Adult Development and Aging-Chapter 4

Circadian Rhythm

*The daily variations in various bodily functions, is therefore affected by this hormone.

Hearing

1) Presbycusis 2) Tinnitus

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

*(ERT) Introduced in the 1940s *Later estrogen and progestin combined (HRT) *Initially HRT associated with positive effects on skin tone, appearance, bone mineral density, immune functioning, thickness of hair, sleep, accidental falls, memory, and mood *Now unsure if benefits outweigh the risks (may have differing effects on cancer risk/ yet decreased risk of colon cancer) *Other recommended approaches to counter act the effect of hormonal changes: 1) exercise 2) don't smoke 3) lower cholesterol 4) one drink a day? :)

Perimenopause

*3-5 year span called the climacteric *decreased production of estrogen and progesterone *The process of estrogen decline beings about 10 to 15 years before menopause, at some point in the mid 30s. -Mid 40s: Ovaries begin to function less effectively and produce fewer hormones -Mid 50s: menstrual cycles have ended all together *FSH and LH levels rise dramatically during this period as the anterior pituitary sends out signals to produce more ovarian hormones -In turn, the hypothalamus produce less gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnRH)

Cataract

*A clouding that develops in the lens -This results in blurred or distorted vision because images cannot be focused clearly onto the retina. *The term cataract reflects the previous view of them condition as a waterfall behind the eye that obscured vision. *Appear to develop as a normal part of the aging process, but other than the changes that occur in the lens fibers, their cause is not known. *Yellow or brown tone Factors: 1) Heredity 2) Prior injury 3) Diabetes 4) smoking 5) nutritional deficits 6) high intake of carbs *Vitamin C may reduce the formation of cataracts. *Main form of eye disease, cataracts affect about 17% of the over 40 population

Erectile dysfunction

*A condition in which a man is unable to achieve an erection sustainable for intercourse, is estimated to increase with age in adulthood, from a rate of 31% among men 57-65 to 44% of those 65 and older. *Related to health problems in older men: -Metabolic syndrom -

Age-related Macular Degeneration

*A second significant form of blindness *An estimated 15% of people 80 and older have this disease, which is one of the leading causes of blindness in those over the age of 65 *Involves destruction of the photoreceptors located in the central region of the retina known as the macula. *No known treatment for ARMD, antioxidants and avoidance of smoking can serve to reduce a persons risk. -wear sunglasses *Treatments for the "wet" form of ARMD, which is related to damage to the vascular supply to the retina, so far include only medications that can slow its progression by reducing the growth of new blood cells.

Tinnitus

*A symptom in which the individual perceives sounds in the head or the ear (such as a ringing noise) when there is no external source. -Can be temporarily associated with the use of aspirin, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory agents. -Changes in the bones of the skull due to trauma and the buildup of wax in the ears may also contribute to this. *No cure

White matter hyperintesities (WMH)

*Aging is associated with changes in the frontal lobe in the form of abnormalities -These abnormalities are thought to be made up of parts of deteriorating neurons. -Their presence appears to interfere with long-term memory because they disrupt the integrity of the white matter.

Cardiovascular system

*Aging of the cardiovascular system involves changes that begin in middle age in both the heart and the arteries that circulate blood throughout the body. *Of greatest relevance to aging is the left ventricle of the heart, the chamber that pumps oxygenated blood out to the arteries -The left ventricle walls become thicker and less able to contract, causing a reduction of diastolic functioning. -This has the effect of ejecting less blood into the aorta with each of the hearts contractions. -The problem is compounded by the fact that the arteries become less able to accommodate the flow of blood that the left ventricle ejects, *Cardiovascular efficiency is indexed by 1) aerobic capacity 2) cardiac output -both indices decline consistently at a rate of about 10% per decade from age 25 and up so that the average 65 year old has 40% lower cardiovascular efficiency than the young adult. -Decline is more pronounced in males than in females *Complications other than those involving the cardiovascular systems, such as joint pain, interfere with the ability of even the most motivated person to participate in high-intensity exercise.

Sleep apnea

*Also called sleep-related breathing disturbance *People with this condition are usually in middle to late adulthood, experience a particular form of snoring in which there is an obstruction in the back of the threat and it restricts airflow during inhalation. -Choking -Airway closes and the lack of oxygen is registered by the respiratory control centers in the brain, and sleeper awakens -May be 100 episodes a night -Heart is forced to pump harder to circulate more blood -As a result, large spikes of blood pressure during the night and elevated blood pressure during the day *Over time, person is at risk of heart attack and stroke -more common in adults with cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular disease *Treated with a CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure

Kinesthesis

*Applies to the knowledge that receptors in the limbs provide when the body is moving.

Vital Bodily functions

*As a very general estimate, age-related change across all bodily systems is in the neighborhood of 1% per year. 1) Cardiovascular systems 2) Respiratory systems 3) Urinary system 4) Digestive system

Treatments available to counteract incontinence:

*Because people often mistake bladder dysfunction as normal aging, less likely to seek active treatment. 1) Medications such as tolderoine (Detrol LA) 2) Behavioral controls alone or combined with medications 3) Pelvic muscle training -Urinary sphincters are contracted and relaxed for a short period of time (for both men and women) 4) Behavioral therapies such as setting a bathroom schedule

Temperature control

*Between 1998-2006, 700 people per year in the US dies from hyperthermia, of whom 40% were 65 or older. -10 times as many deaths per year are attributed to the opposite condition, hypothermia *Heart disease is a big factor *Higher death rates under conditions of hypothermia may be an impaired ability of older adults to maintain their core body temp during extremely cold weather.

Joints

*By the 20s and 30s, the articular cartilage the protects the joints has already begun to degenerate -The bone underneath wears away. *joint problems are exacerbated by outgrowths of cartilage (interfere with smooth bone movement) *Fibers in the joint capsule become less pliable, reducing flexibility even more. *Joints lose flexibility and become more painful the more stress the endure. -Over half the adults in the US report that they experience chronic joint pain or movement restriction.

Thyroid hormones:

*Controlling the rate of metabolism (Also known as the basal metabolic rate; BMR) are hormones produced by the thyroid gland, located in the neck. *The BMR begins to slow in middle age and is responsible for the weight gain that occurs when a person's caloric intake remains the same. *Subclinical hypothyroidism can affect as many as 15 to 18% of adults over the age of 60 and is associated with cognitive impairment.

Interactions between immune system and other physical and psychological process and aging:

*Cortisol and DHEA have opposing actions on the immune system and changes in their balance with age can alter the activity of immune system cells. *Micro nutrients: 1) Vitamin E 2) Zinc -Believed to improve immune responsiveness and prevent infection *Protein intake is crucial *Moderate exercise *Chronic stress can accelerate the rate of the immune systems aging.

Alterations in the reproductive tract associated with menopause:

*Due to lower levels of estrogen: 1) reduction in the supply of blood to the vagina and surrounding nerves and glands -Results in the possibility of discomfort during intercourse -More susceptible to urinary problems such as infections and stress incontinence

Neuronal fallout method

*Early research on nervous system functioning in adulthood was based on the hypothesis that there is a progressive loss of brain tissue across the adult years that is noticeable by the age of 30 because neurons do not have the ability to replace themselves when they die.

Central nervous system

*Early research on nervous system functioning in adulthood was based on the hypothesis that there is a progressive loss of brain tissue across the adult years that is noticeable by the age of 30 because neurons do not have the ability to replace themselves when they die. -However, it has become clear that that in the absence of disease, the aging brain maintains much of its structure and function. -1970s found that mental stimulation can compensate for loss or neurons.

Body Build

*First set of changes in body build involves height. -People get shorter as they get older (as much as an inch over time) -The reason for this loss of height is the loss of bone material in the vertebrae. )spine collapses and shortens in length) *Second change is body shape -BMI -Overall pattern of body weight in adulthood shows an upside down U-shaped trend reflecting the fact that most people increase in their weight from the 20s until the mid 50s, after which their weight decreases. -Loss of body weight in the later years of adulthood reflects the reduction of FFM due to loss of muscle mass, even if they maintain high levels of activity. -Some older adults continue to gain weight causing them to become obese. *Much of the impact of aging on body build and composition can be offset by exercise.

Immune system

*In addition to protecting the body, the immune system is closely linked to the nervous system and, consequently, to behaviors, thoughts, and emotions.

Risk factors for urge incontinence

*In women are 1) white race, diabetes treated with insulin, symptoms of depression, and current use of estrogen *Related to urge incontinence is overactive bladder -affects 25% of the population 65 and older *Large majority of adults are symptom free of overactive bladder *Urinary incontinence is not part of normal aging.

Growth Hormone (GH)

*In youth: GH stimulates the growth of bones and muscles and regulates the growth of most internal organs. *GH production shows regally timed peaks during nighttime sleep *Throughout life: GH affects metabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbs. *Together, GH and IGF-1 are called the somatotrophic axis *GH peak is smaller in older adults (possibly contributing to sleep changes. *GH replacement therapy has been increasingly viewed by some as an antidote to stop the aging process but is not safe and very expensive. -side affects are: joint pain, enlargement of heart and bones, diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart failure. -mounting evidence HGH does not improve althletic performance.

Endocrine system

*Is a large and diverse set of glands that regulate the actions of the body's other organ systems (referred to as target organs) *The hypothalamus and anterior (front) section of the pituitary gland, located deep within the base of the brain, are the main control centers of the endocrine system. -Hypothalamus releasing factors (HRFs), hormones produced by the hypothalamus, regulate the secretion of hormones in turn produced by the anterior pituitary gland. -Also, signals from target organs carried through the blood, indicating that more pituitary hormones are needed, can also lead to greater hormone production. -HRFs may also be stimulated by information sent from other parts of the nervous system.

Adrenopause

*Is greater in men *Extremely low levels of DHEA have been linked to cardiovascular disease, some forms of cancer, immune system dysfunction, and obesity.

Skin

*Largest organ in the body *Age related changes become visible as early as 20s but usually within mid-late 30s. *Skin starts to show small wrinkles, slight drooping, loss of resilience, changes in color, becomes more translucent. *Sebaceous glands become less active. *3 Layers of skin: -Epidermis -Dermis ***Collegen and elastin become less flexible and cross linking occurs. -Subcutaneous fat layer ***Provide the cushioning, in middle age this starts to thin. *Skins coloration changes -Most visibly in fair-skinned people. *Pigmented outgrowths (moles) *Small blood vessels (Angiomas) *Bone loss in the skull, particularly in the jaw. *Teeth become somewhat discolored and may fall out -In the US, 26% of adults 65 and older have lost all of their natural teeth. -These rates double for people in lower income brackets and those that have no private insurance.

Bones

*Living tissue that constantly reconstructs itself through a process of bone remodeling in which old cells are destroyed and replaced by new cells. -The general pattern of bone development in adulthood involves an increase in the rate of bone destruction compared to renewal and greater porosity of the calcium matrix, leading to loss of bone mineral content. *Sex hormones in men and women influence the substances needed to remodel the bone mineral content. *Estimates of the decrease in bone mineral content over adulthood are about .5% per year for men and 1% per year for women. -Further weakening occurs due to micro cracks that develop in response to stress placed on the bones. -Loss of collagen is a factor to bone fracture *Genetic factors are estimated to account for as much as 70% of bone mineral content in adulthood. *Heavier people in general (with more muscle than fat) have higher bone mineral content in adulthood. *Bone loss is greater in women, especially White women, who lose bone at a higher rate than African American women do. *African American men lose bone at a higher rate than do White men. *Bone loss does not generally pose a significant problem until people tech their 50s or 60s

Urinary system

*Made up of the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra. 1) Kidneys: *Kidneys are composed of nephron cells that serve as millions of tiny filters that cleanse the blood of metabolic waste. -These waste products combine in the bladder with excess water from the blood to be eliminated as urine through the urethra. *Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid filtered through the kidneys, and is most typically measured by creatine clearance -Older adults are likely to have slower excretions rates of chemicals from the body (levels of meds must be monitored to avoid inadvertent overdoses) 2) Bladder: *Changes in the elastic tissue of the bladder such that it can no longer efficiently retain or expel urine. -Older adults also experience slight changes in the perception that they need to urinate, although the bladder itself does not shrink in size in normal aging. -Many men experience hypertrophy (enlargement) of the prostate, which can lean men to feel frequent urges to urinate.

Previous research examining effects of aging on the immune system:

*May have failed to control for variables measuring diet and exercise -Such lack of control might account for the fact that the effects of aging on the immune system are highly variable.

Effects of menopause associated with the impact of decreasing estrogen:

*More prevalent among post-menopausal women: 6) Weaker bones 7) High-blood pressure 8) Cardiovascular disease 9) higher risk for atherosclerosis and associated conditions due to changes in cholesterol levels in the blood.

Vision

*Most people require some form of corrective lenses by the time they reach their 50s and 60s *Presbyopia *The level of acuity in an 85 year old individual is approximately 80% less than that of a person in their 40s. *Increasing light is a strategy but, older adults are more sensitive to a glare. *About 1/2 of adults over the age of 65 years report that they have experienced some form of visual impairment 1) Cataracts 2) ARMD 3) Glaucoma

Nails

*Nails are part of the skin *Toenails grow more slowly and may become yellowed, thicker, and ridged.

Digestive system

*Reality is that the majority of older people do not experience significancy losses in their ability to digest food. 1) Decreases in saliva production 2) fewer gastric justices are secreted 3) The stomach empties slower 4) Decrease in liver volume and blood flow through the liver. *These changes vary tremendously from person to person. *Smoking status and medications also affect digestive system functioning in oleo adults *Problems such as fecal incontinence affect only 4% of the over-65 population. *The constant advertising of the need for dietary supplements, digestive aids, and laxatives beginning in middle age can lead people to expect and then ultimately see changes in their digestion.

Sleep

*Regardless of age, everyone requires 7-9 hours of sleep. *Sleeping 9 hours or more is associated with higher mortality risks and greater incidence of stroke in women. *Estimated that up to half of all older adults have difficulty sleeping. *EEG sleep patterns show some corresponding age alterations, including a rise in stage 1 sleep and a large decrease in both stage 4 and REM -These changes occur even in people who are in excellent health.

Immune Senescence

*Researchers believe that there are widespread age-related declines in immune system functioning -2 primary types of immune lymphocytes: 1) T cells 2) B cells *both are involved in destroying bodily invaders known as antigens. *These cells fail to develop properly and lose their ability to perform effectively, causing older adults to be less resistant to infections -Exceptions occur during pandemic years

DHEA replacement therapy

*Rivals GH and melatonin in the anti aging industry. *Health risks are notable: -Liver problems and an increase in risk of prostate cancer. *Natural substitute for some of the positive effects of DHEA replacement therapy is exercise, which can help to compensate for its loss in the later adult years.

Muscles

*Sarcopenia 1) Muscle strength: reaches a peak in the 20s and 30s, remains at a plateau until the 40s to 50s, and then declines at a faster rate of 12 to 15% per decade, with more pronounced decreases (cross sectionally) for men. 2) Muscular endurance: (as measured by isometric strength) generally maintained throughout adulthood. 3) Eccentric strength: relatively minor effects of age on this, the action involved in such activities as lowering arm weights (bicep curl) or walking down stairs. Preserved in men and women through the 70s and 80s. 4) Muscle-Mass: changes predict age-related reductions in strength in adulthood, but not entirely. -2 contributors: 1) disruptions in the signals the nervous system sends to the muscles telling them to contract. 2) increases tendon stiffness.

Normal aging in the brain

*Seems to have major effects on the prefrontal cortex, the area in the brain most involved in planning and the encoding of information into long-term memory, as well as the temporal cortex, involved in auditory processing. *Hippocampus becomes smaller with age -More pronounced during abnormal aging (Alzheimer's)

Implication of changes in circadian rhythm with age:

*Studies of cognitive function take place at non-optimal times of the day, older adults perform poorer than young adults tested at their off peak times. -The effect of time of day on memory performance is less pronounced among older adults who engage in regular patterns of physical activity compared with sedentary peers.

Treatment for cataracts

*Surgical procedures: -Completed in less than an hour or so, under local anesthesia, no hospital stay -Visual recovery within 1-7 days

Melatonin

*The hormone manufactured by the pineal gland, located deep in the brainstem. -A segment of researchers believe that melatonin supplements can reduce the effects of aging and age-associated diseases, especially in the brain and immune system. -Melatonin supplements for women can lead to improved pituitary and thyroid functions and reduce the incidence of sleep problems *Side affects are yet to be fully identified, and the safety, effectiveness, and purity of available supplements has not been approved by the FDA. *The dosages usually sold over the counter may be 40 times as high the amount normally found in the body.

Cortisol

*The hormone produced by the adrenal gland -cortisol provides energy to the muscles during times of stress, "stress hormone" *With increased cortisol, the body becomes energized and ready to react to the stressful encounter. *Increases in cortisol negatively affects memory and other forms of cognitive functioning in older adults.

Glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis

*The idea that aging causes dangerous increases in cortisol levels. *According to this view, increased cortisol levels accelerate neuronal loss in the hippocampus. -repeated (cascading) increases in cortisol over the lifetime lead to further degeneration. *Data collected longitudinally rather than cross sectionally which means individual variations exist in the pattern of changes over time. -so this hypothesis is not supported by all researchers. *Obesity is another factor that may be related to cortisol levels: -In a large scale longitudinal study, it was weight loss rather than weight gain that was associated with higher cortisol levels in men.

Climacteric

*The more precise term for this gradual winding down of reproductive ability -for women, this period occurs over a 3-5 year span called the perimenopause, ending in the menopause when the woman has not had her menstrual period for 1 year. -

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

*The most abundant steroid in the human body *Is a weak male steroid (androgen) produced by the adrenal glands located adjacent to the kidneys, *Is a precursor to the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen, and is believed to have a variety of functions such as increasing production of other sex steroids and availability of IGF-1 as well as positively influencing some central nervous system functions. *Higher in males than females, decreases over adult years, reducing by 60% between the ages of 20 and 80.

Appearance

*The most telling signs about age are -Wrinkles -Grey Hair

Hair

*The number of pigmented hair diminishes over time while the number of hairs that no longer are pigmented increases. -The reason that hair loses its pigment over time is that the production of melanin, which gives hair its color, slows and eventually ceases. -By the time and individual reaches 75 or 80 there are virtually no colored hairs hairs left on the scalp -Variations in the rate at which this takes place.

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

*The plasma lipid transport mechanism responsible for carrying lipids from the peripheral tissues to the liver where they are excreted or synthesized into bile acids. *Exercise increases the fraction of HDLs *It is highly beneficial to have high HDLs and low LDLs (low-density lipoproteins) *Smoking has deleterious effects on cholesterol, leading to decreased HDLs and increased LDLs, as well as the accumulation of other harmful forms of fat in the blood.

Sex differences in diastolic blood pressure

*Women more likely to experience greater deterioration with age than men in diastolic blood pressure.

Changes in arteries

*occur because deposits of plaque accumulate along the arterial walls. -These deposits consist of cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin (a clotting material in the blood).

Physical Changes

1) Appearance -Skin -Hair

Treatments available to counteract digestive issues in aging:

1) Behavioral controls can help with fecal incontinence 2) Increase in fiber intake

Nervous system

1) Central nervous system -Makes it possible to monitor and then prepare responses to events in the environment, conceive and enact thoughts, and maintain connections with other bodily systems. 2) Autonomic nervous system -Controls involuntary behaviors, the body's response to stress, and the actions of other organ systems that sustain life.

Bodily control systems

1) Endocrine system 2) Immune system

Ways in which to slow down joint aging:

1) Exercise (if practiced with caution) 2) Strength training that focuses on the muscles that supports the joints 3) Resistance training 4) Flexibility training 5) Low body fat *When younger: -proper footwear -use of ergonomically designed accessories *Exercise that strengths the muscles supporting the joint also helps to improve its functioning.

Interventions on the aging of the respiratory system:

1) Exercise has positive effects by strengthening the chest wall thereby compensating for the loss of pumping capacity of the respiratory muscles. 2) Don't smoke cigarettes 3) Maintaing a low BMI

Interventions for vital bodily functions that are aging:

1) Exercise: exercise must stimulate the heart rate to rise to 60 to 75% of maximum capacity, 3 to 4 times per week. -walking, hiking, jogging, biking, swimming, and jumping rope. 2) Resistance training

6 hormones that are produces by the anterior pituitary:

1) Growth hormone: GH, also called somatotropin 2) Thyroid stimulating hormone: (TSH) 3) Adrenocorticotripic hormone: ACTH 4) Follicle stimulating hormone: FSH 5) Lutenizing hormone: LH 6) Prolactin *Each of these hormones acts on specific target cells within the body and some such as TSH stimulate the production of other hormones. *Growth and thyroid stimulating hormone relate to the aging process

Symptoms of menopause:

1) Hot flashes -result of decrease in estrogen levels, which cause the endocrine system to release higher amounts of other hormones that affect the temperature control centers in the brain. 2) Fatigue 3) Headaches 4) Night sweats 5) Insomnia Inconclusive symptoms: 1) Irritability 2) Mood swings 3) Depression 4) Memory loss 5) Difficulty concentrating

Causes of aging in kidneys:

1) Loss of nephrons over time naturally *Other factors than age that compromise nephrons: 2) Smoking 3) When kidneys of older adults are placed under stress such as through illness, extreme exertion, extreme heat, they are less able to function normally.

Female Sexual Changes

1) Menopause 2) Climacteric 3) Perimenopause 4) Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

Interventions for minimizing pain in later adulthood

1) Obesity -Huge factor in chronic pain in older adults

Factors that disrupt sleep:

1) STRESS 2) Obesity 3) Physical inactivity 4) Alcohol use *Variety of psychological disorders 1) Depression 2) Anxiety 3) Bereavement *Medical conditions 1) Arthritis 2) Osteoporosis 3) Cancer 3) Chronic lung disease 4) Congestive heart failure 5) Digestive disturbances 6) People with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Normal: 1) Changes in bladder (more frequent use) 2) Menopause symptoms 3) Period leg movement: nocturnal myoclonus

Preventive measures for muscle damage related to aging:

1) Strength training: with free weights or resistance machines 2) Aerobic exercise

Changes in the endocrine system due to aging:

1) The endocrine glands themselves may release more or less of a particular hormone 2) The target organs may also respond differently to stimulation from the hormones 3) Endocrine system is highly sensitive to levels of stress and physical illness -Alterations that appear to be due to normal aging in the endocrine system may instead reflect other factors such as the effects of disease.

Somatosensory System

1) Touch *Loss of ability ti discriminate touch (1% per year from 20-80), particularly hands and feet *Can result in the adult's ability to grasp, maintain balance, and perform delicate handwork, and can also interfere with speech. 2) Pain *Chronic low back pain (30% of 65 and older) _Makes it more difficult to carry out every day activities. *Benign pain -Shows a decrease across adult years -May diminish because older adults have become habituated to the daily aches and pains associated with changes in their bones, joints, and muscles. -Cohort factors also possible *Disabling pain -Increases across years *Pain can interfere with cognitive performance. -Chronic pain has a direct relationship to the experience of cognitive symptoms.

Bladder stats for aging

1) Urge incontinence: Approximately 30% of all adults 65 and older suffer from this form of urinary incontinence in which the individual experiences a sudden need to urinate, and often results in urine leakage 2) Stress incontinence: Involves loss of urine experienced during exertion. 3) Daily incontinence: prevalences ranges from -12% in women 60-64 years old to -21% in women 85 and up -14% of all women reporting incontinence -14% reported daily occurrences -10% reporting weekly incontinence

Sensation and perception

1) Vision 2) Hearing

Male sexual Changes

1) andropause

Balance

1) dizziness 2) vertigo *Vestibular disturbance may also be experienced as problems such as headache, muscular aches in neck and back, and increased sensitivity to noise and bright lights.

Benefits associates with testosterone supplements:

1) improved bone density 2) greater muscle strength 3) lowered ratio of fat to lean muscle mass 4) increased strength, libido, and sexual function 5) Lower rates of cognitive decline. 6) lower cardiovascular risk 7) good levels of cholesterol. *No evidence that prostate mass increases as long as the treatment maintains a man's testosterone within a normal range.

Ways in which to slow down the rate of bone loss:

1) maintaing high levels of physical activity 2) not smoking 3) maintaing a BMI of approximately 25. 4) Resistance with weights 5) ingesting high amounts of dietary protein 6) increasing calcium intake prior to menopause, and using vitamin D 7) adequate intake of magnesium (bananas, nuts, and potatoes) 8) diet high in cartenoids *People who live in climates with sharp demarcations between the seasons appear to me more likely to suffer from earlier onset of bone loss.

Somatopause of aging

A decline in the somatotrophic axis is thought to account for a number of age related changes in the body composition across adulthood, including: -loss of bone-mineral content -increases in fat -decrease in muscle content -loss in strength, exercise tolerance, and quality of life in general.

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1

A hormone produced by the liver that stimulates muscles cells to increase in size and number

Photoaging

Age changes caused by radiation (exposure to the sun) -The sun's ultraviolet rays accelerate the process of cross linking, cause mutations that alter protein synthesis by the cells, and increase the production of free radicals. *Ideally, a sunscreen should contain at least SPF15 and block both UVA and UVB rays.

Body Mass Index

An index of body fat -BMI is calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by (height in meters) squared. *Ideal BMI is in the range of 18.5 to less than 25. -Adults with BMI's of 25-29.9 are considered "overweight" and those who have BMIs of 30 and above are "obese"

Hormones

Are the chemical messengers produced by the endocrine systems

Mobility

Beginning in the 40s (or earlier in the case of injury), each component of mobility undergoes significant age-related losses. 1) Muscles 2) Bones 3) Joints

Dysthermia

Conditions in which the individual shows excessive raising of body temperature (hyperthermia) or excessive lowering go body temp (hypothermia) -older adults at greatest risk.

Glaucoma

Group of conditions causing blinds related to changes in pressure within the eyeball. *Most common type of glaucoma develops gradually and painlessly without symptoms *Eventually, causes a loss of peripheral vision and, over time, may cause the remaining vision to diminish all together. *3rd most common cause of blindness in the US and affect about 3 million Americans -diagnosed in 95000 new patients each year -Blacks are at higher risk than whites -People who are nearsighted, have diabetes, or have a family history of glaucoma have higher risks -Arthritis and obesity higher risks *Some forms can be controlled but not cured, others can be successfully treated through surgery.

Presbycusis

In which degenerative changes occur in the cochlea or auditory nerve leading from the cochlea into the brain. -Most often associated with loss of high pitched sounds *Factors: 1) heredity 2) exposure to loud noise

Andropause:

Refers to age related declines in the male sex hormone testosterone. *Decline in testosterone -1% per year after age 40 *Term "late-onset hypogonadism" or "age associated hypogonadism" has begun to replace the term andropause. *Abnormally low levels of testosterone: -6-10% of men between 40 and 70 -15-30% in men who are diabetic or obese

Menopause

Is the point in a women's life when menstruation stops permanently -Has come to mean a phase in middle adulthood covering the years in which a woman's reproductive capacity diminishes. *Average age is 50 -Occurs earlier in women who are thin, malnourished, or who smoke.

Presbyopia

Loss of ability to focus vision on near objects, is the primary culprit for the need for reading glasses, and is the visual change that most affects people in midlife and beyond. *Caused by a thickening and hardening of the lens, the focusing mechanism in the back of the eye *By the age of 50, this affects the entire population. *Treatment does not exists-just glasses *Smoking accelerates aging of the lens

Proprioception

Provides information about where the limbs are placed when you are standing still. *Awareness of bodily position is made possible by this.

Sacrcopenia

The adult years are characterized by a progressive age-related loss of muscle tissue, a process known as this. -There is a reduction in the number and size of muscle fibers, especially the fast-twitch fibers involved in speed and strength. *Sacropenia cane become part of a vicious cycle because the greater the loss of muscle mass, the greater the difficulty in undertaking exercise, causing an exacerbation of muscle loss and further weaking. *Sarcopenic obesity *Strength training with free weights or resistance machines is known to be the top preventive measure that can counteract this process.

Cardiac output

The amount of blood that the heart pumps per minute

Respiratory system

The function of this system is to bring oxygen into the body and move carbon dioxide out. -During aging, the respiratory muscles lose the ability to expand and contract the chest wall, and the lung tissue itself is less able to expand and contract during inspiration. *Measures of lung functioning in adulthood tend to show age-related losses from about 40 and on. -These losses are more sever in women and particular pronounced when stress in placed on the respiratory system during exercise.

Aerobic capacity

The maximum amount of oxygen that can be delivered through the blood

Androgentic alopecia

The most common form of hair loss with increased age is male and female pattern hair loss. -This condition affects, to some degree, 95% of adult men and 20% of adult women. *Causes hair follicles to stop producing the long thick, pigmented hairs know as terminal hair and instead, produces fine, unpigmented and largely invisible hair known as vellus hair.

Plasticity model

While neurons die, the remaining ones continue to develop, allowing older adults to compensate for neuronal losses. *Diet and exercise (aerobic) are important ways to maintain brain function and cognitive functioning. (particularly in areas involved in attentional control and verbal memory)

Dizziness

is accompanied by feelings of lightheadedness and the sensation of floating

Vertigo

refers to the sensation of spinning when the body is at rest