ALL

Negative reinforcement a.) decreases the desired behavior. b.) decreases the frequency of negative behavior. c.) increases the desired behavior. d.) reduces the frequency of undesired behavior.

c.) increases the desired behavior.

Individuals who expect yearly wage increases without exhibiting increased performance maybe labeled a. benevolents. b. entitleds. c. equitably insensitive. d. expectancy sensitive.

b. entitleds.

The subreddit "Malicious Compliance" contains stories such as this one: A new manager was looking to make their mark by quickly showing results. They felt the production line was being run too slowly, so they directed the line leader to increase its speed setting. The line leader informed the manager that the line speed here may seem slow, but it can't be run faster because the downstream packers would be overwhelmed. The manager says "Look, I don't want to hear excuses. I want results. Speed up the line." So, the line leader says "Ok, tell me when to stop..." and starts to increase the speed setting. The manager smiles and finally says that's good as the cans of soda move by at a much quicker pace. About 3 minutes later the Emergency Stop alarm sounds, drowning out the sounds from the packing end of the line: shouting mixed with can-crumpling and soda whooshing and fizzing. The line leader's conformance would be more accurately termed as what type of response to change? a. Active resistance, because the line leader warned the new manager what would happen, and then went along only to show the disaster that would result from the bad idea. b. Passive resistance, because the line leader didn't actually refuse. c. Actual compliance, because the line leader did what was asked. d. Enthusiastic support, because the line leader really wanted to say, "I told you so."

a. Active resistance, because the line leader warned the new manager what would happen, and then went along only to show the disaster that would result from the bad idea.

The new CEO of IDK Corporation has developed a plan that will call for the restructuring of the organization from a functional structure to a matrix one. In his meeting with his subordinates, manager Ervin says, "This will be great. You will still work in this area for me, but you will have variety in that you will also all be reporting to a second manager for various projects to which you will be assigned. This new structure will only help grow our value with this company." This is what kind of a reaction to change? a. Enthusiastic support b. Passive resistance c. Active resistance d. Compliance

a. Enthusiastic support

The increased use of technology for remote teams and Work from Home arrangements has resulted in some new stressors in the combined workplace/home environment. Which of these is NOT a good suggestion to keep in mind when working remotely? a. If you are upset at a coworker, put all your raw feelings and emotions in an email to them rather than discussing over Zoom, which might get interrupted. b. Make an effort to schedule collaboration sessions with others rather than "discussing" items over email or chat, which leads to delays and misunderstandings. c. Get in the habit of taking breaks and micro-breaks. Also, consciously schedule some exercise into your day, like walking around the block. d. Create "start of day" and "end of day" rituals. These can help separate work and personal life when you are working from home.

a. If you are upset at a coworker, put all your raw feelings and emotions in an email to them rather than discussing over Zoom, which might get interrupted.

Bruce's EAP counselor suggests that he start "journaling" at the end of everyday. Why would the counsellor suggest this? a. Recording his thoughts, feelings, and emotions daily allows him to more clearly see trends in how he responds to stressors, resulting in lower stress levels over time and lower blood pressure. b. Keeping a record of his daily activities will help historians retell his life story after he dies. c. Bruce has a lot of idle time, so the journaling activity will consume some of it. d. It provides something to look forward in anticipation - the day he can put it in a trashcan and light it on fire.

a. Recording his thoughts, feelings, and emotions daily allows him to more clearly see trends in how he responds to stressors, resulting in lower stress levels over time and lower blood pressure.

Which of the following is true regarding tall structures? a. They better satisfy employee needs for security. b. They provide employees with more opportunities for self-actualization. c. They provide employees with a more role ambiguity. d. They require managers to exercise a greater span of control.

a. They better satisfy employee needs for security.

Wellness programs, such as gym memberships, free health screenings, weight loss programs, and smoking cessation programs a. are associated with reduced turnover and absenteeism. b. operate based on the placebo effect. c. have little to do with work, but employees like them. d. should be offered to only the best employees.

a. are associated with reduced turnover and absenteeism.

Functional structures a. are cost-effective structures, particularly for shared resources such as marketing, human resources, and information technology departments of those companies. b. are most effective in dynamic environments. c. are most effective when an organization has a large number of products. d. tend to facilitate the effective performance of employees with general mental abilities.

a. are cost-effective structures, particularly for shared resources such as marketing, human resources, and information technology departments of those companies.

The degree to which decision-making authority is concentrated at higher levels in an organization is a. centralization. b. departmentalization. c. hierarchical levels. d. formalization.

a. centralization.

A consumer goods company was reorganized from specialized departments (such as Marketing and Manufacturing) into business units focused on product lines, such as Detergents, Dishwashing Soap, and Health and Beauty Aids. Marketing and manufacturing are separately managed within each business unit. What is the new type of structure and the probable reason behind the change? a. divisional structure, with the goal of being more customer focused b. functional structure, with the goal of being more customer focused c. mechanistic structure, with the goal of reducing costs d. matrix structure, with the goal of reducing costs

a. divisional structure, with the goal of being more customer focused

It is finals week at State University and Agnes has five finals in three days. What phase of the stress process is she probably experiencing if she just went through all of the kitchen cupboards searching for a package of chocolate bars loaded with caramel which she just remembered she hid before spring break? She is probably experiencing the a. exhaustion phase. b. resistance phase. c. alarm phase. d. adaptation phase.

a. exhaustion phase.

Research suggests high levels of emotional intelligence lead to which of the following? a. higher life satisfaction. b. cognitive dissonance c. higher stress levels. d. greater propensity to perceive situations as threats.

a. higher life satisfaction.

Centralized operations are typically more efficient and cost-effective, while decentralized operations are typically a. more customer service oriented and employee friendly. b. more productive. c. more responsive to investors needs. d. better equipped to deal with a crisis.

a. more customer service oriented and employee friendly.

One way for an employee to satisfy self-actualization needs is to a. pursue a master's degree through a company's tuition reimbursement program. b. go out to dinner once a month with coworkers from your department. c. get a $100 suggestion bonus from your firm for a labor cost saving tip you placed in your department's suggestion box. d. receive an employee of the week award.

a. pursue a master's degree through a company's tuition reimbursement program.

Which of the following role stressors has been shown to have the strongest effects on poor performance? a. role ambiguity b. role conflict c. role overload d. all role stressors have equally detrimental effects on performance.

a. role ambiguity

Which of the following is considered a building block of emotional intelligence? a. self-awareness b. cognitive intelligence c. business management d. self-insight

a. self-awareness

Two or more companies that find an area of collaboration and combine their efforts to create a partnership beneficial to both parties while maintaining their status as separate entities is a a. strategic alliance. b. matrix organization. c. learning organization. d. modular organization.

a. strategic alliance.

Two or more companies that find an area of collaboration and combine their efforts to create a partnership beneficial to both parties while maintaining their status as separate entities is a a. strategic alliance. b. matrix organization. c. modular organization. d. learning organization.

a. strategic alliance.

The demand-control model proposes that stress occurs when a. work places a lot of demands on the person who has little control over the situation. b. the more control a position gives a person, the more stressed that employee becomes. c. employees should demand control over their jobs. d. managers should control all the demands of the employees.

a. work places a lot of demands on the person who has little control over the situation.

Which of the following statements regarding SMART goals is correct? a.) Effective goals tend to be aggressive. b.) Adding a time limit to a goal leads to short-term decision making and ignoring the long-term consequences. c.) Easy goals are the most effective goals. d.) When goals are specific, stress is higher.

a.) Effective goals tend to be aggressive.

Which of the following is accurate for goal setting? a.) Management commitment is key to successful implementation of MBO programs. b.) In general, there are no downsides to goal setting. c.) Goals should be easily achieved to be motivating. d.) Goals are more effective motivators if feedback on achievement is limited so as not to divert attention from the goal to the feedback.

a.) Management commitment is key to successful implementation of MBO programs.

Which of the following need-based theories has received the greatest amount of research support? a.) Alderfer's ERG theory b.) McClelland's acquired needs theory c.) Herzberg's two-factor theory d.)Maslow's hierarchy of needs

a.) McClelland's acquired needs theory

Which of the following statements regarding goal setting and ethics is true? a.) Research shows that teachers who are rewarded for their students' success may give their students answers during tests to improve the test scores. b.) The tendency to behave unethically occurs when employees know they are going to achieve their goals. c.) Employees have two choices when goal accomplishment is rewarded: work hard to reach the goals or quit. d.) When a high percentage of a CEO's pay package consists of stock options, companies are less likely to misrepresent the financial situation of the company.

a.) Research shows that teachers who are rewarded for their students' success may give their students answers during tests to improve the test scores.

What statement reflects current thinking about the use of technology to replace human decision making? a.) The algorithms can make biases systemic, resulting in widespread unfairness. b.) Algorithms work best for difficult nonprogrammed decisions. c.) Due to strict government standards for testing and validation, algorithms are able to eliminate bias in decision making. d.) Algorithms allow an organization to make decisions much faster and error-free.

a.) The algorithms can make biases systemic, resulting in widespread unfairness.

The adage "Power corrupts; absolute power corrupts absolutely" can be supported by research which found that the primary predictor of unethical behavior is _____________. a.) The expectation that the likelihood and severity of punishment was low. b.) The lack of hygiene factors. c.) The perception of being treated unfairly. d.) The expectation that the quantity of rewards of the behavior was high.

a.) The expectation that the likelihood and severity of punishment was low.

To improve overall employee performance, in addition to performance appraisals, a company should use a.) a peer-review bonus system. b.) an annual company picnic. c.) an employee ranking technique. d.) frequent one-on-one meetings.

a.) frequent one-on-one meetings.

Stress is a.) the body's response to an environmental demand. b.) decreasing in the American workplace. c.) always negative. d.) all of the above

a.) the body's response to an environmental demand.

The practice of outsourcing as a response to the globalization of business has created which of the following changes for organizations? a. A reduction in the reliance on skilled workers. b. A need to deal with employee stress regarding job security. c. A need to restructure employee communication channels. d. A need to decentralize the organizational structure.

b. A need to deal with employee stress regarding job security.

The "Waterfall" approach to software development involves several steps between the requirements elicitation and functional deployment, each of which may take several months. The "Agile" approach is designed to have small iterative deployments starting very soon after the initial requirements are defined, but the efforts may continue for years without ever completing all of the requirements. Which of these is more likely to be seen as a successful implementation of change according to Kotter's Eight-step Process for Leading Change? a. Waterfall, because the monthly review meetings eliminate the need for a guiding coalition. b. Agile, because the end users are likely to interpret the frequent releases as small / short-term wins. c . Waterfall, because the deployment only needs to be done once and the change is complete. d. Agile, because everyone understands that there is no real hurry to complete the project anyway.

b. Agile, because the end users are likely to interpret the frequent releases as small / short-term wins.

Georgio just returned from a meeting where his boss informed everyone of the new procedures to use in requesting reimbursement for travel. Georgio says, "I just figured out how to fill the other one out and now they are changing things again. Oh, well. I guess I'll have to start my expense reports sooner now." This is what kind of a reaction to change? a. Active resistance b. Compliance c. Passive resistance d. Boomer attitude.

b. Compliance

Which of the following statements is true regarding diet and stress? a. Eating light meals in the middle of the day may slow down the body because there is insufficient food energy available to stimulate the brain to react to stress. b. Greasy foods make a person feel tired because digestion of the fats in such foods diverts blood from the brain. c. The dopamine in fish produces a feeling of sleepiness. d. Eating fish for lunch tends to reduce reaction times.

b. Greasy foods make a person feel tired because digestion of the fats in such foods diverts blood from the brain.

Which of the following statements is true of major life changes and the chance of developing stress related illness? a. Stress results from negative life changes but not from positive ones. b. Holmes-Rahe found that incidences of illness and death increases in the 12 months after major life events, whether positive or negative. c. Stressors are one-time events that quickly pass, so the number of stressors you experience in a 12-month period is not important. d. Life events can impact our psychological health, but not our physical well-being.

b. Holmes-Rahe found that incidences of illness and death increases in the 12 months after major life events, whether positive or negative.

Which of the statements is true regarding workplace demographics and their impact on change? a. An older workforce that chooses retirement may cause an increase in valuable knowledge for firms. b. More older workers in the workforce will create a need for new types of benefits. c. Demographic shifts in the workforce will likely cause flexible work hours and job sharing to diminish as older people like the structure of set hours of work. d. An older workforce will stop change; it's too difficult to "teach an old dog new tricks".

b. More older workers in the workforce will create a need for new types of benefits.

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding research on emotional contagion and Affective Events Theory? a. Happiness is contagious, particularly with respect to good friends who you get to see often. b. One bad customer interaction with Karen is no big deal and most people laugh it off, but the second one leads to a bad day. c. Receiving an unexpected "good deal" (like someone paying for your coffee) can make your whole day go better. d. Emotions are especially salient in teams and thus teams can exhibit emotional contagion just as individuals can.

b. One bad customer interaction with Karen is no big deal and most people laugh it off, but the second one leads to a bad day.

Which of the following statements regarding structure and change around the world is correct? a. France is relatively comfortable with change because it is low in uncertainty avoidance. b. The United States is more likely to use rational persuasion as an influence tactic than China. c. The United States is characterized by higher levels of centralization than firms in Singapore and Hong Kong. d. None of the above.

b. The United States is more likely to use rational persuasion as an influence tactic than China.

What advice would you give someone regarding overcoming resistance to their proposals? a. Confront active resistance strongly and publicly; you have to break a few eggs to make an omelet. b. Understand the reasons for resistance, even if you might have to change your proposals. c. Listen only to those who are absolutely necessary to support the change. d. Do not listen to naysayers; haters gonna hate.

b. Understand the reasons for resistance, even if you might have to change your proposals.

After studying the body's response to stress, Hans Selye determined that unmanaged stress a. only leads to psychological illnesses, not physical ones. b. can create both physical problems and psychological illnesses. c. might lead to physical problems, but there are no lasting psychological problems because people will block out traumatic events from their memory. d. does not exist because our body automatically reacts to manage it.

b. can create both physical problems and psychological illnesses.

You are starting work as an assistant product manager at an organization where all the nonessential functions are outsourced. You work with 3rd party companies for product testing, manufacturing, marketing, and advertising. Your order fulfillment is handled by Amazon. You even take your HR and payroll questions to a PEO (Professional Employer Organization). The only functions actually done by employees are product design and pricing, component sourcing, and accounting. You should _______. a. get promoted quickly because of all the opportunities in this strategic alliance. b. focus on learning as much as you can about profitable product development because that seems to be the core competency of this modular organization. c. learn to manage stress better because you'll face a lot of it in this matrix organization. d. resign immediately because no business can survive for long by outsourcing so much of theirwork.

b. focus on learning as much as you can about profitable product development because that seems to be the core competency of this modular organization.

All of the following statements regarding reasons employees resist change are correct EXCEPT a. those who feel they can perform well under a new system will be more committed than those who have lower confidence in their ability to perform. b. people with a negative self-concept view change as an opportunity to improve because there is nowhere to go but up. c. we are creatures of habit. d. feelings of uncertainty create stress.

b. people with a negative self-concept view change as an opportunity to improve because there is nowhere to go but up.

All of the following are steps that firms are taking to assist employees in dealing with stress in the workplace EXCEPT a. creating jobs with autonomy and control. b. replacing employees who are stressed with more resilient employees. c. ensuring fairness in the workplace. d. providing access to employee assistance programs.

b. replacing employees who are stressed with more resilient employees.

Mary is a new employee in the handbag department of a major department store and is covering the sales floor alone for the day while the managers are at an offsite meeting. After a very busy morning, she is not sure whether she should stay on the sales floor attending customers while leaving some empty shelves, or if she should leave the floor for 10-15 minutes to go back into the stockroom to replenish the ones which were sold. Mary is experiencing a. role conflict. b. role ambiguity. c. information overload. d. role overload.

b. role ambiguity.

Michael has two finals, accounting and organizational behavior,on the same day of finals week. Based on expectancy theory, which of the following statements suggest how he should allocate his limited study time? a.) For the previous three OB exams Michael studied for hours and received below average grades. He spent fewer hours studying for accounting and earned above average grades. He therefore decides to focus his efforts equally on OB and accounting. b.) Accounting is Michael's major, OB is a general business requirement in his academic program. Michael aspires to be a CPA, so he decides to focus his study time on Accounting. c.) Michael is switching to another college for a communication major after this semester. His business courses will not count toward his total credits at the new college. His grades on these exams will not matter, but he decides to focus on his accounting anyway. d.) Michael loved the group work format that his OB instructor used to teach the course and disliked the lecture format utilized by his accounting professor. He decides to focus his attention on OB.

b.) Accounting is Michael's major, OB is a general business requirement in his academic program. Michael aspires to be a CPA, so he decides to focus his study time on Accounting.

Which of these are good psychological detachment strategies to help stressed workers? a.) Make work checklists each night before bedtime. b.) Avoid checking your work email at home. c.) All of the above.

b.) Avoid checking your work email at home.

The first step of an organizational behavior modification OB Mod program is a.) Measure the baseline level of behavior. b.) Define and identify the behavior to be modified. c.) Analyze behavior antecedents and outcomes. d.) Control the modifications by evaluating and maintaining the change.

b.) Define and identify the behavior to be modified.

Which of the following is true about motivation? a.) Motivation is usually the most critical factor in a person's performance. b.) Motivation is a key influence over an employee's performance level. c.) Being motivated is the same as being a high performer. d.) Motivation is the sole reason why people perform well.

b.) Motivation is a key influence over an employee's performance level.

Steve Kerr's proposed phenomenon, "The Folly of rewarding A while hoping for B" is demonstrated by a.) Acknowledging an employee who stayed after hours for one week to complete a report for an ill coworker in spite of the employee never having done that before. b.) Rewarding a manager who meets deadlines by releasing shipments of manufactured parts without the normal QA inspections in spite of the company's highly advertised quality commitment. c.) Coaching the top salesperson for being 15 minutes late every day, in spite of fearing she will quit. d.) All of these.

b.) Rewarding a manager who meets deadlines by releasing shipments of manufactured parts without the normal QA inspections in spite of the company's highly advertised quality commitment.

A piece rate system refers to a.) a program providing one-time rewards to employees for specific accomplishments. b.) a program where employees are paid on the basis of individual output produced. c.) a company-wide program where employees are rewarded for performance gains compared to past performance. d.) an outdated compensation structure that is no longer used.

b.) a program where employees are paid on the basis of individual output produced.

According to the VISAF formula for the motivating potential score of a job, the most important elements in deciding motivation potential are a.) skill variety and autonomy. b.) autonomy and feedback. c.) task significance and task identity. d.) skill variety and feedback.

b.) autonomy and feedback.

Judgment based on evidence refers to a.) letting employees know what criteria are used in appraisal. b.) documenting performance problems and using factual evidence in rating performance. c.) ensuring that there is two-way communication during the appraisal process and the employee's perspective is heard. d.) All of the above.

b.) documenting performance problems and using factual evidence in rating performance.

Which of the following factors has the most influence on worker motivation? a.) pay b.) job design c.) growth opportunities d.) recognition

b.) job design

Renaldo is preparing to rate Marquez on his annual performance evaluation. As he looks at the first item, Renaldo thinks about the meeting he had with Marquez last week. Marquez shared with Renaldo that his wife was quite ill and that there may be days when he would be called to the hospital unexpectedly. Renaldo knows that a poor review will cost Marquez his bonus which Renaldo knows would be very difficult for Marquez financially. Based on this, Renaldo may give Marquez ratings that show ______________ bias. a.) liking b.) leniency c.) stereotype d.) recency

b.) leniency

Research on equity theory suggests a.) those who perceive inequity increase their work performance. b.) those who feel over-rewarded experience little distress over the situation. c.) those who feel over-rewarded experience guilt over the situation. d.) those who perceive inequity encourage their fellow coworkers to work less hard.

b.) those who feel over-rewarded experience little distress over the situation.

_________ refers to the number of levels within an organization. a. Departments b. Centralization c. Hierarchy d. Structure

c. Hierarchy

Which of these is NOT a way to seek advancement at an organization with a flat structure? a. Seek a lateral move b. Mentor other employees c. Work closely with only your direct supervisor d. Redefine role at the company to include more responsibilities

c. Work closely with only your direct supervisor

Organic structures a. are those that resemble a bureaucracy and are highly formalized and centralized. b. cross a functional structure with a product structure. c. are flexible and decentralized structures with low levels of formalization where communication lines are more fluid. d. are how individual and team work within an organization are coordinated.

c. are flexible and decentralized structures with low levels of formalization where communication lines are more fluid.

When unfreezing for planned change it is important to a. take things slowly; do not suggest a crisis is imminent. b. provide rewards. c. create a compelling vision for change. d. communicate regarding change only on a need-to-know basis.

c. create a compelling vision for change.

The body's "fight or flight" response causes which of the following physical symptoms to occur? a. narrow-eye focus. b. decreased heart rate. c. digestion interruption. d. deep breathing

c. digestion interruption.

Jennifer strongly dislikes her next-door neighbors, yet every time she sees them she stops to pleasantly chat with them for a few moments. Jennifer is engaging in a. genuine acting. b. deep acting. c. surface acting. d. cognitive acting.

c. surface acting.

Which of the following statements is true regarding cultural aspects of motivation in a work environment? a.) Mexican employees work very effectively in self-managed teams. b.) Indian employees are very satisfied when they are empowered. c.) Chinese employees are very motivated when goals are very difficult. d.) Peer appraisals are very effective in collectivism cultures.

c.) Chinese employees are very motivated when goals are very difficult.

Which statement is true about empowerment? a.) The notion of empowerment is appropriate for all employees. b.) Empowerment is a relatively easy concept to implement in the workplace. c.) Employees who are nervous about taking on increased responsibility may also worry about empowerment. d.) Empowerment is not related to job performance.

c.) Employees who are nervous about taking on increased responsibility may also worry about empowerment.

Which of the following is true regarding the motivating potential of a job? a.) Employees with high "growth need" strength will respond less favorably to jobs with high motivating potential. b.) An employee whose expectation for his job is to pay the bills will have high growth potential. c.) Even though a job is designed with the express purpose of motivating individuals, some employees may not find the job personally motivating. d.) Career stage does not influence the importance of the five core characteristics.

c.) Even though a job is designed with the express purpose of motivating individuals, some employees may not find the job personally motivating.

In a 2014 meta-analysis, researchers found that: a.) Intrinsic motivation was a better predictor of output quantity than extrinsic motivation. b.) Extrinsic motivation was a better predictor of output quality than intrinsic motivation. c.) Extrinsic motivation added to the effect of intrinsic motivation on performance, with indirect (long-term) rewards being more impactful than direct (immediate) rewards. d.) All of the above.

c.) Extrinsic motivation added to the effect of intrinsic motivation on performance, with indirect (long-term) rewards being more impactful than direct (immediate) rewards.

Equity theory suggests that employees want to work in a fair environment where their rewards are aligned with their efforts. On which aspect of workplace "justice" does a supervisor typically have the greatest impact? a.) Procedural justice. b.) Distributive justice. c.) Interactional justice. d.) All of these equally.

c.) Interactional justice.

McClelland utilized a method of showing the subject an ambiguous image and having them write a story about it. The concept that suggests that such an approach might reveal underlying needs of the subject is a.) Equity Theory: we desire fairness, so we will tell a story that is fair with respect to the characters in the image. b.) Fundamental Attribution Bias: we blame ourselves for the bad things that happen in life. c.) Self-reference Criterion: we interpret our environment based on our previous experiences. d.) None of these

c.) Self-reference Criterion: we interpret our environment based on our previous experiences.

McClelland utilized a method of showing the subject an ambiguous image and having them write a story about it. The name of this method and what it assesses is the a.) Two-Factor Theory; hierarchical need. b.) ERG Theory; hierarchical need. c.) Thematic Apperception Test; dominant need. d.) Acquired-Needs Theory; subordinate need.

c.) Thematic Apperception Test; dominant need.

Challenge stressors refer to a.) vagueness in regard to job responsibilities. b.) stressors that detract from personal goals and prevent personal growth. c.) demands and circumstances that cause stress but also promote individual growth. d.) having insufficient time and resources to complete one's job.

c.) demands and circumstances that cause stress but also promote individual growth.

360-degree feedback is a.) designed to provide feedback for promotion or pay decisions. b.) designed to deal with all instances where competition between coworkers is prevalent. c.) designed to provide feedback for developmental purposes. d.) the most frequently used form of performance appraisal in U.S. firms.

c.) designed to provide feedback for developmental purposes.

Conducting an effective performance appraisal meeting a.) is always easier if the rater begins the meeting with a criticism of the employee and moves forward from there. b.) is always easier if the rater limits the number of opportunities the employee has to speak. c.) is facilitated if the rater has empathy for the employee. d.) None of the above.

c.) is facilitated if the rater has empathy for the employee.

Research on procedural justice suggests a.) it is best to exclude employees from commenting on potential changes in company procedures like performance appraisals because they do not understand the decision-making process anyway. b.) it is best to unexpectedly announce department-wide layoffs because when employees suspect changes in their job status are upcoming, they tend to become much less productive. c.) it is best to be consistent in the manner in which managers and employees are disciplined for violating company policy for situations like cell phone usage. d.) it is best to announce changes to the company benefit package for the next fiscal year without providing explanatory details because employees do not understand the financial implications anyway.

c.) it is best to be consistent in the manner in which managers and employees are disciplined for violating company policy for situations like cell phone usage.

In expectancy theory, valenceis a.) the perception that high levels of effort will lead to outcomes of interest like performance. b.) the perception that performance is related to subsequent outcomes such as rewards. c.) the anticipated satisfaction that will result from an outcome. d.) the degree to which people are treated with respect, kindness, and dignity.

c.) the anticipated satisfaction that will result from an outcome.

In the Job Characteristics (VISAF) model, Task significance refers to a.) the degree to which a person has the freedom to decide how to perform his tasks. b.) the degree to which a person is in charge of completing an identifiable piece of work from start to finish. c.) whether a person's job substantially affects other people's health, work or well-being. d.) the extent to which the job requires a person to utilize multiple high level skills.

c.) whether a person's job substantially affects other people's health, work or well-being.

Which of the following is an external force that is creating change for organizations? a. Technology b. Workforce demographics c. Market conditions d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is seen as a more ethical alternative to downsizing? a. Early retirement programs b. Job sharing c. Hiring freezes d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Research indicates that exercise is an effective strategy for managing stress. Which of the following statements best describes some of the findings from studies on exercise and stress? a. Physically active breaks, like walking, decreases mental fatigue. b. Exercise, like light calisthenics, actually provides us energy. c. Regular exercise increases the body's ability to draw oxygen out of the air, thus combating stress. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

Which of the following components is part of Toyota's TPS manufacturing system? a. Kaizen, the idea of continuous improvement. b. Kanban, just-in-time production. c. Andon Cord, employees can stop the operation if they see an issue. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

Which of the following statements is true regarding performance and organizational change? a. 'Nothing fails like success' is a saying with very little accuracy when it comes to organizational change. b. Successful companies often have special practices in place to keep the organization working toward the status quo. c. More successful firms find it easier to change than those performing poorly. d. Boards of Directors of poor-performing companies commonly change top management as a method to initiate significant organization-wide change.

d. Boards of Directors of poor-performing companies commonly change top management as a method to initiate significant organization-wide change.

What is the first step in increasing the chances of success in effecting a cultural change? a. Changing key players b. Changing the reward system c. Role modeling d. Creating a sense of urgency

d. Creating a sense of urgency

Which of the following is a good piece of advice to give to individuals who have multiple bosses in a matrix structured organization? a. Set a schedule so that you work with one manager on certain days and the other manager on the other days. b. Keep conflicts you are experiencing to yourself. c. Avoid situations where you have multiple managers as they produce more conflict than benefits. d. Make sure all managers are familiar with your overall workload.

d. Make sure all managers are familiar with your overall workload.

A 2018 Meta-analysis of Work-Family Conflict found that while emotional support generally helps reduce the feelings of conflict, there is usually nothing anyone can do (instrumental support) to reduce the conflict once it occurs. Which of the following is the one type of instrumental support (making changes to accommodate the conflict) has been shown to help the situation in the event of Work Interferes with Family (WIF) or Family Interferes with Work (FIW) conflict? a. A manager allowing an employee to miss a work trip in order to attend their kid's championship game that just got scheduled. b. A manager allowing an employee to miss a work trip that just got scheduled in order to attend their kid's graduation ceremony. c. The family changing the date of a birthday party with grandma so the employee can go on a business trip that just got scheduled. d. The family changing the date of a baby shower/reveal party that just got planned so the employee can finish work on the annual corporate audit.

d. The family changing the date of a baby shower/reveal party that just got planned so the employee can finish work on the annual corporate audit.

Which of the following is an external force that is creating change for organizations? a. technology b. market conditions c. workforce demographics d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Imagine that you are a sales person in a major department store. Though you might not actually believe it, you follow the policy of "the customer is always right" in your daily work at the store. However, since you do not agree with that view, you often experience a. flow. b. deep acting. c. genuine acting. d. cognitive dissonance.

d. cognitive dissonance.

The fundamental idea behind the Lean approach to manufacturing, is a. centralized decision-making and structured projects across the business. b. perfect quality at all costs. c. standardization in systems and processes so employees can be transferred and utilized across the operation, resulting in good production even when understaffed. d. empowering frontline employees to coordinate efforts and make changes to eliminate waste that provides no customer value.

d. empowering frontline employees to coordinate efforts and make changes to eliminate waste that provides no customer value.

In a unionized organization, the labor contract is very explicit as to employee work rules, the tasks each individual employee will perform, the pay each individual will receive, how each individual can move from one position to another and so on. This is an example of a ____________ structure in the organization a. centralized b. departmentalized c. hierarchical d. formalized.

d. formalized.

The COVID-19 pandemic is an example of what external force impacting organizational change? Selected Answer: generational event that is unlikely to occur again in the near future Answers: a. globalization of disease propagation b. workforce demographics dividing compliant employees and anti-maskers c. technology adoption with mRNA vaccines d. generational event that is unlikely to occur again in the near future

d. generational event that is unlikely to occur again in the near future

In the model which says that Performance is the interaction between Motivation, Environment, and Ability, __________. a.) Environment refers to having the resources, information and support one needs to perform well. b.) Ability refers to having the skills and knowledge required to perform the job. c.) Motivation refers to the intention of achieving a goal, leading to goal-directed behavior. d.) All of the above.

d.) All of the above.

Some researchers criticize Maslow's theory of motivation because a.) Research does not support the argument that satisfied needs no longer motivate behavior. b.) The theory was based on clinical observations, not field observations. c.) Research in non-Western cultures has suggested different hierarchies may apply there. d.) All of the above.

d.) All of the above.

To ensure that goal setting is viewed as a positive process and not a potential ethical challenge, there should be efforts to address possible downsides, such as by a.) allowing employees to adapt their approach in response to unplanned scenarios. b.) setting rewards which are established for coming close to, as well as achieving a goal. c.) setting goals which account for related or sustained metrics, not just for single, one-time metrics such as meeting quarterly production quotas d.) All of the above.

d.) All of the above.

What workplace strategy can help increase the quality of the feedback you receive? a.) Ask your supervisor for feedback if you aren't sure how you are doing. b.) Develop a good professional relationship with your manager. c.) Be gracious, even when you receive negative feedback. d.) All of the above.

d.) All of the above.

Which of the following is an advantage of job rotation? a.) Employees become cross-trained due to their movement between jobs. b.) Managers have greater scheduling flexibility in a job rotation system. c.) Employees experience less boredom in a job rotation system. d.) All of the above.

d.) All of the above.

With respect to the concept of Procedural Justice, a good Performance Review System should have which of the following elements? a.) letting employees know what criteria are used in appraisal. b.) documenting performance problems and using factual evidence in rating performance. c.) ensuring that there is two-way communication during the appraisal process and the employee's perspective is heard. d.) All of the above.

d.) All of the above.

Which of the following is true regarding Performance Management and Performance Appraisals? a.) They are synonyms and can be used interchangeably. b.) Performance Management is a specific use of the larger Performance Appraisal system. c.) Performance Appraisals used for research purposes are typically more lenient than those used for administrative (pay and promotion) purposes. d.) Performance Appraisals used for administrative (pay and promotion) purposes are typically more lenient than those used for feedback and development purposes.

d.) Performance Appraisals used for administrative (pay and promotion) purposes are typically more lenient than those used for feedback and development purposes.

What is an effective individual approach to managing stress? a.) Eating energizing foods such as fish, nuts, and seeds b.) Getting a regular amount of sleep each night c.) Engaging in regular moderate exercise d.) all of the above

d.) all of the above

Forced ranking systems like those used by Uber, a.) provide employees with concrete feedback on what their goals are for next year. b.) are beneficial to a firm if they are used in a consistent manner and for a long period of time. c.) can lead to employee stagnation and a performance-aversive culture. d.) can carry the danger of lawsuits because of equal employment opportunity (EEO) concerns with employees rated.

d.) can carry the danger of lawsuits because of equal employment opportunity (EEO) concerns with employees rated.

Needs-based theories propose that a manager's job is to determine what employees' needs are and then to a.) eliminate those needs b.) redefine those needs c.) redirect those needs d.) create the work environment that meets those needs.

d.) create the work environment that meets those needs.

The underlying philosophy of The Walt Disney Company is that a.) the customer is always right. b.) if you pay employees enough, they will fake happiness. c.) with a well-written employee manual, all employees are accountable. d.) happy employees will lead to happy customers.

d.) happy employees will lead to happy customers.

Olaf works on an assembly line in an Oslo factory. Last month the assembly line processes were overhauled. Olaf is still responsible for soldering electrical contacts on an appliance component, but now he is also expected to review each component for quality defects before he solders. If he notes any defects, he can place the component in the scrap bin. If he scraps five such pieces in succession, he is permitted to press an emergency button above his station, which stops the assembly line completely. This job re-design is a reflection of the __________________ philosophy. a.) job specialization b.) job rotation c.) job enlargement d.) job enrichment

d.) job enrichment

Which of the following psychological states has research identified as the most important for employee attitudes and behaviors? a.) responsibility b.) motivation c.) knowledge of results d.) meaningfulness

d.) meaningfulness

Frederick Taylor's work, "Principles of Scientific Management" (1911), led to a fundamental change in management philosophy. The change a.) was understanding that repetitive activities are the direct result of job generalization. b.) was increasing the complexity of jobs in the workplace for greater productivity. c.) was understanding that managers could not influence the output levels of employees. d.) paved the way for the 20th century assembly line and today's use of automation.

d.) paved the way for the 20th century assembly line and today's use of automation.

In Alderfer's Existence-Relatedness- Growth (ERG) Theory, existence needs correspond to Maslow's a.) social and esteem needs. b.) self-actualization and safety needs. c.) esteem needs. d.) safety and physiological needs.

d.) safety and physiological needs.