Aging 405 Final (9-12)

It is predicted that welfare states will replace the role of the family in the lives of older people in all currently developing regions.

pg. (290) *False (says we can't easily predict)

Cultural values will play a crucial role in the development of public policies in developing nations.

pg. (291) *True

Comparative methods consider what?

pg. (294-295). * The unit of analysis for what is being compared * The boundaries of the units being compared * Variables of interest * Comparing two or more items based on their similarities and differences

Civic engagement and volunteering are essentially the same. (T or F)

pg. (304) * False (unsure)

The only way for new members to be added to a birth cohort is if they migrate into a country. (T or F)

pg. (304) * True (but says society not country)

Baby boomer cohorts are slightly less well educated than previous cohorts of older people. (T or F)

pg. (309) * False

Medical advancement has moved from increasing years of life at the youngest ages to older ages.

pg. (312) * True? (says that they have helped add years to older years but nothing about younger years)

The biggest health problem that will affect the mortality rates of aging baby boomers is arthritis. (T or F)

pg. (313-315) * False

Healthy life expectancy is unaffected by obesity

pg. (314) * False (overall life expectancy might not be)

Productive Aging

pg. (320-321) pg. (322-324)

Encore careers

pg. (324)

Lifelong learning

pg. (325-326)

Younger people view old age as a ____ and older people view it as a _____.

pg. (330) * negative; positive

Society tends to think life is much easier for people over 65 than older people say it is.

pg. (331) * False (tougher)

Proposals for reorganizing the life course

pg. (331-332)

The life course perspective assumes orderliness in the stages of life.

pg. (332) * True

Why does understanding human aging require insight from multiple disciplines?

pg. (342) * because the changes that come with aging are not solely caused by actual aging

"Gerontological imagination" highlights the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to aging

pg. (342-343) * True

advantaged, dependent, and contender

pg. 242 social constructions of old age that arose in sequence, moving older adults from being viewed as dependent to advantaged to contender status

Most major policies for older adults in the United States were formulated during the phase of "compassionate ageism".

pg. 243 * True

Least developed countries:

**F. A, C, AND D ONLY** pg. (274) a. Have very low income per person b. Have advanced educational resources and nutritional programs c. Have poor human development indicators d. Have economic vulnerability e. a, b, and d only f. a, c, and d only

"Exceptional longevity" is strictly associated with the baby boomer generation, and is expected to taper off after this generation passes.

**FALSE** True False

Older adults tend to vote in a bloc, which is why politicians are invested in understanding the factors that influence their votes now and in the future.

**FALSE** True False

Population aging is expected to skew the youth-to-aged dependency ratio such that two-thirds of the dependents in 2030 will be older adults.

**FALSE** True False

Because of variations in life expectancy across racial and ethnic groups, events indicating various life stages occur at different ages.

**TRUE** True False

Behaviors undertaken and choices made in early and mid-life have clear effects on the later-life well-being of individuals.

**TRUE** True False

The concept of "old age" now necessitates distinctions such as "young old" versus "old old," and "third age" versus "fourth age."

**TRUE** True False

Women's greater participation in the labor force is directly correlated to the availability of family caregivers

**TRUE** True False

"Graying of the federal budget"

pg. (247) refers to the growing percentage of the federal budget allocated to age-based programs (called entitlements) for the older population, including the dollars spent on Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security, among other programs

With increasing diversity in the baby boom generation, scholars predict an intragenerational conflict between the older "haves" and the younger "have-nots" (T or F)

pg. (248) *True (think bc they predict intragenerational conflict between the haves and have-nots among the elderly

Generational accounting

pg. (249) advocates the calculation of the tax burden generated by each generation relative to the benefits they can expect to receive for thee programs supported by those tax dollars

Proposing major changes to Social Security has been a successful tactic that many presidents have used in the past to gain support in elections. (T or F)

pg. (251-252) * False

party affiliation

pg. (256)

What influences attitudes towards policies for older adults and voting behaviors?

pg. (257-259) *Age effects, Period effects, and Cohort effects

Older adults are less likely to vote than young adults. (T or F)

pg. (259) * False

Most people who are 65 or older do not identify themselves as "older adults". (T or F)

pg. (262) * True

What does Gerontocracy mean?

pg. (262-263) *A society ruled by the elderly *China used to be * Gerontocracy does not exist in the U.S. because the majority of wealth and political power does not reside with people 65 or 70 and older

It is projected that by 2050, 80% of all older adults will live in developing nations. (T or F)

pg. (272) * True

While more developed countries have a much higher proportion of older people today, the populations of the less developed nations are aging much faster than developed nations did

pg. (272-273) * True (I think)

One major challenge associated with population aging facing more developed countries is the solvency of long-term care systems.

pg. (273) * True (think)

Why is aging occurring more rapidly in less developed regions?

pg. (276-277) * Because in developing regions, mortality rates are declining rapidly and fertility rates are declining more slowly.

Developed nations face mostly the same social and economic concerns as the least developed nations in managing the changes associated with population aging

pg. (277) * False their challenges are worse since they are aging so fast

Kenya is an example of a country that is highly economically developed.

pg. (285) *False

A recent trend in established welfare states is that responsibility for funding and managing pensions is shifting from individuals to the government.

pg. (288) * False (from the gov. to individuals)

There are programs related to the older population under the auspices of virtually every cabinet department serving the president. (T or F)

(pg. 244? bc online book not textbook) * True

All older people are frail, needy, and dependent, and should be treated so by society and in policy making. (T or F)

* False

Today baby boomers are care-receivers, not caregivers. (T or F)

* False

The United States is the only country in the world to face tough decisions about income maintenance strategies, pension plans, and medical benefits for older adults

* False (I assume)

Understanding statistics like average educational attainment is enough to understand the entire population of a particular generation.

* False (assuming)

Who provides the majority of long-term career internationally?

* Families

Why do developing nations struggle to manage challenges associated with population aging?

* They don't have programs in place to serve older people. * They have poor economies.

Effective social policies should take into consideration the impact of changes at both the individual and societal levels

* True

Many challenges faced by individuals in old age have their genesis in earlier stages of life

* True

Trends in marriage rates over the last four decades show that we can expect a substantial increase in the percentage of divorced women 65 and older by 2050.

* True (Know)

The vast majority of older adults live autonomously in the community and are financially independent.

* True (know)

Intergenerational competition for resources arises from the perception of older adults as "contenders" rather than "dependents"

* True?

Intra-cohort variability refers to:

**C. WITHIN-COHORT DIFFERENCES** a. Differences between cohorts b. The ways in which race, ethnicity, class, and gender shape historical events c. Within-cohort differences d. Differences in life expectancy over time e. b and c only f. b, c, and d only

Which of the following is described by age stratification theory?

**A. AGE IS USED TO CLUSTER GROUPS OF PEOPLE TOGETHER AND TO DIFFERENTIATE AMONG PEOPLE ON THE BASIS OF THE AGE STRATUM TO WHICH THEY BELONG.** pg. (265-267) a. Age is used to cluster groups of people together and to differentiate among people on the basis of the age stratum to which they belong. b. Age is used as a hierarchical measure of socioeconomic status. c. Chronological age is linearly related to social power such that, from the time people are born to the time people die, they gain increasing amounts of social power. d. Social mobility between age strata is possible, based on the extent to which we can associate ourselves with other age groups. e. a, b, and d only f. All of the above

Which of the following is not true about modernization theory?

**A. CHANGES LIKE URBANIZATION, TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT, HEALTH ADVANCES, AND POPULATION GROWTH IMPROVE THE SOCIAL STANDING OF OLDER PEOPLE** pg. (291) a. Changes like urbanization, technological advancement, health advances, and population growth improve the social standing of older people b. The status of older people declines as a society modernizes c. Agrarian societies more adequately provide effective economic and social support structures for families d. As modernization of a society increases, productivity of the older population decreases

Some people feel that age-based programs should gradually become needs-based. The argument against this move is that:

**A. IT COULD LEAD TO "OTHERING" OF PEOPLE, AND RESULT IN DISCRIMINATION AND STIGMA.** a. It could lead to "othering" of people, and result in discrimination and stigma. b. It would provide benefits for some and not for others, even though everyone needs them. c. It would make people lazy. d. None of these

Mrs. Jones is a low-income, 72-year-old widow with some functional limitations. However, she has a large, active social network and often visits the senior center for recreational activities and to use their transportation services. Creation of senior centers and many services for low-income and/or disabled older adults are included in which legislation?

**A. THE OLDER AMERICANS ACT** pg. (245) a. The Older Americans Act b. The Passport Program c. Supplemental Security Income, 1972 d. Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act, 1988

The baby boomers span a distance of _____ leading to ______ differences.

**B. 18 YEARS: INTRACOHORT** pg. (303 & ?) intra=within cohort diff.) a. 12 years; intercohort b. 18 years: intracohort c. 10 years; intracohort d. 18 years; intercohort e. 12 years; intracohort

A birth cohort is:

**B. A GROUP OF PEOPLE BORN AT THE SAME TIME** pg. (316 & 303-304?) a. A group of people with similar educational experiences b. A group of people born at the same time c. A group of people who have children at the same time d. A group of people who are caring for their parents and their children

Tony is a 48-year-old business executive. His boss often "forgets" to sign him up for professional workshops, skills-training labs, and other career advancement programs. Which law is his boss violating?

**B. AGE DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT ACT, 1967** pg. (243) a. The Older Americans Act, 1965 b. Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 1967 c. The Passport Program d. Employment Retirement Security Act, 1974

Which of the following would probably not be considered "civic engagement"?

**B. EXERCISING** pg. (304) a. Volunteering for a nonprofit by helping with fundraising b. Exercising c. Signing a petition d. Tutoring underprivileged youth at an elementary school

Natalya emigrated from Russia in 1985. Now 76 years old, her children have adopted an American lifestyle. When Natalya does not understand some of the things her children do, they often tell her that she belongs to a different:

**B. GENERATION** a. Cohort b. Generation c. Gender d. All of the above

Which of the following is false about the Older Americans Act?

**B. IT ESTABLISHED THE ADMINISTRATION ON AGING AS PART OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE.** pg. (245) a. It was designed to be the focal point of federal policy on aging. b. It established the Administration on Aging as part of the Department of Defense. c. It mandated a wide array of programs intended to deal with a comprehensive list of issues facing older adults. d. It was initially directed to assist all Americans aged 60+.

Lily is a 15-year-old girl who listens to relatives discussing issues and also follows issues on TV. She has been hearing people refer to old adults as "greedy geezers" who are "taking it all." Such references to older adults promote:

**B. NEGATIVE STEREOTYPES** a. Compassionate ageism b. Negative stereotypes c. Intergenerational bonds d. All of the above

The division of countries into categories of developed, less developed, and least developed nations is:

**B. UNDERSTOOD AS A "STATISTICAL CONVENIENCE" RATHER THAN A JUDGMENT, BECAUSE THERE IS NO SINGLE, ESTABLISHED STANDARD FOR CLASSIFICATION** pg. (274) a. Distinguished by careful statistical differences in demographic composition b. Understood as a "statistical convenience" rather than a judgment, because there is no single, established standard for classification c. Is associated more with cultural values such as family structure than economic status d. Unable to provide a general sense of the level of resources available in a country to address important needs

Jack, a 67-year-old retired school teacher, spends a few hours every week tutoring at-risk children in his hometown. Jack's activity may be termed as:

**C. CIVIC ENGAGEMENT** a. An encore career b. Lifelong learning c. Civic engagement d. Generational characteristic

By 2050, the proportion of the older population that is non-Hispanic white will:

**C. DECREASE TO 58.5%** a. None of these b. Increase to 86.7% c. Decrease to 58.5% d. Remain steady at 80%

The debate between different cohorts or generations associated with distribution of government resources is known as _________.

**C. GENERATIONAL EQUITY** pg. (249-250) a. Electoral bluff b. Power elitism c. Generational equity d. Intergenerational conflict

Ryder 's comment that "the capacity for societal transformation . . . [is aided by] the continual emergence of new participants in the social process, and the continual withdrawal of their predecessors" refers to:

**C. THE INTERSECTION OF COHORT FLOW AND SOCIAL CHANGES** pg. (305) a. The increasing size of the work force in later life b. The growing focus on volunteerism in later life c. The intersection of cohort flow and social changes d. The speculations about how baby boomers will influence the new economy of aging

Challenges associated with population aging facing almost all nations include:

**D. ALL OF THE ABOVE** a. Funding, adapting, or expanding existing policies and programs b. Finding a balance between traditional value systems that emphasize norms of family care and formal systems of care c. Dealing with concerns about the lag between the growing proportion of older people and development of programs to support older people d. All of the above

Ned, a 71-year-old recovering alcoholic, volunteers at the local AA support group to guide and mentor younger members. He also participates with his mentees in training and recreational programs. Ned's work may be characterized as:

**D. B AND C ONLY** a. Cohort effect b. Productive aging c. Community service d. b and c only e. a and c only

The majority of long-term care is provided by _____ internationally.

**D. FAMILIES** a. Nursing homes b. Government programs c. Privately funded and not-for-profit entities d. Families

The reason(s) aging is occurring much more rapidly in less developed regions than it did in the United States is because:

**D. IN DEVELOPING REGIONS, MORTALITY RATES ARE DECLINING RAPIDLY AND FERTILITY RATES ARE DECLINING MORE SLOWLY.** a. The United States has a democratic governmental system and capitalist economy. b. Developing regions have lower infant mortality rates. c. There are high rates of migration from developing to developed countries. d. In developing regions, mortality rates are declining rapidly and fertility rates are declining more slowly. e. a and d only f. a through d

Developed countries currently have ______ proportion of older people than do less or least developed countries.

**D. MUCH HIGHER** a. A smaller b. About the same c. Slightly higher d. Much higher

The idea that a welfare state convergence will occur is:

**D. PROBLEMATIC, BECAUSE IT ASSUMES A WESTERN PERSPECTIVE OF WHAT A WELFARE STATE SHOULD LOOK LIKE** pg. (289) a. Expected, because existing welfare states have already become very similar to each other b. Not expected, because developing nations are less likely to have pension programs c. A positive sign of the growth of international democracy and increased balance of resources globally d. Problematic, because it assumes a western perspective of what a welfare state should look like

Which of the following is not a change that is expected for future cohorts of older people?

**D. RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY WITHIN THE OLDER POPULATION IS EXPECTED TO DECLINE.** a. Fertility will remain low so that the total population size will stabilize or decline and the number of older people will rise. b. The size of the U.S. population over 65 will double between 2000 and 2050. c. The level of dependency (i.e., the ratio of people ages 18 and 64 to all other members of society) is expected to increase until about 2030 and then level off. d. Racial and ethnic diversity within the older population is expected to decline.

The reason(s) that developing nations struggle to manage the challenges associated with population aging as effectively is/are because:

**E. A AND B ONLY** a. They don't have programs in place to serve older people. b. They have poor economies. c. Older people usually live alone. d. They have low fertility rates. e. a and b only f. All of the above

Which of the following reflect expected changes in education among future older cohorts?

**E. A AND B ONLY** pg. (309) a. Level of education among older adults is expected to rise for both women and men. b. Timing of education is being altered, so it no longer occurs only during the first phase of life (i.e., becoming more "age-integrated"). c. Being a student will likely become an "ageless" role, engaged in by a majority of older adults. d. Education will no longer enhance life expectancy or provide a health advantage for older people. e. a and b only f. a through d

The old-age welfare state includes:

**E. A AND C ONLY** pg. (243) a. Programs, services, and agencies that grew from policies approved out of the belief that older people deserve public support. b. The view that problems appearing in old age should be solved by individuals with minimal interference from the government. c. A fragmented network of programs and policies designed to address serious problems presumed to be common in the older population. d. The formal and informal groups that build policy and sway public opinion toward the belief that older people should have public support. e. a and c only f. b and d only

How are family structures changing in ways that will affect future cohorts of older adults?

**E. A THROUGH C** a. People are having fewer children, which means that older people will have fewer family caregivers available if they need assistance in old age. b. Longevity is allowing some families to have four, five, and even six generations living at one time. c. The increase in blended families with step-children may change the expectations for caring for aging family members. d. a and b only e. a through c

Which of the following statements is/are true about political values and aging?

**E. A, B, AND C ONLY** (pg. 243-263) a. Older adults have high voting rates. b. Individuals from higher socioeconomic backgrounds vote more regularly than their less advantaged counterparts. c. Age influences some attitudes more than others, and age differences, where they exist, are moderate in size. d. People become more politically conservative as they age. e. a, b, and c only f. All of the above

Which of the following is/are true about the educational trends over the last century?

**E. A, B, AND C ONLY** pg. (309) a. The proportion of adults with a high school education has increased more than three-fold. b. The overall pattern of increasing education is consistent for men and for women. c. The gap between Blacks and Whites in educational attainment has narrowed considerably over the last century. d. By 2000, there was no difference in the proportion of men and women with at least a high school diploma. e. a, b, and c only f. All of the above

Attitudes towards policies for older adults and voting behaviors are influenced by which of the following?

**E. A, B, AND C** a. Age effects b. Period effects c. Cohort effects d. None of the above e. a, b, and c

Comparative methods are used to examine global aging issues among multiple countries and consider:

**F. A THROUGH D** a. The unit of analysis for what is being compared b. The boundaries of the units being compared c. Variables of interest d. Comparing two or more items based on their similarities and differences e. a, b, and c only f. a through d

Study Guide

Final

Chpt. 10 Knowledge Check

Test

Chpt. 11 Knowledge Check

Test

Chpt. 12 Knowledge Check

Test

Chpt. 9 Knowledge Check

Test

Old-age benefits such as Social Security and Medicare comprise huge proportions of individual state budgets

pg. (227) * False (federal budgets)

Older adults in the United States started to gain an "advantaged" status from the middle of the 1800s.

pg. (242) * False

Compassionate ageism

pg. (242-246) * the belief that older people are needy and deserve special policies to help them

The programs of the old-age welfare state have been relatively successful in dealing with the problems they were created to address.

pg. (243) * True

Old-age income programs such as Social Security have been particularly successful in preventing older women from experiencing poverty.

pg. (244) * False (it help y overall, but several widows live in poverty)

The federal government of the United States is currently spending more money on children than on older adults.

pg. (246) * False (more on older adults)