AFS190 Final

Approximately 28% of rape victims are raped by their husbands, and _____ by and acquaintance A. 35 B. 55 C. 5 D. 25

A. 35

Why would analyzing the DNA of burglars reduce the violent crime rate, theoretically? A. 50% of non-violent criminals go on to commit violent crimes, analysis would make proving guilt and making arrests easier B. DNA testing would prove that criminals are genetically predisposed to crime C. no answer listed is correct D. It wouldn't

A. 50% of non-violent criminals go on to commit violent crimes, analysis would make proving guilt and making arrests easier

Which of these items could be a source for possible DNA forensic testing: A. All of these items can be used for DNA testing B. cigarette butts C. condoms (inside and outside) D. a bloody knife E. general clothing:including gloves, bandanas, ski masks, baseball caps

A. All of these items can be used for DNA testing

Individual gene sequences in genomes can be searched to find striking similarities between species. The entire genomic sequences are now known for many species of bacteria, fungi, insects, plants and animals, including humans and chimpanzees. This vast amount of information has been published and is in the public domain. The genome databases aligned and the similarities and relations can be examined. These types of analyses have shown that humans are 98% similar in DNA sequence to the chimpanzee; 88% similar to mice and about 33% similar to the genes of a rice plant. This type of analysis is called: A. Comparative genomics B. Transgenic analysis C. DNA gold mining D. Functional genomics E. Mutational analysis

A. Comparative genomics

A leading group of followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh (later known as Osho) had hoped to incapacitate the voting population of the city so that their own candidates would win the 1984 Wasco County elections. This notorious attack used a bioweapon in an attempt to sway the upcoming election. Cult members were found to have contaminated commercial salad bars with what organism? A. Salmonella B. Small Pox C. Ebola virus D. Yersinia pestis E. Anthrax

A. Salmonella

The FDA is responsible to protect and promote public health through the regulation of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, medications, vaccines, among other products. What does FDA stand for? A. The Food and Drug Administration B. The Food and Dietary Administration C. The Food and Drink Administration D. None of these are correct E. The Federal Dietary Administration

A. The Food and Drug Administration

The world's highest rate of sexual assault of all developed countries that publish this type of data is: A. The United States B. North Korea C. Germany D. Japan E. China

A. The United States

What is gene therapy? A. The direct use of genetic material to treat or prevent diseases B. All of the answers are correct C. A theoretical concept for the future has not yet been tested D. A therapy based on new vaccine research E. An alternative medicine as an approach to treating cancer and other diseases

A. The direct use of genetic material to treat or prevent diseases

Most tumors are classified by: A. The organ, tissue or cell type of origin B. The shape of the tumor C. A patient's blood type D. A patient's weight E. The date of diagnosis

A. The organ, tissue or cell type of origin

Considering the National debate on DNA forensic databases which of the following is NOT an issue? A. accuracy of the DNA testing protocols B. what happens to the sample after profiling? C. post-conviction DNA testing>150 exonerated since August 2004 D. Constitutionality of taking DNA samples from arrestees and suspects. E. Practical/financial considerations of expanding DNA databanks

A. accuracy of the DNA testing protocols

Arson is defined at "The willful and malicious burning of property" Forensic trace analysis for arson investigations includes: A. all of these approaches may be important depending on the case. B. collecting solid debris placed in paint cans C. prevention of evaporation of the samples D. placing liquids in glass jars or paint cans E. sealing openings of large containers and sealing cans and jars with evidence tape.

A. all of these approaches may be important depending on the case.

Gene therapy presents the possibility to genetically modify cells to replace missing genes or use gene editing technologies, such as CRISPR, to alter defective genes to correct genetic mutations. While still much work needs to be done on this technology, gene therapy could be beneficial in patients with which of these diseases? A. all of these are correct B. cystic fibrosis C. cancers D. diabetes E. AIDS

A. all of these are correct

Tumors are often comprised of diverse cell types. Tumors were long thought to evolve in a linear fashion as a single cell acquired growth-spurring mutations and dominated the final mass. But now studies indicate that in many tumors, cells branch off and form a diverse tumor cell lineage with cells that may evade treatment. The most likely cause for this may be because A. cancer cells keep changing, undergoing secondary mutations, and evolving in the tumor B. of non-biological conditions that are still totally unknown C. the outside of the cell purposely adapts to the selective pressure of the chemotherapy D. the cancer cells develop immunity to chemotherapy trying to evade it. E. of subsequent fungal infections in the patient

A. cancer cells keep changing, undergoing secondary mutations, and evolving in the tumor

One of the standards of care in cancer treatments include the use of chemotherapy. Chemotherapies were first developed in the 1940s to stop the rapid growth of tumor cells. Many of the small molecule chemical drugs still used in modern chemotherapy are A. cytotoxic (kill fast growing cells) B. no longer developed by large pharmaceutical companies C. only placebos D. free of all side effects E. totally ineffective

A. cytotoxic (kill fast growing cells)

Many patients with the flu visit their physician and request an antibiotic. Antibiotics are effective against microbial infections, but are not useful against the flu. Antiviral medications have been made and tested to prevent and treat influenza A. including four different influenza antiviral medications (amantadine, rimantadine, oseltamivir, and zanamivir) B. but cannot be commercialized because of the perceived controversies about the manufacture and possible side-effects. C. but are not yet approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment and/or prevention of influenza D. of the seasonal bacterial only, and will be of little use in a pandemic E. but will only be available for underdeveloped countries provided by the UN and the WHO to prevent the pandemic spread to developed countries

A. including four different influenza antiviral medications (amantadine, rimantadine, oseltamivir, and zanamivir)

While biological and pharmaceutical approaches to cures for degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's Disease, have been actively pursued, for years, other recent approaches which have been recently investigated involve A. physical treatments such as electromagnetic therapies and nanotechnologies B. gluten free diets C. collective downloading of all brain functions for transplantation to a newly introduced brain system D. total brain transplants E. targeted cell or organ destruction of degenerative cells.

A. physical treatments such as electromagnetic therapies and nanotechnologies

Scientific advancements have lead to the ability to grow cells, tissues and organs in vitro in the lab. This type of technology can result in therapies that can use these to treat various medical issues including burn victims (skin) degenerative disorders, or victims of trauma. This process is called: A. tissue engineering B. an abomination which should never pass FDA approval C. organum crevit in speculo D. a clinical impossibility E. organ procurement in glass

A. tissue engineering

In 2001, shortly after the Sept. 11 attacks, several anthrax bioweapons attacks were perpetrated. At the time, many people thought the events were connected. Bruce Edward Ivins A. was the highly suspected perpetrator of the 2001 Anthrax attack in the US who killed himself in 2008 after learning that the FBI was to file charges. B. was a Senator for Rhode Island during the first Gulf War leading to policies against bioweapons research in the US C. conducted the research on Iraqi bioweapons with Saddam Hussein's regime at the Al-Shazam Institute that led to the Iraq war. D. won the Nobel prize in medicine for research on bioweapons which solved the case. E. won the Nobel Peace prize in 2008 for his stance against bioweapons.

A. was the highly suspected perpetrator of the 2001 Anthrax attack in the US who killed himself in 2008 after learning that the FBI was to file charges.

Many people are familiar with the symptoms of seasonal flu outbreaks. Influenza (also known as the flu) is a contagious respiratory illness caused by various types of flu viruses. It can cause mild to severe illness, and at times can lead to death. The flu is different from a cold. The patient typically first feels 'out of sorts' as if first becoming ill. The percentage of the U.S. population that will get the flu, on average, each year is 5% to 20%. The average number of Americans hospitalized each year because of problems with the illness is 200,000 and the number of people who die each year from flu-related causes in the U.S is 3,000 to 49,000. The best way to protect from contracting the flu is A. obtain a flu vaccine before the start of flu season (October through April) B. all of these answers are correct. C. frequent hand washing with soap and water D. avoid contact with infected people. E. avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth if you have been in contact with infected people.

B. all of these answers are correct.

Which are the leading organs of origin site of new cancer cases and deaths in the US? A. kidney and renal pelvis B. lung and bronchial C. prostate and breast D. pancreas and ovary E. colon and rectum

B. lung and bronchial

X% of rape victims are females under the age of 18 A. 12 B. 28 C. 61 D. 37

C. 61

What is the most likely explanation that the number of cancer diagnoses appear to become larger each year? A. Global warming B. Microwave oven usage C. People are living longer D. Electronic cigarette use has increased E. Cellphone usage

C. People are living longer

Our environment is increasingly contaminated with toxic compounds. Pesticides get a lot of press since Rachel Carson's publication "Silent Spring" in 1962 about the effects of DDT. Compounds once thought to be safe have been included in everything from cosmetics to plastics. Some are estrogen-like and are not removed from the water by standard treatments. The study of how genomes respond to environmental stressors or toxicants, brings together genome-wide mRNA expression profiling with protein expression patterns to elucidate the role of gene-environment interactions is now called: A. comparative genomics B. environmental chaos C. toxicogenomics D. comparative ecology E. deep biology

C. toxicogenomics

The controversies concerning stem cell research and genetic engineering and the use of gene editing in humans has caused impacts in policy making worldwide. Stem Cell Research A. is 'fake' science developed solely by a fraudulent researcher in South Korea named Dr. Woo Suk Wong. B. has been shown to have no scientific basis and is a hoax perpetrated by scientists who seek funding. C. was banned from receiving federal funding in the US in August 2001 under the Bush Administration D. has resulted in human cloning to adults by a group in the Netherlands as reported on the internet and most top tier Scientific Journals E. is an established science since first applied to a dog skull bone in the 1600s

C. was banned from receiving federal funding in the US in August 2001 under the Bush Administration

Each year we hear of the characterization of seasonal flu viruses using the designations of H and N, such as H1N5 or H2N4. What do these designations H and N stand for? A. Hemoglobin and neurovirus B. Hermagglutinin and RNA C. Human genes which make people susceptible to the flu D. Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase E. Virus specific carbohydrates

D. Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase

Proteins have the ability to fold into specific shapes that determine their function because of: A. transcription of mRNA the inverse direction B. actin fibers in muscle tissues which cause relaxation C. cytoplasmic streaming in the cell D. the sequence of amino acids specified by the gene E. intelligent design

D. the sequence of amino acids specified by the gene

How do new viruses evolve? Certainly, one mechanism involves mutation of individual bases in the viral genome which occur during replication. The emergence of several new influenza A virus subtypes have caused pandemics throughout recent history; one other important clue about their origins is that A. the y are not transmissible from human to human B. they all occurred only in large urban areas in Western European such as those which led to the bubonic plague of the Middle Ages C. they have all been genetically engineered as bioweapons causing the 'dual use dilemma' D. the viruses contain a combination of human and/or animal host species genes or changes in the genes which encode recognition of their receptors E. they appeared with the onset of antibiotic use in Southeast Asia

D. the viruses contain a combination of human and/or animal host species genes or changes in the genes which encode recognition of their receptors

Who developed the first methods to be used in DNA profiling? A. Dickie Anderson B. Rene Pelligrino C. Francis Crick D. Megan Anderson E. Alec Jefferys

E. Alec Jefferys

In recent trials, gene therapies have shown great promise for curing disorders such as hemophilia. The CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system was developed from discoveries in 2015 and is based on an ancient virus-killing defense mechanism found in many bacteria. What is gene editing? A. Using molecular biology to introduce genetic changes that will prevent or treat diseases B. Replacing or introducing correct genes to fix mutated genes C. Using CRISPR to create modification in cells as a so-called 'living' pharmaceutical to treat cancer. D. Inactivating or knocking out a mutated gene E. All of these answers are correct

E. All of these answers are correct

Animals can be genetically engineered and those animals can be cloned or interbred with normal wild-type animals. Some examples of this approach have been used in fish, cattle goats, pigs and many other animals. Should we genetically engineer and clone animals? What would be some of the benefits? A. For the commercial production of vaccines, antibodies, and other high value pharmaceuticals. B. To create new breeds for the consumer such as enhanced taste or nutritional value C. To produce high value proteins such as spider silk in genetically engineered goat's milk. D. To introduce new traits important to the agricultural production of farm animal traits: such as high muscle mass; disease resistance; and lower inputs. E. All of these answers are correct.

E. All of these answers are correct.

What are some of the DNA technologies used in forensic investigations? A. PCR Analysis and DNA sequencing B. STR Analysis C. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) D. Mitochondrial DNA Analysis E. All of these technologies can be used in forensic investigations

E. All of these technologies can be used in forensic investigations

What are the origins of pharmacy? When did humans start to treat themselves for diseases? Humans have used plants to treat diseases for thousands of years. Modern pharmacy is the health profession that links the health sciences with the chemical sciences and A. therefore cannot be regulated by the FDA B. is a relatively new profession developed with the advent of synthetic insulin C. produce compounds that cannot be rigorously tested in clinical trials. D. all of the answers are correct E. it is charged with ensuring the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs

E. it is charged with ensuring the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs

Biopsy and histology has been an effective tool for staging of colon cancer using Dukes' staging. This type of staging works well only for very good / very poor prognosis patients (Dukes' stage A and D), but it is not very informative when predicting long-term outcomes of intermediate prognosis patients (Dukes' stage B and C). A bigger problem is that a biopsy and a Dukes' classification provides only a single snapshot in time... within the long natural history of a colon tumor (until the day of biopsy). Molecular staging in colon cancer may have the following implications: A. the process itself may cause cancer B. directly cause an increase in health care costs and therefore be prohibitive C. cancer diagnostics will be in the control of the big pharmaceutical companies who will prefer to keep it secret because it will decrease the sales of their most effective chemotherapies and decrease sales. D. there will be an increase of misdiagnosis E. may provide more accurate and early predictions of patient outcome than is currently possible with clinical staging

E. may provide more accurate and early predictions of patient outcome than is currently possible with clinical staging

DNA analysis is now a common and widely accepted forensic tool used to analyze evidentiary DNA True False

True

PCR is used in plant genetics, animal cloning, drug discovery, cancer research and forensics True False

True

How a spider makes its web is indeed an amazing phenomenon. Just how smart is that spider to figure this out? Remember the idea of emergence that makes fractals or snowflakes appear very complicated when actually the patterns are based on very simple if/then rules. A cancer cell can "outsmart" the body's immune system because: A. feedback and signaling pathways in biochemical networks involve an underlying series of relatively simple if/then rules B. complex cellular behavior of cancer is outside the realm of biology and is because of consciousness and purposefulness of the cancer cells in a tumor C. the cancer cell generates a natural form of LSD D. cancer cells have learned how to receive this knowledge to mutate from universal teachings E. the cancer cell actually has a higher IQ that most college freshmen

A. feedback and signaling pathways in biochemical networks involve an underlying series of relatively simple if/then rules

Which of the following is NOT true about rape in the U.S? A. American women are 10 times more likely to be raped than die in a car crash B. Rape is not a serious problem in the United States C. Sexual assault is not about desire or lust, it's a violent crime of POWER, CONTROL and DOMINANCE D. The United States has the world's highest rape rate of all countries that publish such data E. 61% of rape victims are females under the age of 18

B. Rape is not a serious problem in the United States

During the 20th century, the emergence of several new influenza A virus subtypes have caused pandemics; all of which spread around the world within a year of being detected. One of these is suspected of killing over 675,000 in the US and over 50 million globally. That deadly pandemic was called the A. 1957-58, "Asian flu," [A (H2N2)] B. 1918-19, "Spanish flu," [A (H1N1)] C. 1972-present West Nile Virus [WNV] D. 1968-69, " Hong Kong flu," [A (H3N2)] E. 2003-2004 Severe Acute Respiratory Disorder [SARS]

B. 1918-19, "Spanish flu," [A (H1N1)]

During the historical development of bioweapons, it is known that: A. Anthrax was developed and weaponized by a a cult in Oregon to secure land during a controversial election. B. 1942-73: US program of offensive and defensive BW, including human "volunteer" exposures C. in 1942-73: US program of offensive and defensive BW, including human "volunteer" exposures with Ebola virus. D. 1998-03: US program of offensive and defensive BW, including human "military" exposures to genetically engineered agents. E. 1992-73: US program of offensive and defensive BW, including human "prisoner" exposures to Yersinia pestis and syphilis

B. 1942-73: US program of offensive and defensive BW, including human "volunteer" exposures

Using the tools afforded by modern molecular biology and genomic mutations, diseases can be identified, corrected, altered or treated. What is gene therapy? A. Replacing a mutated gene with a healthy copy B. All of these answers are correct C. Using altered or edited genes to prevent or treat disease D. Inactivating/knocking out a mutated gene using gene editing E. Using DNA for creating vaccines or immunotherapies

B. All of these answers are correct

The creation and maintenance of forensic DNA databases is controversial because: A. It would be difficult and too costly to maintain B. Because of the conflict between public safety and civil liberties C. They are susceptible to being hacked and easily manipulated D. None of these answers are correct E. It would be too difficult to extract DNA from every individual

B. Because of the conflict between public safety and civil liberties

The numbers of repeat offenses is one reason people support felon DNA databases. Collecting samples from offenders convicted of all felonies could help insure their DNA profiles are in the Database before the commit their first violent act. There is a 67% recidivism rate among convicted sex offenders and the average number of sexual assaults per offender is 8-13. As it turns out felons are often opportunistic and commit more than one type of crime. 52% of the offenders linked to sexual assaults and homicides by DNA Database matches had a prior conviction of what type of crime? A. Sex offenses against children B. Burglary C. Kidnapping D. white collar crimes E. Assault and Battery

B. Burglary

Who famously authorized the use bioweapons during a recent war or conflict? A. Donald Trump B. None of these answers are correct C. Justin Trudeau D. Barack Obama E. Osama Bin Laden

B. None of these answers are correct

Environmental and genetic changes are associated with carcinogenesis. Since many cancers exhibit a 'field effect', many normal-appearing cells in a target tissue or organ may have elevated malignant potential. This is consistent with A. ancient Chinese herbal medicine B. a molecular genetics view of cancer from a monoclonal progression C. the observation that cancer does not have a genetic component D. that most cancers start with many cells collectively to form a tumor E. the fact that there is nothing anyone can do to prevent cancer or to treat it once it occurs

B. a molecular genetics view of cancer from a monoclonal progression

Loss of cell or tissue function characterizes many degenerative diseases. Many degenerative diseases are characterized by organ failure or cell loss. These types of disease are attractive candidates for stem cell therapy and gene therapy which include: A. only degenerative disease of unknown etiology or autoimmune disease B. all of the disease states described in the other answers C. only age-related degenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's D. disease states that require gene therapy E. only cell or organ destruction due to genetic, environmental or infectious disease, such as diabetes.

B. all of the disease states described in the other answers

Specific cells produce specific RNAs and proteins. Cancer cells for example produce a have a different gene expression profile when compared to normal cells. Biochips A. are biological constructed radio transmitters that can be inserted into people so that can be tracked by GPS and MRI B. are used for the study of RNA patterns to elucidate various biological phenomenon and are also called microarrays, used for RNA expression profiling C. are made from genetically modified potatoes cut very thin and deep fried D. are a bionanotechnology approach to making self replicating nanobots that can be used for microsurgery in the body

B. are used for the study of RNA patterns to elucidate various biological phenomenon and are also called microarrays, used for RNA expression profiling

Having the capability to sense signals and react to stimuli is a central feature to all biological life processes. What are the regulatory processes in which there are signals indicating "too much" or "too little" which result in a correction to the processes? A. stop codons B. feedback loops C. auto rewinds D. edit functions E. regressions

B. feedback loops

Can we use healthy human cells from donors or other sources to rejuvenate and replenish diseased tissues? The history behind the development and therapeutic applications for adult stem cells includes that they: A. in spite of their great promise, because of serious errors will never be successful in clinical trials to treat any disease and have resulted in many fatalities. B. have been used to treat leukemia using bone marrow since 1956 and have been used successfully without controversy for many years. C. have been derived from every tissue type in the human body and have been shown to have equal developmental plasticity compared with hES cells D. have been shown to be more useful than embryonic stem cells for any applications, demonstrating the importance of hES cells E. have been used to reproductively clone primates an in one case an adult human being.

B. have been used to treat leukemia using bone marrow since 1956 and have been used successfully without controversy for many years.

All people are genetically unique. An understanding of how genetics influences pharmaceuticals and their effects on different people in the population is therefore very important. Pharmacogenomics is the study of: A. all the RNA that is expressed in an organism at different stages of development B. how an individual's genetic complement affects the body's response to drugs C. new tools and techniques that are reshaping the molecular biology of herbal medicines D. all the DNA in an organism, including its genes and its effect on diet E. the consumer neglect for certain high priced medications

B. how an individual's genetic complement affects the body's response to drugs

It has been suggested that the same technologies that have been developed for human embryonic stem cells, or hES stem cells, and therapeutic cloning, could be used for other purposes. Stem cell research in humans has been controversial for some time over various issues, in part, because of the so-called 'slippery slope' argument. These technologies could easily be extended to A. increased abortions B. reproductive cloning and genetic engineering of humans C. the creation of new and dangerous bioweapons D. determining who can and cannot have children E. a policy of ethnic cleansing

B. reproductive cloning and genetic engineering of humans

There was a double murder in Seattle in 1996 and preliminary investigation came up with two suspects. A couple had been torture and shot dead along with their pet dog. There was blood on one of the suspect's clothing. The blood on the clothing could be best matched with that of the dog by doing what? A. looking for matching dog's hairs at the crime scene B. using PCR on both samples with known molecular markers for dogs C. obtaining the records from the local veterinarian D. finding no dog blood on the second suspect

B. using PCR on both samples with known molecular markers for dogs

Similar technology that is developed for personalized hES stem cells by transplanting a nucleus and therapeutic cloning could be extended to which of the following? A. A policy of ethnic cleansing B. Increased abortions C. Determining who can have children D. Reproductive cloning of humans E. The creation of bioweapons

D. Reproductive cloning of humans

Degenerative diseases are attractive targets for gene therapy or the use of stem cells for replacement. What is Alzheimer's Disease? A. An auto-immune disease B. A type of brain cancer C. A progressive mental deterioration D. A progressive autoimmune skin disease E. A viral infection

C. A progressive mental deterioration

In regards to "Forensic DNA Databasing, what are considered qualifying offenses, which could vary state to state? A. Kidnapping B. Assault and battery C. All of these are qualifying offenses D. Murder E. Sex offenses

C. All of these are qualifying offenses

What are the major causes that most significantly increase the possibility that someone will develop cancer during their lifetime? A. Exposure to carcinogens in products such as tobacco and alcohol, and carcinogens such as asbestos, benzenes and vinyl chloride B. Genetic predisposition and environmental factors like toxins in food/water/air C. All of these factors contribute to an increased risk of cancer D. Age and family history E. Lack of exercise, inactivity and obesity

C. All of these factors contribute to an increased risk of cancer

The term 'antibiotic' was coined by Selman Waksman in 1942 to describe any substance produced by a microorganism that is antagonistic to the growth of other microorganisms in high dilution. There are many myths and misconceptions about antibiotics, their use, misuse and possible health consequences. Which of the following answers is true, while the others are common misunderstandings? A. Taking antibiotics can make you antibiotic resistant B. Antibiotics are effective treatments for the flu C. Antibiotics are effective when taken as prescribed, over their entire course of treatment for microbial infections, regardless of when a patient starts to feel better. D. Homeopathic treatments have been shown to be more effective than antibiotics for treatment of microbial infections E. Antibiotic resistant organisms, like MRSA, are found only in developing countries

C. Antibiotics are effective when taken as prescribed, over their entire course of treatment for microbial infections, regardless of when a patient starts to feel better.

How is the "Dual Use Dilemma" best described ? A. Research that is funded by federal resources that is directed toward making bioweapons B. Research only done on vaccines C. Basic research that could have serious beneficial aspects for public health, such as preventing the next pandemic, or be used to inform bioterrorists how to make a bioweapon. D. none of these describe the "Dual Use Dilemma" E. Research that can be beneficial in multiple fronts; industry, cybersecurity, everyday life and military application

C. Basic research that could have serious beneficial aspects for public health, such as preventing the next pandemic, or be used to inform bioterrorists how to make a bioweapon.

Antibodies can be made which recognize specific proteins. Herceptin is an antibody based drug that is produced from cloned DNA that has been introduced into cells and then extracted so that it can be produced in large quantities as an injectable drug. Herceptin binds to erbB2 and is very effective against what type of cancer? A. Herceptin treats all of these cancer types effectively B. Prostrate cancer C. Breast cancer D. Lung cancer E. Brain cancer

C. Breast cancer

The frequency of certain cancers in the United States have changed over time. For example, stomach cancer rates dropped significantly after 1938, possibly because of the widespread use of refrigeration for foods resulting in a drop in microorganism which may have stimulated stomach cancers. Which type of cancer (as described by the organ of origin) has caused the most cancer deaths in the US per year and increased most dramatically between 1960 and 1990, but then dropped most significantly since 1990? A. Colon B. Prostrate C. Lung and bronchus D. Pancreas E. Breast

C. Lung and bronchus

For the sake of argument, if the Boston Marathon bombers had included small packages of infectious smallpox in their bombs, people would have been infected and then dispersed. In such a bioweapons attack A. It is likely that they would have been caught prior to such an attack B. The firefighters, police and paramedics would most likely have been prepared to deal with the situation. C. None of these examples are currently likely D. The release of biological agents would have been immediately discernible E. Physicians specifically ID specialists who would have easily recognized the problem and readily diagnosed the situation, responding by quarantining anyone exposed from airplanes or other travel.

C. None of these examples are currently likely

Why do we test and strictly regulate the production, manufacture and sale of pharmaceuticals in the United States? The FDA is The Food and Drug Administration and is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments. The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of A. bio-pharmaceuticals and vaccines B. tobacco products and their derivatives C. all of the answers are correct. D. prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs(medications) E. dietary supplements and food additives

C. all of the answers are correct.

Pigs have been genetically modified and cloned to produce the possibility for organ donor pigs for humans. The genetically modified pigs have had the major proteins removed that are responsible for immuno-rejection. The drawbacks or obstacles for xenotransplantation are: A. the industry has been slow to deliver an approved therapeutic product B. the making and cloning of transgenic animals for this process have not been clinically tested C. all of these answers apply D. transmission of animal viruses to human recipient and to general population is a possibility E. acute hyper-rejection of xenogeneic tissue remains a possibility

C. all of these answers apply

Since human organs for transplantion is donor limited, one solution would be to use animal donors for human organ transplants. Pigs have been genetically modified and cloned to produce donor pigs that have had the major proteins removed that are responsible for immuno-rejection. The drawbacks or obstacles for xenotransplantion are: A. acute hyper-rejection of xenogenic tissue and rejection is a risk. B. transmission of animal viruses to human recipient and to the general population is possible. C. all of these answers apply D. the making and cloning of transgenic animals is a long term project E. it is a very expensive to create each transgenic pig and test them for safety in humans and public perception is negative.

C. all of these answers apply

The scope of Forensic Trace Analysis A. none of these play a role in forensic trace analysis B. occasionally can be linked to a specific source C. can give investigative clues D. is usually limited to class characteristics E. all of these can play a role

C. can give investigative clues

Antibiotic resistant microbial pathogens are increasing. Antibiotic resistant tuberculosis is on the rise world-wide. Antibiotic and contagious pneumonia has been reported. Which approach to research treatment development would not be the best choice? A. using recombinant DNA technologies to develop a new vaccine B. develop gene editing methods to target resistant bacteria or susceptible cells C. develop cheaper methods to make the antibiotic. D. develop methods for the early detection and diagnosis of resistant strains E. sequence the genome of resistant pathogens to look for new drug targets.

C. develop cheaper methods to make the antibiotic.

The cause(s) of cancer have been widely studied. Cancer has long been believed to be a clonal disease, 'initiated' in a single cell and then, as an expanding colony of cells, of 'evolving' or 'progressing', with successive genetic changes. The initiating events are widely thought to be A. non-biological in origin and still totally unknown B. caused by nurture (environment only) rather than nature (genetics only) C. genetic (mutation, translocation, amplification, etc.) D. unrelated to DNA sequences E. a consequence of 'sinful' behaviors

C. genetic (mutation, translocation, amplification, etc.)

The history on bioweapons used by humans goes back many centuries. The United States A. secretly attacked the former Soviet Union because of their research on bioweapons in 2005 B. has no known research on bioweapons and has never conducted significant research on the use of bioweapons. C. has conducted significant research on the use of bioweapons D. has effectively prevented bioweapons attacks in the US E. has never experienced a bioweapons attack yet on its own soil

C. has conducted significant research on the use of bioweapons

Synthetic biology is the design and construction of new biological entities such as enzymes, genetic circuits, and cells or the redesign of existing biological systems. New viruses or bacterial genomes can be designed and constructed. Synthetic biology A. will most likely never be used on bioweapons B. can never be applied to bioweapons research C. is a problem considered the Dual Use Dilemma D. is not a large threat to the deployment of future bioweapons E. was used to develop weaponized bioweapons to produce the Anthrax used in the 2001 US attack by Saddam Hussein's regime.

C. is a problem considered the Dual Use Dilemma

Small changes in the DNA sequence of coding regions (Genes) can have significant effects on the gene and the trait or protein that it encodes. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (or SNPs) are A. unimportant to the science of pharmacogenomics. B. also collectively called 'junk' DNA C. single base pair changes in DNA responsible for genetic variation. D. nonexistent in humans but occurs in other animals, such as the mouse. E. deletions of large segments of DNA

C. single base pair changes in DNA responsible for genetic variation.

Genetic predisposition to disease or drug response for individuals is the focus of what area of biotechnology? A. All of the these answers apply B. Agricultural biotechnology and GMOs C. Stem cell research on malaria D. Personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics E. Psychoanalysis of people with addictive disorders

D. Personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics

The next pandemic flu has been predicted and modeled to spread very quickly on a global scale. What is currently the largest contributing factor to a major pandemic outbreak of influenza A virus to rapidly spread globally? A. global poor nutrition B. poor water sources in underdeveloped countries C. the fact of global travel within days and hours; the so-called "Migratory SilverBird Flyways" or modern air travel that could spread a virus D. the technical inability to develop new vaccines E. The inability to rapidly identify new viruses by sequencing

C. the fact of global travel within days and hours; the so-called "Migratory SilverBird Flyways" or modern air travel that could spread a virus

Gene editing has recently emerged as a new possible therapeutic approach. Gene editing allows biologists to A. sleep at night if they use them as self-medication B. create new drugs faster and get them to market in less than a year C. create new drugs cheaply for under a million dollars D. "knock down" or knock out gene expression of a specific gene to see how the absence of that gene affects the disease E. enhance the expression of genes that fight diseases

D. "knock down" or knock out gene expression of a specific gene to see how the absence of that gene affects the disease

The ability to clone DNA and make specific DNA vectors to transform cells to make specific proteins has opened up the possibility to make new pharmaceuticals based on this technology. Recombinant DNA technology has been able to make what class of compounds as a new class of effective drugs? A. Small Molecules such as the Cox 2 inhibitors B. herbal and homeopathic treatments not regulated by the FDA C. Muscle fibers for treating cardiovascular diseases D. Antibodies E. Lipids

D. Antibodies

The ability to clone DNA and make specific DNA vectors to transform cells to produce specific proteins has opened up the possibility to make new pharmaceuticals based on this technology. Recombinant DNA technology has been able to make what class of compounds as a new group of effective therapeutic drugs? A. Implanted nuclei B. Novel amino acids C. Complex carbohydrates D. Antibodies E. Long chain fatty acids

D. Antibodies

The role of the law enforcement detective in an investigation is: A. A person who sees an event, typically a crime or accident, take place. B. To treat mental illnesses associated with criminal cases C. An employee of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation; an investigator with jurisdiction in matters crossing US state lines. D. Collect information to solve crime by talking to witnesses and informants, collecting physical evidence, or searching records in databases. E. Initially report to the crime scene

D. Collect information to solve crime by talking to witnesses and informants, collecting physical evidence, or searching records in databases.

The use of forensic science involves using science to evaluate physical evidence. DNA based forensics has become increasing important. Who recognizes, identifies, individualizes and evaluates physical evidence using the methods of natural sciences in matters of legal significance? A. Detectives B. Criminologists C. Local Police D. Criminalists E. Criminals

D. Criminalists

Each year a new seasonal flu vaccine is developed based on screening of various circulating viruses. Who is monitoring global emergence of influenza viruses? A. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) in the United States. B. The Republican Part (GOP) related to the Personal Health Care Act issues. C. The Academy Awards Committee (AAC) for scientific accuracy. D. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) E. The major pharmaceutical companies who manufacture the vaccines.

D. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Avastin is a humanized antibody that binds the peptide factor VEGF with a half-life in humans of 17-21 days. This drug is produced from a cloned segment of DNA that has been introduced into cell culture to make a stable transgenic cell line. These cells are then grown in large fermentors that are then harvested and the antibody is then purified through biomanufacturing processes. This purified antibody is sold as the drug Avastin which when introduced into the patient will cause A. Debilitating side effects, such as paralysis B. a shortened death process C. Metastasis D. The neutralization of VEGF that reduces or eliminates the ongoing angiogenesis in tumors E. Tumors to stop replicating their DNA

D. The neutralization of VEGF that reduces or eliminates the ongoing angiogenesis in tumors

Various methods could be used to prevent a large pandemic flu outbreak including the culling of infected reservoir species (such as bird), early detection, and effective quarantine of infected humans. Vaccines, would also be effective which could be made to protect against pandemic influenza viruses. However A. could never be over 10% effective so would not interrupt a full blown pandemic B. it would be too costly to be effective and therefore not manufactured by the military C. can only be produced using the attenuated vaccine approach in chicken eggs D. a vaccine probably would not be available in the early stages of a pandemic E. vaccines currently require 12 years and would cost over $1.5 billion from bench to bedside.

D. a vaccine probably would not be available in the early stages of a pandemic

While it is true that plants and other organisms produce compounds with pharmaceutical properties, not all of these remedies have been borne out when tested scientifically. Alternative therapies, such as herbal medicines, DNA Activation, and homeopathy have all raised suspicion and scientific concerns because A. their results are highly variable B. they are either not regulated by the FDA or regulated as supplements C. they have active ingredients(s) or mode(s) of action that have not been elucidated or determined in peer-reviewed scientific publications D. all of the answers are correct. E. they have been rigorously tested in clinical trials

D. all of the answers are correct.

Monoclonal antibodies have a very high affinity for their targets. Antibodies have some distinct advantages over old school small molecule chemotherapies (such as mustard gas derivatives) for treating cancer because they A. are ideal especially for extracellular targets involved with tumor growth B. lowering the potential for chemo type based toxicities associated with small molecules C. are highly specific D. all of these reasons are true E. have a relatively long duration of coverage over the tumor target

D. all of these reasons are true

How tumors develop is an intense area of cancer research. A single tumor is a heterogenous mass of different cell types. As cancer develops, cells re-colonize previously normal tissues in a process called metatasis. How are certain signals perceived by cells? Motion in living cells or creatures which is directed by chemical signals and undirected by any choice or goal is known as; A. being untrue in nature B. intelligent design C. random walk D. chemotaxis E. ecological feedback

D. chemotaxis

Embryonic stem cells have been very controversial because they require the use and destruction of fertilized embryos. Adult stem cells overcome this issue. Adult stem cells are: A. larger stem cells that can be isolated from adults and have a greater potential for differentiation B. consist only of cytoplasm which can be used as a donor for synthetic DNA C. cells in an adult organism which are terminally differentiated D. derived from a small subpopulation of specialized stem cells present within some adult organs and capable of self renewal and limited capacity to differentiate. E. highly controversial because of the potential to contribute to human cloning

D. derived from a small subpopulation of specialized stem cells present within some adult organs and capable of self renewal and limited capacity to differentiate.

Many human infections involve human-to-human transmission. During the early 20th century the Spanish flu swept across the world in one year. Technology has changed our world since those times. How will the next major global pandemic most likely move most effectively? A. As a computer virus which uses artificial intelligence (AI) transmitted through social media B. Contaminated vegetable food sources from the global market C. The internet will be able to transfer biological viruses, much the same as the viruses used by hackers. D. human to human transmission facilitated by air travel. E. Infected military personnel returning from service overseas

D. human to human transmission facilitated by air travel.

The reasons that small pox is considered such a dangerous threat as a bioweapon include: its stability in aerosol form; infective dose low ~10-100 organisms; and, efficient person-to-person spread. The fact that a transmissible person can infect many other persons has created what possible threat since 9/11/2001 that was not previously seriously considered? A. that a strain of small pox could be never be fused with portions of the bird flu virus or other virus elements to be deployed as a bioweapon B. it is not important enough of a threat to be plausibly considered; the nuclear war threat is much more likely C. that a reliable vaccine against small pox cannot be constructed D. that suicide terrorists could inject themselves with a virulent strain to spread it through an unsuspecting population E. to unleash a bioweapon that would kill everyone on the planet will simply not ever be possible

D. that suicide terrorists could inject themselves with a virulent strain to spread it through an unsuspecting population

What is one of the the most significant characteristic difference between a cancer cell and a normal cell? A. Cancer cells commonly show inhibition to hormones, most normal cell do not. B. Cancer cells can be totally eliminated by chemotherapy, but normal cells cannot. C. Cancer cells exhibit contact inhibition in tissue culture, whereas a normal cell usually does not. D. Cancer cells only divide a finite number but a normal cell can divide indefinitely. E. Cancer cells are immortalized and exhibit prolonged cell division; normal cells usually have a finite number of cell divisions

E. Cancer cells are immortalized and exhibit prolonged cell division; normal cells usually have a finite number of cell divisions

Any gene can now be cloned. This technology has been used to make a whole new class of pharmaceuticals. What are the implications of gene cloning for the pharmaceutical industry? A. Technically a good idea but all candidates have failed in Phase III trials. B. There are no implications since this technique is only currently used in the depiction of science fiction novels and Hollywood movies. C. It might work but it will never gain public acceptance similar to the pushback on GMOs in food. D. Technically a good idea but has not yet been proven E. Drugs, based on antibodies, are now on the market made using this technology

E. Drugs, based on antibodies, are now on the market made using this technology

Research on how the principles of biology and evolution are involved with criminal behavior is in its infancy. The principal mechanism of evolution, which includes two processes that operate together: chance variability and selection, is called: A. conjugation B. Ingenuity C. Intelligent Design D. predation E. Natural selection

E. Natural selection

Can we control the gene expression for insulin production, for example, in pancreatic cells, as a treatment for diabetes? The control of gene expression is critical to all living things. The ability to control gene expression in a target cell is of key interest to gene therapy. A protein that binds to a site on DNA next to a gene and blocks the transcription of that gene, thus preventing the synthesis of a protein that the gene prescribes is known as a repressor. The segment of DNA which precedes (upstream) the coding region of a gene is called a: A. RNA protagonist B. Signal receptor on a membrane C. Protein responder to a signal D. DNA regurgitator for a genetic sequence E. Promoter region of a gene

E. Promoter region of a gene

Why do some people get cancer and others do not? What is the influence of genetics? What is the influence of environment? The frequencies of cancers have been studied in many different populations and ethnicities. Cancer is a disease of A. western civilization only, primarily cause by poor diet. B. only the elderly; where young people never get cancer C. primarily the poor; whereas the upper 1% never get cancer D. consequences that are all totally preventable. E. age and an increase in accumulating mutations as genetic changes which may alter cell division cycles

E. age and an increase in accumulating mutations as genetic changes which may alter cell division cycles

Many different genes have been linked to cancer by identification of mutations in primary human tumors. These genetic changes in DNA linked to cancer include A. Deletions/insertions/frame shifts B. Translocations C. Point mutations; those that are activating or inactivating D. Aneuploidy ( an extra chromosome) E. all of the types of mutations described in the other answers

E. all of the types of mutations described in the other answers

There are many classes of compounds that are pharmaceuticals. So called 'Small Molecules' such as aspirin, have been useful in medicine and pharmacy for years. Now scientists are learning how to design small molecules which will accurately react with receptors for more effective medications with fewer side effects. Which areas of pharmaceutical drug development have best facilitated small molecule design? A. combinatorial chemistry to generate new active compounds. B. blind luck and serendipity C. chiral chemistry and chiral drugs D. pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine, and now 'living' pharmaceuticals. E. all of these have contributed to new drugs.

E. all of these have contributed to new drugs.

The way bacteria and cancer cells find food is similar and involves one of life's oldest forms response to chemical signaling. A bacterium swims by using their flagella. If one were to place a spot of acid on one side of a Petri dish containing bacterial growth media and a spot of sugar on the opposite side with the bacteria in the middle, they swim towards the sugar responding by chemical signaling and creates the appearance of 'purpose' (which begs the question about the nature of purpose vs function). And we think our decision-making processes are so complicated, because we are, after all humans (which begs the question about the nature of consciousness). This type of chemical signaling is called: A. positive reinforcement B. fermentation C. sexual orientation D. gravipercpetion E. chemotaxis or "movement induced by chemicals"

E. chemotaxis or "movement induced by chemicals"

Immune cells have been genetically modified to treat cancer. Stem cells, as well as other cells in tissues and organs in the human body, have been genetically engineered. For example, transgenes could be developed and delivered into pancreatic cells, to express insulin. If these transgenes were inserted into the genome of pancreas, those cells could become fully functional insulin producing cells as a cure for diabetes. This type of an approach to genetic modification is known as: A. organ transplantation B. xenotransplatation C. animal cloning D. laser surgery E. gene therapy

E. gene therapy

An influenza pandemic is a global outbreak of disease that occurs when a new influenza A virus appears or "emerges", often from a non-human source which crosses over to become infectious in the human population, causes serious illness, and then spreads easily from person to person worldwide. An influenza pandemic A. is of historical concern but one that has not occurred in the US since the famous 1918-1919 Spanish Flu. B. is not that serious and is a theoretical concern of the WHO and the CDC that wastes a lot of funding unnecessarily. C. none of the answers are correct. D. will not likely occur in the next fifty years but is a significant concern to the USDA E. is likely to occur in the future and has occurred several times in the last 100 years with devastating consequences.

E. is likely to occur in the future and has occurred several times in the last 100 years with devastating consequences.

Cells can generate mutations during DNA replication and cell division. Some of these changes can occur in genes which control and regulate cell division causing cell to enter uncontrolled cell division resulting in tumors. Cancer grows A. from whole organs, such as lung or breast cancer where every cell is affected at once causing the organ to become a tumor B. as a consequence of 'sinful' behaviors, which can be prevented as lifestyle choices C. from sources which are non-biological in origin and still totally unknown D. as a result of metabolic pathways which have become non-biologically re-directed in tumor cells E. out of normal cells in the body, usually originating form a single cell

E. out of normal cells in the body, usually originating form a single cell

Pathogens often recognize their host by binding to proteins on the outside of cells. Specialized proteins embedded in cell membranes which receive and transmit chemical messages are often desirable drug targets and are referred to as: A. transgressors B. random walkers C. interactors D. transducers E. receptors

E. receptors

The ability to conduct synthetic biology research on dangerous viruses has created a dilemma on biosecurity and Dual-Use research in the life sciences. In the life sciences, dual-use research encompasses biological research with legitimate scientific purpose A. has been considered a problem since the anthrax attacks during 2001 in the US B. and therefore poses no potential threats C. which is used to fight bioweapons attacks D. has been only considered a problem regarding potential small pox attacks E. the results of which may be misused to pose a biologic threat to public health and/or national security

E. the results of which may be misused to pose a biologic threat to public health and/or national security

One of the hallmark characteristics of stem cells is a prolonged capacity for self-renewal. Stem cells give rise to specialized cells residing in organs. Another hallmark characteristic of stem cells is their A. ability to be cultured back to cloned human beings with all disease genes corrected. B. inability to grow in culture C. origin exclusively in blastocyst embryos that are five days old D. inability to be genetically engineered E. their ability to differentiate into any cell type (developmental potential)

E. their ability to differentiate into any cell type (developmental potential)

. Human cells can be grown in culture. The manipulation of cells in vitro (literally 'in glass"- outside of the body in tissue or cell culture) in order to form replacement tissues/organs that can be transplanted into patient is called: A. transgenics and genomics B. homeopathic medicine C. cancer engineering D. xenotransplantation using animals as donors E. tissue engineering

E. tissue engineering