Algae

Phycoplast vs. phragmoplast

Both involved in new cell wall formation, and part of cytokinesis.

phragmoplast

Charophyceae - involved in the new cell wall formation, part of cytokinesis. Cell wall that incorporates the spindle, starts toward the middle and goes toward the outside. In dividing plant cells, a structure formed by overlapping microtubules that guide vesicles containing cell wall components to the middle of the cell.

phycoplast

Chlorophyceae: spindle collapses in the middle and we get the phycoplast, forms between two nuclei In the cell division of some algae, a set of microtubules oriented parallel to the plane of the new cell wall and involved in wall formation.

cell plate

a partition formed during cell division that separates the newly formed daughter cells // structure that forms in a dividing plant cell at the end of mitosis; it separates the cytoplasm of the two daughter cells - charophyta / land plants

costae

a thickened portion of a diatom wall, usually elongated, when the silicious structure goes over the whole diatom, like fibulae but over the whole thing is costae

carinoportulae

a type of central process unique to the genus Orthoseira. - external openings

how are diatoms classified

almost exclusively on cell walls, shape, symmetry, raphes, strutted processes

statospore

also called Chrysophyte cysts - in Synurophyta - very important for paleolimnology, in diatoms, smooth very ornament // resting spore - a thick-walled resistant spore formed within the frustules of various chiefly marine centric diatoms

central area

area where they're aren't striae, probably closer to the middle

pennate diatoms

asymmetrical or bilateral symmetry, isogamous, fewwer larger band-shaped chromatophores

furrowing

basal group - the most primitive form of cytokinesis in which the cell divides by infurrowing on itself

frustule

cell wall of a diatom

centric diatoms

circular ish and striae are radiate / radial symmetry, oogamous, many small discoid chromatophores

cribrum

covering over the areola - allows for gas and nutrient exchange across the membrane

apical pore field

exude mucilage, makes stalks to attach to material and allows the diatom to lift itself up and into the water column/ into the light

stigma

eyespot, phototactic - allows diatom to position itself in the water column this way

dikaryon

has two nuclei - one nucleus is called the mesokaryotic nucleus (permanently condensed chromosomes - stays condensed the whole life cycle), the other nucleus is normal and used - Dinoflagellates

zoospores

have flagella, swim away, elongated and walled

Unilateral roots

in Charophyceae - flagella comes out the side, not the top. Roots are microtubular bands (like old computer cables, thick wide cables) microtubules, attached to flagellas, the band goes all the way down the cells. One ginornmous root as opposed to four smaller roots. Multilayered structure - band is in there and attached to flagella, found in all land plants

Cruciate roots

in Chlorophytes - cross shaped roots, that are deeply rooted. Flagella beat very rapidly so they have to be deeply rooted or else they would just fly off basically. The roots are attached very deeply into the base. To see them (in TEM) cut through the anterior head (top), see flagella coming out and attached to roots. DO flagella at base, attached to cruciate roots. This is the KEY to function and beating of the flagella. There are 3 types: DO (directly opposite), CW (clock wise) CCW (counter clock wise)

types of sexual reproduction

isogamous - gametes are equal size anisogamous - one big gamete, one little both swim to each other oogamous - sperm and egg, egg has NO flagella

raphe

linear slit in the valve, allows the diatom to move - need the raphe in a central area or else the diatom will fall apart - also why there are costae and fibulae to support it

rimoportula

lip shaped, two lips that fit together and make a mouth - inside of valve, anchors the microtubules

aplanospores

look like zoospores but dont have flagella, mother cell bursts open and releases, round and naked

metabolic

means they can move, bend and change shape

coenocytic

multinucleate - many nuclei and don't have cross walls! - Cladophorales nad green algae

keel

protects/ holds the raphe ?

fibulae

reinforces the edge of a diatom to support the raphe, when it's just over the raphe is the fibulae

pellicle

series of interlocking protein strips, interlocking in a helical way, found in Euglenophyta // may be rigid or plates, may be able to slide as the cell expands and contracts during movement

striae

series of pores in a line - line of areolae are striae //diatoms

Coenobium

set number of cells in a pattern // Gonium - has 16 cells in a flat plate (Chlorophyta) (Green algae)

conjugation

sexual fusion of two ameboid cells (motile from ameboid not flagella), two types: lateral conjugation - adjacent celss in same filament conjugate - scalariform- cells is two separate, parallel filaments (most common) - Zygenamatales

Lorica

shell-like protective outer covering, "loricate" creates pockets outside of the cell in order to not be eaten by predators, protection. // A cell wall covering that has space between the cell wall and the cell membrane, often in Euglenophyta

pseudoflagella

silicious structure that look like flagella but have no function

fultoportula

small tubes with holes, very small openings inside - exude chiton and allow diatoms to float

oogoinum

the egg, single cell

areolae

the individual dots on the face of a diatom - they are the pores

axial area

where the raphe lies, might be closer to the edge, longitudinal

gullet

where the second flagella hangs out, beats and brings nutrients into the gullet, gullet does phagocytosis - takes in bacteria in a membrane and eats it - where the gulley particles come in and are consumed -Euglena