid kit and are about to give care to a co-worker who is unresponsive and not breathing. After calling 9-1-1 and getting equipment, what should you do before giving care, if possible?

Put on latex free disposable gloves

You are using a tourniquet to control life-threatening bleeding when the injured person cries out in pain. What should you do?

Reassure the person but continue to tighten the tourniquet until the bleeding stops or you cannot tighten it anymore.

If the area around a wound appears red and swollen the day after an injury occurs, what should you do?

Seek medical attention for a potential infection

When giving compressions, how should the first aid responder position their body and arms?

Shoulders directly over the hands and elbows locked

You have obtained consent and are checking a responsive person. You know you need to interview them first using SAM. What does SAM stand for?

Signs and symptoms Allergies Medications

Before giving breaths to the child, you should open their airway using the head-tilt/chin-lift technique to which position?

Slightly past-neutral

After recognizing that a person is in cardiac arrest (unresponsive and not breathing), you call 9-1-1 and send someone to get an AED. What is your next step?

Start CPR by giving chest compressions and breaths

You obtain consent, call 9-1-1 and continue checking a responsive person who is having trouble breathing. The person's lips are swelling, and they are scratching a bee sting on their arm. You notice a medical alert bracelet and they nod their head when you ask if they have an allergy. What do you suspect is wrong with the person and what care should you give?

The person is experiencing anaphylaxis. Assist them with administering epinephrine via an auto-injector.

A person who is responsive and breathing but not fully awake should be placed in a recovery position for which of the following reasons?

To lower their risk of choking and aspiration

A 14-month-old toddler has life-threatening bleeding from a wound on her upper arm. After calling 9-1-1, which of the following is the appropriate care for this child?

Tourniquets currently are not recommended for children under approximately 2 years of age. Instead, use direct pressure to stop the bleeding.

As part of general care for a person with an injury, it is important to keep the person from getting chilled or overheated. True or False?

True

In a small child or an infant, bleeding may be life-threatening when the amount of blood loss is less than about half of what a soda can obtains. True or False?

True

Shock is a common cause of cardiac arrest in children and infants. True or False?

True

Signs and symptoms of heat stroke include absence of sweating, exhaustion and confusion. True or false?

True

The person cut their arm while working on a job site. Blood is flowing steadily from the person's wound and pooling on the ground. This is life-threatening bleeding. True or False?

True

When giving CPR to a person and waiting for EMS personnel to arrive, a bystander tells you to stop, saying, "it's no use and that looks hard." You continue because you know that is not a reason to stop CPR. True or False?

True

You are caring for a person experiencing an asthma attack. You have helped them administer their quick-relief medication via an inhaler. Ten minutes later, they are still having trouble breathing and EMS has not yet arrived. You should help the person administer a second dose of the medication. True or false?

True

You are caring for a person with life-threatening bleeding. You have applied a tourniquet and are waiting for EMS to arrive. The person becomes confused and irritable. You notice that their skin is very pale and feels moist. They complain that their heart is racing. The person is most likely experiencing shock. True or false?

True

Which of the following would lead you to suspect a person is in cardiac arrest?

Unresponsive & Not breathing or only gasping

You are placing AED pads on a person in cardiac arrest. What is the correct placement for the pads?

Upper right side of the chest and lower left side of the chest, a few inches below the left armpit

You are placing adult AED pads on a 10-year-old child. What is the correct placement of the pads for this child?

Upper right side of the chest and lower left side of the chest, a few inches below the left armpit.

When giving CPR to an infant, which of the following techniques may be used to give chest compressions?

When giving CPR to an infant, the encircling thumbs technique is recommended. Alternatively, the two-finger technique may be used (not shown here). If you are not able to compress the infant's chest about 1 ½ inches using either the encircling thumbs technique or the two-finger technique, you can use the one-hand technique.

Which of the following are the appropriate depth and rate to use when giving chest compressions to an infant?

When giving chest compressions to an infant, compress to a depth of about 1 ½ inches and compress at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute.

When there are two or more trained responders, one person will give CPR while the other person sets up the AED. When will the responders switch roles?

When there are two or more trained responders, one person will give CPR while the other person sets up the AED. They will switch roles when the AED after pushing the shock button or after the AED says that no shock is advised, which is about every 2 minutes. Responders can switch earlier if the one giving CPR becomes tired.

Signs of a heat stroke

hot dry skin

Minimize necessary interruptions in chest compressions to

less than ten seconds

Chest position between compressions

returns to normal position

You should call 911 if

someone is unresponsive, has a life threatening condition, their vital signs change

You are giving CPR to a 14-year-old in cardiac arrest. You know to follow techniques and use equipment for which of the following age groups?

Adult

If the chest does not rise on the first breath, and you reopen the airway and give a second breath and the chest still does not rise, what might be a reason?

An object might be blocking the airway

Compression Depth

At least 2 inches

Which of the following images shows life-threatening bleeding

Blood spurting from the wound & Blood flowing continuously from the wound

Where on the child's chest should the first aid responder position their hands to give compressions (when using two hands)?

Centered on the chest

Step One: Check

Check the scene for safety Check the person

You have been applying direct pressure to a wound on the person's lower back for several minutes, but the bleeding hasn't stopped, and EMS has not arrived. What should you do?

Continue applying direct pressure.

The risk of infection when giving first aid care is low. Using what reduces your risk even further?

Disposable gloves, face shield, pocket mask

During your interview of the person using SAM, they told you that they have a lot of pain in their left arm and that it is throbbing. What should you do next?

Do a focused check on their left arm

Which of the following are signs and symptoms of stroke?

Facial Weakness, Arm or grip weaknesses, speech disturbances (FAS)

It is fine to enter an area where there is a chemical spill as long as you are very careful. True or False?

False

Does cardiac arrest have signs and symptoms?

No

When giving breaths to an infant with a face shield, you should cover which body parts of the infant with your mouth?

Nose and mouth

Where on this person's arm should a tourniquet be applied?

On the forearm, about 2 to 3 inches above the wound between the wound and the heart

You are giving CPR to an 8-year-old in cardiac arrest. You know that for CPR, a child is someone considered from the age of 1 year to which of the following?

Onset of puberty

Signs that indicate a person is choking may include which of the following?

The person is coughing, making high pitched squeaking noises, and looks surprised

A person who just completed a marathon on a windy, 54ºF day is at risk for hypothermia. True or False?

True

Recovery Posistion

Used if: - the person is unresponsive but breathing - responsive but not fully awake Reduces risk of choking

Which of the following are the appropriate depth and rate to use when giving chest compressions to a child

When giving chest compressions to a child, compress to a depth of about 2 inches and compress at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute.

Breaths last

about one second; chest begins to rise

When is it important to consult a healthcare provider if a young child or infant has a fever?

(1) The infant is younger than 3 months and has a fever of 100.4° F (38° C) or greater; (2) The child is younger than 2 years and has a fever of 102.5° F (39.2° C) or greater; (3) The child or infant has a febrile seizure; (4) The fever is associated with change in behavior or activity, neck pain, poor feeding, decreased urination, trouble breathing, abdominal pain, pain with urination, back pain or a rash.

Three steps if you think someone is in cardiac arrest

1. Call or have someone call 911 and get the AED 2. Begin CPR immediately 3. Use AED as soon as possible

Compression Rates for CPR

100-120 per minute

What percent of heart attacks happen at home?

70%

Which of the following signs and symptoms are often caused by absorbed poisons?

A rash or hives

Which of these signs and symptoms of poison exposure are not life-threatening?

Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

When giving chest thrusts to an infant, how deep should you press?

About 1 ½ inches.

Which of the following is not a general care step you should take when assisting a person with their medication?

Administer the medication and monitor the person until EMS arrives.

You are working in a warehouse loading furniture onto a truck for delivery. One of your coworkers is handing a heavy chair up to another coworker on the truck when the chair slips and hits them hard on the head before it hits the floor. You make sure the scene is safe and approach them to help. They appear responsive, but it looks like something might be wrong with them. You obtain consent and continue checking them. They tell you they feel dizzy, their head is pounding and they feel nauseous. This person likely has a concussion. You call 9-1-1. While waiting for EMS to arrive, which actions should you take?

Advise them to stop any activity and have them rest without moving, maintain their body temperature, and give care for other injuries that may be present

What is it important to do between giving the first and second breath?

Allow the chest to fall and the air to exit

What would be the best thing to do if applying a tourniquet did not stop the person's bleeding?

Apply a second tourniquet, between the first tourniquet and the heart.

A first aid responder is applying direct pressure to a person with life-threatening bleeding on the lower leg. A bystander has returned with a bleeding control kit. What should the responder do next?

Apply a tourniquet immediately.

A child was running around the house and crashed into a full-length mirror, breaking the glass. You see that she has a wound on the back of her head and there is blood flowing steadily from it and starting to pool on the ground. After calling 9-1-1, what should you do?

Apply direct pressure

You are working at an outdoor cafe on a hot summer day. Suddenly you hear a commotion at a nearby table. You make sure the scene is safe. As you approach the person you notice they appear responsive, but they are having trouble breathing. Which of the following sudden illnesses are you most likely to suspect?

Asthma, Anaphylaxis, Heart Attack

How long should you wash your hands when using soap and water?

At least 20 seconds

What are some things to keep in mind about wearing gloves when giving first aid care?

Avoid touching other surfaces and wash your hands after taking off the gloves

When giving back blows, where on the choking infant's back should the responder give back blows?

Between the infant's shoulder blades

When giving back blows, where on the choking person's back should the responder give back blows?

Between the shoulder blades