Adv Biology Chapter 5

An immense variety of polymers can be built from a small set of _____.

monomers

Polymers are chains of _______.

monomers

Given the function of DNA, why would you expect two species with very similar traits to also have very similar genomes?

Ultimately, the DNA sequence carries the information necessary to make the proteins that determine the traits of a particular species. Because the traits of the 2 species are similar, you would expect the proteins to be similar as well, and therefore the gene sequences should also have high degree of similarity

What is the function of enzymes?

catalyze chemical reactions

Proteins include a diversity of _______, resulting in a wide range of _______.

structures functions

Describe DNA. [type of sugar, base, strand]

sugar = deoxyribose nitrogenous bases = C, G, A, T usually double-stranded

Describe RNA. [type of sugar, base, strand]

sugar = ribose nitrogenous bases = C, G, A, U usually single-stranded

In RNA, A pairs with ___ since there is no T.

U

Define chaperonins.

(also called chaperone proteins); protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins

What are the functions of steroids?

-component of cell membranes (cholesterol) -signal molecules that travel through the body (hormones)

chemical formula for pentoses: 5-carbon sugars

C5H10O5

Write the formula or a monosaccharide that has three carbons.

C3H6O3

A dehydration reaction joins two glucose molecules to form maltose. The formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What is the formula for maltose?

C12H22O11

chemical formula for trioses: 3-carbon sugars

C3H6O3

chemical formula for hexoses; 6-carbon sugars

C6H12O6

examples of nucleic acids

DNA RNA

After a cow is given antibiotics, to treat an infection, a vet gives the animal a drink of "gut culture" contain various prokaryotes. Why is this necessary?

The antibiotic treatment is likely to have killed the cellulose-digesting prokaryotes in the cow's gut. The absence of these prokaryotes would hamper the cow's ability to obtain energy from food and could lead to weight loss and possibly death. Thus, prokaryotic species are reintroduced, in appropriate combinations, in the gut culture given to treated cows

When does a quaternary structure of protein form?

arises when a protein consists of two or more polypeptide chains

How is an ester linkage formed?

a bond formed by a dehydration reaction between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group

The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are in the "a" (alpha) form. Which of the following could amylase break down? a. glycogen, starch, and amylopectine b. glycogen and cellulose c. cellulose and chitlin d. starch, chitin, and cellulose

a. glycogen, starch, and amylopectine

The structural level of a protein LEAST affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the a. primary level b. secondary level c. tertiary level d. quaternary level

a. primary level

______, _______, & _______ are found in both DNA and RNA.

adenine, guanine, & cytosine

What are proteomics?

an approach that analyzes large sets of proteins

What is genomics?

an approach that analyzes large sets of genes or whole genomes

The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a polymer made by linking ten glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions? a. C60H120O60 b. C60H102O51 c. C60H100O50 d. C60H111O51

b. C60H102O51

Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these enzymes? a. the 2 strands of the double helix would separate b. the phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken c. the pyrimidines would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars d. all bases would be separated from the deoxyribose sugars

b. the phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken

Which of the following is true of unsaturated fats? a. they are more common in animals than in plants b. they have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids c. they generally solidify at room temperature d. they contain more hydrogen than do saturated fats having the same number of carbons

b. they have double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids

Compare the structure of a fat (triglyceride) with that of a phospholipid.

both have glycerol molecule attached to fatty acids; the glycerol of a fat has 3 fatty acids attached, whereas the glycerol of a phospholipid is attached to 2 fatty acids and one phosphate group

Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA? a. 5'-AGCT-3' with 5'-TCGA-3' b. 5'-GCGC-3 with 5'-TATA-3' c. 5'-ATGC-3' with 5'-GCAT-3' d. All of these pairs are correct

c. 5'-ATGC-3' with 5'-GCAT-3'

__________ serve as fuel & building material

carbohydrates

examples of polysaccharides

cellulose (plants) starch (plants) glycogen (animals) chitin (animals and fungi)

What are the functions of polysaccharides?

cellulose: strengthens plant cell walls starch: stores glucose for energy (plants) glycogen: stores glucose for energy (animals) chitin: strengthens exoskeletons and fungal cell walls (animals and fungi)

What is the function of hormones?

coordinate organismal responses

Which of the following categories includes all others in the list? a. monosaccaride b. polysaccharide c. starch d. carbohydrate

d. carbohydrate

Monomers form larger molecules by ______ ________, in which water molecules are released.

dehydration reactions

examples of proteins

enzymes structural proteins hormones receptor proteins motor proteins defensive proteins

Triacylglycerols consists of _____ or _____. _________ + _________________

fats or oils glycerol + 3 fatty acids

What are steroids?

four fused rings with attached chemical groups

What are the functions of monosaccharides and disaccharides?

fuel; carbon sources that can be converted to other molecules or combined into polymer

What is the function of motor proteins?

function in cell movement

What two things have transformed biological inquiry and applications?

genomics & proteomics

examples of monosaccharides

glucose, fructose

Phospoholipids are ________ + __________ + ___________

glycerol + phosphate group + 2 fatty acids

Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express ____ _______.

hereditary information

Why are human sex hormones considered lipids?

human sex hormones are steroids, a type of compound that is hydrophobic and thus classified as a lipid

Polymers can disassemble by ______.

hydrolysis

Lipids are diverse group of ________ molecules.

hydrophobic

What is the function of triacylglycerols?

important energy source

The information for building specific shape is ______ to the protein's primary structure.

intrinsic

examples of disaccharides

lactose, sucrose

What are the functions on phospholipids?

lipid bilayers of membranes

DNA sequence data confirms what?

models of evolution based on fossils and anatomical evidence

Carbohydrates consist of _______ , _______, & ___________.

monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides

How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is ten monomers long?

nine, with one water molecule required to hydrolyze each connection between adjacent monomers

Polysaccharides, proteins, and nuclear acids are ______.

polymers

Large carbohydrates =

polysaccharides

What is the function of defensive proteins?

protect against disease

What are the four main classes of large biological molecules? Which class does not consist of polymers?

proteins carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids lipids are not polymers

What is the function of structural proteins?

provide structural support

What is the function of receptor proteins?

receives signals from outside cell

What have given rise to genomics?

recent technological advances in DNA sequencing

What parts of a polypeptide participate in the bonds that hold together secondary structure? Tertiary structure?

secondary structure involves hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone; tertiary structure involves interactions between atoms of the side chains of amino acid subunits

What is the function of DNA?

stores hereditary information

Thus far in the chapter, the Greek letters "a" and "b" have been used to specify at least three different pairs of structures. Name and briefly describe them.

the 2 ring forms of glucose are called "a" and "b," depending on how the glycosidic bond dictates the position of a hydroxy group; proteins have "a" helices and "b" pleated sheets, two types of repeating structures found in polypeptides due to interactions between the repeating constituents of the chain (not the side chains). The hemoglobin molecule is made up of 2 types of polypeptides, containing 2 molecules each of "a"-globin and "b"-globin

How would sequencing the entire genome of an organism help scientists to understand how that organism functioned?

the DNA of an organism encodes all of its proteins, and proteins are the molecules that carry out the work of cells, whether an organism is unicellular or multicellular; by knowing the DNA sequence of an organism, scientists would be able to catalog the protein sequences as well

If you eat a piece of fish, what reactions must occur for the amino acid monomers in protein of the fish to be converted to new proteins in your body?

the amino acids in the fish protein must be released in hydrolysis reactions and incorporated into other proteins in dehydration reactions

The more closely 2 species are related evolutionarily, the more ...?

the more similar their DNA sequences are

Suppose a membrane surrounded an oil droplet, as it does in the cells of a plant seeds and in some animal cells. Describe and explain the form it might take.

the oil droplets membrane could consist of a single layer of phospholipids rather than a bilayer, because an arrangement in which the hydrophobic tails of the membrane phospholipids were in contact with the hydrocarbon regions of the oil molecules would be more stable

Denaturation

the process causing a protein to unravel and lose its native shape

What is bioinformatics?

the use of computational tools and computer software to analyze these large data sets

_______ are found only in DNA.

thymine

examples of lipids

triacylglerceols phospholipids steroids

_______ are found only in RNA.

uracil

What is the function of RNA?

various functions in gene expression, including carrying instructions from DNA to ribosomes

The components of lipids _____.

vary

Can a denatured protein return to its functional shape when the denaturing agent is removed?

yes it can (SOMETIMES IT DOESNT LIKE WHEN: a fried egg will not become liquefied when placed back into the refrigerator)