Airway

The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is _______ mm Hg; the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is ______ mm Hg

104, 40

the pressure of gas in a full cylinder of oxygen is approximately ____\_ pounds per square inch

2000

When testing a mechanical suctioning unit, you should turn on the device, clamp the tubing, and ensure that it generates a vacuum pressure of more than:

300 mm Hg

what is the alveolar minute volume of a patient with a tidal volume of 500 mL, a dead space volume of 150 mL, and a respiratory rate of 16 breaths/min?

5,600 mL

An oxygen cylinder should be taken out of service and refilled when the pressure inside it is less than:

500 psi

With a good mask-to-face seal and an oxygen flow rate of 15 L/min, the nonrebreathing mask is capable of delivering up to ______% inspired oxygen.

90

which of the following structures is not found in the upper airway? A. Bronchus B. Larynx C. Oropharynx D. Pharynx

Bronchus

which of the following statements regarding normal gas exchange in the lungs is correct?

Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the alveolar walls and capillaries

which of the following statements regarding oxygen is correct

Oxygen supports the combustion process and may cause a fire.

which of the following statements regarding breathing adequacy is correct

Patients breathing shallowly may require assisted ventilation despite a normal respiratory rate.

during your assessment of a patient with a respiratory distress you hear wheezing when listening to breath sounds

This indicates a lower airway obstruction.

which of the following patients would most likely require insertion of a oropharyngeal airway

a 40 year old unconscious patient with slow shallow respirations

intrapulmonary shunting occurs when

blood coming from the right side of the heart bypasses nonfunctional alveoli and returns to the left side of the heart in an unoxygenated state.

Without adequate oxygen, the body's cells:

incompletely convert glucose into energy, and lactic acid accumulates in the blood.

In a healthy individual, the brain stem stimulates breathing on the basis of:

increased carbon dioxide levels.

Tidal volume is defined as the volume of air that:

moves into or out of the lungs in a single breath.

which of the following organs or tissues can survive the longest without oxygen

muscle

Hyperventilation could be associated with all of the following, except

narcotic overdose

A patient who is suspected of being hypoxic and is breathing adequately should be given supplemental oxygen with a:

nonrebreathing mask

Structures of the lower airway include all of the following, EXCEPT the: A)alveoli. B)trachea. C)epiglottis. D)bronchioles.

the epiglottis

which of the following patients should you place in the recovery position

A 31-year-old semiconscious male with low blood sugar and adequate breathing

which of the following is the most reliable indicator of adequately performed bag mask ventilations in an apneic adult with a pulse

Adequate rise of the chest when squeezing the bag

which of the following statements regarding the one person bag mask technique is correct

Adequate tidal volume is often difficult to achieve when one EMT is operating the bag-mask device.

What occurs when a patient is breathing very rapidly and shallowly?

Air moves primarily in the anatomic dead space and does not participate in pulmonary gas exchange.

A 23-year-old male experienced severe head trauma after his motorcycle collided with an oncoming truck. He is unconscious, has agonal gasps, and has copious bloody secretions in his mouth. How should you manage his airway?

Alternate oropharyngeal suctioning and ventilation with a bag-mask device.

which of the following statements regarding anaphylaxis is correct

Anaphylaxis is characterized by airway swelling and hypotension.

which of the following oxygen flow meters is not affected by gravity and can be used in any position when attached to an oxygen cylinder

Bourdon-gauge flow meter

Irregular respirations characterized by an increasing rate and depth of breathing followed by periods of apnea are called:

Cheyne-Stokes respirations

Hypoxia is MOST accurately defined as: A. low venous oxygen levels. B. a decrease in arterial oxygen levels. C. an increase in carbon dioxide in the blood. D. inadequate oxygen to the tissues and cells.

D. inadequate oxygen to the tissues and cells.

A young female is unconscious after intentionally ingesting a large amount of aspirin. You will MOST likely find her respirations:

Deep/ rapid

Based on current guidelines, in which of the following situations should supplemental oxygen be administered?

Exposure to carbon monoxide and an oxygen saturation of 94%

which of the following statements regarding oxygenation and ventilation is correct

In mines or confined places, where oxygen levels are low, ventilation may continue despite adequate oxygenation.

which of the following would cause an increase in the amount of exhaled carbon dioxide

Increased cardiac output

How does CPAP improve oxygenation and ventilation in patients with certain respiratory problems?

It forces the alveoli open and increases the concentration of oxygen in the alveoli.

How does positive-pressure ventilation affect cardiac output?

It increases intrathoracic pressure, which decreases venous return to the heart and causes a decrease in cardiac output.

which of the following statements regarding pulse oximetry is correct

Pulse oximetry measures the percentage of hemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen, but does not measure the actual hemoglobin content of the blood.

Treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) would MOST likely be contraindicated in which of the following situations?

Shortness of breath and a blood pressure of 76/56 mm Hg

which of the following statements regarding the hypoxia drive is correct

The hypoxia drive stimulates a person to breathe on the basis of low oxygen levels

albuterol is a generic name for

Ventolin

which of the following statements regarding positive pressure ventilation is correct

With positive-pressure ventilation, more volume is required to have the same effects as normal breathing.

a ventilation/perfusion (V/Q ratio) mismatch occurs when

a disruption in blood flow inhibits the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs, even though the alveoli are filled with fresh oxygen.

When auscultating the lungs of a patient with respiratory distress, you hear adventitious sounds. This means that the patient has:

abnormal breath sounds

you are dispatched to a residence for a 67 year old female who was awakened by shortness of breath and sharp chest pain. her husband tells you that she was recently discharged from the hospital after having hip surgery. your assessment reveals dried blood around her mouth, facial cyanosis, and an oxygen saturation of 88%. you should suspect

acute pulmonary embolism

An alert patient presents with a regular pattern of inhalation and exhalation and breath sounds that are clear and equal on both sides of the chest. These findings are consistent with:

adequate air exchange.

Gas exchange in the lungs is facilitated by:

adequate amounts of surfactant.

When administering supplemental oxygen to a hypoxemic patient with a chronic lung disease, you should:

adjust the flow rate accordingly until you see symptom improvement, but be prepared to assist his or her ventilations.

A 51-year-old female presents with a sudden onset of difficulty breathing. She is conscious and alert and able to speak in complete sentences. Her respirations are 22 breaths/min and regular. You should:

administer 100% oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask.

in the presence of oxygen, the cells convert glucose into energy through a process called

aerobic metabolism

your protocols state that during the first few minutes of working on a cardiac arrest patient you should provide passive ventilation. this means that you will

allow recoil of the chest between compressions to draw air into the lungs

The actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the:

alveolar sacs

In what area of the lungs does respiration occur?

alveoli

high flow oxygen with a nasal cannula during the pre oxygenation phase of endotracheal intubation is called

apneic oxygenation

A 62-year-old man with a history of congestive heart failure presents with severe respiratory distress and an oxygen saturation of 82%. When you auscultate his lungs, you hear widespread rales. He is conscious and alert, is able to follow simple commands, and can only speak in two- to three-word sentences at a time. You should:

apply a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device, monitor his blood pressure, and observe him for signs of improvement or deterioration.

While auscultating an elderly woman's breath sounds, you hear low-pitched "rattling" sounds at the bases of both of her lungs. This finding is MOST consistent with which of the following conditions?

aspiration pneumonia

you receive a call for a 70 year old female with respiratory distress. her husband tells you that she has congestive heart failure; failure however, he does not think that she has been taking her medications as prescribed. the patient is laboring to breathe, appears tired, and has cyanosis around her lips. you should

assist her ventilations with a bag-mask device

at the onset of an acute asthma attack, patients commonly experience difficulty breathing and

audible stridor

Alkalosis is a condition that occurs when:

blood acidity is reduced by excessive breathing.

oxygen toxicity is a condition in which

cellular tissue damage occurs from excessive oxygen levels in the blood.

the nasopharyngeal airway is most beneficial because it

can maintain a patent airway in a semiconscious patient with a gag reflex.

the primary waste product of aerobic metabolism is

carbon dioxide

A man was found unresponsive in his bed at home. There is no evidence of injury and the patient's medical history is not known. The patient's face is cyanotic, yet the pulse oximeter reads 98%. Which of the following would MOST likely explain this?

carbon monoxide poisoning

the respiratory distress that accompanies emphysema is caused by

chronic stretching of the alveolar walls.

the _______ cartilage is a firm ring that forms the inferior part of the larynx

cricoid

for which of the following conditions would the emt most likely administer humidified oxygen

croup

which of the following is a late sign of hypoxia

cyanosis

which of the following would not cause a decrease in tidal volume

deep respirations

A conscious and alert 29-year-old female with a history of asthma complains of difficulty breathing that began after her morning jog. The temperature outside is 40°F (5°C). On exam, you hear bilateral expiratory wheezing. After providing supplemental oxygen, you should:

determine if she has been prescribed a beta-agonist inhaler.

Inhalation occurs when the:

diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and cause a decrease in intrathoracic pressure.

A 37-year-old male has an apparent foreign body airway obstruction. He is conscious and alert and is coughing forcefully. His skin is pink, warm, and moist. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient includes:

encouraging him to cough and transporting.

the purpose of the pin indexing system for compressed gas cylinders is to

ensure that the correct regulator is used for the cylinder.

The structure located superior to the larynx is called the:

epiglottis

A 30-year-old male presents with acute shortness of breath, widespread hives, and facial swelling. He denies any past medical history and takes no medications. During your assessment, you hear wheezing over all the lung fields. His blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg and his heart rate is 110 beats/min. In addition to giving him high-flow oxygen, the MOST important treatment for this patient is:

epinephrine

which of the following structures is contained within the mediastinum?

esophagus

the process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood of the capillaries is called

external respiration

pleural effusion is most accurately defined as

fluid accumulation outside the lung.

CPAP is indicated for patients who:

have pulmonary edema and can follow verbal commands.

the presence of elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood is called

hypercarbia

the most significant complication associated with oropharyngeal suctioning is

hypoxia due to prolonged suction attempts

Asthma is caused by a response of the:

immune system

all of the following will help minimize the risk of gastric distention when ventilating an apneic patient with a bag mask device except;

increasing the amount of delivered tidal volume.

you are dispatched to an apartment complex where a 21 year old female has apparently overdosed in several narcotic medications. she is semiconscious and has slow, shallow respirations. you should

insert a nasopharyngeal airway and begin assisted ventilation.

The two processes that occur during respiration are:

inspiration and expiration

You are assisting an asthma patient with his prescribed metered-dose inhaler. After the patient exhales, and before inhaling, the patient should put his or her lips around the inhaler, take a deep breath, and depress the inhale. you should

instruct him to hold his breath for as long as he comfortably can.

In contrast to inhalation, exhalation:

is a passive process caused by increased intrathoracic pressure.

you are assessing a patient with respiratory distress and are unsure if the cause is chf or copd. which of the following clinical signs would be the most helpful in determining whether the patient has a chf or copd

jugular vein distention

you are dispatched to a residence where a middle-ages man was found unconscious in his front yard. there are no witnesses who can tell you what happened. you find him in a prone position; his eyes are closed and he is not moving. your first action should be to:

log roll him as a unit to a supine position

the hypoxia drive is influenced by

low blood oxygen levels

Each cell of the body combines nutrients and oxygen and produces energy and waste products through a process called:

metabolism

As the single EMT managing an apneic patient's airway, the preferred initial method of providing ventilations is the:

mouth-to-mask technique with a one-way valve.

In order for efficient pulmonary gas exchange to occur:

oxygen and carbon dioxide must be able to freely diffuse across the alveolar-capillary membrane.

a 60 year old male presents with acute respiratory distress. he is conscious and alert, has pink and fry skin, and has respirations of 22 breaths/min with adequate depth. which of the following treatments is most appropriate for this patient

oxygen via nonrebreathing mask and a focused secondary assessment

The MOST serious complication associated with using a nasopharyngeal airway in a patient with trauma to the head or face is:

penetrating the cranium.

A 71-year-old male is semiconscious following a sudden, severe headache. There is vomitus on his face and his respirations are slow and shallow. The EMT must immediately:

perform oropharyngeal suctioning.

the diaphragm is innervated by the ______ nerve, which allows it to contract

phrenic

Prior to applying a nonrebreathing mask on a patient with difficult breathing you should A. set the flow rate to no more than 10 L/min. B. prefill the reservoir bag to ensure delivery of 100% oxygen C. insert a nasopharyngeal airway to maintain airway patency. D. perform a complete physical examination to determine the degree of hypoxia.

prefill the reservoir bag to ensure delivery of 100% oxygen

A 22-year-old female patient is complaining of dyspnea and numbness and tingling in her hands and feet after an argument with her fiancé. Her respirations are 40 breaths/min. You should:

provide reassurance and give oxygen as needed.

You are ventilating a 40-year-old uninjured man who is apneic but has a pulse. When your partner reassesses his blood pressure, he notes that it has decreased significantly from previous readings.

reduce the rate or volume of the ventilations you are delivering

You are ventilating an apneic woman with a bag-mask device. She has dentures, which are tight-fitting. Adequate chest rise is present with each ventilation, and the patient's oxygen saturation reads 96%. When you reassess the patency of her airway, you note that her dentures are now loose, although your ventilations are still producing adequate chest rise. You should:

remove her dentures, resume ventilations, and assess for adequate chest rise.

A 19-year-old female is found unconscious by her roommate. Your primary assessment reveals that her breathing is inadequate. As you insert an oropharyngeal airway, she begins to gag violently. You should:

remove the airway and be prepared to suction her oropharynx.

while providing cpap to a patient in severe respiratory distress, you note that his heart rate increased by 20 beats/min. he is unconscious, but is not longer following verbal commands

remove the cpap device and ventilate him with a bag-mask device

An unconscious patient found in a prone position must be placed in a supine position in case he or she:

requires CPR

When the level of arterial carbon dioxide rises above normal:

respirations increase in rate and depth.

You have inserted an oral airway and are ventilating an apneic woman with a bag-mask device. She suddenly begins regurgitating large amounts of vomit. You should:

roll her onto her side and remove the oral airway.

You are ventilating a patient with a stoma; however, air is escaping from the mouth and nose. To prevent this, you should:

seal the mouth and nose.

which of the following conditions would be least likely to result in hypoxia

severe anxiety

which of the following factors will cause a reduction in minute volume in an adult?

shallow breathing

central chemoreceptors located in the medulla provide feedback to increase the rate and depth of breathing when they sense

slight elevations in carbon dioxide or a decrease in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid.

A 59-year-old male with a history of emphysema complains of an acute worsening of his dyspnea and pleuritic chest pain following a forceful cough. Your assessment reveals that he has a barrel-shaped chest, unilaterally diminished breath sounds, and tachycardia. What is the MOST likely cause of this patient's condition?

spontaneous pneumothorax

While eating dinner, your partner suddenly grabs his throat and has a panicked look on his face. He is unable to cough and becomes cyanotic around the lips

stand behind him and administer abdominal thrusts

when assessing for fluid collection in the lungs during auscultation of lung sounds, you should

start at the lower lung fields and determine at which level you start hearing clear breath sounds.

Harsh, high-pitched inspiratory sounds are characteristic of:

stridor

Proper technique for suctioning the oropharynx of an adult patient includes:

suctioning while withdrawing the catheter from the oropharynx.

Common signs and symptoms of acute hyperventilation syndrome include:

tachypnea and tingling in the extremities.

Acute pulmonary edema would MOST likely develop as the result of:

toxic chemical inhalation.

The physical act of moving air into and out of the lungs is called

ventilation

a nasopharyngeal airway is inserted

with the bevel facing the septum if inserted into the right nare