Age of Exploration Ch. 14

Travels of John Mandeville

book about the places he had never actually see;, spoke of realms filled with stone and gold.

Price Revolution

increase in prices in 16th century-inflation-increased demand for goods-influx of gold and silver

Cartography

science or art of making maps

Lanteen Sail

triangular sail; popular during the Age of Discovery

Marco Polo

(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.

Polo Family Exploration

(1254-1324) was a Venetian merchant believed to have journeyed across Asia at the height of the Mongol Empire. He first set out at age 17 with his father and uncle, traveling overland along what later became known as the Silk Road; entered the court of powerful Mongol ruler Khubilai Khan, who dispatched him on trips to help administer the realm.

Francisco Pizarro and Atahualpa

-inca known for being builders and for their advanced road; , conquered the Incans in Peru- disease and Europeans had superior weapons

Prester John- Christian Community in Africa

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Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz

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Travel Literature/Fantasy Literature

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Vespucci

1454-1512- Italian explorer who was the first to realize that the Americas were separate from Asia.

Bank of Amsterdam

1609, helped Amsterdam to emerge as the leading financial center in Europe, attracted high levels of capital investment by ensuring safety of deposits and a common international currency

Maya

A member of an American Indian people of Yucatan and Belize and Guatemala who had a culture (which reached its peak between AD 300 and 900) characterized by outstanding architecture and pottery and astronomy.

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

Cabot

An English explorer whose successfully charted the fastest round trip from America and back at the time. His first voyage became the basis for England's claim of North America.

Joint-Stock Companies

Association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business

Technological Advancements

Compass, Caravel, Galleon, Dutch ship, Astrolabe, Magnifying compass, ka-mal; quadrant; new map-making techniques.

Francis Xavier

Early Jesuit missionary often called the Apostle to the Indies. He was an associate of St Ignatius of Loyola, with whom he took the vow founding the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). From 1541 he traveled through India, Japan, and the East Indies, making many converts.

Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

Albuquerque

Largest City in New Mexico

Viceroys

Men who are the governor of a country, province, or colony, ruling as the representative of a sovereign

Asiento

Permisson granted from Spain to Britain to send enslaved Africans to Spain's American colonies.

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Amsterdam Bourse

The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, established in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company; It began trading in securities and is one of the oldest stock exchanges in the world.

Prince Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire; Sent others to explore for him, made very first explorer school, first person to value exploring

Vasco de Gama

(1469-1525) completed all water expedition to India in 1498-brought back Indian goods-blow to Italian monopoly of trade with Asia; A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean

Ferdinand Magellan

(1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became empreor.) Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.

Qing Dynasty

(1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture,

Ptolemy's Geography

A second-century-C.E. work that synthesized the classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude. Reintroduced to Europeans in 1410 by Arab scholars, its ideas allowed cartographers to create more accurate maps.

Manchus

Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire. (p. 556)

Spanish Inquisition in New World

God was one of three G's; convert native americans to Catholicism

Cabral

This explorer first saw the mainland of Brazil and claimed it for Portugal while sailing to set up trading posts in India

Jakob Fugger

a German banker and philanthropist who financed the business dealings of the German royal family, the Hapsburgs.

Kangxi

..., Chinese Qing emperor (r. 1661-1722) who promoted Confucian ideas and policies and expanded the Qing empire (Captured Taiwan, Mongolia, and parts of Central Asia- Tibet)

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494 dividedthe Atlantic world between two maritime powers, reserving for Portugal the West African coast and the route to India and giving Spain the oceans and the lands to the west; , 1494 agreement authorized by the pope, dividing all discoveries in the New World btwn Spain & Portugal; other European countries soon ignored this agreement and claimed their own territories.

Gerardus Mercator

A Flemish cartographer (1512-1594) was one of the first to produce a world map that showed, with relative accuracy, the general outline of the continents.

Cartier

A French explorer who charted the St. Lawrence River. His voyage to Canada was not very sucessful as many deaths occured due to ilnesses, starvation, and Indian attacks

Li Zicheng

A Ming peasant who started a rebellion, because of the disease and royal corruption, which spread from central China to the rest of the empire; the army took Beijing in 1644, and the emperor and many of the bureaucracy killed themselves; when the Manchus took over, Li's troops lost to them

Balboa

A Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. He is best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World.

Dutch East India Company

A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British

Encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it; A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians.

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

Benin

A powerful city-state formed around the 14th century; was not relatively influence by the Europeans despite coming into contact with the Portuguese'; important commercial and political entity until the 19th century( OBAS) Founded by Ewuare the Great; Near Niger River Delta

Spanish Inquisition

A terrifying period of interrogation regarding heresy, in which many people were tortured, convicted and killed. This was spurred by fear of witches, heretics, Jews, and Muslims and was a byproduct of the reconquista.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Mercator Projection

A true conformal cylindrical map projection, the Mercator projection is particularly useful for navigation because it maintains accurate direction. Mercator projections are famous for their distortion in area that makes landmasses at the poles appear oversized.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Lord Macartney

British diplomat; he visited China in 1793 to discuss expanding trade. He was sent away after his goods were found to be inferior and he refused to kowtow to the emperor

African Salve Trade

Causes: Natives of the Americas died off due to disease and cheap laborers were needed; , African people were brought to America to work as slaves in the plantations.

Portolani

Charts by medival navigators & mathematicians that included contours, port distance, compass readings, but on a flat scale so it was of les use in longer journeys

Qianlong

Chinese Qing emperor (r. 1736-1795), grandson of Kangxi who continued his grandfather's conquests by consolidating hold on Xinjiang province (westernmost). He made Vietnam, Burma and Nepal vassal states of China, and delegated responsibilities to his favorite Eunuchs, marking the decline of the Qing Dynasty

Christopher Columbus

Columbus was dispatched with the support of Ferdinand and Isabella in August, 1492, landing in October at San Salvador which he believed to be India Columbus was not the first to discover the New World, but the last Earlier European explorers to the New World The Vikings in 982 under Eric the Red had found Greenland, and about 1000 under Lief Erickson had found the what we now know as Canada Lacking stable political institutions in Scandinavia, they had no governmental forms to impose on these distant countries, and their settlements collapsed Irish sailors led by a monk named Brendan most likely sailed across around the same (or even earlier time) in a boat made from leather Columbus ultimately located all the major islands in the Caribbean He also found new souls to win over to Catholicism, and of course, he found new land to settle the restless young hidalgos who had expected the Spanish crown to give them land and wealth following the fall of Granada when in fact the crown had none to give Columbus also found gold that was cultivated by placer mining, that is washed from gravel

Hernan Cortes and Montezuma

Conquered Aztecs (Tenochtitlan) and destroyed their civilization, leader of the Aztecs; believed Cortez was Quetzelcoatl (God) killed in battle; found richest civil mines in the world.

Conquistadors

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)

The Columbian Exchange

Exchange of products and ideas between Native Americans and Europe that developed out of the "discovery" of the "New World" by Columbus.; , Global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas. Important foods: potatoe, corn, tomato, sugar cane. Spread of diseases: Syphilis, Typhus, Flu, Measles, Smallpox, Malaria.

Bartolome de las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor, (476)

Sir Robert Clive

He is an aggressive British Empire Builder, and chief representative of East India company, Saved British from French aggression. He was chief representative in India for the East India Company, to build british empire in india, he was able to get support from the english government., military genius; chief merson involved in saving the British East India Company

Battle of Plassey

In 1757, the British defeated a leading Indian prince. 3,000 British against 80,000 Indians. The victory broke France's strength in India.

Spice Monopoly

In the absence of competition, prices soared. Dutch and English broke this control in the early 17th century. Dutch were even more ruthless in their control over the market, and uprooted 75% of the nutmeg and clove trees in the Spice Islands in order to drive up the price. Dutch East India Company was the officially sanctioned trading conglomerate.

"God, glory, and gold"

Main reasons for European exploration; a. Renaissance encouraged a spirit of adventure and curiosity; b. DESIRE FOR WEALTH (stuff = $$) spices were highly desired, Europeans sought to bypass Italian-Muslim monopoly by find a direct route to Asia; c. Convert Non-Christians

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Bartolomeo Dias

This Portuguese sea captain achieved the culmination of a generation of island-hopping and coasting along the continent of Africa by rounding its cape in 1488.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established Tokugawa Shogunate; established political unity in Japan

Black Hole of Calcutta

a dungeon (20 feet square) in a fort in Calcutta where as many as 146 English prisoners were held overnight by Siraj-ud-daula

Indian Ocean Trade- before Europeans

connected to Europe, Africa, and China.; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion; Large amounts of rade happened in this body of water between Arab, Persian, Turkish, Indian, African, Chinese, and Europe merchants. Particularly in the postclassical period 9600-1450)

Pachakuti

led the Inca and they began conquests to control the entire region, created a highly centralized state, changed Capital Cuzco from a city of mud into city of stone, extended boundaries as far as ecuador, central chile, and edge of amazon basin, divided his realm into 4 quarters ruled by a governor

Erikson/Viking Exploration

was the son of Erik the Red, founder of the first European settlement on what is now called Greenland. Around A.D. 1000, Eriksson sailed to Norway, where King Olaf I converted him to Christianity.