alcohol beverages

What 2 names can be used for a "not still" wine?

"not still wine" are Champagne and Sparkling wines.

How long ago is beer making thought to have begun?

6000 yrs ago

What is a "dry" wine? What is the opposite of a "dry" wine?

A dry wine occurs if the yeast converts all or almost all of the sugar before fermentation stops. The opposite of dry wine is sweet wine.

What ethnic group of people is credited with discovering distillation?

Arabs

What is brandy?

Brandy is distilled wine.

What prompted the termination of that 13-year period?

Deaths, proliferation of crime, and expense on legal fees

For what did Egyptians use wine? And the Greeks did what with it?

Egyptians used wine primarily for religious ceremonies. the Greeks stored wine in vessels smeared with pine pitch to prevent leakage, a practice that may account for their fondness for a resinous flavor in wine.

Currently, which countries are the top 4 producers of wine?

France, Italy, Spain, and the US

How do gin and vodka differ from whiskeys?

Gin and vodka differ from whiskey in that they are distilled to a very high percentage of alcohol and therefore lack many of the flavoring agents that are carried across with the ethanol in other whiskeys, and are not aged.

What is the connection between hops and cannabis?

Hops and cannabis belong in the family Cannabaceae.

What animals drink alcohol to excess under natural conditions and become addicted to it?

Humans

How do liqueurs and cordials differ from brandy?

Liqueurs and cordials differ from brandy in that they have sugar or syrup or both added to the distilled liquid.

What is mash? What is wort?

Mash is the mixture of grains, water, and adjuncts that are the basis of fermentation for beer and whiskeys subsequently distilled from them. Wort is the liquid substrate of yeast fermentation in beer brewing; the liquid portion of mash.

What is the difference between wine & mead?

Mead is a fermented solution of honey and water. The difference btwn wine and mead is that wine is produced in nature.

What is rum?

Rum is the distillate of fermented molasses or sugar cane juice.

What is the genus name of the yeast organisms used in fermentation? Give 2 reasons why these fungi are preferred over others that could be used?

Saccharomyces. the reasons are : 1. they are comparatively efficient at alcohol production and can tolerate higher levels of ethanol than most other fungi 2. They also produce compounds other than alcohol that are believed to influence the final flavor of the fermented liquid.

What do tequila and mescal have in common?

Tequila and mescal both are developed Mex., are distillates of fermented agave "wine."

How did the Europeans cope with this potential disaster to their wine industry?

The French sent a commission to the US which found that N.Amer. species and hybrids were naturally resistant to the insect.

What is different about the alcohol content of sake as compared to an American-made beer?

The alcohol content of sake as compared to an Amer. Made beer is higher.

To what is the peculiar taste of "Scotch" whiskey due?

The peculiar taste of "Scotch" whiskey is due to the kilning of malt over fires fueled by peat moss.

Can white wines be made from red grapes? Can red wines be made from white grapes? How are rose wines made?

White wines can be made from red grapes. Red wines cannot be made naturally from white grapes. The color have to be added. Rose wine made by removing the skins after a short time.

What is the function of sulfur dioxide at the time of grape pressing?

added to kill bacteria at the time of grape pressing.

What is the basic difference between a "still" and a "not still" wine?

are called still wines b/c they contain no carbon dioxide. not still wines include carbon dioxide

Starch is composed of glucose molecules, so why do you suppose that yeast cells cannot effectively metabolize starch? (This is an easy answer, don't make it hard!)

b/c it is not a simple sugar.

Why did European grapevines begin to die in the middle of the 19th C.?

b/c of an infestation of Phylloxera, an insect commonly called a root aphid (not a true aphid).

What is the single most important reason that barley malt is preferred over malt from other grains?

barley malt contains the largest amount of enzymes necessary for converting starces to fermentable sugars.

What are the 3 basic ingredients used in modern beer making?

barley malt, hops, and water

What physical property allows water and ethanol to be separated in distillation?

boiling

In practice, what is malt?

but in practice malt refers to germinated barley grain.

Aging in bottles at the corner liquor store: how long can you expect white wines to be OK? Reds? What does the vintage of a wine refer to?

can expect white wine to be ok for 5 yrs. Reds: 30 to 40 yrs. The vintage of a wine refer to the yr in which the grape was picked and the wine was initiated.

From how long ago and from where has the first concrete evidence of wine making come?

comes from residues found in clay vessels from western Iran that dates to 5500 yrs ago.

What is the major grain constituent used to make "Bourbon?"

corn

In contrast to the stimulating beverages discussed in Chapter 13, alcoholic beverages act as what in the human body?

depressant

What is the basic difference between sherries, ports, Madeiras and the fortified wines called "aperitifs?"

differences in grape varieties and production procedures give each a characteristic flavor

What are the 2 main "waste" products of yeast fermentation? One of these can be tolerated only up to what approximate maximum percentage?

ethanol and carbon dioxide

By definition, what is wine?

fermented fruit juice

What is a fortified wine?

fermented wine

What are the 3 virtues that hops adds to beer?

flavor, added enzymes that coagulate unwanted proteins and makes it more clear, help prevent spoilage of the beer.

How long can vines be expected to bear fruit well?

for over 50 yrs

Why was Greek wine "resinated?"

for the flavor

In what year did it become illegal to use alcohol in the U.S.?In what year was it again legalized?

illegal in the US in 1920. it was then legalized in 1933 (21st amendment)

Usually what is done to sake just before serving it?

it is heated

Why at one stage, is malt heated (it does kill microorganisms that might be present, but can you think of another reason)? In other words, why not let the seedling keep growing?

kill the emerging seedling and microorganisms that may be present on the grain.

The period in between is often referred to as the time of........ =

prohibition

What is "proof?"

proof is equal to twice the concentration of ethanol

After fermentation takes place, are white or red wines aged the longest?

red wines are aged the longest

What grain is used to make sake?

rice

Traditionally, what was the source of the enzymes used to make chicha? What grain was used?

saliva, the grain used is corn

Nutritionally, yeasts need what 2 kinds of compounds in order to live and reproduce?

simple monosaccharides or disaccharides and amino acids (nitrogen)

What is different about the organisms used to make sake?

the alcohol content

What specific part of the hop plant provides the flavoring brewers want?

the bracts of female hops provide flavoring brewers want since the flowers are parthenocarpic

From where do the yeast cells come that produce natural wine (wine made without human addition of yeast)?

the fruit skin

What is the source of the sugar-rich solution for making pulque and what country is associated with its production?

the source of the sugar rich solution for making pulque are the stems of various species of Agave (exuded sweet sap). Mexico

What 2 properties does ethanol or beverage alcohol have that allows it to move rapidly across cell membranes?

two carbon alcohol

What are some examples of adjuncts? What role do they play in beer making?

unmalted grains (barley, rice, wheat), corn grits, corn syrup, or more rarely, potatoes that contain starches convertible into fermentable sugars. produce light flavored beer.

What are the 2 main classes of distilled beverages and from what are they each distilled?

whiskeys which are distilled from solutions that would be classified as beers, and cognacs and brandies which are distilled from wine.