AH: Infection

A patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is being taught by the nurse about health promotion activities such as good nutrition; avoiding alcohol, tobacco, drug use, and exposure to infectious agents; keeping up to date with vaccines; getting adequate rest; and stress management. What is the reason for these interventions? a. Delaying disease progression b. Preventing disease transmission c. Helping to cure the HIV infection d. Enabling an increase in self-care activities

A

What would the nurse teach patients in an assisted living facility in order to decrease their risk for antibiotic resistant infection? (Select all that apply.) a. Wash hands frequently. b. Take antibiotics as prescribed. c. Take the antibiotic until it is gone. d. Take antibiotics to prevent illnesses like colds. e. Save leftover antibiotics to take if needed later.

A, B, C

Factors associated with an increase in reemerging infections include (select all that apply) a. international travel. b. poor immunization rates. c. poor sanitation standards. d. not completing a full course of antibiotics. e. correct use of personal protective equipment.

A, B, C, D

The nurse is caring for an older patient who has been receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV infection for many years. The nurse is aware that complications of long-term ART use include (Select all that apply.) a. osteoporosis. b. insulin resistance. c. cognitive problems. d. urinary incontinence. e. cardiovascular disease.

A, B, E

Which factors place the patient at increased risk for severe COVID-19? (select all that apply) a. Obesity b. Thyroid disease c. Cigarette smoking d. Pernicious anemia e. Chronic kidney disease

A, C, E

Interventions to prevent health care-associated infections include (select all that apply) a. following hand-washing protocols. b. limiting visitors to persons over age 18. c. giving all patients prophylactic antibiotics. d. placing all patients on contact precautions. e. decontaminating equipment used for patient care.

A, E

The patient asks the nurse why they need viral load testing. The nurse responds that an undetectable HIV viral load (select all that apply) a. is the goal of HIV therapy. b. occurs with drug resistance. c. is a sign of disease progression. d. means that person is cured of HIV. e. means that someone is unable to sexually transmit HIV.

A, E

The nurse teaches the staff that standard precautions would be used when providing care for which type of patient? a. Pediatric and older adult patients b. All patients regardless of diagnosis c. Patients who are immunocompromised d. Patients with a history of infectious diseases

B

A patient is admitted to the emergency department (ED) with fever, swollen lymph glands, sore throat, headache, malaise, joint pain, and diarrhea. If the nurse suspects the patient is at risk for HIV infection, what nursing assessments will help identify HIV as the cause of the patient's manifestations? (Select all that apply.) a. Assessment of lung sounds b. Reviewing living conditions c. Assessment of sexual behavior d. Assessment of drug and syringe use e. Evaluating for exposure to an ill person

C, D

A heterosexual patient is concerned that they may contract human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from a bisexual partner. What would the nurse include when teaching about preexposure prophylaxis? (Select all that apply.) a. Take fluconazole (Diflucan). b. Take amphotericin B (Fungizone). c. Use condoms for risk-reducing sexual relations. d. Take emtricitabine and tenofovir (Truvada) regularly. e. Have regular HIV testing for the patient and partner.

C, D, E

OSHA Guidelines

Federal agency that protects employees from injury and illness at work

Viruses

Infectious particles consisting of a small amount of genetic material and a protein envelope (doesn't have a cellular structure)

Emerging infections

Oringinate from: -unknown sources -animals -changes in known disease -biologic warfare -previously treatable organisms that develop resistance

Antimicrobial Resistant Infections

Pathogenic organisms that are highly adaptable; change and become resistant to treatment

HIV

Retrovirus that causes immunosuppression making persons more susceptible to infections

Fungi

Similar to plants without chlorophyll -usually localized infections

Protozoa

Single-cell -normally in soil and bodies of water -causes infection when enter body

System infection

Spread extensively throughout body; often via blood

Reemerging infections

Widespread due to: -increased population -inadequate sanitation -antibiotic misuse -bioterrism -low vaccination rates -international travel

When teaching a patient with HIV infection about transmission of the virus to others, which statement made by the patient would indicate a need for further teaching? a. "I will need to isolate any tissues I use so as not to infect my family." b. "I will notify all of my sexual partners so they can get tested for HIV." c. "Unprotected sexual contact is the most common mode of transmission." d. "I do not need to worry about spreading this virus to others by sweating at the gym."

a. "I will need to isolate any tissues I use so as not to infect my family."

A patient has human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the viral load is reported as undetectable. What patient teaching would the nurse provide related to this laboratory study result? a. The patient has the virus but the infection is well controlled. b. The syndrome has been cured, and the patient can discontinue all medications. c. The patient will be prescribed lower doses of antiretroviral medications for 2 months. d. The patient is not taking antiretrovirals and needs to be taught the benefits of therapy.

a. The patient has the virus but the infection is well controlled.

A patient has been diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. What information about antiretroviral therapy with multiple drugs would the nurse provide to the patient to improve adherence? a. Viral replication will be inhibited. b. They will decrease CD4+ T-cell counts. c. It will prevent interaction with other drugs. d. More than one drug has a better chance of curing HIV.

a. Viral replication will be inhibited.

A nurse was accidently stuck with a needle used on a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. After reporting the incident, what care would the nurse receive first? a. Personal protective equipment b. Combination antiretroviral therapy c. Counseling to report blood exposures d. A negative evaluation by the manager

b. Combination antiretroviral therapy

The nurse manager has noted a recent increase in the number of hospital care-associated infections (HAIs) on the unit. Which nursing action would be a priority in response to this increase? a. Double glove use during procedures b. Frequent and thorough hand washing c. Prophylactic, broad-spectrum antibiotics d. Fitting and appropriate use of N95 masks

b. Frequent and thorough hand washing

The nurse is teaching a community health class about the prevention of antibiotic-resistant infections. What would be included in the teaching plan? a. Save leftover antibiotics for future uses. b. Hand washing can prevent many infections. c. Antibiotics are indicated for preventing most colds. d. Stop taking prescribed antibiotics when symptoms improve.

b. Hand washing can prevent many infections.

A surgical unit's quality improvement committee notes the number of new catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) increased over the past 6 months. The nurse understands that this means: a. There is CAUTI pandemic on the unit. b. There is a need to review unit practices. c. Droplet precautions are needed to prevent CAUTIs. d. The prevalence of antibiotic resistant CAUTI infections is decreasing.

b. There is a need to review unit practices.

A parent does not want their child to have any extra immunizations for diseases that no longer occur. What teaching about immunization would the nurse provide the parent? a. There is currently no need for those older vaccines. b. There is a reemergence of some of the infections, such as pertussis. c. There is no longer an immunization available for some of those diseases. d. The only way to protect your child is to have the federally required vaccines.

b. There is a reemergence of some of the infections, such as pertussis.

A basic principle to consider when planning treatment for HIV is a. stimulating the immune system to increase viral load. b. using a combination of drugs from more than one class. c. suppressing the replication of virus by decreasing the CD4+ count. d. encouraging patients to use natural supplements, such as St. John's Wort.

b. using a combination of drugs from more than one class.

Endemic

baseline level of disease in a particular area

A pregnant woman is newly diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is upset. What would the nurse teach this patient about her baby's risk of being born with HIV infection? a. "The baby will be infected with HIV." b. "Having a cesarean section will keep your baby from having HIV." c. "Treatment with antiretroviral therapy will decrease the baby's chance of HIV infection." d. "The duration and frequency of contact with the organism will determine if the baby gets HIV infection."

c. "Treatment with antiretroviral therapy will decrease the baby's chance of HIV infection."

The nurse is providing care for a patient who has been living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection for several years. Which assessment finding would the nurse recognize as being a sign of an acute exacerbation of the disease? a. A new onset of polycythemia b. Presence of mononucleosis-like symptoms c. A sharp decrease in the patient's CD4+ count d. A sudden increase in the patient's WBC count

c. A sharp decrease in the patient's CD4+ count

The nurse is monitoring the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. What laboratory result indicates ART is effective? a. Increased viral load b. Decreased neutrophil count c. Increased CD4+ T-cell count d. Decreased white blood cell count

c. Increased CD4+ T-cell count

Opportunistic diseases in HIV infection a. are usually benign. b. are slow to develop and progress. c. occur in the presence of immunosuppression. d. are curable with appropriate drug interventions.

c. occur in the presence of immunosuppression.

When working with a patient who has suspected tuberculosis, the nurse would a. wear a cloth mask. b. only use standard precautions. c. place the patient on airborne precautions. d. wear a new gown each time they enter the room.

c. place the patient on airborne precautions.

CAUTI

catheter associated urinary tract infection

CLABSI

central line associated blood stream infection

Transmission of HIV

contact with certain body fluids (blood, genital secretions, breast milk)

A patient was recently diagnosed with a sinus infection and prescribed a 10-day course of an antibiotic. After 3 days the patient felt back to normal and informed the nurse that he decided to stop the antibiotics and save the rest of the antibiotics in case he gets another infection. Which statement would the nurse include when providing education to the patient? a. "You should keep left over antibiotics in a cool, dry place so they do not expire." b. "It is okay to save the antibiotics for next time, but you should check the expiration date." c. "If you have left over antibiotics, please return them back to the clinic so we can give them to patients who cannot afford their medication." d. "If you are prescribed antibiotics, you should complete the entire course of treatment because you may create drug resistance by stopping early."

d. "If you are prescribed antibiotics, you should complete the entire course of treatment because you may create drug resistance by stopping early."

What is the most appropriate nursing intervention to help patients with HIV adhere to their treatment plan? a. Set up a drug pillbox for the patient every week. b. Give the patient a video and a brochure to view and read at home. c. Tell the patient that side effects of ART are bad but that they go away. d. Assess the patient's routines and find adherence cues that fit into their life circumstances.

d. Assess the patient's routines and find adherence cues that fit into their life circumstances.

A patient was exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 2 weeks ago through sharing needles with other substance users. What symptoms will the nurse teach the patient to report that would indicate the patient has developed an acute HIV infection? a. Cough, diarrhea, headaches, blurred vision, muscle fatigue b. Night sweats, fatigue, fever, and persistent generalized lymphadenopathy c. Oropharyngeal candidiasis or thrush, vaginal candida infection, or oral or genital herpes d. Flu-like symptoms such as fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, nausea, or diarrhea

d. Flu-like symptoms such as fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, nausea, or diarrhea

The nurse caring for a patient with HIV who has been on ART for many years plans care with the knowledge that the patient a. will inevitably develop drug resistance. b. is less likely to develop problems such as hyperlipidemia. c. is more likely to require treatment of opportunistic infections. d. can develop other chronic conditions at an earlier age than someone without HIV.

d. can develop other chronic conditions at an earlier age than someone without HIV.

Bacteria causes disease by

entering the body and growing inside cells; secretes toxins that damage cells

Prions

infectious particles that have abnormal shaped proteins -not all cause disease,but those that do affect nervous system

Localized infection

limited to small area

Incidence

number of new cases of a health-related issue or problem that occur during a specific period

Zoonosis

science of transmission of diseases from animals to humans

Disseminated infection

spread to areas of the body beyond the initial site of infection

SSI

surgical site infection

Prevalence

total number of people who have a specific health-related issue, problem, disease or illness at any give time

Pandemic

type of epidemic that has significant geographic spread