Aerobic / Resistance / Aquatic Exercise

Myocardial oxygen consumption

Oxygen consumed by the myocardial muscle

Contraindications for resistance exercise?

Pain, inflammation, severe cardiopulmonary disease

Exercise

Planned and structured physical activity designed to improve or maintain physical fitness

Center of buoyancy

Reference point of an immersed object on which buoyant (vertical) forces of fluid predictably act

Deconditioning

Seen with prolonged bed rest; Seen in patients with an extended, acute Illness or long-term chronic condition

SAID Principle

Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands: the body will adapt according to the specific type of training that is utilized, specifically mirror the desired goal

Surface tension

Surface of a fluid acts as a membrane under tension; Extremity that moves through the surface performs more work than if kept under water; Using equipment at the surface of the water increases the resistance

Frequency

The # of times per week resistance exercises are performed

Length-Tension Relationship

The ability of a muscle to produce force depends on the length of the muscle, Max force occurs near its normal resting position, Muscle is lengthened or shortened = less force

Power training

The greater the intensity of the exercise and the shorter the time period taken to generate force, the greater the muscle power (ex. plyometrics training, stretch-shortening drills)

Hydrostatic pressure

The pressure exerted by the water on immersed objects

Power

The rate at which work is performed (Power=Force x Distance/Time)

force-velocity relationship

The speed of a muscle contraction affects the force that the muscle can produce

Archimedes' Principle

The upward force on the body when immersed in water is equal to the amount of water that has been displaced by the body

Duration

Total # of weeks or months during which a resistance program is carried out

Volume

Total amount of work performed= (#of reps x intensity/load = volume)

Manual

Type of active-resistive exercise in which external resistance is provided by a therapist or other health professional, self

ATP-PC system

Used for ATP production during high-intensity, short duration exercises = sprinting 100 m; Provides energy for up to 15 sec; Does NOT require oxygen

Exercise stress testing

Used to evaluate disease severity and prognosis and determine functional capacity, especially for exercise prescription and counseling

Cardio endurance

aerobic/oxidative energy system

Specific heat

amount of heat (cal) required to raise the temp of 1 g of substance by 1 deg

Resistance exercise

an activity in which dynamic or static muscle contraction is resisted by an outside force applied manually or mechanically

Reversibility Principle

benefits of exercise are transient and reversible, Can occur rapidly, after 2 weeks of detraining

What is the water-temp range for flexibility, strengthening, gait training, relaxation?

between 26 -35 C (78.8-95 F)

For higher intensity activity, water temp should be ?

cooler

Advantages of aquatic exercise

dec WB'ing, improved therapist handling, control over amount of resistance, dec risk of falling

Concentric contraction = as speed of contraction increases, force of contraction ...?

decreases

Progression of an exercise program?

increase time first, then frequency, intensity last

Eccentric contraction = as speed of contraction increases, force of contraction ...?

increases

Moment arm (lever arm)

linear distance form the axis of rotation to the site of the external load

1 RM

max amount of weight that can be lifted once

Isotonic

muscular contraction is generated with the muscle exerting a constant tension/constant load, 2 types: concentric, eccentric

Aerobic metabolism

oxygen is required• Used predominantly during low intensity, long duration exercises = running/marathon; Provides energy as long as nutrients are available

DOMS

post exercise soreness as result of microtrauma to muscle/connective tissue during resistance training - 12-24 hrs after

PNF stands for?

proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation

Fast-twitch (type IIB)

recruited for activities requiring power, anaerobic

Fast-twitch (type IIA)

recruited for both anaerobic and aerobic activities

Slow-twitch (type I)

recruited for endurance activities, low-intensity exercise

COB in the vertical position is at the ?

sternum

Endurance

the ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly against a light external load and resist fatigue over a prolonged period of time

Muscle performance

the ability of a muscle to do work

Torque

the ability of an external load to produce ROTATION around an axis, Calculated by multiplying the magnitude of the load by the moment arm

Functional strength

the ability to produce the appropriate amount of force, during functional activities in a smooth, coordinated manner

Strength

the greatest amount of force that can be produced within a muscle during a single contraction and can be assessed clinically using 1 REP MAX (1 RM)

Pascal's law

the pressure exerted by fluid on an immersed object is equal on all surfaces of the object (As density of water and depth immersion increases, so does the hydrostatic pressure)

Pt. with unilateral LE amputation leans toward ?

the residual limb side

Strength training

the systematic practice of using muscle force to raise, lower, or control heavy external loads for a relatively low number of reps or over a short period of time

Are UE exercises or LE more taxing on body systems?

upper extremity

Aquatic exercises

use of water that facilitates the application of therapeutic interventions that include stretching, strengthening, joint mobes, balance and gait training, and endurance training

Anareobic Glycolysis

used for high-intensity, short duration activities = sprinting 400-800 m; 50% Slower than ATP-PC system, 30-40 sec of muscle contraction; Does NOT require oxygen; Results in formation of lactic acid = muscle fatigue

Endurance training

using muscle force to raise, lower, or control a light external load for many repetitions over an extended period of time

The greater the ? of the fluid, the greater the force required to create movement in the fluid

viscosity

For mobility, flexibility, relaxation, water temp should be ?

warmer

Contraindications for aquatic therapy

• Cardiac failure/unstable angina• Respiratory dysfunction, VC < 1 L• Peripheral Vascular Disease• Active bleeding/hemorrhage• Severe kidney disease• Open wounds without occlusive dressing, colostomy, skin infections• Incontinence, uncontrolled B/B• Menstruation without internal protection• Water and airborne infections or disease - Flu, GI issues, poliomyelitis• Uncontrolled seizures in last year

Factors that influence fatigue

• Health status• Diet• Lifestyle (sedentary, active)• Neuromuscular, cardiopulmonary, inflammatory, cancer-related, psychological disorders• Environmental factors: temp, altitude, air quality

Physical activity

"Any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles that results in a substantial increase over resting energy expenditure"

Precautions for aquatic therapy

- Fear of water - neurological disorders - respiratory disorders - cardiac dysfunction - small open wounds and lines

What are the three components of hydromechanics?

1) Laminar flow- each particle of a fluid follow a smooth path without crossing paths= slow movement 2)Turbulent flow- fluids flow in erratic, small whirlpool-like circles called EDDY currents/EDDIES; > turbulence = > resistance 3)Drag- cumulative effects of turbulence and fluid viscosity acting on an object in motion; Normally opposes the direction of the body's motion

specific gravity of water is equal to ?

1.0

METs for "Light" intensity

1.0-2.9 METs

How much WB'ing for a person submerged to C7 vertebra?

10%

Oxford method

100%, 75%, 50% of 10 RM, diminishes resistance as muscle fatigues

Water retains heat how many times more than air?

1000x

How to calculate % HRmax?

220-age for max heart rate Lower THR = HRmax x 55% Upper THR = HRmax x 90%

Water conducts temp how many times faster than air?

25x

Ambient air temp should be ? deg C higher than water temp

3

METs for moderate intensity

3-5.9 METs

Amount of aerobic physical activity recommended for adults ages 18-65?

30 min mod 5x/week or 20 min vigorous 3x/week

Amount of aerobic physical activity recommended for older adults 65+ ?

30 min mod 5x/week or 20 min vigorous 3x/week

What should water temp be for acute painful musculoskeletal injuries, elevated pain threshold, decrease muscle spasm?

33 C (91.4 F)

How much WB'ing for a person submerged to xiphoid process level?

33%

How much WB'ing for a person submerged to ASIS level?

50%

DeLorme's Method

50%, 75% and 100% of 10 RM, based on repetition max of 10

METs for vigorous intensity

6-8.8 METs

Amount of aerobic physical activity recommended for children ages 6-17?

60 min mod-vigorous per day

Typical human body has specific gravity of ?

< 1.0; person will generally float when fully submerged in water

Muscular endurance

ATP-CP and glycolysis energy systems

Adaptation

Ability of the cardiovascular system and muscles to adapt to the training stimulus over time

Physical fitness

Ability to perform physical work

Endurance

Ability to work for prolonged periods of time and resist fatigue

Reversibility Principle

Adaptations seen with resistance training are reversible if the body is not regularly challenged with the same level of resistance or greater

Mechanical

Any form of exercise in which external resistance is applied by means of some type of exercise equipment

Maximum oxygen consumption

Body's capacity to use oxygen

Intensity

Determined by amount of weight that is being used - may be expressed as % of 1RM

Overload principle

For a muscle to adapt and become stronger, the load that is placed on it must be greater than what it is normally accustomed to

Valsalva maneuver

Forceful exhalation against a closed glottis, nose, and mouth while simultaneously contracting the abdominal muscles

FITT stands for?

Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type of exercise

Viscosity

Friction occurring between molecules of liquid resulting in resistance to flow

Rest intervals needed for high intensity & low intensity

High intensity = longer rest interval is needed: > 3 min, Low intensity = shorter rest interval: 1-2 min

To increase Muscular Endurance:

High rep sets = 15 reps/set, 67% of 1 RM, 1-2 min rest between sets

Responses providing additional oxygen to muscle?

Increased blood flow, Increased oxygen extraction, Oxygen consumption

Respiratory responses to exercise?

Increased gas exchange (O2/CO2), Increased O2 extracted from arterial blood, Increased frequency/tidal volume, alveolar ventilation

Exercise order/sequence

Large muscle groups before small, Multi-joint exercises before single joint, High intensity exercises before low intensity (after warm up)

Isokinetic

Muscular contraction is generated with a constant maximal velocity/speed and variable load

Isometric

Muscular force is generated without a change in muscle length or visible joint motion