Advanced Review PRAXIS

Which of the following stmts best reflects the role of stimulability in generating a prognosis for remediation of gliding in a 9-year-old child?

A child who is not stimulable for /r/ will require treatment for the sound to be acquired

A clinician is asked to give a workshop to graduate students about evaluation of patients with swallowing disorders. She discusses evaluation in depth. Which one of the following facts in the clinician's workshop would be inaccurate?

A manometric assessment can assess the preparatory phase of the swallow using posterior and lateral plane examinations.

Patients who suffer from oral cancer may require a glossectomy. What may be affected by a glossectomy? A. Articulation B. Voice C. Resonance D. Swallowing E. Language

A, D

A speech-language pathologist in a hospital was explaining to Jorge, a 55-year-old cancer survivor, that if physicians control aspiration by reconstructing a narrow gap between the vocal folds, the airway becomes compromised and the only way to eliminate the potential of aspiration is: A. A permanent tracheostomy B. Temporary vocal fold augmentation C. A temporary tracheostomy D. Electrolarynx

A permanent tracheostomy

Dysarthria is

A speech disorder associated with muscle weakness or paralysis

Nasopharyngoscopy

- nasopharyngoscope is passed through the middle meatus and back to the area of velopharyngeal closure - In cleft palate the child's posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls, as all as the nasal aspect of the velum and the adenoid pad as the child produces sentences

Which of the following sounds are typically mastered by the time a child turns 3 ?

/p/ and /b/

A semivowel that can be categorized as a voiced bilabial glide that is +anterior and +continuant is the

/w/

A semivowel that can be categorized as a voiced bilabial glide that is +anterior and +continuant is the:

/w/

An SLP works at a hospital with the adult acute-care inpatient team. During a clinical bedside swallow evaluation, a patient asks the SLP how common it is for adults to experience a swallowing disorder. The SLP tells the patient that recent research indicates the prevalence of adults with swallowing problems each year is

1 in 25

Which of the following assessments represents an s/z ratio that is indicative of a vocal pathology

1.5

You obtain 50 utterances from Mario. Your analysis of the language sample shows that Mario used 100 words and 120 morphemes. Thus, his average MLU (mean length of utterance in morphemes) is

2.4

Sensitivity to sound of the normal ear of a young adult is limited to A. 30 Hz to 30,000 Hz. B. 5 Hz to 5,000 Hz. C. 7 Hz to 70,000 Hz. D. 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.

20Hz to 20,000 Hz

Broad phonemic transcription involves:

A. The use of IPA symbols to transcribe phonemes by enclosing them within slash marks (e.g., /f/)

Which of the following is an etiology for cortical dementia

Alzheimer's disease

An octave is

An indication of the interval between two frequencies

Which of the following conditions is primarily associated with a short lingual frenulum, heart-shaped tongue tip and a failure to elevate the tongue tip beyond the mandibular incisors as revealed during oral-facial examination

Ankyloglossia

Sara has arterial damage that causes her to have cognitive deficits such as impaired judgment, problems concentrating, and difficulties with reasoning. According to the surgeon, damage to the affected artery can also cause a person to have paralysis of the feet and legs. Damage to which artery produces these effects?

Anterior cerebral

Damage to the sensory component of the lingual nerve, a mandibular branch of Cranial Nerve V would result in loss of tactile sensation to the:

Anterior two thirds of the tongue

A child who shows slow, writhing, involuntary movements has which type of cerebral palsy?

Athetoid

Molly, a 26-year-old woman, just gave birth to a healthy baby girl. The doctors want to the test the hearing of her newborn. Which of the following techniques is used to record the electrical activity in the auditory nerve, brainstem, and the cortical areas of the brain in newborn hearing screenings? A. Electrocochleography B. Auditory brainstem response C. Axial tomography D. Magnetic resonance imaging

Auditory Brainstem response

Peter has suffered a cerebrovascular accident (CVA); the neurologist reports lesions in the third convolution of the left cerebral hemisphere. Based on this, you conclude that the damaged area is

Broca's area

You are assessing a 60-year-old woman for a possible diagnosis of aphasia. You are interested finding out the specific type of aphasia that the woman is experiencing. You notice that she has a inability to whistle, cough, or wink on command. This condition alone might suggest which type of aphasia that the woman has?

Buccofacial apraxia

When treating tongue thrust, which of the following are the primary articulatory targets? A. /g/ B. /k/ C. /s/ D. /m/ E. /h/ F. /z/ G. /b/

C, F /s/, /z/

A 12 year old phonology patient responds very well to continuous verbal reinforcement. The slp wishes to increase the task level for sibilant production to conversational speech but is concerned that the accuracy of the patient's productions will diminish without continuous reinforcement. Which of the following adjustments is most logical for the patient's tx plan?

Changing the reinforcement schedule to variable-interval

A 2-year-old named Spencer was referred to your office because other professionals have suspected a potential speech and language disorder. Which of the following characteristics that Spencer exhibited during your assessment does not seem right for his age? A. He rarely used initial consonants and when he did, they were often misarticulated. B. Spencer was able to understand most things that you said to him as he answered questions with the correct responses. C. About 2/3 of Spencer's speech was intelligible. D. Spencer walked with characteristic toddler movements and was almost always on tiptoes.

Choice A

A specialist uses a bright light source and a small, round, 21-25-mm mirror angled on a long slender handle to lift the velum and press gently against her patient's posterior pharyngeal wall. Next, the specialist maneuvers the mirror to view the laryngeal structures during quiet respiration and while the patient is producing "eeee." This procedure is known as A. indirect laryngoscopy. B. direct laryngoscopy. C. endoscopy. D. videostroboscopy

Choice A

An 81-year-old bilingual man from Thailand has had a stroke, and you are seeing him for therapy. He is recovering both his primary language and his English skills, but you are working only in English. No interpreters are available, unfortunately, and the family has indicated that they would prefer treatment to be conducted in English, anyway, because many of the patient's grandchildren speak English fluently. Which one of the following productions would be an example, on the patient's part, of English influenced by his primary language of Thailand and not the stroke? A. "They going over there today." B. "I done got to get dressed now." C. "She not have no money in the bank." D. "We be havin' most fun."

Choice A

At what age should a typically developing child be able to understand and use agent-action relationships? A. 18-24 months B. 24-48 months C. 48-64 months D. After 64 months

Choice A

During a voice evaluation, you evaluate your 10-year-old client's vocal quality while she is performing various tasks. You notice that when she produces sound, it resonates in her throat. It appears that your client is not speaking up, and you have a hard time fully understanding what she is saying during conversation. You immediately determine that her resonance is not typical. What resonance disorder is your client displaying? A. Cul-de-sac resonance B. Nasal emission C. Hypernasality D. Hyponasality

Choice A

During vocal fold vibration, what are the two forces needed for vibration? A. Elasticity and inertia B. Elasticity and energy C. Inertia and power D. Power and energy

Choice A

Melodic intonation therapy (MIT) is an aphasia treatment program for clients with nonfluent aphasia who have good auditory comprehension. The treatment has three levels and uses musical intonation, continuous voicing, and rhythmic tapping. Which of the following is a characteristic of MIT Level III? A. Tap and intone and let the client intone the phrase after a 6 second delay, while providing tapping assistance. B. Show a picture and say the target item. C. Intone in unison with the client and tap. D. Fade prompts halfway through the phrase.

Choice A

Select the true statement or statements of Van Riper's approach to stuttering treatment. A. Its goal is fluent stuttering. B. It seeks to establish normal-sounding fluency by slowing down the speech rate. C. It seeks to reduce stuttering by using operant contingencies. D. It does not involve counseling.

Choice A

The intercostal muscles are between the ribs and play an important role in respiration. The two sets of intercostals perform different functions. Select the correct statement. A. The 11 paired internal intercostal muscles pull the ribs downward to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation. B. The 11 paired external intercostal muscles pull the ribs upward to increase the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation. C. The 10 paired internal intercostal muscles raise the ribs up and out to increase the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation. D. The 10 paired external intercostal muscles pull the ribs down to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for inhalation.

Choice A

This inherited form of vascular disease is very rare and is caused by a faulty gene and may result in dementia. People who are afflicted by this type of dementia may have several mild CVAs that cause damage to the white matter in the brain. Symptoms begin gradually and can be noticed when a person is between the ages of 30 and 50. Symptoms include slurred speech, migraines, and weakness on one side of the body. Women with this type of dementia may notice symptoms when they are pregnant. A. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) B. Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) C. Corticobasal syndrome (CBS) D. Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)

Choice A

Valentina, a 5-year-old Puerto Rican girl, was just added to your caseload. She was diagnosed with autism when she was 3 years old. Valentina shows resistance and aggressive behaviors, along with inattention. She also has many deficits in expressive and receptive language, as well as articulation problems. Since Valentina is a new client to the facility, you are looking to establish initial communication skills, such as words and phrases, grammatical morphemes, and articulation of speech sounds. You also wish to treat her using discrete trial methods in which target skills are taught with massed trials, as well as the use of modeling, prompting, and shaping throughout therapy. Which type of teaching would you be using when treating Valentina? A. Direct teaching B. Activity-based teaching C. Incidental teaching D. Naturalistic teaching

Choice A

Virat, a 72-year-old patient, was added to your caseload because he presented with dysphagia. Your evaluation indicated a mild to moderate oral phase dysphagia. During your initial treatment session, Virat noted that he had previously completed oral-motor exercises and that he would like to continue them, as they seemed to help. You decide to trial Virat's stimulability for these exercises as part of his plan of treatment and need to discuss the purpose and goal of using these exercises with him. You explain to Virat that the following is not a goal of oral-motor control exercises: A. Increase movement of the base of the tongue B. Increase range of tongue movements C. Increase buccal tension D. Increase the range of lateral movements of the jaw

Choice A

You decide to use gestural-assisted augmentative and alternative communication with a child who has some proficiency in American Sign Language. Which type of symbols would be helpful to use in this situation? A. Sig symbols B. Premack-type symbols C. Blissymbols D. Picsyms

Choice A

You have a patient who has a weak pharyngeal swallow with very minimal laryngeal elevation and excursion following stimulation, causing her to aspirate frequently and making it unsafe for her to have a regular diet. She was initially given a nasogastric tube to provide nutrition; however, she consistently removes it due to discomfort. The following is another potential option to provide the patient with adequate nutrition: A. Gastrostomy tube B. Jejunal feeding tube C. Initiate a puree diet with pudding-thick liquids D. Pharyngostomy

Choice A

Interaction between caregiver and infant strengthens attachment. When speaking to the caregiver before therapy, it is important to establish the eye contact and eye gaze exchange between the caregiver and the infant. How many weeks does it take on average for an infant to show preference for the eyes and the borders of the face? A. 3-11 weeks B. 5-6 weeks C. 8-11 weeks D. 9-12 weeks

Choice A 3-11 weeks

You are conducting an oral peripheral examination with Sally Ann, a 10-year old girl. She has a speech sound disorder (SSD), and you are looking for possible physical variables that may be contributing to this SSD. You discover that Sally Ann's maxilla is receded and her mandible is protruded. This indicates that Sally Ann has a(n): A. Class III malocclusion B. Class II malocclusion C. Class I malocclusion D. Overjet

Choice A Class III malocclusion

Language disorders are often identified through multidisciplinary assessment. A speech-language pathologist may perform a comprehensive language evaluation that includes interviews, observations, questionnaires, surveys, and formal tests. There are two types of standardized tests that a clinician may use during an assessment: norm-referenced and criterion-referenced tests. Which of the following statements is true about criterion-referenced tests? A. Criterion-referenced tests identify what a client can and cannot do compared to a performance standard. B. Criterion-referenced tests are rarely used to assess clients for fluency and voice disorders. C. Criterion-referenced tests allow a comparison of an individual's performance to the performance of a large group. D. Results of a criterion-referenced test are typically reported as a percentile ranking.

Choice A Criterion-referenced tests are rarely used to assess clients for fluency and voice disorders

Which of the following muscles is considered a laryngeal elevator? A. Digastric B. Sternohyoid C. Omohyoid D. Sternothyroid

Choice A Digastric

What are the first two elements of a malpractice lawsuit? A. Duty and breach B. Tort and liability C. Tort and duty D. Liability and breach

Choice A Duty and breach

What kind of tremor is best described as an involuntary, rhythmic oscillation of one or more body parts, ranging from 4 to 12 cycles per second? A. Essential tremor B. Voice tremor C. Senile tremor D. Familial tremor

Choice A Essential tremor

Which muscle originates at the root of the tongue and occupies the lower sides of the tongue but is absent in the medial tongue base? A. Inferior longitudinal muscle B. Extrinsic genioglossus muscle C. Styloglossus D. Superior longitudinal muscle

Choice A Inferior longitudinal muscle

A student is reviewing information for a final exam. She discusses in her study group that a cause of cerebral palsy involves _________: A. Injury to the cerebral oxygen levels during the prenatal or perinatal period B. Reduced glucose levels C. Injury to the limbic system D. Damage to the meninges

Choice A Injury to the cerebral oxygen levels during the prenatal or perinatal period

When establishing eye contact and eye gaze between the caregiver and infant, which of the following is not a type of gaze? A. Interactive gaze B. Social smile C. Gaze coupling D. Diectic gaze

Choice A Interactive gaze

Which of the following is a primary characteristic of hyperkinetic dysarthria? A. Involuntary movements B. Weakness C. Reduced range of movement D. Difficulty with motor programming

Choice A Involuntary movements

The following syndrome is a form of aphasia that causes a gradual or sudden loss of receptive and expressive language skills in children between the ages of 3-7: A. Landau-Kleffner syndrome B. Pierre-Robin syndrome C. Moebius syndrome D. Prader-Willi syndrome

Choice A Landau-Kleffner syndrome

A code is a system of rules for arranging arbitrary symbols in an orderly, predictable, systematic manner that allows anyone to know the code to interpret the message. Which type of code is a speech-language pathologist likely to teach someone with a communication device? A. Morse code B. Steganography C. ROT1 D. Transposition

Choice A Morse code

Carla is a 50-year-old mother of three who just started attending therapy sessions at an outpatient rehabilitation center. When looking at her medical history, the speech-language pathologist notices that Carla has been experiencing moments of incoordination and complications with her autonomic nervous system, specifically blood pressure. In addition, she experiences stiffness throughout her body. Carla's symptoms are progressing rapidly, and she has not been responding to common Parkinson's disease medications. Based on this information, what is Carla's diagnosis most likely to be? A. Multiple system atrophy B. Drug-induced Parkinsonism C. Corticobasal syndrome D. Dementia with Lewy bodies

Choice A Multiple system atrophy

Marisa's mother takes her to the emergency room because she notices a foul-smelling discharge coming from Marisa's ear. The doctor examines Marisa's ear and sees that her tympanic membrane is permanently ruptured. The doctor explains to Marisa's mother that he will need to repair the tympanic membrane by using which of the following surgical procedures? A. Myringoplasty B. Myringotomy C. Middle ear fusion D. Microtia

Choice A Myringoplasty

Which of the following is a prosthetic effort that is appropriate for patients with ataxic dysarthria? A. Neck brace or cervical collar B. Nose clip or nasal obturator C. Palatal lift D. Vocal amplifier

Choice A Neck brace or cervical collar

A 72-year-old patient has been depressed since her husband passed away 2 months ago. The onset of her symptoms was short and abrupt. When memory was tested, she often stated that she did not know the answer to a question. Her attention and concentration appeared to be intact; however, she seemed upset and distressed during the evaluation. After extensive testing, the psychiatrist diagnosed the patient with: A. Pseudodementia B. Dementia C. Pick's disease D. Alzheimer's disease

Choice A Pseudodementia

Select the statement that is true. A. Some forms of dementia, caused by a toxic reaction to medication, are reversible, especially in their early stages. B. All forms of dementia are progressive. C. Speech production problems are not associated with Broca's aphasia. D. In right hemisphere syndrome, language is more severely impaired than communication.

Choice A Some forms of dementia, caused by a toxic reaction to medication, are reversible, especially in their early stages

What is the muscle that exerts the pull that allows the Eustachian tube to open during yawning and swallowing? A. Tensor palatini B. Levator palatini C. Tensor tympani D. Levator veli palatini

Choice A Tensor palatini

One major distinction between the pyramidal and the extrapyramidal systems is that: A. the pyramidal system controls voluntary and fine motor movements, whereas the extrapyramidal system controls the postural support for fine motor movement. B. unlike the pyramidal system, the extrapyramidal system has direct connections with lower motor neurons. C. the pyramidal system is an indirect activation system, whereas the extrapyramidal system is a direct activation system. D. the pyramidal system is important for speech production, but the extrapyramidal system plays no role in that activity.

Choice A The pyramidal system controls voluntary and fine motor movements, whereas the extrapyramidal system controls the postural support for fine motor movement

The disorders of the pharyngeal phase of swallow include A. delayed or absent swallowing reflex. B. anterior instead of posterior movement of the tongue. C. difficulty in forming and holding the bolus. D. premature swallow and aspiration before swallow

Choice A delayed or absent swallowing reflex

A special educator tells a disruptive boy in her class that he cannot have tokens (which can later be exchanged for a small gift) if he leaves his chair and wanders around the classroom. He is reinforced for many acceptable behaviors. This is an example of A. differential reinforcement of other behavior. B. differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior. C. negative reinforcement. D. punishment.

Choice A differential reinforcement of other behavior

A 48-year-old patient who had a tracheostomy tube in place was referred for an evaluation. The speech-language pathologist noted that the tube was cuffed and quizzed her student intern about the differences between cuffed and uncuffed tracheostomy tubes. The student replied that an inflated tube A. may restrict laryngeal elevation. B. will not restrict laryngeal elevation. C. will not inhibit a patient relearning to swallow. D. will not place pressure on the esophagus via the common posterior wall between the esophagus and the trachea.

Choice A may restrict laryngeal elevation

A speech--language pathologist is having difficulties understanding an unintelligible child. What is an appropriate way for the clinician to obtain a spontaneous speech sample? A. Provide a situation or a topic in a very structured environment to obtain a spontaneous speech sample. B. Do not worry about the utterances the child says during a spontaneous speech sample because if they are unintelligible all sounds must be addressed in therapy. C. Do not obtain a spontaneous speech sample. Begin treatment at the vowel level and ensure that the vowels are intelligible before moving on to consonants. D. Teach the child how to use an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) device to communicate with teachers and peers.

Choice A provide a situation or topic in a very structured environment to obtain a spontaneous speech sample

A 74-year-old patient was seen for a swallowing treatment. The radiological report indicates that the patient has decreased laryngeal closure but retains a strong cough. The clinician would most likely recommend the following A. Thicker foods B. Liquids C. NPO D. PEG tube

Choice A thicker foods

A clinician is conducting an in-service in a hospital and is recommending treatment designed for patients with severe aphasia and apraxia whose repetition abilities are severely impaired. The clinician mentions that the purpose of this approach is to shape a variety of utterances that may eventually be used volitionally. She is referring to the following approach to therapy: A. Script training B. Multiple input phoneme therapy (MIPT) C. Prompts for reconstructing oral muscular phonetic targets (PROMPT) D. Melodic intonation therapy (MIT)

Choice B

A patient complains of aching pains, tingling sensations, and coldness. The speech-language pathologist's evaluation reveals that patient's voice is soft, breathy, and hoarse. Other symptoms include a mask-like face with slurred speech that sounds monotone. The clinician notices bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, and impaired postural reflexes. Based on these symptoms, what would you most likely diagnose this patient with? A. Apraxia B. Parkinson's disease C. Vascular dementia D. Huntington's disease

Choice B

Brady is a 3-year-old whose mother is concerned about his language development. She reaches out to a speech-language pathologist to obtain information about normal language development. Based on normal language development in children, which of the following features is typical of a child who is 3 years old? A. Not easily understood by strangers B. Speaks in longer, complex sentences C. Put two words together to form a short sentence D. Uses jargon when speaking to adults

Choice B

During an evaluation, a clinician must determine whether the client is exhibiting stuttering-like dysfluencies or whether the client is normally disfluent. Which of the following is a characteristic of normal developmental dysfluencies in a young child? A. Mid-word insertions B. Phrase repetitions C. Part-word repetitions D. Word-final prolongations

Choice B

In assessing a patient with swallowing disorders, you would A. not be concerned about screening the patient for concrete and abstract language comprehension, because it would provide irrelevant information. B. consider the correct positioning of the patient for certain procedures. C. restrict the patient's food choices to limit potential aspiration. D. not consider literacy skills, because they are irrelevant to swallowing assessment.

Choice B

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx serve important functions in phonation. Some are primarily vibrating muscles, whereas others, by their actions, affect the actions of the vocal folds and the resulting quality of phonation. Of the statements that follow, select the one that is incorrect. A. The thyroarytenoids are divided into two muscle masses. B. The transverse arytenoids are laryngeal abductors. C. The internal thyroarytenoids are also known as the vocalis muscle. D. The cricothyroid muscle lengthens and tenses the vocal folds.

Choice B

Kinetic energy is energy that is being used. Over time, kinetic energy is transformed to thermal energy and the result of this is damping or damped vibration. What is damping? A. Periodically allowing motion to pass B. Opposition to motion C. Opposition to frequency D. Periodically controlling energy

Choice B

Rhythmic cueing is an appropriate rate approach to use when treating a client with all of the following types of dysarthria, except: A. Hypokinetic B. Hyperkinetic C. Ataxic D. Unilateral upper motor neuron

Choice B

The cerebral palsies originate in infancy, and the speech impairment that may coexist with the movement disorder is also considered ________________. A. Verbal apraxia B. Dysarthria C. Dysphagia D. Neuromuscular difficulties

Choice B

The description of the different phases of normal swallow suggest that A. swallowing consists of a series of discrete actions described in terms of the oral preparatory, oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases. B. in spite of being analyzed in terms of phases, swallowing typically is a continuous process. C. the oral preparatory phase is not linked to the oral phase. D. the pharyngeal phase, because it consists of reflex actions, is not closely related to the oral phase.

Choice B

Which of the following is not considered to be a communication disorder associated with traumatic brain injuries? A. Dysarthria B. Dysphagia C. Reading and writing deficits D. Auditory comprehension deficits

Choice B

Which of the following statements could place limitations on children during the first-50-word stage of development? A. Children have phonetic variability, so they use many unstable productions of phonemes. B. There are a limited number of syllable shapes used. CV, VC, and CVC shapes are mainly used. If any additional syllables are used, there will be unpredictable productions of phonemes. C. It is difficult to take an inventory of a child's production to determine his or her speech sound limitations. D. There is a large amount of variability not only within a child, but across all children in the first-50-word stage. Each child is vastly different, so this causes a problem in finding baseline data.

Choice B

You are evaluating Claudia, a 4-year-old preschooler. She presents with several speech sound disorders during the evaluation including gliding, lateralized production of the /s/ phoneme, distortion of the /r/ phoneme, and interdental production of /θ/ and /ð/. What would be the most appropriate goal to address first in therapy? A. Gliding B. Lateralized /s/ C. Distortion of /r/ D. Interdental [θ, ð]

Choice B

You are treating a client who was born with a cleft palate. The client had the cleft palate repaired and needs therapy for various articulation and phonological disorders. Which of the following suggestions should be followed when treating children with repaired clefts? A. Start with less visible sounds before the more visible sounds. B. Introduce compensatory articulatory positioning where appropriate. C. Teach glides and liquids before any other sounds. D. Start to train the client using the phonemes /k/ and /g/ if the velopharyngeal functioning is inadequate.

Choice B

Which of the following types of communication involves the use of external devices, which may range from low-tech paper materials to high-tech electronic devices that produce a computer-synthesized voice? A. Unaided communication B. Aided communication C. Dependent communication D. Rated communication

Choice B Aided communication

Anthony, a 40-year-old, has been diagnosed with Wallenberg syndrome after suffering from a cerebral vascular accident. Based on the diagnosis, you should expect Anthony to have damage to which part of his brain? A. Frontal lobe B. Brainstem C. Temporal lobe D. Cerebellum

Choice B Brainstem

Yasmina, a 68-year-old patient, presented with a weak vocal intensity, weak cough/throat clear, and aspiration as per a videofluoroscopic swallow study results. She is making minimal progress in therapy. Following your request, her physician ordered an ENT consult that indicated paresis of her left vocal fold, causing the inability for her vocal folds to meet at midline and resultant poor airway protection. This was reported to her physician, who decided that medical intervention was necessary. Which of the following medical treatment procedures would likely be recommended for Yasmina? A. Cricopharyngeal myotomy B. Collagen injection into the vocal folds C. Pharyngostomy D. Gastrostomy

Choice B Collagen injection into the vocal folds

The occurrence of stuttering on the same words upon repeated reading is known as: A. Adaptation effect B. Consistency effect C. Adjacency effect D. Audience size effect

Choice B Consistency effect

Brandon, a 72-year-old client with aphasia, can indicate his needs by pointing to items and objects. He does not initiate communication and requires extra support in routine conversation. What type of communicator will he be considered? A. Augmented-input communicator B. Controlled-situation communicator C. Comprehensive communicator D. Basic-choice communicator

Choice B Controlled-situation communicator

Rongomaiwhenua was diagnosed with apraxia of speech (AOS). She displays an inability to follow commands and perform voluntary speech movements. Recently, she has been diagnosed with nonverbal oral apraxia (NVOA), a diagnosis that often co-occurs with AOS. With this diagnosis, it can be expected that a lesion would most likely exist in the: A. Posterior portion of the insula B. Frontal and central opercula C. Third temporal convolution D. Piriform cortex

Choice B Frontal and central opercula

You receive a referral to assess Beth, who is a 76-year-old resident in a nursing home. The certified nursing assistants who work with her on a daily basis tell you that Beth has been experiencing changes in behavior. During group activities she makes inappropriate comments and appears impulsive and distractible. The certified nursing assistants also note that she has decreased energy and motivation. You notice she is having mild problems with language as well. Which of the following forms of dementia is Beth displaying? A. Vascular dementia B. Frontotemporal dementia C. Lewy body dementia D. Alzheimer's disease

Choice B Frontotemporal dementia

Attachment is a close, nurturing, long-term relationship that develops between the caregiver and infant. Interaction between caregiver and infant strengthens this attachment. When speaking to the caregiver before therapy, it is important to establish the infant vocalizations and Motherese between the caregiver and the infant. All of the following are examples of basic cries except: A. Hunger B. Happy C. Pain D. Anger

Choice B Happy

Select the statement that is true of conduction aphasia. A. It is caused by widespread lesions in the entire perisylvian region. B. It is characterized by good syntax, prosody, and articulation. C. Its lesion sites are more definitive than for other types of aphasia. D. Speech associated with it is as fluent as it is in Wernicke's aphasia.

Choice B It is characterized by good syntax, prosody and articulation

Vijay, a 70-year-old man, attends a clinic for a hearing evaluation. After conducting testing, the audiologist mentions that a common cause of conductive hearing loss where there is a buildup of spongifying bone on the osseous labyrinth that immobilizes the footplate of the stapes and interferes with sound transmission to the inner ear is: A. Meniere's disease B. Otosclerosis C. Otitis media D. Acoustic neuroma

Choice B Otosclerosis

The components of an AAC system are crucial to consider during an assessment. When assessing a young child, you evaluate the way the individual will use and interact with the system, including the user interface, selection method, and output. What type of components are being described? A. Primary components B. Secondary components C. Tertiary components D. Global components

Choice B Secondary components

Janine, an 83-year-old patient, is attending therapy for memory deficits caused by Alzheimer's disease. Janine's current goal is to use her techniques to recall a three-point plot in a short video. Throughout the video clips, she talks about the plot. What direct intervention is Janine utilizing? A. Multimodal approach B. Self-generated cues C. Spaced retrieval training D. Direct priming

Choice B Self generated cues

A screening test for dementia is: A. Arizona Battery for Communication Disorders of Dementia (ABCD) B. Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMQ) C. Functional Linguistic Communication Inventory (FLCI) D. Dementia Mood Assessment Scale

Choice B Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire

Tonya is a 4-year-old who presents with muscle stiffness in her legs. Her arms are not affected at all. Tonya struggles to walk because her tight hip and leg muscles cause her legs to pull together. What type of spastic cerebral palsy does Tonya have? A. Spastic hemiplegia B. Spastic diplegia C. Spastic quadriplegia D. Spastic triplegia

Choice B Spastic diplegia

When we assess English Learners (ELs) in the public schools for the presence of a communication disorder, we need to remember that federal law specifically mandates which of the following treatment guidelines? A. Only children with severe disabilities are entitled to a free and appropriate public education. B. Testing and evaluation materials must be provided and administered in the language or other mode of communication in which the child is most proficient. C. All students must be tested in English. D. The services of an interpreter must always be used, even if the student's dominant language is English.

Choice B Testing and evaluation materials must be provided and administered in the language or other mode of communication in which the child is most proficient

A new client comes to your office with severe allergies as one of the medical conditions listed on his case history form. Which of the following statements best describes why this piece of information would be important to you as a speech-language pathologist? A. Allergies are not important because of their high prevalence but they should still be listed on his case history form for other professionals such as physicians. B. They can have potential implications for the development of a speech and language disorder. C. Allergies cause a fluid buildup in the middle ear, which results in a hearing loss and speech and language difficulties. D. Allergies result in airway inflammation, which hurts the sound quality of the voice.

Choice B They can have potential implications for the development of a speech and language disorder

A 9-year-old child was seen for an evaluation because of a major dysfunction in his gastrointestinal tract. The child had short bowel syndrome, resulting in the removal of a major part of the intestines. The gastroenterologist most likely would recommend A. a jejunostomy tube (J-tube). B. a duodenal tube (duo-tube). C. a gastrojejunal tube (GJ-tube). D. total parenteral nutrition (TPN).

Choice B a duodenal tube

The phoneme /k/ sounds the same perceptually to the listener; however, it is produced in a slightly different manner in the words kitten, bucket, and cook. These variations of the /k/ phoneme are called A. phonemes. B. allophones. C. morphemes. D. diphthongs.

Choice B allophones

Your client has a misalignment of the mandibular and maxillary arches and the mandible arch is underdeveloped. Your client has what kind of condition? A. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction B. Congenital mandibular hypoplasia C. Mandibular dislocation D. Class III Malocclusion

Choice B congenital mandibular hypoplasia

In assessing a patient with swallowing disorders, you would A. not be concerned about screening the patient for concrete and abstract language comprehension, because it would provide irrelevant information. B. consider the correct positioning of the patient for certain procedures. C. restrict the patient's food choices to limit potential aspiration. D. not consider literacy skills, because they are irrelevant to swallowing assessment.

Choice B consider the correct positioning of the patient for certain procedures

A speech-language pathology graduate student received her first adult patient diagnosed with apraxia of speech. The student consulted with the supervisor, who recommended that they try to maintain the natural prosody of the patient's utterances. She suggested using computer-generated pacing tones each time the patient produced an utterance, so that the patient could keep the natural rhythm of the utterance without regard to the rate of speech. The student clinician conducted further research and during therapy coupled hand-tapping and choral reading along with the suggestions made by the supervisor. This type of therapy is called A. metronomic pacing. B. metrical pacing. C. cued speech. D. integral practice.

Choice B metrical pacing

The goal of structured contexts in articulatory therapy is to preserve the accuracy of target sound production within: A. contexts of words. B. phrases and sentences. C. structured conversations. D. multiple vowel contexts.

Choice B phrases and sentences

During child language intervention, a child says, "Bake cake" and the clinician responds with, "Yes, we are baking a big, pink cake with rainbow sprinkles for your birthday." This is an example of: A. Expansion B. Extension C. Incidental teaching D. Prompting

Choice B Extension

The tensor tympani muscle in the middle ear is innervated by cranial nerve: A. I B. V C. VIII D. IX

Choice B V

A clinician is evaluating an 18-year old client who stutters. She puts headphones over the client's ears and sets a device at 200 milliseconds lag to determine the effects on stuttering. The clinician is using: A. RAF B. RAP C. DAF D. DAL

Choice C

A free morpheme can stand alone, independent of other units, and still carry meaning. A bound morpheme must be attached to other (free) morphemes to carry meaning. Which of the following is an example of a free morpheme? A. Un B. Non C. Throw D. Ed

Choice C

A speech-language pathologist's role in tongue thrust or orofacial myofunctional therapy currently may include which of the following? A. None; speech-language pathologists do not work with those problems. B. Working as a consultant to a dentist, orthodontist, and physician but not being a part of the team that actually provides services C. Evaluating and treating the effects of orofacial myofunctional disorders on swallowing, rest postures, and speech D. Recommending specific orthodontic treatment for children with dental problems related to tongue thrust

Choice C

A study that is used to quantify the time and frequency of gastroesophageal reflux into the esophagus is called A. an esophageal reflux monitoring study. B. a GER monitoring study. C. a pH probe or intraluminal pH monitoring study. D. a UGI series.

Choice C

An 8-year-old girl, Tina, is referred to you because she reportedly has difficulty with the lingua-alveolar voiceless fricative. You can predict that in therapy you will address which sound? A. /d/ B. /t/ C. /s/ D. /z/

Choice C

Extralinguistic aspects of human communication includes nonverbal features that accompany oral production of language and modify the actual meaning. This form of human communication also includes paralinguistic codes and nonlinguistic cues. What is the difference between paralinguistic codes and nonlinguistic cues? A. Paralinguistic codes are nonspeech behaviors that accompany the speaker's words and nonlinguistic cues are melodic components of speech. B. Paralinguistic codes transmit cues though facial expressions and nonlinguistic cues indicate stress or suprasegmentals in speech. C. Paralinguistic codes are the melodic components of speech and nonlinguistic cues are nonspeech behaviors that accompany the speaker's words. D. Paralinguistic codes and nonlinguistic cues are different words but have the same meaning.

Choice C

Natalie is 4-year-old with cerebral palsy and has been diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux. She frequently throws up and cannot retain nourishment. The physician diagnoses Natalie with a weak or hypersensitive: A. digastricus. B. palatoglossus. C. esophageal sphincter. D. epiglottis.

Choice C

Normal articulation is a series of complex actions. The assessment of phonology is a complex process, requiring skill and knowledge from speech-language pathologists. Which of the following is a primary purpose of an assessment of phonological processes? A. Determining whether the individual's overbite is causing a phonological disorder B. Assessing whether the individual's Class III malocclusion is causing a phonological disorder C. Determining whether the individual's speech sufficiently deviates from normal phonological processes to warrant concern or intervention D. Monitoring changes in articulatory abilities and performance across time

Choice C

Researchers often use cross-sectional studies to study children's development in various areas. What is a difficulty with cross-sectional studies? A. The same subjects are studied over time, and this is expensive, time consuming, and difficult because subjects might drop out of the study. B. The investigator is examining data already on file to answer questions about children in various age groups, and that data might not be reliable. C. Observations are made of differences between subjects of different ages to generalize about developmental changes that would occur within subjects as they mature. D. The total age span of children to be studied is divided into several overlapping age spans, and it is difficult to follow subjects from the lower to the upper end of each age span.

Choice C

Select the statement that is not true. A. Dysarthria and Broca's aphasia may coexist. B. Excessive or even stress on syllables is a part of ataxic dysarthria. C. Roughly 94% of Parkinson's patients have hypokinetic dysarthria. D. Spastic-ataxic and flaccid-spastic are frequently mixed in the mixed variety of dysarthria.

Choice C

When treating a child with cerebral palsy, it is important to work with a team of specialists. Which specialist would be the least likely to work with a child with cerebral palsy? A. Physical therapist B. Speech-language pathologist C. Podiatrist D. Teacher

Choice C

Which is not an appropriate treatment method when treating articulation and phonological disorders for a client with cerebral palsy? A. Assess the child's specific sound errors and error patterns. B. Evaluate the compensatory articulatory postures the child uses. C. Generalize techniques that have worked for previous clients with cerebral palsy, and not individualizing therapy. D. Teach specific phonemes or the classes of phonemes based on distinctive features or phonological patterns.

Choice C

Which of the following is true about a closed head traumatic brain injury? A. It involves penetration of a foreign substance into the brain. B. It involves torn or lacerated meninges. C. If the meninges are intact, the injury may be considered to be closed head if the skull is fractured. D. Regardless of the circumstances, the injury cannot be considered to be closed head if the skull is fractured.

Choice C

Which of the following is usually not a production concern of a client with a cleft lip and palate? A. Stops B. Fricatives C. Vowels D. Affricates

Choice C

With regard to human communication, which of the following viewpoints studies the process of sending and receiving messages? A. Behavioral B. Analytical C. Theoretical D. Linguistic

Choice C

You are evaluating a 3-year-old child whose parents have concerns about his social aspects of communication, frequent echolalia, and perseverations. His parents mentioned that he frequently talks to himself, has anxiety, and displays hyperactive behavior. These concerns are evident throughout your evaluation. You notice that he has difficulty attending to tasks and has limited eye contact. Upon observation, his facial features are characterized by a high forehead, large jaw, and a poorly formed pinna. Following your evaluation, you refer this child and his family to a geneticist to rule out the possibility of a genetic syndrome. The patient most likely presents with: A. Down syndrome B. Pierre-Robin syndrome C. Fragile X syndrome D. Prader-Willi syndrome

Choice C

You are evaluating a patient suspected of severe apraxia of speech (AOS). Which of the following is not a characteristic of severe AOS when distinguishing it from less severe forms? A. Error responses may approximate the target if stimuli are chosen carefully B. Limited repertoire of speech sounds C. Increased variability of articulatory characteristics D. Automatic speech may not be better than volitional speech

Choice C

You are watching an experienced clinician conduct swallowing therapy for a 68-year-old woman with dysphagia. You note that the clinician teaches the patient to tilt the head forward while swallowing, switches between liquid and semisolid swallows, and applies gentle pressure on one side of the thyroid cartilage during the swallow. This kind of treatment is appropriate for the disorders of which of the following phases? A. The oral preparatory phase B. The oral phase C. The pharyngeal phase D. The esophageal phase

Choice C

You have been asked to give an in-service to a group of students who wish to eventually specialize in service delivery to children with cleft palates and their families. The students want to know detailed information about in utero development of the hard and soft palates (among other things). You can accurately tell them that in utero the hard palate fuses between which developmental ages? A. 1-2 weeks B. 4-6 weeks C. 8-9 weeks D. 10-12 weeks

Choice C

__________ validity is the accuracy with which a measure predicts future performance on a related task. A. Construct B. Concurrent C. Predictive D. Content

Choice C

What is one of the reasons that production of speech sounds is restricted in infants? A. When a human is born, an inadequate larynx-to-lung ratio is present. The lungs are too small to create enough subglottal pressure for the infant's larynx; therefore, phonation is unable to occur. B. Infants do not have any teeth, so their phoneme inventory is limited to sounds other than dentals. C. An infant's tongue completely fills the oral cavity and the pharyngeal cavity is used for sucking and swallowing; therefore, the larynx and vocal tract are unable to perform any secondary functions. D. Infants breathe at a slow rate yet are unable to completely expand their rib cage. This means that infants are unable to create enough positive and negative pressure to perform the task of respiration with enough power to create phonation.

Choice C An infant's tongue completely fills the oral cavity and the pharyngeal cavity is used for sucking and swallowing; therefore the larynx and vocal tract are unable to perform any secondary functions

When considering an infant's readiness for oral feeding, all of the following must be taken into account, except: A. Severity of medical condition B. Gestational age C. Chronological age D. Behavioral state

Choice C Chronological age

Resonance and standing waves include constrictions at an antinode or node that may have an effect on formant frequencies. Which of the following statements is true? A. Constriction at a node or antinode always lowers formant frequencies. B. Constriction at an antinode raises the formant frequencies. C. Constriction at a node raises the formant frequencies. D. Constriction at a node lowers the formant frequencies.

Choice C Constriction at a node raises the formant frequencies

This disease is a rare, degenerative brain disorder that results in death. Each year, worldwide, it affects 1 person in every 1 million. This disease usually manifests itself later in life. About 70% of patients die within a year. Initially, patients may have visual problems, failing memory, lack of coordination, and behavioral changes. As the disease progresses, patients display myoclonus and may become blind. They finally lose the ability to speak and enter into a coma. The scientific community believes that abnormal forms of normal cellular proteins (prions) cause this disease. The normal prion is called PrPC (C stands for cellular) and the abnormal form (which causes the disease) is called PrPSc (Sc stands for prototypical prion disease-scrapie). When the disease is acquired, the PrPSc comes from outside the body (e.g., contaminated meat). This disease is called: A. Lewy body dementia B. Wernicke-Korsakoff dementia C. Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease D. Pick's disease

Choice C Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease

In the following stage of stuttering modification therapy, clients are asked to confront the disorder, review core behaviors, raise the threshold of fixations and oscillations, and judge listener reactions: A. Modification B. Stabilization C. Desensitization D. Identification

Choice C Densensitization

An infant with a cleft palate will most likely have hearing problems because of A. aural atresia. B. an incompletely formed cochlea. C. eustachian tube dysfunction. D. malformed ossicles.

Choice C Eustachian tube dysfunction

There are two broad levels of human communication: verbal communication and nonverbal communication. Verbal communication uses words as symbols to exchange ideas. Nonverbal communication includes many behaviors that communicate with or without the associated production of symbols. Which of the following is not an example of verbal communication? A. American Sign Language B. Written language C. Extralinguistic communication D. Pictographic communication

Choice C Extralinguistic communication

Pushing/pulling exercises are behavioral approaches that can be useful treatment techniques when treating which type of dysarthria? A. Hyperkinetic B. Spastic C. Flaccid D. Ataxic

Choice C Flaccid

The following form of instrumental evaluation includes inserting a tube through the nasal passage, past the velum, and into position above the larynx: A. Indirect laryngoscopy B. Direct laryngoscopy C. Flexible fiber-optic laryngoscopy D. Videostroboscopy

Choice C Flexible fiber-optic laryngoscopy

In the scientific method, what is the experiment-first-and-explain-later approach? A. Deductive method B. Null hypothesis method C. Inductive method D. Alternative hypothesis method

Choice C Inductive

A speech-language pathologist in a rehabilitation setting is treating an adult. The goal of the clinician is to have the adult use a communication device to make sentences with the correct use of various basic grammatical concepts when describing a set of pictures. This is an example of which of the following goals? A. Long-term goal B. Unrealistic goal C. Isolated goal D. Integrated goal

Choice C Isolated Goal

As a speech-language pathologist, which of the following is not something you would treat if your client is diagnosed with cerebral palsy? A. Treatment of language disorders B. Treatment of articulation and phonological disorders C. Managing non-associated attentional problems D. Managing associated sensory problems

Choice C Managing non-associated attentional problems

Following an evaluation of Louise, an 85-year-old patient who was admitted to a hospital with NPO status, you determined that she presented with severe pharyngeal phase dysphagia and added her to your caseload. Louise's surgeon contacted you inquiring about her ability to tolerate a diet to assist in his decision regarding the continuation of her feeding tube. The surgeon noted that the type of feeding tube that Louise currently had was intended for more short-term use and he was considering inserting a more permanent non-oral feeding method. Louise was most likely receiving nutrition via the following non-oral feeding method: A. Esophagostomy B. Gastrostomy C. Nasogastric D. Pharyngostomy

Choice C Nasogastric

What contributes to moderate amounts of physiologic recovery for patients with moderate traumatic brain injury? A. Surgery B. Medication C. Neuroplasticity D. Rehabilitation

Choice C Neuroplasticity

____________ is a central cognitive principle. This principle involves scheme, which defines the way humans organize behavior into identifiable patterns. A. Equilibrium B. Imitation C. Organization D. Adaptation

Choice C Organization

A professor is teaching a fluency course and asks her students to identify a core stuttering behavior from the list below: A. Whole word repetitions B. Interjections C. Part-word repetitions D. Secondaries

Choice C Part-word repetitions

The most basic requirement for the caregiver-infant attachment is ___________________ between caregiver and infant. A. Smiles B. Touch C. Recognition D. Shelter

Choice C Recognition

A 73-year-old patient presents with a language disorder characterized by empty, spontaneous speech and loss of word meanings as well as a perceptual disorder characterized by agnosia, yet he maintains his ability to read aloud and write regular words to dictation orthographically. These symptoms would most likely lead to a diagnosis of: A. Vascular dementia B. Pick disease C. Semantic dementia D. Alzheimer's disease

Choice C Semantic dementia

You are conducting an evaluation on a 7-year-old child. Your supervisor asks you to choose a reliable and valid norm-referenced assessment tool that measures frequency, duration, physical concomitants, and speech naturalness. You should choose: A. Speech Locus of Control Scale B. Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering (OASES) C. Stuttering Severity Instrument 4 (SSI-4) D. Erickson S-Scale

Choice C Stuttering Severity Instrument 4 (SSI-4)

Which model contends that a child who is unable to cope with the expectations of fluent speech production may begin to stutter? A. The diagnosogenic model B. The expectancy deconfirmation model C. The demands and capacities model D. The approach-avoidance model

Choice C The demands and capacities model

There are several aspects involved in studying language. These include using language as a social tool, a learned behavior, and/or a linguistic means of communication. Which of the following defines language as a learned behavior? A. Verbal language that is learned through trial and error B. Verbal language that is learned through imitation C. Verbal language that is learned through social consequence D. Verbal language that is learned through intentions

Choice C Verbal language that is learned through social consequence

Imitation is important for the growth of language development in infants. Before assessing an infant with a language disorder, it is important to understand the imitation that occurred between the caregiver and the infant. How long immediately after birth can an infant imitate? A. 3 weeks B. 1 month C. a few hours D. 1 week

Choice C a few hours

A patient was receiving irradiation to the oral and pharyngeal areas and was experiencing xerostomia, as well as weight loss and an increase in dental caries. During the evaluation, the clinician recommended that the patient A. swallow once prior to taking a spoonful of food in the mouth. B. swallow twice prior to taking a spoonful of food in the mouth. C. be given synthetic saliva just prior to eating. D. use a chin tuck procedure before swallowing.

Choice C be given synthetic saliva just prior to eating

Which of the following is not considered to be a communication deficit that may be present in individuals with apraxia of speech? A. High variability of speech errors, especially when repeating attempts B. Problems with spontaneous sequencing of movements required for speech C. More difficulty with vowels than consonants D. Metathetic errors

Choice C more difficulty with vowels than consonants

A 5-year-old child with cerebral palsy was referred to a pediatric clinic for an evaluation for excessive drooling. The speech-language pathologist noted oromotor dysfunction and a lack of voluntary control of the orofacial musculature. The condition of excessive drooling is called A. nonnutritive sucking. B. stenosis of the anterior faucial pillars. C. sialorrea. D. isolated cricopharyngeal dysfunction.

Choice C sialorrea

Hilda Sorenson, a 28-year old college student is having difficulties with breathing. She complains of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. The physician recommends ____________ which is a pulmonary function test that measures how much air she can breathe in and out of the lungs. The physician mentions to Hilda that the test also measures how fast and easily she is able to blow air out of the lungs. A. bronchoscopy B. pulse oximetry C. spirometry D. bronchoprovocation

Choice C spirometry

A clinician is teaching a patient a technique for dysphagia that includes having the patient take a deep breath, hold the breath, swallow, cough on exhalation, swallow again before breathing, and then breathe again. This technique is called A. the Mendelsohn maneuver. B. an effortful swallow. C. a supraglottic swallow. D. a super-supraglottic swallow.

Choice C supraglottic swallow

When differentiating articulation from phonological disorders, what is the purpose of summarizing the collapse of phonetic contrasts? A. To determine any sound or sound blends that characterize different phonemes B. To determine what sounds are inconsistently used C. To determine any substitutions that characterize more than one target phoneme D. To determine what sounds are consistently used

Choice C To determine any substitutions that characterize more than one target phoneme

A kindergarten teacher refers Tomiko to you for a speech-language screening. Tomiko's first language is Korean, and she has been exposed to English for 8 months in school. The teacher is concerned because he thinks that Tomiko "has a speech problem." Which one of the following patterns (in English) would you not expect to find in a student who speaks Korean? A. Substitution of a/ae (e.g., bock/back) B. Final consonant deletion (e.g., be-/bed) C. Confusion of r/l (e.g., glow/grow, lay/ray) D. Substitution of t/k (e.g., tea/key)

Choice D

A young child named Kylie was referred to an audiologist's office after she was told that she could not benefit from hearing aids because of her profound hearing loss. Her mother is extremely interested in cochlear implants and wants to know more about them. She said, "I never really thought about cochlear implants until a doctor brought that up as a possibility. I do not know much about them and need to know everything before I even consider this option for Kylie." She then gave the audiologist some information that she found online but she was not sure how accurate this information was. For example, she mentioned to the audiologist that she read that cochlear implants deliver electrical impulses to the auditory nerve, have multiple electrode arrays, have an implanted receiver, and allow the patient to discriminate between speech sounds. When reading about the potential negatives, she got overwhelmed. The audiologist made sure to stress to Kylie's mother that cochlear implants help the user perceive sound; however, she also mentioned that professionals cannot be positive as to what exactly Kylie will be able to perceive. Which of the following statements said by the mother is not true regarding cochlear implants? A. The implant is surgically implanted and delivers electrical impulses directly to the auditory nerve. B. The cochlear implant consists of a microphone, processor, external transmitter, and implanted receiver. C. All contemporary devices make use of multiple electrode arrays. D. Cochlear implants will allow the patient to discriminate between speech sounds.

Choice D

According to the Nyquist theorem (1928), to represent a signal faithfully, it must be sampled at a rate equal to twice its highest frequency. Brick-wall filtering works with the Nyquist theorem when analyzing data. What is the purpose of Brick-wall filtering? A. The brick-wall filter removes all of the energy below the Nyquist frequency. B. The brick-wall filter doubles all of the energy above the Nyquist frequency. C. The brick-wall filter doubles all of the energy below the Nyquist frequency. D. The brick-wall filter removes all of the energy above the Nyquist frequency.

Choice D

All of the following are deficits of the oral phase of swallowing, except what? A. Food residue located in various places B. Aspiration before swallow C. Piecemeal swallow D. Reduced movement of the base of the tongue

Choice D

Different aphasia types share common features of communication impairments. Therefore, a clinician who is interested in making a typological diagnosis needs to fully understand the unique features of each type. Among the following statements, which correctly helps distinguish the two types contrasted? A. Auditory comprehension in patients with conduction aphasia is poor, whereas it is excellent in patients with transcortical sensory aphasia. B. Mixed transcortical is the most severe form of aphasia, whereas global aphasia affects only word output. C. Grammatical structures are impaired in patients with Wernicke's aphasia, whereas they are intact in patients with Broca's aphasia. D. Transcortical sensory aphasia patients have fluent speech, normal prosody, and good articulation, whereas transcortical motor aphasia patients have nonfluent, paraphasic, and agrammatic speech.

Choice D

In a university clinic, a clinician is working with an adult client. She would like the client to use an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) device to prepare a letter to a person of the client's choice while correctly using of various types of verbs. What type of goal is this an example of? A. Long-term goal B. Unrealistic goal C. Isolated goal D. Integrated goal

Choice D

In administering indirect therapy to reduce stuttering, parents are encouraged to A. give a signal to stop and then ask the child to start talking again. B. give a signal to stop, ask the child to describe the problem, and then let the child continue to talk. C. ask the child to keep quiet for 20 seconds before resuming speech. D. reduce their own rate of speech.

Choice D

In treating the communication deficits of a young adult with traumatic brain injury, you would do which of the following? A. Refrain from using techniques to increase orientation and attention because the inappropriateness of these treatment targets subside in due course. B. Exclusively use cognitive rehabilitation. C. Introduce a variety of treatment activities to promote faster recovery. D. Withhold attention from irrelevant and inappropriate responses.

Choice D

Speech reception thresholds (SRTs) are A. determined by the patient's response to a list of monosyllabic words presented at a low level of hearing. B. determined by looking at the patient's pure-tone test results at the frequencies most important to speech. C. the lowest levels of hearing at which a person can understand 100% of the words presented. D. the lowest levels of hearing at which a person can understand 50% of the words presented.

Choice D

Speech-language pathologists usually use a developmental model in therapy. Which of the following statements is not accurate when deciding what therapy to implement for a child? A. Anterior stops and nasals are acquired earlier. B. Voiced stops usually first appear in the initial word position. C. Voiceless stops usually appear in the final word position. D. Liquid [r] usually appears in the medial position.

Choice D

The following are considered nonstuttering-like disfluencies, except: A. Interjections B. Incomplete sentences C. Revisions D. Part-word repetitions

Choice D

To evaluate the effects of a phonological treatment procedure, an investigator started by establishing the baselines of target phoneme productions, then offered treatment to all children who were base rated, withdrew treatment for a period of time, and finally offered the treatment again. This is an example of A. a pretest-posttest control group design. B. a multiple-baseline design. C. a case study. D. an ABAB design

Choice D

When analyzing a client's speech sample with an unrepaired cleft palate, what determines the timing of speech intervention? A. Intelligibility B. Misarticulations C. Nasal emission D. Surgical procedures

Choice D

Which of the following statements is false? A. Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe is critical to comprehending spoken language. B. Wernicke's area is connected to Broca's area in the frontal lobe through the arcuate fasciculus. C. The occipital lobe contains the primary visual cortex. D. The angular gyrus in the occipital lobe is important for interpreting somesthetic sensations such as pain, touch, and temperature.

Choice D

Which of the following would not be considered when managing associated sensory problems for a child with cerebral palsy? A. Asking the child to wear prescription glasses during treatment B. Using frequency modulated (FM) and other auditory trainers if needed C. Checking the child's hearing aid to ensure that it is working properly D. Referring the child to a speech-language pathologist for any needed auditory diagnosis

Choice D

While treating a client who clutters, the clinician targets areas of communication breakdown. Which of the following is not a characteristic of cluttering that the clinician will need to address during treatment? A. A. Rate that is abnormally rapid and irregular. B. A. Frequent use of pauses. C. A. Prosodic patterns that do not conform to syntactic and semantic constraints. D. A. Normal coarticulation among sounds, especially multisyllabic words.

Choice D

You are working closely with an orthodontist who frequently refers children to your private practice. Many of these children have protrusion of the maxilla and retrusion of the mandible accompanied by a condition in which the upper teeth from the molars forward are positioned excessively anterior to the lower teeth. What do these children have? A. A class I malocclusion accompanied by underjet B. A class II malocclusion accompanied by underjet C. A class III malocclusion accompanied by overjet D. A class II malocclusion accompanied by overjet

Choice D

You are working in a public school, and a distraught parent calls you. She states that her son who was prenatally exposed to drugs has been denied special education services including speech-language intervention. Why may children who are prenatally exposed to drugs be denied services in public schools? A. Their language problems are not severe enough to qualify. B. They do not have other kinds of problems associated with disorders of communication. C. They are classified as having learning disabilities, not language impairments. D. Their language problems are not readily detected by standardized language measures.

Choice D

You refer a patient to an audiologist because you suspect that the patient might have a hearing loss. You ask the audiologist to inform you about the patient's threshold of hearing for selected frequencies. In response to your request, the audiologist will A. tell you the intensity at which tones are faintly heard at least 75% of the time they are presented in a pure-tone hearing test. B. inform you of the intensity level at which tones are faintly heard at least 25% of the time in a speech reception threshold test. C. inform you of the intensity level at which tones are faintly heard at least 50% of the time in a masked speech reception threshold test. D. tell you that the threshold of hearing is the quietest sound a human can detect.

Choice D

The ability of a child to modify her understanding of a changing environment often becomes evident during early language development. The ability of a child to exhibit assimilation and accommodation when presented with a new environment are features of: A. Equilibrium B. Imitation C. Organization D. Adaptation

Choice D Adaptation

The reticular formation is associated with respiratory control and swallowing. It is housed in the: A. Cerebrum B. Cerebellum C. Somatosensory cortex D. Brainstem

Choice D Brainstem

You are observing Nathan, who is 18 months old. It is suspected that Nathan has severe developmental delays. He is producing variations in consonants and vowels from syllable to syllable with smooth transitions between his vowels and consonants. What prelinguistic stage is he currently in and what is the average age associated with the stage? A. Cooing (4-6 months) B. Jargon (10-12 months) C. Vocal play (4-6 months) D. Canonical babbling (6-10 months)

Choice D Canonical babbling (6-10 months)

A 12-year-old boy has been referred to you with a note from the teacher that the boy speaks very fast and his speech is difficult to understand. The teacher believes the boy may have an articulation disorder. Your assessment suggests extremely rapid speech, compression of syllables, deletion of syllables in words, transposition of sounds in words, and a high rate of disfluencies but normal articulation of sounds at a slower speech rate. Your diagnosis of this boy should be which of the following? A. A complex cognitive communication disorder B. Neurogenic fluency disorder C. A severe phonological disorder D. Cluttering

Choice D Cluttering

A clinical supervisor is quizzing her graduate student clinician during a break from seeing patients. At their rehabilitation center, they see many patients with cerebral palsy. She asks the student what the most appropriate characteristics would be if congenital or neurodevelopmental motor speech disorders are associated with cerebral palsy. What is the correct answer? A. Apraxia of speech B. Aphasia C. Dysphagia D. Dysarthria

Choice D Dysarthria

Babbling and early words have so much in common that some professionals have difficulty differentiating between the two. Which of the following statements is not a main characteristic of the transition from babbling to the first word? A. Monosyllabic utterances B. Bilabial and apical productions C. Rare use of consonant clusters D. Frequent use of glides and liquids

Choice D Frequent use of glides and liquids

You have been asked to counsel with John, a 70-year-old man who has smoked and drank alcohol since he was a teenager. He now has laryngeal cancer, and, before surgery, the surgeon asks you to talk with John about esophageal speech. You explain to John that there are two basic types of esophageal speech. In one method, the patient is taught to keep the esophagus open and relaxed while inhaling rapidly. In the other method, the patient impounds the air in the oral cavity, pushes it back into the esophagus, and vibrates the cricopharyngeus muscle. What is the second method called? A. Inhalation method B. Laryngeal airway resistance method C. Inhalatory injection method D. Injection method

Choice D Injection method

Which of the following statements is false regarding Public Law 99-457? A. It increased federal support for services to children with disabilities 3 to 6 years of age and provided funding for infants and toddlers. B. It requires the development of individualized family service plans. C. It allows at-risk preschool children (not just those with documented disabilities) to be eligible for special education services. D. It requires states to report preschool children by disability category.

Choice D It requires states to report preschool children by disability category

The structure at the inferior portion of the tongue that connects the tongue with the mandible is called the A. dorsum. B. root. C. blade. D. lingual frenulum.

Choice D Lingual Frenulum

In the following stage of stuttering modification therapy, clients learn a less abnormal way of stuttering: A. Stabilization B. Desensitization C. Identification D. Modification

Choice D Modification

An infant presents with tracheaesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia. The physician mentions to the speech-language pathologist that this condition probably developed between the 4th and 6th weeks of gestation. The infant exhibits significant respiratory distress, excessive oral secretions, and chronic regurgitation. The speech-language pathologist in consultation with the physician should immediately recommend A. pureed foods. B. thin liquids. C. thick liquids. D. NG-tube feedings.

Choice D NG-tube feedings

Which of the following is typically not a normal part of aging? A. Decline in chemosenses B. Increased t-cell dysfunction C. Decreased bone mass D. Problems recognizing close family/friends

Choice D Problems recognizing close family/friends

Proxemics is the study of the use of proximity, which means closeness or interpersonal space in communication. Proxemics includes levels of closeness to a person, which are intimate, personal, social, and public. Which one is the farthest in closeness? A. Intimate B. Social C. Personal D. Public

Choice D Public

All of the following are deficits of the oral phase of swallowing, except what? A. Food residue located in various places B. Aspiration before swallow C. Piecemeal swallow D. Reduced movement of the base of the tongue

Choice D Reduced movement of the base of the tongue

An 82-year-old resident in a nursing home who suffers from Parkinson's disease is not receiving any treatment since she has been dismissed from speech-language therapy because she has met her goals. The licensed speech-language pathologist, however, plans for and provides additional therapy for the resident. This type of therapy is called: A. Speech-language therapy B. Rehabilitation therapy C. Restorative nursing D. Restorative therapy

Choice D Restorative therapy

A 5-year-old client with a cleft palate was just added to your caseload. During the first treatment session, the child's mother noted that she was concerned about her daughter's vocal quality. Because you have knowledge of the laryngeal and vocal disorders that may arise from clefts, you indicate to the mother that all of the following are possible, except: A. Vocal nodules B. Hypertrophy and edema of the vocal folds C. Resonance disorders D. Spasmodic dysphonia

Choice D Spasmodic dysphonia

Which of the following is the most common form of mixed cerebral palsy? A. Dyskinetic-athetoid B. Ataxic-dyskinetic C. Spastic-ataxic D. Spastic-dyskinetic

Choice D Spastic-dyskinetic

A high school teacher refers a Mandarin-speaking 16-year-old to you for an evaluation. The student and his family came to the United States 2 years ago from China. The teacher says that the student does well academically, but she shares that she has difficulty understanding him when he speaks. When you screen the student, you find some articulation and language differences. Which one of the following would not be predictable based on the student's first language of Mandarin? A. Substitutions of t/th (e.g., tin/thin) B. Epenthesis in words with consonant blends C. Confusions of /r/ and /l/ D. Substitutions of f/th (e.g., fick/thick)

Choice D Substitutions of f/th (e.g. fick/thick)

A new patient comes into your office seeking more information on bone-anchored hearing aids because he has heard better things about these hearing aids versus conventional bone conduction hearing aids. Which of the following statements is false regarding BAHAs? A. BAHAs provide mechanical vibration that is transmitted to the skull by a titanium screw. B. A small titanium implant behind the ear bonds with the living bone. C. Candidates for BAHAs are those with bone-conduction thresholds better than or equal to 45 dB HL. D. The titanium screw is embedded into the cochlea.

Choice D The titanium screw is embedded into the cochlea

You are treating a patient who has been diagnosed with early-stage dementia. You decide to use theme-based activities in a small group setting. You explain to the family that there is some evidence that this type of theme-based approach may maintain cognitive function in some patients with dementia. This type of approach is called A. reality orientation (RO). B. fast mapping therapy (FMT). C. external stimulation therapy (EST). D. cognitive stimulation therapy (CST).

Choice D cognitive stimulation therapy

Research has indicated that in a longitudinal study of 36 children who stuttered and 34 controls, Garnett et al. (2018) found that in persistent development stuttering, there was strong evidence of a primary deficit in the left hemisphere in the ________________ A. posterior parietal cortex. B. primary somatosensory cortex. C. supplementary motor area and the secondary motor cortex. D. lateral premotor cortex and primary motor cortex.

Choice D lateral premotor cortex and primary motor cortex

A client who stutters mentions to his speech-language pathologist that his social life is limited. He states, "No one will talk to me because I stutter." This is an example of the common defense mechanism known as A. displacement. B. projection. C. repression. D. rationalization.

Choice D rationalization

In administering indirect therapy to reduce stuttering, parents are encouraged to A. give a signal to stop and then ask the child to start talking again. B. give a signal to stop, ask the child to describe the problem, and then let the child continue to talk. C. ask the child to keep quiet for 20 seconds before resuming speech. D. reduce their own rate of speech.

Choice D reduce their own rate of speech

Some studies have shown that A. central auditory function is clinically and significantly abnormal in all persons who stutter. B. people who stutter have a significant auditory feedback defect. C. language is always represented in the right hemisphere of people who stutter. D. rhythm perception may be impaired in children who stutter.

Choice D rhythm perception may be impaired in children who stutter

A _________ develops when a blood clot occurs in a blood vessel and blood flow through the vessel reduces. A. hematoma B. pulmonary embolism C. hemorrhage D. thrombosis

Choice D thrombosis

When two vowels are combined (e.g., /ei/ in shake and lace), it results in a continuous change in the shape of the vocal tract. These sounds are called A. allophones. B. phonemes. C. morphemes. D. diphthongs.

Choice D Diphthongs

Which articulation difference is not commonly observed among Asian speakers of English as a second language? A. Shortening of polysyllabic words B. t/k substitution (e.g., tin/kin) C. Confusion of /r/ and /l/ D. Substitution of a/ae (e.g., shock/shack)

Choice b

Which of these concern(s) the patterns, systems, and rules of speech sounds in a language? a) all of these b) phonology c) phonetics d) phonemics

Choice b) Phonology

What are the two most prominent air-filled cavities that compose the outer ear and have a resonant frequency to which they respond best? A. Concha B. Tympanic cavity C. Ear canal D. Ossicles E. Helix F. Anti-helix

Choices A, C Concha Ear Canal

The radiographic imaging procedure that allows X-ray beams to circle through segments of the brain and pass through tissue while a camera takes pictures of sections of the structures being scanned is known as

Computerized axial tomography (CAT)

As part of a study, the speech of several subjects with Wilson's disease is evaluated using an acoustic analysis system. The same subjects are assessed again, but with a different system from another manufacturer. Which of the following can be assessed by comparing the two data sets? A.Content validity B.Concurrent validity C.Test-retest reliability D.Interjudge reliability

Concurrrent validity

A patient exhibits a reduction in hearing sensitivity when tested by air conduction; however, he shows normal sensitivity by bone conduction. This condition is called: A. Otitis media B. Sensorineural hearing loss C. Conductive hearing loss D. Mixed hearing loss

Conductive hearing loss

After completing an evaluation of a 5 year old patient an SLP finds that the child's speech contains numerous phonological error patterns. If the SLP follows a developmental sequence in planning intervention which of the following is most appropriate to target first?

Consonant assimilation

A child with developmental apraxia of speech is not making progress in a school setting. The parents wish to schedule additional therapy. A SLP in a local clinic evaluates and determines that a more individualized treatment plan is warranted. Which of the following actions is most appropriate for the SLP at the local clinic to take to ensure the child receives necessary treatment

Contacting the child's school SLP to coordinate treatment plans

Van Riper's approach to treating stuttering included all of the following except: A. Desensitization B. Modification C. Continuous phonation D. Motivation

Continuous phonation

A child has been demonstrating significant progress in producing the targeted responses in the therapy room; however, observation in the classroom indicates little mastery of the targeted responses. Which of the following would be the most appropriate revision to the treatment plan

Delivering treatment in the classroom

Mr. Lewis, a fourth-grade teacher, has referred a 9-year-old student to the school speech-language pathologist (SLP) because he is concerned that the student's speech is interfering with spelling performance. The SLP observes that the student substitutes the voiceless labiodental fricative for the voiceless interdental fricative in the word-final position and that the student reverses /s/ and /k/ in words such as "ask." Which of the following areas needs to be considered first? A.Auditory discrimination B.Dialectal differences C.Disordered phonological system D.Dyslexia

Dialectal differences

A 55-year old female presents for a speech evaluation because of concerns with recent changes in the clairty of her speech. She has noticed occasional coughing when drinking and her friends have commented that her voice sounds different. A recent visit to her primary care doctor could not determine the cause of her speech changes or coughing. Select the THREE most important factors for the SLP to explore during the patient interview

Difficulties with hearing, vision and fine or gross motor skills Onset and duration of her speech changes consistency of the symptoms

A large metropolitan school district wants to determine the prevalence of developmental stuttering among all enrolled students during the past year. Which of the following approaches is most appropriate for accomplishing the task

Dividing the total number of students who currently stutter by the total number of students who were enrolled during the past year

People with which of the following genetic disorders are at the highest risk for developing Alzheimer's disease? A. Turner syndrome B. Sickle-cell disease C. Down syndrome D. Williams syndrome

Down Syndrome

Darren, a client with cerebral palsy who was just added to your caseload, presents with uncontrollable movements that are rapid and jerky. You observe that Darren is experiencing trouble controlling movement in his hands, arms, feet, and legs. It appears that his tone changes throughout the day. What type of cerebral palsy does Darren have? A. Spastic B. Ataxic C. Dyskinetic D. Mixed

Dyskinetic

The neurons that transmit information away from the brain are called:

Efferent neurons

Which of the following phonological processes is a child expected to suppress by 3 years of age

Exhibiting weak syllable deletions

During child language intervention a child says "Bake cake" and the clinician responds with "Yes, we are baking a big, pink cake with rainbow sprinkles for your birthday" This is an example of: A. Expansion B. Extension C. Incidental teaching D. Prompting

Extension

For a patient with potential pharyngeal phase dysphagia and pooling of secretions following open-heart surgery with suspected recurrent laryngeal nerve damage, which of the following instrumental examinations for swallowing provides the most direct view for evaluating the patient based on history and suspected difficulties?

Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis results in which kind of mixed dysarthria

Flaccid-spastic dysarthria

You are performing a diagnostic evaluation on Belle, a 4-year-old girl, who was brought to the clinic by her mother due to concerns about her daughter's speech. During the evaluation, you note that Belle often produces /t/ instead of /k/ in the initial position of words. She also produced /w/ for /l/ in the word, leaf, and /d/ for /dÊ'/ in the word jump. Which of the following is an active phonological process that is not appropriate for Belle's age and should be addressed during therapy? A. Gliding B. Final consonant deletion C. Stopping /dÊ'/ D. Fronting

Fronting

Blake, a 65-year-old man, comes to an audiologist's office and complains that he has an intense burning pain close to his ear. He states that his symptoms include vertigo and facial paralysis. He said, "I have not slept well this past week. I have been constantly feeling that my balance is off and that everything is spinning. It takes a while for the feeling to eventually stop." After sitting in the office for 10 minutes, the audiologist suddenly notices that he has small sac-like bodies on his face and neck. After further examination, the audiologist finds these same sac-like vesicles in his ear canal. To understand what Blake is experiencing, the audiologist conducts a hearing exam. Results of the testing indicate that Blake has a severe bilateral high-frequency hearing loss. The audiologist's initial impression is that Blake may have had a postnatal infection that caused cochlear damage. Which of the following specific conditions does Blake most likely have? A. Meniere disease B. Measles C. Bacterial meningitis D. Herpes zoster oticus

Herpes Zoster Oticus

According to Halliday, what are four of the seven functions of communicative intent that develop between 9 and 18 months of age?

Heuristic, imaginative, interactional, personal

Debbie, a 42-year-old, was diagnosed with laryngeal cancer and has been noticing changes in her voice. Which of the following is the primary voice symptom of laryngeal cancer? A. Diplophonic B. Breathiness C. Hoarseness D. Strained

Hoarseness

A child must have one of 13 specified disabilities to receive services under this law

IDEA

The office of special education and rehabilitative services administers this law

IDEA

this law provides an eligible student with an IEP

IDEA

This law prevents discrimination against persons with disabilities

IDEA & Section 504?

Though cleft palate is often cause by genetic factors it can also be related to mechanical factors. which one of these is NOT a mechanical factor related to the cleft palate

Illegal drug use by the birth mother

Human communication is vital for language development. Which of the following is not a main cognitive principle? A. Equilibrium B. Imitation C. Organization D. Adaptation

Imitation

Which one of the following is false regarding dental deviations?

In class II malocclusion, the maxilla is receded and the mandible is protruded

Laryngeal cancer patients who are treated with radiotherapy for a small tumor may experience all of the following except: A. Temporary hoarseness B. Temporary vocal roughness C. Small changes in saliva flow D. Inability to phonate

Inability to phonate

You move to a new elementary school and begin seeing children on the caseload. Johnny, a 7-year-old child, is receiving intervention to "increase semantic skills." Five goals are listed on his IEP. Which one of these goals is inappropriate?

Increase use of appropriate discourse skills, turn taking and conversational repair strategies

An slp in a private practice receieves a letter from the state licensing office informing her that her license expired the previous week. The SLP was unaware that she had been practicing with a lapsed license for seven working days. Which THREE of the following actions are the best course of action for the SLP?

Informing the practice administrator reassigning patients to a licensed SLP alerting patients to the lapse in licensure

Which of the following is an example of a reversible passive

Jared was bullied by Michael

Which muscles from the list below are the most involved in adducting the vocal folds?

Lateral cricoarytenoids and transverse arytenoid

Apraxia of speech is often associated with

Lesions in Broca's area

Which of the following formants typically characterizes a high vowel

Low frequency first formant The F1 is inversely associated with tongue height such that high vowels tend to have low F1 frequencies

You are conducting intervention with a student who has a steep bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. He is from another country where he did not receive cochlear implants, and he is in the process of learning English. He does wear hearing aids. One challenge for this student is difficulty lipreading, especially when sounds are homophenous. Which one of the following word pairs contains homophenous sounds? A. Tin-kin B. Lace-race C. Man-pan D. Veil-whale

Man-pan

Which of the following is considered an exercise for patients with dysphagia and should not be performed with food?

Masako manuever

An SLP designs a series of treatment activities for Jake, a 4 year old who presents with severely delayed phonological development. During one of the activities, the SLP asks Jake to say various word pairs in which two phonologically dissimilar target sounds, both of which are absent from the child's phonetic inventory, are contrasted (for example, "chip" and "rip"). Which of the following choices best describes the treatment approach that is being used? A.Multiple-oppositions approach B.Minimal-pairs approach C.Maximal-oppositions approach D.Metaphonological approach

Maximal oppositions approach The maximal oppositions approach contrasts two errored sounds differing across place, manner and voicing to gain the greatest amount of generalization

The articulation therapy approach that emphasizes the syllable as the basic unit of speech production and heavily uses the concept of phonetic environment is

McDonald's sensorimotor approach

A 54-year-old man came to an ENT physician complaining of vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, nausea, and a fullness of pressure in the ear. The patient informed the doctor that the episodes of vertigo last for about 30 minutes at a time. After conducting several tests, including videonystagmography, rotary-chair testing, vestibular evoked myogenic potential testing, and posturography, the doctor diagnosed A. autoimmune inner ear disease. B. presbycusis. C. an acoustic neuroma. D. Meniere's disease

Meniere's disease

You are conducting an assessment with an incoming kindergartener Jason E. who has difficulty with word endings. Specficially he tends to omit endings like - est (saying "sad" instead of "saddest"), -ily (saying "angry" instead of "angrily"), etc. He is having difficulty with which specific aspect of language

Morphology

Which of the following is most likely to occur in an infant with an unrepaired cleft palate?

Nasal regurgitation

which of the following is characteristic of apraxia of speech but not dysarthria

Normal strength, tone and range of movement of oral and pharyngeal muscles

When evaluating the voice of an individual with laryngeal cancer, what is the most valuable tool in the assessment of a voice disorder? A. Case history B. Past medical history C. Patient interview D. Treatment protocol

Patient interview

Which of the following statements best explains why thickened liquids for adult patients with dysphagia should be used with caution

Patients dislike thickened liquids and therefore do not drink enough resulting in dehydration

A hospital based clinician receives a referral of Mary a 71 year old woman. Mary's 35 year old son says "Mom just isn't herself anymore; we don't know what's wrong or what to do. We don't know if she had a stroke or what's going on" After talking with mary in the initial interview the clinician realizes that he will have to assess Mary in depth to evaluate whether she has aphasia or DAT (dementia of the Alzheimer's type). If Mary has DAT which of the following symptoms will she show?

Poor judgement; impaired reasoning; disorientation in new places; widespread intellectual deterioration; empty speech; jargon; incoherent, slurred and rapid speech; problems in comprehending abstract messages

A hospital based clinician receives a referral of mary, a 71 year old woman. Mary's 35-year old son says "Mom just isn't herself anymore; we don't know what's wrong or what do to. We don't know if she had a stroke or what's going on." After talking with Mary in the initial interview, the clinician realizes that he will have to assess Mary in depth to evaluate whether she has aphasia or DAT (dementia of the Alzehimer's type). If Mary has DAT which fo the following symptoms will she show?

Poor judgement; impaired reasoning; disorientation in new places; widespread intellectual deterioration; empty speech; jargon; incoherent, slurred and rapid speech; problems in comprehending abstract messages.

Management of which one of the following examination observations alone will produce the best improvement in the pneumonia risk of an adult patient with chronic dysphagia? A.Poor oral bolus control and containment B.Poor oral hygiene and dependence for oral care C.Delayed onset of the pharyngeal stage of swallowing D.Impaired distension of the upper esophageal sphincter

Poor oral hygiene and dependence for oral care

You are treating a 4-year-old boy with specific language impairment (SLI) for intervention. You notice that he omits all grammatical morphemes in his speech. Which one of the following morphemes would you target first in therapy with him A. Articles a, an, the B. Regular plural -s C. Present progressive -ing D. Regular past tense -ed

Present progressive -ing

Which of the following must a child first be able to do before the child can produce narratives

Produce several utterances on the same topic

Early intentional communication typically emerges in the months leading up to a child's first birthday. Which of the following communicative functions typically emerges first in this period? A.Requesting B.Commenting C.Protesting D.Greeting

Protesting

Tumors in the larynx may be managed primarily by surgery or: A. Radiotherapy B. Chemotherapy C. Layngectomy D. Partial laryngectomy

Radiotherapy

An slp in a public school will be seeing a student who is returning to school after experiencing a traumatic brain injury (tbi) The student has dysphagia and the SLP will provide dysphagia therapy as part of the student's IEP. The clinician seeks evidence to help develop the intervention. Which of the following is the best resource?

Reading a published case study of a 15 year old who received dysphagia therapy after a car accident

A patient presents to the SLP with voice changes. After completing a patient assessment, the SLP notes that the patient's vocal quality and function indicate the possibility of a superior laryngeal nerve injury. Which of the following presentations is most consistent with this impression?

Reduced pitch range

Which of the following signs of dysphagia is the most common oral-stage observation when assessing a patient with Parkinson's disease

Repeated nonpropulsive lingual movements

According to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fifth edition, criteria for ASD and social communication disorder which of the following characteristics best helps an SLP provide a differential diagnosis for ASD instead of SCD?

Repetitive and restrictive patterns of behavior

Mr. Greene recently sustained a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), which impaired his communication. An SLP asked him to describe the illustration above. He said, "Well, it's a black-and-white drawing on heavy paper. There's a window with blinds and a driveway or sidewalk going off into the distance." Mr. Greene's response is most characteristic of which type of language disorder? A.Right-hemisphere language impairment B.Broca's aphasia C.Global aphasia D.Anomia

Right-hemisphere language impairment

Preston, a 58-year old mechanic was diagnosed with aphasia. To improve brain reorganization, the clinician was recommending therapy, based on a theory that includes auditory processing for all aspects of language ability. Therapy would feature varying the load while providing intensive auditory stimulation to target word retrieval, word repetition, sentence formulation, writing, and reading. Which theory is this?

Schuells (1964) Stimulation Approach

Which one of the following Pigetian stages which include object permanence corresponds with the emergence of a typically developing child's first word?

Sensorimotor

A 65 year old male who is hospitalized with pneumonia completed a videofluoroscopic swallowing study. Findings showed aspiration after the swallow due to a reduced upper esophageal sphincter opening diameter separating the bolus tail which was then retained in the pyriform sinuses. Which of the following interventions was designed to and is shown to improve upper esophageal sphincter opening?

Shaker (head lift) exercise

Which of the following statements best represents a syntactic structure characteristic of spanish-influenced english?

She no do laundry today

Speech recognition threshold (SRT) is the intensity at which an individual can identify simple speech material about 50% of the time. During a basic hearing evaluation, an audiologist is measuring a patient's SRT. The audiologist says words such as baseball, ice cream, and sunset. She then asks her patient to say the words that were uttered. The test materials used by this audiologist are best known as: A. Spondee words B. Monosyllabic words C. Functional words with two syllables D. Multisyllabic words with no stress

Spondee words

Which of the following is generally considered most effective and appropriate for viewing the vocal folds during phonation

Stroboscopy

A school district does not use a standard therapy log for SLP services. An SLP who works for the district develops a form to document therapy services provided. Which THREE of the following are key to include on the form to document the provision of speech and language IEP services

Student performance during the therapy session Types of services provided within a therapy session Signature from the SLP verifying delivery of services

Which of the following statements accurately describes state licensure requirements that must be met for an SLP to legally provide services via telepractice within the state or across state lines

The SLP should check with all relevant state licensure boards before delivering telepractice services

A 5 year old child's evaluation reveals a developmental speech delay secondary to an intellectual disability. Which of the following statements about etiology is most likely true?

The information provided does not allow an assumption to be made on etiology

During videofluoroscopic evaluation of an adult patient, the SLP notices material in both pyriform sinuses after the patient swallows. Upon review, the SLP sees that both pyriform sinuses clear during the pharyngeal swallow but then refill quickly as the structures return to rest. Which of the following statements best explains this observation

The patient had small pharyngeal pouches (pharyngoceles) that filled with barium during the swallow and then empties into the pyriform sinuses after each swallow.

Broad phonemic transcription involves

The use of IPA symbols to transcribe phonemes by enclosing them within slash marks (/f/)

Broad phonemic transcription involves:

The use of IPA symbols to transcribe phonemes by enclosing them within slash marks (/f/)

Which type of laryngectomy physically separates the gastrointestinal tract from the respiratory tract?

Total laryngectomy

Which of the following procedures involves a placement of a small flexible prosthesis into a surgically placed puncture in the patient's stoma A. Tracheoesophageal puncture B. Esophageal puncture C. Electrolarynx procedure D. Staffieri neoglottis procedure

Tracheoesophageal puncture

Which of the following strategies to treat compensatory articulation errors is most appropriate for a child with hypernasality and glottal stop substitutions following surgery for velopharyngeal insufficiency

Using tactile cues to elicit phonemes

A 35 year old female is referred for an outpatient swallowing evaluation after having a thyroidectomy. Her complaints include coughing when drinking and dysphonia. Which of the following evaluation options is the most appropriate post-treatment follow-up for the patient

Using the fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES)

Which of the following does NOT occur between 8 and 10 months of age in the typically developing child?

Using the phrase "all gone" to express emerging negation

closes the jaw for chewing

V trigeminal

Which of the following communication diagnoses would most likely require a treatment program that is focused on improving auditory language comprehension

Wernicke's aphasia

A clinician in a hospital setting is asked to evaluate a 64-year-old patient who appears to have dementia. In gathering the case history from the patient's adult daughter, the clinician finds out that the patient began drinking alcohol as a 15-year-old and has been a heavy drinker since that time. A detailed evaluation shows that the patient presents with memory problems, difficulty processing abstract information and visual-spatial deficits. This patient most likely has

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A clinician in a hospital setting is asked to evaluate a 64-year-old patient who appears to have dementia. The referring physician wishes to have a specific diagnosis, and the clinician is asked to gather detailed case history information as well as to conduct a thorough assessment of the patient. In gathering the case history from the patient's adult daughter, the clinician finds out that the patient began drinking alcohol as a 15-year-old and has been a heavy drinker since that time. A detailed evaluation shows that the patient presents with memory problems, difficulty processing abstract information, and visual-spatial deficits. The patient most likely has: A. dementia of the Alzheimer's type B. Parkinson's disease C. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome D. aphasia

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

which of the following stmts regarding statistical significance is true

a statistically significant different can occur between experimental groups and control groups even if the magnitude of difference between the groups is quite small.

A client comes to a clinician seeking voice therapy. Chris is an 25-year-old male-to-female transgender client who has undergone several procedures to become more feminine. She tells you that she is also taking estrogen. She shares that she needs help to speak in a more feminine way, but she does not know how to go about this. She is also dealing with emotional issues surrounding her gender reassignment. In this case, the clinician should ideally

advice Chris that a combination of counseling, surgery and voice therapy to teach her more feminine pitch levels and communication patterns would best serve her needs

A client comes to a clinician seeking voice therapy. Chris is a 25-year-old male to female transgender client who has undergone several procedures to become more feminine. She tells you that she is also taking estrogen. She shares that she needs help to speak in a more feminine way but she does not know how to go about this. She is also dealing with emotional issues surrounding her gender reassignment. In this case, the clinician should ideally

advise Chris that a combination of counseling surgery, and voice therapy to teach her more feminine pitch levels and communication patterns would best serve her needs

Which of the following statements best indicates a screening tool with high sensitivity

all of the children who failed the screening were found to have a communication disorder

The SST believes that Justin might profit from the SCERTS approach to intervention which involves

an emphasis on the importance of targeting goals in social communication and emotional regulation by implementing transactional supports such as visual supports, environmental arrangements and communication-style adjustments

Which of the following approaches most accurately helps an SLP know if a treatment plan for an adolescent with language disorders is having an impact on academic learning

analyzing performance on classroom-based assessments

Joanna is a 36 month child who is enrolled in a tx program for stuttering. The slp is involving Joanna's pasrents and 5 year old brother in tx activities. every time joanna's brother participates in a tx activity, Joanna begins to stutter much more severely than she does when interacting with her parents. Which of the following actions is the most appropriate for the slp to take next

analyzing recorded conversations between joanna and her brother to identify discourse factors that might affect the severity of Joanna's stuttering

The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) guarantees parents access to their child's educational records. However this mandate does not apply to the daily records kept by an SLP working in a school setting if these records

are kept in the sole possession of the SLP

A clinician in a hospital setting is asked to evaluate a 64-year-old patient who appears to have dysarthria as a result of a TBI from falling and hitting the back lower portion of his head. A detailed motor speech evaluation shows that the patient presents with slurred speech, imprecise consonants, distorted vowels, slow rate of speech and excess and even stress. The patient's motor movements are described by the nursing staff as "clumsy" and " uncoordinated". Based on the given information , the clinician would most likely classify the patient's dysarthria as

ataxic dysarthria

Marfan Syndrome

autosomal, dominant inherited disorder caused by mutations in the FBN1 gene

A 59-year-old male patient with laryngeal cancer presents to a SLP before a laryngectomy. The SLP completes the evaluation and takes time to counsel the patient regarding what to expect during and after the procedure. Which of the following reasons best identifies the importance of a patient meeting with an SLP prior to surgery

being educated regarding artificial forms of speech

One treatment option for adductor spasmodic dysphonia involves the percutaneous injection of which of the following into the thyroarytenoid muscle

botulinum toxin

When completing an oral mechanism on a patient presenting with stroke-like symptoms which of the following findings would be most likely to predict aspiration during an instrumental swallow evaluation

breathy phonation

A patient with end-stage cancer was experiencing loss of weight, fatigue, weakness, and a significant reduction in appetite. The oncologist mentioned to the speech-language pathologist that even though the patient was not actively trying to lose weight, his loss of body mass would be difficult to reverse nutritionally because he had aggressive cancer. This condition of weight loss that is a common complication associated with cancer is called A. gluconeogenesis. B. cachexia. C. anorexia. D. lipolysis.

cachexia

An slp collects a play based language sample from a 3 year old patient who uses mostly single words with a few two word combinations. Which of the following analyses should the SLP plan to apply to obtain the most helpful and appropriate information when forming tx goals from the sample?

calculating the mean length of utterance in morphemes

Which of the following should a typically developing 9 month old child begin to demonstrate

canonical babbling

The structure that regulates body posture, equilibrium and coordinated fine motor movements is the

cerebellum

The structure that regulates body posture, equilibrium, and coordinated fine motor movements is the

cerebellum

Research has indicated that in a longitudinal study of 36 children who stuttered and 34 controls, Garnett et al. (2018) found that in persistent development stuttering, there was strong evidence of a primary deficit in the left hemisphere in the ________________ A. posterior parietal cortex. B. primary somatosensory cortex. C. supplementary motor area and the secondary motor cortex. D. lateral premotor cortex and primary motor cortex.

choice D lateral premotor cortex and primary motor cortex

Based on your diagnosis (PD) you would expect Fran's speech and language to be characterized by: a. fluency problems, including silent pauses as well as repetitions because of false starts and attempts at self correction b. quality and rate that are "drunken" and slow, with excessive and even stess. c. incoherent, slurred, and rapid speech accompanied by metathetic errors. d. monopitch, a harsh and breath voice, short rushes of speech, imprecise consonants, and respiratory problems

choice d

Though cleft palate is often caused by genetic factors, it can also be related to mechanical factors. Which one of these is NOT a mechanical factor related to cleft palate? a. intrauterine crowding b. twinning c. uterine tumor d. illegal drug use by the birth mother

choice d

Which of the following is the most common phonological problem evidenced by young children aged 18-29 months

cluster reduction

Which of the following strategies best demonstrates an SLP working as a response to intervention (RTI) team member to provide a student Tier 2 language supports?

collaborating with the teacher to provide small group instruction

An slp works at a voice clinic and learns that a patient who has arrived for an initial voice evaluation has not received medical evaluation by a laryngologist. Which of the following actions is the best plan for referring the patient to a laryngologist for a medical evaluation?

completing the voice evaluation and referring the patient to a laryngologist for a medical evaluation prior to initiating therapeutic intervention

A patient is diagnosed with CVA of the temporal lobe. The patient exhibits deficits in repetition, written expression and auditory comprehension. In addition, literal paraphasias are noted. These findings are consistent with what type of aphasia?

conduction

An SLP just completed an aphasia eval with an aphasia battery. The results of the battery show that the patient with aphasia produces very fluent speech but makes many phonemic errors. When producing phonemic errors, the patient stops to try and get the word right with multiple attempts. The patient also had relatively good comprehension but a pronounced repetition impairment. The patient's results are most consistent with which of the following type of aphasia?

conduction aphasia

An slp designs a study to examine the effect of a new therapy technique in comparison to the effect of the current standard approach. Patients are recruited and randomly assigned to either a control group or an experimental group. the outcomes of each group will then be compared. which of the following best describes the SLPs research project?

controlled trial

The anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to the

corpus callosum and basal ganglia

Which of the following reflexive responses is primarily responsible for expelling material from the airway of healthy adult individuals

cough reflex

Which of the following muscles is responsible for changing vocal pitch

cricothyroid

Effie is a 61-year old right handed patient who had a right hemisphere stroke that resulted in aphasia. This is known as __________ aphasia and is considered an exceptional aphasia as the damage has occurred in Effie's dominant hemisphere.

crossed aphasia

Following a stroke, a 65-year old patient displays the following symptoms. She is unable to identify unfamiliar words and is having difficulty sounding out written words. When reading a passage, the patient reads the word "horse" instead of the word "donkey." In terms of treatment planning, it appears that the patient has __________. You inform the family that your therapy will focus on phonological treatment (sublexical skills) and maximizing spelling performance (interactive treatment to train lexical and sublexical information).

deep alexia

Primary progressive aphasia is a form of

dementia

Esophageal and tracheoesophageal (TEP) techniques for producing alaryngeal voice are similar in that both

depend on adequate vibration of the pharyngo esophegeal PE segment

Which of the following risk factors has the highest independent predictive value for pneumonia in elderly people with dysphagia

depending on others for feeding and oral care

When an SLP assesses the communication skills of a bilingual child, it is important for the SLP to evaluate both langauges primarily to

diagnose a communication disorder

An important structure adjacent to the brainstem that contains the hypothalamus (which controls emotions ) and the thalamus (which relays sensory impulses to various portions of the cerebral cortex) is called the

diencephalon

An important structure adjacent to the brainstem that contains the hypothalamus (which controls emotions) and the thalamus (which relays sensory impulses to various portions of the cerebral cortex) is called

diencephalon

The suprahyoid laryngeal muscles lie above the hyoid bone; they are sometimes called elevators. The suprahyoid muscles are the

digastricts, geniohyoids, mylohyoids, stylohyoids, genioglossus and hyoglossus

A 9-year-old child is one year post tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy and presents with moderate hypernasality and consistent nasal emission. the child was referred for assessment and velopharyngeal incompetency was identified. Which of the following would be the next appropriate step for the SLP to take?

discuss surgical management options with the craniofacial team

Lucien, a 22-year-old male, is hospitalized after sustaining a TBI from a motor vehicle accident. There is no injury to the cerebellum, brainstem or peripheral nerves. When assessing Lucien, the clinician might expect to find: A. dysarthria, confused language (e.g., confabulation), auditory comprehension problems, confrontation naming problems, perseveration of verbal responses, pragmatic language problems, and reading and writing difficulties B. dysarthria, confused language (e.g., confabulation), auditory comprehension problems, no confrontation naming problems, and agrammatic or telegraphic speech C. confrontation naming problems, perseveration of verbal responses, pragmatic language problems, intact reading and writing skills, and echolalia D. severely impaired fluency, severe echolalia, agrammatic and telegraphic speech, and intact auditory comprehension skills

dysarthria, confused language (e.g., confabulation), auditory comprehension problems, confrontation naming problems, perseveration of verbal responses, pragmatic language problems and reading and writing difficulties.

which of the following activities is an example of a metalinguistic strategy used to assist a student with language difficulties

editing the writing of same-aged peers

The neurons that transmit information away from the brain are called

efferent neurons

Which of the following is characteristic of child-directed speech

exaggerated pitch contours

closes the lips to contain bolus

facial

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis results in which kind of mixed dysarthria

flaccid-spastic dysarthria

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis results in which kind of mixed dysarthria

flaccid-spastic dysarthria

Sensorineural hearing loss resulting from Meniere's disease causes

fluctuating levels of hearing loss

You are asked to see an 8-year-old boy Jason for potential therapy because he is very hoarse. Jason has been hoarse for approximately 8 months. He is an active, happy third grader who loves spots and is engaged in various types of sports (Soccer, baseball, etc) year-round. Reportedly, Jason frequently screams at games. At the school, there is a 15 min recess in the morning and a 30 min recess after lunch .you observe Jason on the playground at recess several times over a period of 2 weeks and see that he loves to run, play, and yell loudly with his friends. Jason's parents have given you a letter from the ENT that definitively states that Jason has vocal nodules. After an eval, the first thing you would do it

focus on identification and reduction of vocally abusive behavior such as yelling and screaming using computer games to help motivate Jason to use better vocal habits.

of the following symptoms the one associated with dysarthria is

forced inspirations and expirations that interrupt speech

In Bloom and Lahey's model, morphology is considered

form

A school-based SLP is conducting classroom-based intervention with several students diagnosed with specific language impairment. This means that the SLP is

going into the classroom and helping language impaired students, individually or in a small group format to achieve classroom curriculum goals

To compensate for the effects of normal aging on cognitive functions, older adults will naturally demonstrate

greater amounts of bilateral activation of prefrontal brain regions

An SLP evaluates the speech of a child with suspected velopharyngeal dysfunction. loading sentences with which of the following types of stimuli would be most helpful to include in the speech evaluation

high pressure oral stops and fricatives

You are evaluating a girl who has been referred because of difficulties associated with partial submucous cleft palate accompanied by a bifid uvula. During your evaluation, you can probably expect to find

hypernasality accompanied by decreased intraoral breath pressure, leading to difficulties with adequate production of fricatives, affricates and plosives

You are evaluating a girl who has been referred because of difficulties associated with partial submucous cleft palate accompanied by a bifid uvula. During your evaluation you can probably expect to find

hypernasality, accompanied by decreased intraoral breath pressure leading to difficulties with adequte production of fricatives, affricates and plosives

You are evaluating a girl who has been referred because of difficulties associated with partial submucous cleft palate accompanied by a bifid uvula. During your evaluation you can probably expect to find

hypernasality, accompanied by decreased intraoral breath pressure, leading to difficulties with adequate production of fricatives, affricates and plosives

controls tongue movements during bolus transport in the mouth

hypoglossal

A 75 year old man presents with conversational speech characterized by prolonged silent intervals and hypophonia. Resonance is normal but voice quality is rough and tremulous. Pitch is relatively unaffected. There is no evidence of speech deterioration over time. Which of the following diagnoses is the most reasonable based on the patient's data

hypokinetic dysarthria

which of the following dysarthria is associated with Parkinson's disease?

hypokinetic dysarthria

Though cleft palate is often caused by genetic factors, it can also be related to mechanical factors. Which one of these is NOT a mechanical factor related to cleft palate?

illegal drug use by the birth mother

An SLP engages in interprofessional practice in a large health care center and works with a neurologic rehabilitation tea to treat a patient who is status post left-hemisphere stroke. The SLPs primary focus on the team is to

improve the patient experience and outcome of care at the site

A patient with the recent onset of idiopathic unilateral vocal fold paralysis with a large glottal gap is evaluated by an otolaryngologist and SLP. The tx most appropriate for this patient is

injection augmentation with subsequent voice therapy

You have been asked to counsel with Dough, a 45 yr old man who has smoked and drank alcohol since he was a teenager. He now has laryngeal cancer and before surgery, the surgeon asks you to talk with Dough about esophageal speech . You explain to Doug that there are two basic types of esophageal speech. In one method the patient is taught to keep the esophagus open and relaxes while inhaling rapidly. In the other method, the patient impounds the air in the oral cavity, pushes it back into the esophagus and vibrates the cricopharyngeaus muscle. The second method is called the

injection method

An SLP evaluates a 5 year old child who produces several sounds in error. The SLP wants to determine the consistency of the child's errors by conducting stimulability testing. The most appropriate next step for the SLP is to ask the child to produce each misarticulated sound in

isolation after watching and listening to the SLP produce the sounds correctly

Sara is reading a story aloud in her class. To make distinctions between similar-sounding words like "I scream" and "ice cream," she uses a combination of suprasegmentals such as intonation and pausing, which mark special distinctions or grammatical divisions in speech. This type of vocal punctuation is also called A. stress. B. prosody. C. pitch. D. juncture.

juncture

An SLP is evaluating a preschool child referred for concerns regarding stuttering. In which of the following areas is performance likely to be weaker in a preschooler who stutters than in a typical preschooler? A.Hearing acuity B.Voice C.Language D.Swallowing

language

An evaluation is performed on a 5 year old with frequent hoarseness. Which of the following measures is primarily included in the endoscopic examination

laryngeal visualization

Which muscles from the list below are the most involved in adducting the vocal folds

lateral cricoarytenoids and transverse arytenoid

which muscles from the list below are the most involved in adducting the vocal folds

lateral cricoarytenoids and transverse arytenoid

which of the following will most effectively increase the fundemental frequency of the voice

lengthening the vocal folds

Which of the following is a homophonous pair A. carat-carrot B. let-wet C. most-host D. she-be

let-wet

The structure at the inferior portion of the tongue that connects the tongue with the mandible is called the

lingual frenum

The structure at the inferior portion of the tongue that connects the tongue with the mandible is called the:

lingual frenum

Which of the following would be inappropriate to recommend for a patient with dysphagia due to poor base of tongue retraction

lingual sweep of lateral sulci

When completing a videofluoroscopic swallow study on a geriatric patient which of the following findings is most appropriately considered typical development?

liquid bolus enters pharynx before hyolaryngeal excursion begins

Elisions and transpositions are referred to as phoneme

manipulations

You are evaluating Ronnie a 3 year old boy who is moderately unintelligible. His phonetic inventory includes the phonemes /t, d, m, n, p, b/ He manifests the phonological pattern of final consonant deletion. In therapy, the most appropriate target word to focus on would be

map

The two properties of a medium that affect sound transmission are

mass and elasticity

Moebius syndrome

may have delayed language and an articulation disorder as well as bilabial paresis and weak tongue control for lateralization, elevation, depression, and protrusion; a mask like face; a history of feeding problems in infancy and unilateral or bilateral paralysis of the abductors of the eye.

When completing speech sound evaluations, it is best practice for an SLP to include a sample of connected speech because connect speech samples

may result in different types of errors than those elicited by single-word elicitation tasks

Which of the following is characteristic of a mild traumatic brain injury

memory loss of events immediately preceding or following the trauma incident

An slp plans cognitive treatment for a patient with right hemisphere disorder due to a stroke. Which of the following patient characteristics is most likely to have an impact on the patient's engagement in tx and outcomes?

moderate anosognosia for identified deficits

Based on your diagnosis you would expect Fran's speech and language to be characterized by

monopitch, a harsh and breathy voice, short rushes of speech, imprecise consonants and respiratory problems (parkinson's disease)

The ~ mark when placed above a phoneme, indicates that the phoneme is usually A. voiced and has become devoiced. B. aspirated and has become unaspirated. C. non-nasal and has become nasalized. D. non-labial and has become labialized.

non-nasal and has become nasalized

In Oller's stage of infant phonological development, reduplicated babbling precedes

nonreduplicated or variegated babbling

The most significant communication problem associated with right hemisphere disorder is

overall communicative effectiveness

Muscles that contribute to velopharyngeal closure through tensing or elevating the velum are the:

palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini

Muscles that contribute to velopharyngeal closure through tensing or elevating the velum are the

palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, and levator veli palatini

Muscles that contribute to velopharyngeal closure through tensing or elevating the velum are the:

palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, and levator veli palatini

During the course of tx as a child manipulates various toys in symbolic play the clinician vocalizes the child's actions (for example, you're putting the pan on the stove) The intervention technique used by the clinician is identified as

parallel talk

A 28 year old female self refers for a voice evaluation. She exhibits a variable dysphonia (it is present in some sentences but not in others) which presents as mild to moderate roughness. The SLP desires more objective data about the patient's voice quality. Based on the information obtained so far, which of the following assessments best complements the perceptual assessment to help the SLP determine the underlying physiological impairments?

performing acoustic assessment

which of the following is not a disorder of the pharyngeal phase of the swallow? a. decreased laryngeal elevation b. reduced tongue base retraction c. decreased upper esophageal sphincter (UES) opening d. premature spillage over the base of tongue

premature spillage over the base of tongue (oral phase)

A 75 year old patient is referred from a laryngologist with a diagnosis of prebylaryngis/presbyphonia. The patieint complains of reduced vocal loudness and increased vocal effort while speaking. which of the following tx is most appropriate for the patient?

producing vowel sounds and phrases using high vocal intensity phonation

The therapy technique of phonetic placement is used to teach or establish

production of a phoneme in isolation

An slp is reviewing research literature for an evidence based communication intervention for a young child with asd. which of the following research designs provides the strongest proof of efficacy for evidence-based communication intervention?

randomized controlled trials of a tx including children with ASD

according to literature on men's and women's voices, the prevalence of benign vocal fold lesions in women can best be explained by differences in

rates of vocal fold vibration

A 28 year old classroom teacher complaining of frequent voice loss is seen by an slp and an otolaryngologist. it is determined the patient's symptoms are linked to significant vocal demands. Which of the following recommendations is the most appropriate first step to treat the underlying disorder

recommending voice amplification with resonant voice therapy

As part of counseling Juanita, you share with her that phonosurgery will be necessary. You emphasize that if she continues to abuse her voice, she may have to have repeated surgeries. These repeated surgeries can cause her voice to sound gravelly and rough which is primarily a result of

reduced mucosal wave action

A 67-year-old man comes to you for a voice evaluation. He was referred by his primary care doctor. He states that his voice has been getting "weaker" for the past 5-6 months. Upon oral peripheral examination, you find that he has fasciculations (tremors) of the tongue and some general facial weakness. The first thing you would do is

refer him to a neurologist for an evaluation

A 65 year old patient is transferred from another facility with a diagnosis of aphasia. The pt's symptoms however appear more consistent with apraxia. Which of the following tasks for the patient is most appropriate when assessing verbal apraxia of speech

repeating words of increasing length

Which of the following is used to improve the performance of struggling students who receive scientifically based instruction in a general education classroom

response to intervention

Of the following, which is generally the most appropriate tx goal for clients who have had a laryngectomy

restoration of oral communication

Jon an 18 year old male sustained a severe traumatic brain injury following a motor cycle accident. He was in a coma for approximately four weeks before being transferred to a rehabilitation program. Joe demonstrates severe attention deficits, anomia, disorientation and poor short term memory. Which of the following should be the initial target area in the treatment plan?

retraining attention as a discrete cognitive process

A child is eligible under this law if he or she has any physical or mental condition that substantially limits a major life activity

section 504

The office for civil rights administers this law

section 504

Which of the following therapeutic techniques is most appropriate to treat hyperfunctional voice disorders

semi-occluded vocal tract exercises

A 24 month old who was screened for asd attends a twice weekly early intervention program to address developmental delays which of the following is the best way to determine the communication goals for the child?

setting goals that address communciation challenges within daily activities and routines

Vivian, a 72-year-old woman, has just had surgery for laryngeal cancer. The clinician is trying to support Vivian in many ways, including asking several laryngectomy patients from a local support group to come and talk with Vivian about her options for speech. The support group members strongly recommend the Blom-Singer prosthetic device. They explain that the device is used by laryngectomees to

shunt the air from the trachea to the esophagus so that the patient can speak on pulmonary air entering the esophagus

An SLP developed a new approach to the tx of school age children with specific language impairment. to determine whether this approach is effective the language abilities of these children following tx should be compared with the language abilities of

similar children who did not receive tx

Patients who might be treated with CO2 laser surgery, recurrent laryngeal nerve resection, botox, voice therapy, or a combination would probably have:

spasmodic dysphonia

In preschoolers who stutter, there appears to be sex-specific differences in _____________ between preschool boys and girls who stutter.

speech motor control processes

For a patient's use of consonant cluster reduction, the SLP would most appropriately recommend intervention, including words such as A.knight B.laugh C.stop D.wish

stop The /st/ in "stop is the only cluster

A singer comes to you for therapy. she had bypass surgery, and in the process, there was damage to her recurrent laryngeal nerve. In the course of intervention, you will most likely focus on:

strategies to improve vocal fold adduction

Which of the following sets of minimal pair words best targets the phonological patterns of stopping of frictatives

sun and ton

Children with semantic-pragmatic language disorders often have difficulty learning deictic words because such terms

take the perspective of the communication partner

In infants and children with cleft palates, Eustachian tube dysfunction is probably mostly related to the lack of contraction of the

tensor veli palatini muscle

In infants and children with cleft palates, eustachian tube dysfunction is probably mostly related to the lack of contraction of the

tensor veli palatini muscle

A mother reports that her three-year-old son's speech seems normal at school but at home his speech is either loud or fast or he stops talking altogether. The mother further reports that she, her husband and their two children speak quickly and interrupt each other frequently. She is concerned that her son is not developing the speech and language skills to keep up. Which of the following statements is most accurate with respect to the mother's concern?

the child's speech neuromotor system can keep up with the language systems of children his own age but not with the more advanced systems in his household.

The term coda refers to

the consonant at the end of the syllable

The manner of articulation refers to

the degree of type of constriction of the vocal tract during consonant production

the manner of articulation refers to

the degree of type of constriction of the vocal tract during consonant production

This syndrome is caused by a rare genetic disorder that affects an estimated 1 out of every 20,000 babies. It is caused by

the deletion of approximately 25 genes on one copy of chromosome 7q11.23

William's syndrome is caused by a rare genetic disorder that affects an estimated 1 out of every 20,000 babies. It is caused by

the deletion of approximately 25 genes on one copy of chromosome 7q11.23

Williams Syndrome is caused by a rare genetic disorder that affects an estimated 1 out of 20,000 babies. It is caused by

the deletion of approximately 25 genes on one copy of chromosome 7q11.23

The cover-body theory of phonation states that

the epithelium and the superficial, intermediate and deep layers of the lamina propria vibrate as a "cover" on a relatively stationary "body". this body is composed of the remainder of the TA muscle

The cover-body theory of phonation states that:

the epithelium, and the superficial, intermediate and deep layers of the lamina propria vibrate as a "cover" on a relatively stationary "body". This body is composed of the remainder of the TA muscle

The lowest frequency of a periodic wave is also known as

the formant frequency of first harmonic

The lowest frequency of a periodic wave is also known as

the fundamental frequency of first harmonic

The lowest frequency of a periodic wave is also known as

the fundamental frequency or first frequency

Which of the following nerves provides efferent innervation to the stylopharyngeus muscle and contributes toward the elevation of the pharynx and the larynx?

the glossopharyngeal

During an examination of the oral peripheral mechanism of an adult who has had a right hemisphere stroke in the territory of the middle cerebral artery, testing for lingual motor function reveals protrusion of the tongue to the left of midline

the patient exhibits unilateral left lingual weakness

Infants with cleft lip and palate are susceptible to middle ear disease because which of the following muscles is commonly impaired? A.The superior constrictor muscle B.The levator veli palatini muscle C.The palatopharyngeus muscle D.The tensor veli palatini muscle

the tensor veli palatini muscle

Which of the following is typical of spondee words

they are two syllable words produced with equal stress

Purposeless, random involuntary movements of body parts associated with hyperkinetic dysarthria is known as

tics

Sometimes specialists assess the lung volume of voice patients because breath support is inadequate. Specialists can measure _____, or the total volume of air in the lungs; other measurements can include _____, or the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breathing cycle; and _____ or the volume of air that the patient can exhale after a maximal exhalation.

total lung capacity, tidal volume, vital capacity

To help Myron communicate more effectively with others so that they understand his messages better, the clinician needs to make sure that the symbols on Myron's AAC device are

transparent

For which of the following disorders of swallowing would it be inappropriate to recommend tilting the head to the strong side?

unilateral weak pharyngeal constriction

Amanda is a 7 year old with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). She is frustrated in school because it is hard for her to be understood in class and on the playground; you estimate that she is approximately 60% intelligible. When conducting therapy with her, it will be important to remember to

use multimodal cueing and tasks that move up in a hierarchical manner

You are working with a 2-year-old boy to offer early intervention. His parents are concerned because they want him to go to preschool next year, but they believe his language skills will be insufficient for him to be successful in interacting in a preschool environment. The boy's language skills are comparable to those of a 9-month-old; his vocal expressions are limited to variegated babbling. An appropriate therapy goal for this child might include A. use of two-word combinations. B. development of basic morphological features. C. comprehension of compound sentences. D. use of functional words in one-word utterances.

use of functional words in one-word utterances

An slp is working with a sixth grade student who is having difficulty comprehending written text. To target this difficulty, which of the following strategies would be most effective for the slp to use? a. creating a log in which unknown sight words are written down for later practice b. developing the student's ability to chunk multisyllabic words into smaller units c. performing a miscue analysis as the student reads a text aloud d. selecting words from a text that can be used as both spelling and sight words e. using semantic networks in which ideas are displayed in connected clusters

using semantic networks in which ideas are displayed in connected clusters

Which of the following plans is most appropriate when assessing a patient with a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) to characterize cognitive aspects of communication that affect functional abilities

using standardized tests as needed and supplementing with discourse samples and dynamic assessment

closes the vocal folds for airway protection

vagus

An endoscopic examination of swallowing is the best instrumental assessment when the SLP wishes to evaluate the

volume of and patient's response to pharyngeal secretions

A natural frequency is a frequency

with which a source of sound vibrates naturally