africa 8
how much of the world is North Africa and southwest Asia
12 percent of the land and 6 percent of the population
when did the british grant iraq independence
1932
began when Egypt, Jordan, iraq, and syria attacked the day after Israel declared independence
1948 arab-israeli war
OPEC opposition to the U.S provided aid to Israel during the Yom Kippur war led to what against the US which led to economic crisis
1973 oil embargo
the united nations recognized the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people
1974
the PLO declared independence
1988
the PLO recognized Israels right to exist
1993
began with the death of mohmammed-the founder of religion-in Saudi Arabia in the 600's
1st caliphate
the total population of the region is what
500 million
led the greeks on military campaigns to southwest Asia and northern Africa. defeated the Persians which extended the greek empire eastward to the infos river in Pakistan and into Egypt. died in Babylon on the banks of Euphrates river in iraq- civil war led to the empire ebbing divided
Alexander the great 356-323
dams near the Egypt-sudan border have greatly reduced risk-extensive dam construction has also taken place on the tigris river and the Euphrates river
Aswan high dam
part of the ottoman empire at the time
Barbary coast -berber people -5
the Portuguese later called for a conference of the European powers to establish territorial control and boundaries which was held in Berlin in 1884-1885 known as what?
Berlin congress or the Congo conference
turkeys modern day capital
Constantinople
one of seven emirates that make up the united arab emirates has taken great efforts to modernize and is now recognized as the center of business activity in the region
Dubai
palm Jumeirah and the world islands and architecture Burj al arab- luxury hotel shaped like a giant hotel sailboat -golf tour and race to Dubai
Dubai land developed projects
signed a peace treaty with Israel and became the first arab country to recognize Israels right to exist
Egypt in 1979
the fall out of the arab world included the overthrow of the governments of
Egypt, Libya, yemen and major uprising in dozens of other countries in the region
top 3 countries
Egypt, iran and turkey
what were the 6 arab countries?
Egypt, iraq,jordan, Lebanon,saudi arabia, and syria
extended southward to Sudan and northward along the coast into modern day syria
Egyptian empire
conflict broke out with who that are an islamic organization with ties to the muslim brotherhood in Egypt
Fatah branch of the PLO and Hamas
interesting facto in this great land grab by the europeans was what?
Frances claims of pirate attacks on their train ships along the coasts of Tunisia
disputes between iraq and Kuwait because of what?
Iraq's claim that Kuwait was driving oil prices down through over production while stealing oil from iraq
forms near the intersection of the borders of Lebanon, syria, and Israel- flows southward to the sea of Galilee before emptying into the Dead Sea. forms the boundary between Israel on the west bank and syria and Jordan on the east bank
Jordan river
Saddam looked up to him, former leader of the USSR who was infamous for his brutal reign over the soviet people
Joseph stalin
when did a preemptive strike against Egypt, Jordan, syria and iraq happen
June 5
who is effectively operating as independent country today with its own gov. structure and military forces
Kurdish region of northern iraq
who did iraq invade and take control in less than week
Kuwait
pockets of christianity and judaism are found where?
Lebanon, Israel, and parts of Egypt
several locations along the coasts of Morocco,algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Israel, and Lebanon
Mediterranean climate -wet winters and warm/dry summers
the region long ha served as a physical and cultural crossroad connecting Europe,africa, and Asia
Middle East
higher pop. densities also occur along 2 stretches of the Mediterranean coast
Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, and Lebanon, Israel and gaza strip
region with a long history of empires and trade throughout africa and the Indian ocean
Northern Africa and southwestern Asia
a major force in the production and pricing of oil is
OPEC -organization of petroleum exporting countries
jewish holiday known as Yom Kippur is when
October 6 1973
was made for a case for a second invasion of iraq to remove hussein from power for good
Osamas proposal to destroy hussein and iraq for attacking Kuwait
part of the Oslo accords, a committee to initiate limited forms of self governance in the West Bank and Gaza Strip
Palestinian national authority- or Palestinian authority
Iargest reserves found where?
Persian gulf
1st great empire extended from their homeland in modern day Iran westward into turkey and Greece in Europe and Egypt and Libya in africa- diminished of Alexander the great in 330bc but regained some control in later periods
Persians
explored the west coast of north Africa as early as 1400s AD their interests generally focused on the areas south of the Sahara desert.
Portuguese
small country in Persian gulf, richest per capita bc of natural gas and oil reserves. scheduled to hold FIFA in 2022- 1st arab country
Qatar
became president of iraq in 1979 and was a member of the minority sunni population?reputation as a skilled politician and fear ruler
Saddam hussein
in 2012 who recognized Palestine a a sovereign state, with Fatah now using the term - state of Palestine rather than the Palestinian authority
United Nations
Israel easily dominated the contest and reclaimed what?
West Bank, Gaza Strip, and extended its territories to include the Golan heights (borderlands between Israel and syria)and the Sinai peninsula -egypt
the region includes a total of 21 independent countries. North Africa includes 6 countries with Morocco claiming what
Western Sahara, which is highly disputed within the region.
former pressent of Israel, by a radical orthodox jew for signing the Oslo accords peace treaty with Yasser Arafat former leader of the PLO- assassinated in 1995
Yitzhak rabin
while the jews were celebrating this holiday Egypt and syria attempted to reclaim the lost territory but were repelled in a battle that lasted 20 days and known as what
Yom Kippur war
located In southwestern Algeria, near the center of the Sahara desert. various mountain ranges extend across the northeastern part of the region from turkey to Iran- taurus,zagros,and elburz
ahaggar mountains
attacked the world trade center in nyc- and osama bin laden terrorist organization
al Qaeda
major oil and gas producing countries in north africa
algeria and libaya
European powers eventually took interest in the region such as Frances occupation of what?
algeria in the 1830's
other member of OPEC
algeria, angola,ecuador, Libya, nigeria, qatar, and UAE
iraq and Kuwait are both what
arab countries
the United Nations steppe in and developed a plan to split the area into 3 independent countries -the jews accepted but the arabs rejected and attacked
arab state, jewish state, Jerusalem
disputes over water rights are at th very top of the political conflicts in the region including what
arab-israeli wars- Jordan river and disputes between Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia
the different languages
arabic-50% are predominant turkish, Kurdish, berber, farsi-persians in Iran , Hebrew-jewish people of Israel
largest ethnic group in the region
arabs
6 arab countries formed an alliance known as the what?
aran league
desert conditions along the transitional fringe areas
arid and semi arid desert
most famous mountains in the region extending across northwestern africa from Morocco to Algeria and Tunisia.
atlas mountains
objections to this plan include control of?
bagdad- the largest city in the country with mixed population control of the oil fields- many are located in the north in the Kurdish territory conflict with turkey over the potential establishment of a Kurdish homeland.
the british government announced that it was withdrawing from british Palestine in 1947
bc it was unable to resolve disputes between the arabs and jews in the area
why was SH allowed to stay un office at the end of the war
bc of the concerns that his removal would lead to civil war which would create even greater problems in the region
flows from the mountains of Ethiopia
blue nile
an area carved out of the defunct ottoman empire by the british of ww1
british mandate of Palestine
the roman empire broke into western and eastern branches in the 400AD with the eastern branches known as
byzantine empire
where is the arab league headquarters?
cairo, Egypt -know grown to 22 members
the 2 largest cities in the region are
cairo, Egypt and instanbul, turkey
who claimed the caliphate title during the 1400's and expanded the empire control most of the region during the 1500's except persia and sparsely populated interior
caliphate
arab expansion period was the result of the evolution of a series of rolling dynasties known as -islamic states that are led by a supreme religious and political leader known as the caliph
caliphates
common in Lebanon but a small in Israel, Egypt, Sudan,iraq,jordan,kuwait,qatzr, and syria
christianity
found in the 1st century AD, also in the region of modern day Israel.
christianity
began protesting against incompetent government leadership and restrictions on freedom of speech and political rights which forced the president to flee the country in jan 2011
citizens of Tunisia
scarce water resources limit agriculture and affect the distribution the population which is
concentrated along the coasts and the region's few major rivers
handful of issues that emerged following the end of European domination in the late 1800's and early 1900's
contemporary political issues
series of major and minor military campaigns sponsored by the roman catholic church against the islamic caliphates
crusades
population is expected to increase by 30% over the next 2 decades bc most countries are still in the 2nd and 3rd stage of what
demographic transition
problems of turkey
difference in culture treatment of Kurdish people in eastern region of the country
common problem, which anplifies existing problems associated with life in a water scarce region
drought
common in the mountainous regions from turkey to Iran ,where ancient buildings and construction techniques contribute to high fatality and injury counts, along with extensive damage costs
earthquakes
some countries produce little or no oil or gas which contributes what in the region of haves and have nots
economic imbalance
what outcome of the war impacted the region?
establishment of the country of Israel
what groups were iraq split into?
ethnic-arab and Kurds religious-sunni muslims and Shia muslims
forms in wet regions and then flows across a dry desert landscape
exotic stream
the nile is one of the greatest examples of that - also the tigris and Euphrates
exotic stream
the jews prevailed and then declared independence on may 14 1948
fighting began the next day and still continues
major part of civilization along the nile in ancient times, with the flood waters redirected to irrigate crops along the banks of the river
floods
the major European powers to claim territory in the region included what?
france, spain, parts of Morocco, Italy,and british -5
after the cease fire where did Egypt and Jordan occupy?
gaza strip and West Bank of the Jordan river
some are covered completely in sand while sparse vegetation is among others
grand erg oriental, grand erg occidental of Algeria and Tunisia erg means '"sand sea"
began in mid January and was over by end of feb. 1991
gulf war -operation desert storm
crusades- battles were largely fought at the intersection of Europe and southwest Asia in lands extending from Greece to Egypt trying to gain control of the
holy lands-4
Five founding members of OPEC were
iran,iraq,kuwait,saudi, arabia, and Venezuela
broke out over a long standing borer in 1980 and Iraqs concern that its majority Shia population would align with the majority Shia population in Iran to overthrow the gov. which represented a threat to SH
iran-iraq war- lasted until 1988
has been used for different parts of the region of Mesopotamia and the lands along the lower reaches of the tigris and Euphrates river dating back to ancient times
iraq
began in march 2003 the US and its allies invaded iraq and took control of the country which was complete by the end of April
iraq war- 2nd gulf war, operation Iraq freedom)
1 fear of iraq taking Kuwait
iraq was now within easy striking distance of Saudi Arabias oil fields which would give Saddam control of a majority of the worlds oil reserves
dominant religion of Northern Africa and southwestern Asia
islam
dominant religion of Northern Africa and southwestern Asia, homogenous
islam
previously recognized as al Qaeda in iraq- goal to seek revenge for political discrimination against sunnis from the Shia dominated gov. of iraq. they now control major section sof eastern syria and western iraq
islamic state of iraq and syria ISIS- or islamic state of syria and the Levent ISIL
although it doesnt have oil or natural gas
its in the top income category bc of its participation in other economic activities
1st major religion founded in this region as early ad 1,500-1,000 B.C. in the morn day Israel. jewish revolts resulted in destruction of Jerusalem and the dispersion of Jewish people throughout the region, many as slaves
judaism
majority religion in Israel
judaism
3 important monotheistic religions that originated in the Middle East
judaism, christianity, and islam
"officially" founded in 622 AD by mohammed in the city of Medina, sued arabia, where he fled to avoid persecution in Mecca for his ideas about religion. disagreements over leadership in the years following of M death led to a split known as what
majority-sunnis minority-shia
the land along the banks of the tigris and Euphrates river in the modern day iraq is one of the most famous locations of early human development, civilizations and innovations-served as the center of interaction between people Africa, Europe, and china
mesopotamia
extended northward into the mountains areas occupied by the Kurds and westward into the arid desert lands
new country of iraq
was the other great site of early civilization in Egypt
nile river valley
highest population density in the region is found where
nile river valley and the areas surrounding the major cities of the bagdad and Istanbul
fetah retains control of the West Bank and is now recognized as what
official Palestinian authority which Hamas control the Gaza Strip
2 most important major natural resources in the region with 60% of oil reserves 36% total oil and gas production
oil and natural gas
established to promote the interests of the major oil producing countries which often conflicted with the interests of the corporations
organization of the petroleum exporting countries -OPEC
recently returned home to Saudi Arabia from military action in Afghanistan where he gained the reputation of a war hero-wanted to deal with SH gov. but was told no
osama bin laden
Israel responded by recognizing the PLO status as the representative of the Palestinian people in agreement that came to be known as the
oslo accords
last major caliphate- came to an end when the president of turkey abolished the institution as part of a major reform of the government soon after ww1
ottoman caliphate
began in the 1300's and eventually conquered the reminder of the byzantine empire in turkey, with the final piece being the defeat of Constantinople in 1453.
ottoman turk empire
birth rates declined but what is still high?
overall pop. growth and rates of urbanization particularly in the oil rich countries, women's rights have increased in many countries also
southwest Asia includes 15 countries with that
palestine-gaza strip and West Bank counted as an independent country
spurred by the creation of the state of Israel and political islamism
pan-arabism
a global demand for what
petroleum
generated enormous wealth for the oil rig countries
petroleum
birthplace of 3 major religions
region marked by high population growth, oil wealth, and political conflict
played a major role in defining cultural identity throughout the region
religion
expand their empire into the region in the punic wars against Carthage which was their major rival from north africa modern day Tunisia
romans -4
technique known as slant drilling eventually led to war
rumamaila oil field
more complex physical landscape than many perceive and some places completely covered in sand
sahara desert
most extensive pollution problems related to what of irrigated agricultural land and oil industry pollution at locations of extraction and processing
salinization
major oil and gas producing countries in southwest Asia
saudi arabia, iraq, iranm Kuwait, united arab emirates (UAE), qatar, oman, and yemen
Major companies that included anglo Persian oil company, gulf oil, texaco, royal dutch shell, standard oil of Californina, standard oil of nw jersey, and ny
seven sisters -8
account for 90% of the Iranian population and constitute a majority of the Iraqi population.
shia muslims
Israel withdrew its military from where? the arab league responded by suspending Egypt
sinai peninsula
conflict continued through 1950's and 1960's and peaked with what?
six day war in 1967
In 1990 iraq presented its case against Kuwait to the arab league but negations failed when
some accounts iraq demanded 10 billion for damages and Kuwait only 9 billion
potential conflict over water management in the region-both tigris and Euphrates rivers form in the mountains of eastern rekey and then flow southward across ira and syria to the persian gulf.
southeast anatolia water project
was captured near his hometown of utikrit in December 2003, was executed by the iraqi government in dec 2006.
sudam hussein
islamic extremest joined who as opposition forces but soon emerged as a separate organization of jihadist militants with their own agenda to sprea a radical tom of islam
sunni opposition forces
muslims
sunni or sunnites -key divisions exist with the faith
majority of muslims belong to
sunni-branch of islam shia or shiite- majority religion in 2 major countries:ran and iraqi
one option to resolving the problem is to partition iraq into what 3 countries?
sunnis in the west, Shia in the east, and the Kurds in the north
Iraq has been immersed in a civil war between who
sunnis,shia,kurds,with accusations of external interference from the Shia majority population and leadership next door in Iran
a key factor is that the gov. and its supporters are mostly Shia muslims while the opposing rebel forces are mostly sunni muslims
syrian uprising
soar above 100 degrees and 32 at night
temperatures for the desert
france later claims of piracy were merely an excuse to expand what
territory to include Tunisia
was organized to represent the position of the Palestinian people who reed that the Israelites stole their lands and abused their legal rights
the PLO led by Yasser Arafat from 1967
major source of opposition from 1964 until the 1990 when it finally recognized Israels right to exist
the Palestine liberation organization LBO
since the europeans were no longer physically or financially capable of managing or supporting their colonies in the region what happened?
the colonies were granted independence
after the defeat of the ottoman empire in world war 1 who drew political boundaries across the map and placed the area identifies as iraq under the control of the british government
the league of nations
what proved to be a fatal mistake for the turks as they lost the last of their empire to the british and the French
the ottoman empire aligned with Germany and Austria Hungary in world war 1
form in eastern turkey and flow southward across syria and Iraq to the Persian gulf
tigris and Euphrates river
constructed a major network of 20 dams of these rivers for diverting the flow for irrigating farmlands this depriving downstream users- iraq and syira of much of their supply
turkey
example that the gov. has focused on modernizing In many areas with the intent of seeking admission to the European Union
turkey
cooler climate conditions exist in the mountains extending from where
turkey to iran
main concern that there is a large pop. of Kurdish people living In the eastern portion of the country and that he est. of Kurdistan as and independent country might lead to a separist movement in eastern turkey
turkey-7
other ethnic groups
turks and kurds- northern iraq and surrounding areas Persians- iran berbers- Morocco and algeria jews-israel
organized an alliance of 34 countries against iraq and set a deadline for iraq to withdraw from Kuwait by jan 1991 which was ignored
united States
located within the old city of Jerusalem on the western side of the Temple Mount and considered one of the most sacred sites in jewish history -also used a site for prayer sand jewish pilgrimage -early islamic caliphate defeated the byzantine empire for control of Jerusalem and constructed religious shrine known as the DOME OF THE ROCK on Temple Mount
wailing wall
british military conflicts with the ottoman turks in ww1 and the post war geopolitical struggle for arab control in the region
were the focus of the famous holleywood movie Lawrence of arabia
merge together at Khartoum in Sudan to form the main branch of the nile river and then flows northward cross Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea
white and blue nile
flows from lake Victoria in Uganda
white nile
the president of Egypt who negotiated the treaty was assassinated by the Egyptian islamic jihad organization on 10-6-1981 during 1981 during a celebration of Egypts sinai peninsula victory against Israel at the beginning of what?
yom Kippur war -1973