albert personalities/testing and individual differences

Intelligence tests are plotted using a normal distribution. The symmetric, bell-shaped curve represents the normal distribution of intelligence in the overall population. Modern IQ scores have a mean of 100 points and a standard deviation of 15 points. To be considered a gifted individual, one must score +2 standard deviations above the mean. Which of the following represents the score range for +2 deviations above the mean of 100?

115 - 130.

Within a normal distribution, what percent of the population will fall between 85 and 115 on an IQ test?

68%.

If a seven-year-old child has an IQ of 100, what is the child's mental age?

7

What is the average IQ range on intelligence tests, such as the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) or the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)?

85-115

Rory's science teacher has just reported to the class that the results of their last exam were normally distributed. She is concerned about the security of the exam so does not hand back the exam, but tells Rory that he scored two standard deviations above the mean. Based on this information, what is Rory's percentile rank on this exam?

97.5%

Which of the following is the BEST example of an aptitude test?

A college entrance test.

Which of the following is not a trait of positive psychology?

A focus on reinforcement rather than punishment.

In what situation would it be hardest to tell somebody's personality through observing behavior?

A funeral.

Researchers will be administering a new IQ test to a standardization sample representing the entire adult population of the United States. Which method would be MOST effective for establishing a relevant standardization sample?

Administering the test to a hand-selected group of participants that span a range of ages, genders, socioeconomic statuses, and geographic regions

What statement is a fundamental part of both Abraham Maslow and Carl Roger's theories?

All people are motivated to self-actualize, or meet their full potential.

Ten-year-old Owen is in fourth grade but reads at a second-grade level. Across a number of cognitive skills, Owen can only do the tasks of a typical eight-year-old. Using Alfred Binet's measure of intelligence, Owen's IQ would fall into which area of the graph above?

B

According to the Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences theory, a talented dancer possesses which of the following types of intelligence?

Bodily-kinesthetic.

Amadeo has gradually become more agreeable as he has aged. Bowen has become more guarded after his recent break-up. Calder knows he has a pessimistic explanatory style and had successfully made a conscious effort to interpret events more positively. Who has experienced personality growth?

Calder.

The Neo-Freudian who proposed the concept of archetypes contained within the collective unconscious is

Carl Jung.

Calvin is a wide receiver for a professional football team. As Calvin prepares for the upcoming season, he is asked about his goals for the year. Calvin says, "My goal is for us to win every single game and eventually hold the championship trophy." Calvin's goals illustrate which concept?

Collectivism.

Identical twins are adopted into measurably different environments. Both twins are in safe, clean, and nurturing environments. However, Twin A is intellectually stimulated and challenged daily while Twin B is not regularly challenged nor intellectually stimulated. Prior to the adoption, the twins had an identical IQ. The twins' IQ was measured annually and Twin B experienced an overall and steady decline in IQ over time. Which of the following BEST explains the decline in Twin B's IQ?

Cumulative depravation hypothesis.

Javier is doing great in school. He has all A's, is a star on the football team, and has a great group of friends. Javier feels great about himself. Javier demonstrates which of the following?

High self-esteem.

Which of the following perspectives would be most likely to suggest the use of a one-on-one interview to assess personality?

Humanist.

A graduate student in a research design course proposes a study he wants to conduct. The professor teaching the course criticizes the study's low face validity. Which of the following explanations could the graduate student give to explain why low face validity might be desirable in a study?

If participants cannot tell what the study is measuring, the study results may be more accurate.

Jameis plays professional football. Jameis is working hard to prepare for the season. Since Jameis is the quarterback of the team, he is interviewed and asked about the team's goals for the upcoming season. Jameis says his goals are to "Throw for 3,000 yards, 30 touchdowns, and be an all-pro." Jameis's statement and goals show what psychological concept?

Individualism.

In Alfred Adler's view of personality, what is the most significant force driving our behaviors?

Inferiority, or a fear of failure, coupled with a desire to achieve.

Robert Sternberg proposed a triarchic theory of intelligence. Which of the following BEST exemplifies analytical intelligence?

Jamie earned a 4.0 GPA during her high school career and recently received a scholarship for her score on a college entrance exam.

How did Carl Jung revise Sigmund Freud's theory of personality?

Jung added a "collective unconscious," which contains general memories and themes that are common across people and cultures.

Rosa is taking calculus and is very anxious that she will not do well. On her first test, Rosa scores a 60%. For her second test, Rosa studies more and scores a 63%. Rosa decides to try harder and studies even more for the third test but scores a 59%. At this point, Rosa decides that she is not smart enough to learn calculus and drops the class. Which of the following BEST describes what Rosa is feeling?

Learned helplessness.

Which of the following theorists would be MOST likely to argue that intelligence is a single, innate quality that can be measured by standardized intelligence tests?

Lewis Terman.

Who is responsible for developing the Stanford-Binet test?

Lewis Terman.

A therapist is using a psychometric assessment to measure a client's clinical levels of traits that include hypochondriasis, depression, paranoia, and hypomania. Which of the following tests is MOST appropriate for empirically identifying these traits?

MMPI-2.

Someone with an intelligence score of 35-49, who may progress to a second-grade level academically by the age of 21, is at what level of cognitive disability?

Moderate

The Wechsler IQ test is an example of a standardized test. Which of the following is a TRUE statement about standardized tests?

Standardization allows the IQ scores of different people to be meaningfully compared.

Standardized tests that have been around for decades, such as the SAT or Stanford-Binet, are often renormed so that the number of questions needed to achieve the same score changes. Why are standardized tests often renormed? A

Standardization requires that questions have been piloted on a similar population as the people taking a test, and the demographics, knowledge, experiences, and intelligence of test-takes has shifted over the decades.

Charles Spearman is BEST known for his work on which of the following contributions to the field of intelligence?

The g factor.

Which of the following statements BEST represents Robert Sternberg's criticism of traditional intelligence tests including the Stanford -Binet and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), and standardized assessments including college entrance exams?

They emphasize g but ignore other intelligence traits.

Professor Feldspar is upset. At the end of his three-year longitudinal study, he is positive that he did not disprove the Null Hypothesis. He is so despondent that he rushes out of his lab and ignores his graduate student, Suzy Schmidlap. Ms. Schmidlap took another look at the data and realizes that Professor Feldspar's work did yield a significant difference between groups. What is Professor Feldspar guilty of? Which type of error is Professor Feldspar guilty of?

Type II error.

Contemporary research in the field of intelligence indicates that intelligence is

comprised of a mixture of genetic and environmental factors.

Mrs. Butera has spent two weeks teaching her class about the brain but when her students take their Friday quiz, all of the questions are about intelligence. The students complain that the assessment was unfair. The quiz is lacking

content validity.

A crafty psychology teacher includes questions on the test that do NOT count towards students' scores. Instead, she is testing them out to see how people do. She is likely doing this because she wants to

create a norm-referenced test in the future.

A test that is made up of questions that reliably indicate differences between individuals is known as

empirically derived.

After taking a test for her psychology course, a student explains to her friend that the test asked her to discuss themes found in literature. Her friend responds, "Huh, that sounds more like an English test than a psychology exam!" Her friend's criticism suggests the test has low

face validity.

The technique used to identify clusters of related items, like personality traits, is known as

factor analysis.

The bell-shaped pattern that represents the frequency of occurrence of intelligence test scores in the general population is known as the

normal curve.

As a teacher develops her end-of-semester exam, she worries that if she uses the same exam for each of her psychology classes that students might tell each other what to expect. A colleague advises her to write different exams for each class to prevent that problem, but the teacher responds that she thinks using different exams will mean that she is measuring each class's knowledge differently. The teacher is expressing a concern about

parallel forms reliability.

Titus prefers to plan out how he spends his time in advance. Thus, he spends much of his time focused on moving between activities and is often in places he knows well. Therefore, he is often unaware of spontaneous opportunities. However, he feels a sense of calm whenever he successfully executes a day. Both of these factors mean that Titus continues to closely schedule his time. This is an example of

reciprocal determinism.

Walter Mischel's theory that we do not have an inherent personality and behavior is instead determined more by immediate circumstances than by personality traits is called

situationism.

A negative bias against a group that negatively affects test performance is referred to as

stereotype threat.

Phyllis is completing her undergraduate degree in teaching social studies. As part of her requirements for graduation, she must complete the state licensing exam to receive her teaching certificate. The exam is a multiple-choice test assessing her content knowledge in world history, American history, economics, and geography; subjects that have been covered in her college coursework. What type of test is the licensing exam?

Achievement test.

Mia and Felicia are both taking their college entrance exam on the same day, at the same high school. They take the exam in a large auditorium with one hundred other students. When discussing the questions after the exam, they realize they did not take the same exam. When they receive their results however they find they earned close to the same score, which makes sense to them since they generally earn the same grades in school. Which of the following BEST explains their experience?

Alternate form reliability.

Scientific psychology should only study observable behaviors as determinants of personality. This theory is BEST supported by which perspective on personality?

Behaviorism.

Which of the following was the first intelligence test created to identify children who would benefit from extra help prior to starting formal education?

Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale

Cali and several of her friends are discussing whether the results from college entrance exams should be used as part of the college application process. Cali believes that the tests lack the ability forecast how a student will perform in college classes. Which of the following BEST supports Cali's argument against using the results as part of the admissions process?

Cali feels the exams lack predictive validity.

You take pride in being a good friend. Celebrating your friend's birthdays brings you pleasure. However, when you forget a friend's birthday, you feel some anxiety. The anxiety you feel is caused by the reality of forgetting the birthday and the contradiction of the self-concept of what it means to be a good friend. An individual with an incongruent self-concept and subsequent anxiety is an example of the work of

Carl Rogers.

Hanna likes most of her classes. She just wishes she there was not so much homework. As she lays in bed at night, her mental to-do list scrolls through her head. Suddenly, she leaps out of her bed to check her planner to make sure she has done everything for the next day of school. Which personality trait is Hanna displaying?

Conscientiousness.

Who created the intelligence test that is currently used MOST often?

David Wechsler.

Jill graduated from college and started a new career. She works as a merchandise buyer for a large dog outfitter, so she spends her days tracking the runways of the latest dog fashion shows and then purchasing clothes for her bosses to sell in their store and online. Jill is very close to her mother and talks to her every day, telling her how much she loves what she does. However, her boss is mean, never gives Jill any praise, and often ridicules her for her poor choices in doggy sweaters. This results in Jill becoming very unhappy. What level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is Jill having difficulty achieving?

Esteem needs.

Which is most accurate about psychology's current understanding of how stable personality is across situations?

Everybody has basic tendencies, but situations play a role in our immediate behavior and can alter those basic traits.

Which of the following types of intelligence did the research of Raymond Catell focus on?

Fluid and crystallized

Vic is a healthy 83-year-old male. He has a great memory and does not suffer from any form of dementia. However, he gets very frustrated with new technology. He does not like using a debit card or filing his taxes online. In addition, even though he owns both a smartphone and TV, he only uses the basic features. When asked why he does not use all the features, he says they are just too difficult. What type of intelligence diminishes as we age and may explain Vic's frustration with new technology?

Fluid intelligence.

The abilities of those with savant syndrome support the ideas of which of the following?

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.

Ten-year-old Emma was administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and received a score of 128. Which of the following terms can be used to describe Emma?

Gifted.

"Personality is stable and unchanging, therefore, can be measured accurately at any age." Which personality theorist would MOST likely agree with the statement above?

Hans Eysenck.

Jeff is a thirty-year-old doctor who is married with two children. From the outside things looked great, but Jeff is depressed. He visits a psychologist and tells her that he always wanted to be a firefighter, but his parents made him go to medical school. He is sure he would have been a successful firefighter. Jeff then explains that he wants to travel the world with his family, but he is too busy working. Using the humanist approach what might be Jeff's problem?

He has not reached self-actualization.

A volunteer at a local assisted living facility for older adults explains that he loves working there because he says that the residents "know so much! Every time I mention a place or event or historical person, somebody knows a ton about it, and the conversations​ are just great." In the language of psychology, what do the residents possess?

High crystallized intelligence.

Which of the following theorists identified seven or more types of intelligence?

Howard Gardner.

According to Sigmund Freud, the majority of a person's personality is made up of which area of the mind that contains unacceptable feelings buried deep in the unconscious?

Id.

Jill wins $500 playing scratch off lottery tickets and wonders what to do with the money. She has thousands of dollars of college debt to pay off, but her favorite band has just announced a reunion tour and she could get front row seats. After much deliberation, Jill buys front row seats to the concert. What part of Jill's personality would a psychoanalyst likely point to as the reason for her decision?

Id.

Which of the following statements would Alfred Binet MOST likely agree with?

Intelligence testing should be done to identify children who need extra help in school.

Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?

Intelligence.

Ayla has a lofty goal of being on the women's curling team in the Winter Olympics. Ayla knows that she can do it if she works hard. Every chance she gets, she goes to the curling rink to practice and when she can't make it to the rink, she sweeps the house and practices rolling tennis balls. Ayla works on her curling skills constantly for eight years until Olympic curling tryouts arrive. Ayla knows that she will make the team because she has worked so hard and practiced for so many hours. Which of the following does Ayla demonstrate?

Internal locus of control.

Isabel is frustrated at herself. She cannot find her keys, even though she has looked everywhere. If she does not leave right now, she will be late for her dentist appointment. She hates going to the dentist, ​but knows she should just go and get it over with. What might a Neo-Freudian psychologist say about this problem?

Isabel's unconscious mind is blocking the memory of her keys so she does not have to go.

Which intelligence researcher noted that performance on IQ tests has increased consistently since the 1930s?

James Flynn.

While meeting his psychologist, John fills out a personality inventory that screens individuals for abnormal behavior and mental illnesses such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. Which of the following tests did John take?

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

Ms. Gatund is in charge of ordering and administering exams for her local school district. There are six high schools in the district that will take the same exams at different locations. Ms. Gatund makes sure that each of the testing sites has desks that are three feet away from one another, a clock, and a quiet testing environment. She also makes sure that the proctors at the testing sites give the same instructions to the students. Which of the following BEST describes Ms. Gatund's activities?

Ms. Gatund is establishing standardization for the exams.

Which of the following psychologists would be most likely to study personality by trying to measure how an individual scores on a few specific traits?

Paul Costa and Robert McCrae.

Which of the following trait theorists posited the theory that personality consists of five key traits — extraversion, neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness?

Paul Costa and Robert McCrae.

Which of the following findings do NOT provide evidence for a biological basis for personality?

People who travel more tend to be higher on the Big Five traits of conscientiousness and openness than those who do not.

Neelima took a standardized state reading assessment. Her score indicates that she reads as well or better than 86% of the other students who took the test. Which of the following BEST describes Neelima's test results?

Percentile.

What area of psychology focuses on helping people or communities thrive and reach their full potential?

Positive.

Chris and Gwyneth have been together for ten years, but recently they have hit a rough patch. Gwyneth files for divorce, and Chris is devastated because he is still in love with her. A few weeks later, Chris is talking to his friend Jimmy, who asks him about his pending divorce. Chris says, "Gwyneth has been sad lately but she is still in love with me." Chris is using what defense mechanism to deal with his divorce?

Projection.

The Rorschach inkblot test would be BEST described as which kind of test?

Projective.

Chris has low self-esteem. For example, he cannot bring himself to ask a girl out on a date. He wants to be more confident and comfortable in social situations. Chris begins to see a psychologist, Dr. Thames. After several sessions, Dr. Thames is ready to tell Chris the cause of his problems. Dr. Thames tells Chris that he has low self-esteem because he was emotionally scarred from an event that took place as a child, but which Chris is unable to remember. What theory of personality is the doctor using?

Psychoanalytic.

Dr. Jean, a child therapist, asks Leia to write a story about a picture. Which psychological approach is associated with this type of assessment?

Psychoanalytic.

Projective personality tests are most widely used by which psychological perspective?

Psychoanalytic.

A client is given an ink blot image and asked to describe what they see. Which perspective would MOST likely assess personality in this way?

Psychodynamic.

Jenny's dream has always been to go to the University of State. She sends in her application and waits with great anticipation for an answer. She is accepted to several other colleges but finds out shortly after that she was not accepted to her dream school. When Jenny's friends come to console her, Jenny says, "It's OK. The university was so far away and expensive. Now I can go to another university and be closer to my family." What defense mechanism is Jenny using to deal with her disappointment?

Rationalization.

Sarah is very quiet and obedient at home. If she doesn't follow directions, her parents are very quick to punish her. Her parents and family believe that she is a wonderfully kind and obedient little girl. Sarah is starting kindergarten, and on the first day she is playing with a toy and a boy tries to take it from her as the boy goes to grab the toy she pushes him and he falls and cries. The next day she wants another toy that a girl is playing with, and she goes over to the girl and grabs it and pushes her. After that, the other children give Sarah any toy she wants because they are all afraid of her, but at home Sarah remains just as unassuming as she has always been. Sarah's change in behavior from home to school is best described by what concept?

Reciprocal determinism.

Which of the following is NOT associated with Sigmund Freud's personality theory?

Reciprocal determinism.

When Brielle was eight years old, her parents took her to a terrible concert. Brielle is now eighteen and when her parents ask her about the concert, she has no memory of it. It is possible that the concert was so traumatic that Brielle is using a defense mechanism to help with this anxiety arousing memory. In that case, what defense mechanism would she be using?

Repression.

The triarchic theory of analytical, practical, and creative intelligence was proposed by

Robert Sternberg.

Sam is a 24-year-old actress. She has been famous since childhood and never got to experience a normal childhood. For instance, she never went to school or to dances. Sam realizes that she did not have what she considers a childhood, so she decides to go out and rebel. A psychologist, who uses the humanist perspective, would tell Sam the reason she rebelled was because she was lacking which of the following?

Self-concept

Which of the following is central to the personality theories of BOTH Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers?

Self-concept.

Ms. Simmons has been teaching high school biology for several years. She feels confident that her class assessments are a reliable and good indicator of student knowledge. To prove her point to her colleagues, she plans to use a split-half reliability study between her two classes. Which of the following BEST demonstrates the use of split-half reliability?

She gives some students the first 50 questions and another group the last 50 questions, and they have similar results.

It is Friday and Brielle is running late for class. The bell is about to ring, so she sprints for the door to her psychology classroom. As she is running, she forgets that her shoes were untied, trips in the hallway, and slides across the floor into the classroom. Everyone in class laughs. Brielle is extremely embarrassed and is sure that no one will ever forget this horrible incident. After stressing all weekend, Brielle makes her way to psychology on Monday. To her surprise, she finds the class has no reaction when she enters and everyone seems to be more concerned with sharing the details of their weekends. Brielle's worries about the incident are an example of which concept?

Spotlight effect.

Chris and Amy have been dating for a year. They are about to graduate high school, and Amy decides that it is best if they break up. She reasons that they are going to be at different colleges, and long term relationships never work. Chris takes the news very hard. He decides to join a gym and take out some stress by working out. A year later, Amy and Chris run into each back home and Chris is now in much better shape due to working out. What defense mechanism did Chris use to help cope with the breakup?

Sublimation.

A student has recently taken an aptitude test. Uniform procedures were used during the test administration and during the scoring of the test. However, when the student received her results she was not given an infographic or explanation as to where her score ranked in relation to other scores from the same test. If included with her test results, which of the following would BEST help the student understand her score in relation to other scores from the same test?

Test norms.

Which of the following is an example of a projective test?

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Students got their test scores back from their AP Psychology exam. Who did the best?

The answer cannot be determined from the information given.

Tyrone has become withdrawn and lethargic at school. His parents decide to take him to see a psychologist. During his appointment, Tyrone takes a personality test in which he looks at a series of ambiguous photographs and makes up stories to match each picture. Which personality test did Tyrone take?

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Tim is a high school senior. He lives in a collectivist culture. Elsebet is in her fifties. She lives in an individualistic culture. Who is more likely to adjust their behavior to preserve group harmony?

Tim, because he lives in a collectivist culture.

The idea that someone can describe a person's personality by describing their main personality characteristics falls in line with what theory?

Trait

Which theory of personality believes the LEAST in personality change?

Trait.

One of the best ways to determine whether one baseball team is better than another is to play a game. But, while the outcome of a game is largely based on skill, chance p

a valid test of skill, but not reliable.

A test that a student must pass to graduate high school is MOST likely a(n)

achievement test.

If the members of a specific ethnic group perform poorly on a standardized assessment that depends heavily on knowledge of specific cultural references, the test is

culturally biased.

Steve is a highly intelligent, successful, and extremely honest young man who is looking to settle down with that "special someone." Because he often has issues relating to other people, he sets up a series of dates via an online dating service. His dates go very badly, with all of his dates storming off. Steve does not understand what is wrong, since he is acting like his normal self, and he feels that his dates are upset for no reason. The above scenario suggests that Steve would score low on measures of

emotional intelligence.

While analyzing the data from a personality test he had administered, Dr. Smith finds that individuals that score higher on questions assessing their talkativeness also had higher scores on items related to enjoying social gatherings. He ultimately predicted that these characteristics are related to the personality trait of extraversion. To find the correlation between these characteristics, Dr. Smith MOST clearly used a technique known as

factor analysis.

feelings of self-worth: she thinks she is smart, kind, and virtuous. However, she has a low sense of competence and effectiveness: she does not think she can get things done. Marit has

high self-esteem but low self-efficacy.

According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, someone who works in marketing as a pharmaceutical sales representative would have to possess a high level of

interpersonal intelligence.

Students in a psychology course performed a study to determine if the length of one's big toe is related to scores on a college admissions test. Participant's toes were measured prior to each time they took the test. The length of participant's toes did not change much between trials, but the correlation between toe length and test scores was r=.002. In this study, the students found out that toe length as a predictor of college admission scores was

reliable but not valid.

Romulus and Remus tried out for the basketball team and had to make a certain number of shots on two separate days. However, Romulus did this task without any spectators besides the coach and had no time pressure. Remus had an audience and a time limit. Both boys made 45 baskets both days. However, the coach should not use the scores of this try-out because the results are NOT

standardized.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was designed to

test for abnormalities in personality to identify people with mental health issues.