all ap psych practice questions

Students who have recently learned "correlation does not equal causation" should be most cautious of the findings in which news headline below? a. "Coffee drinkers live longer, surveys say." b. "101-year-old-man still healthy and happy." c. "Flu shots lower the risk of infection by 87 percent in lab studies." d. "Skim milk consumption tied to decreased neuron growth in studies of mice." e. "Observers note men less likely than women to wash their hands in public restrooms."

a. "Coffee drinkers live longer, surveys say."

What is the range of the following: 12, 25, 33, 40, 80? a. 68 b. 98 c. 33 d. 38 e. 190

a. 68

Which of the following illustrates generalization? a. A rabbit that has been conditioned to blink to a tone also blinks when a different tone is sounded. b. A dog salivates to a tone but not to a buzzer. c. A light is turned on repeatedly until a rat stops flexing its paw when it's turned on. d. A pigeon whose disk-pecking response has been extinguished is placed in a Skinner box three hours later and begins pecking the disk again. e. A child is startled when the doorbell rings.

a. A rabbit that has been conditioned to blink to a tone also blinks when a different tone is sounded.

Which of the following is an example of an assessment likely to be used by a social-cognitive psychologist? a. A student teacher is formally observed and evaluated in the classroom. b. A person applying for a managerial position takes the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. c. A defendant in a criminal case is interviewed by a court-appointed psychologist. d. In a pre-marriage counseling session, a young couple responds to ambiguous inkblots. e. A depressed young man is asked by his therapist to relax on a couch and talk about whatever comes to mind.

a. A student teacher is formally observed and evaluated in the classroom.

A young gymnast works out many hours each day to prepare for a national competition. This schedule means that she has to forgo opportunities to socialize with her peers, and makes it hard to have a romantic relationship. The gymnast's willingness to give up some things that would make her feel less lonely and separated in order to pursue athletic achievements is at odds with whose theory of human motivation? a. Abraham Maslow b. Henry Murray c. Philip Zimbardo d. David McCelland e. Solomon Asch

a. Abraham Maslow

What is the brief electrical charge that travels down an axon called? a. Action potential b. Resting potential c. All-or-none impulse d. Refractory period e. Reticular formation

a. Action potential

Which of the following is most important when conducting survey research? a. Choosing a representative sample b. Choosing a large sample c. Choosing a biased sample d. Choosing a sample that includes every member of the population e. Choosing a sample whose answers will likely support your hypothesis

a. Choosing a representative sample

When someone provides his phone number to another person, he usually pauses after the area code and again after the next three numbers. This pattern underscores the importance of which memory principle? a. Chunking b. The serial position effect c. Semantic encoding d. Auditory encoding e. Recognition

a. Chunking

Jayne has been diagnosed with depression. Her therapist suggested that she get out and interact with her friends more, and that she not allow herself to worry about whether her friends want to be around her. Jayne's therapist is using what type of approach to treat her depression? a. Cognitive-behavioral therapy b. Group therapy c. Rational-emotive behavior therapy d. Behavior modification e. Systematic desensitization

a. Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Which of the following psychologists most strongly emphasize that human behavior is powerfully influenced by the interaction between people and their physical, social, political, and economic environments? a. Community b. Evolutionary c. Educational d. Industrial-organizational e. Rehabilitation

a. Community

What is the most common reason people seek mental health services? a. Depression b. Bipolar disorder c. Posttraumatic stress disorder d. Dissociative identity disorder e. Illness anxiety disorder

a. Depression

Which of the following is the primary purpose of the DSM-5? a. Describing mental disorders b. Selecting appropriate psychological therapies for mental disorders c. Placing mental disorders in their appropriate cultural context d. Selecting appropriate medicines to treat mental disorders e. Understanding the causes of mental disorders

a. Describing mental disorders

A psychologist investigates the methods teachers use to enhance student learning. In which of the following subfield is the psychologist most likely working? a. Educational psychology b. Experimental psychology c. School psychology d. Social psychology e. Forensic psychology

a. Educational psychology

Scott gets soaked in the rainstorm because he does not think of using his backpack to shield himself from the rain. Which barrier to problem solving is evidenced here? a. Fixation b. Insight c. Representativeness d. Confirmation bias e. Availability

a. Fixation

Damage to which of the following could interfere with the ability to plan for the future? a. Frontal lobe b. Temporal lobe c. Parietal lobe d. Occipital lobe e. Somatosensory cortex

a. Frontal lobe

The enhancement of a group's prevailing tendencies occurs when people within a group discuss an idea that most of them either favor or oppose. What is this tendency called? a. Group polarization b. Deindividuation c. The just-world phenomenon d. Discrimination e. Categorization

a. Group polarization

The symptoms of schizophrenia can be categorized as positive or negative. Which of the following symptoms can be considered positive? a. Hallucinations b. Flat affect c. Social withdrawal d. Catatonic e. Tone less vocal patterns

a. Hallucinations

"We were not surprised to discover that contact comfort was an important basic affectional or love variable, but we did not expect it to overshadow so completely the variable of nursing..." This quotation was written by which of the following psychologists? a. Harry Harlow b. Konrad Lorenz c. B.F. Skinner d. John B. Watson e. Mary Ainsworth

a. Harry Harlow

Which of the following is most likely to be true of a person from an individualist culture? a. His behavior would be a reflection of his personality and attitudes. b. He would choose a career based on the needs of his community. c. He would give his life task as fitting in and maintaining connections. d. He would strive to develop a few close and enduring relationships. e. He would focus on his duty to his family.

a. His behavior would be a reflection of his personality and attitudes.

Which of the following is true concerning thr effect of sex hormones? a. Hormone injections can be used to easily manipulate sexual behavior in men but not in women. b. Hormone injections can be used to easily manipulate sexual behavior in both men and women. c. Sex hormones have a more direct effect on nonhuman animals than on humans. d. The levels of sex hormones are more constant in women than in men. e. Women's estrogen levels do not rise during ovulation.

a. Hormone injections can be used to easily manipulate sexual behavior in men but not in women.

Lisa and Nate are on their first date at a local restaurant. Which of the following is the best predictor of whether they will have a second date? a. How physically attractive they find each other b. If they both have successful careers c. If they are of the same religion d. If they met using an online dating service e. If they have shared a desire to have children one day

a. How physically attractive they find each other

The better predictor(s) of violence is (are): I. Use of alcohol or drugs II. Previous violence III. Psychological disorders a. I & II only b. II & III only c. I & III only d. III only e. I, II, & III

a. I & II only

An MRI shows that patient has enlarged ventricles in the brain. A likely diagnosis would be I. schizophrenia. II. bipolar disorder. III. DID. a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I & II only e. I & III only

a. I only

Why is random assignment of participants to groups an important aspect of a properly designed experiment? a. If the participants are randomly assigned, the researcher can assume that the people in each group are similar. b. By randomly assigning participants, the researcher knows that whatever is learned from the experiment will also be true for the population from which the participants were selected. c. Random assignment keels expectations from influencing the results of the experiment. d. If participants are not randomly assigned, it is impossible to replicate the experiment. e. Statistical analysis cannot be reformed on an experiment if random assignment is not used.

a. If the participants are randomly assigned, the researcher can assume that the people in each group are similar.

Which of the following characterizes the "low road" neural pathway to emotions? a. Information travels directly from the thalamus to the amygdala. b. The emotional response happens more slowly than is would via the "high road". c. It is an example of top-down processing. d. It is more likely to be utilized for complex feelings. e. It passes through the brain's cortex.

a. Information travels directly from the thalamus to the amygdala.

Which of the following dream theorists states that dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories? a. Information-processing b. Wish-fulfillment c. Physiological function d. Neural activation e. Neural disconnection

a. Information-processing

One night Samar became frightened when she was startled by a noise while walking down the street alone. Which theory of emotion would say that her fear resulted from the startle response alone? a. James-Lange b. Cannon-Bard c. Two-factor d. Lazarus' e. Schacter-Singer's

a. James-Lange

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely to be repeated is known as what? a. Law of effect b. Operant conditioning c. Shaping d. Respondent behavior e. Discrimination

a. Law of effect

Which measure of central tendency is most influenced by outliers (data that is extremely different from other data in the set)? a. Mean b. Median c. Mode d. Standard Deviation e. Histogram

a. Mean

Which of the following is true regarding the initiation of sexual activity? a. Men are more likely to initiate sexual activity than women. b. Women are more likely to initiate sexual activity than men. c. The initiation of sexual activity for both men and women correlates with how many television sitcoms they viewed as children. d. Men and women are equally likely to initiate sexual activity. e. Who initiates sexual activity is largely determined by culture.

a. Men are more likely to initiate sexual activity than women.

What is the study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior called? a. Molecular behavior genetics b. Evolutionary psychology c. Biopsychosocialism d. Heritability e. Natural selection

a. Molecular behavior genetics

Which of the following is an example of unconditional positive regard? a. Mr. and Mrs. Prohaska, who have been married for 37 years, credit the success of their marriage to the fact that each has been able to accept the faults of the other without criticism. b. Seven-year-old Michaela is only given her allowance when she does her chores. c. Ms. Lopez, a second grade teacher, only gives smiley-face stickers to students who sit quietly at their desks during math. d. John got a promotion and a raise at work after filling in for a sick manager one day and doing a better job than the manager. e. Chen's parents usually praise him when he does well and ignore him when he engages in minor misbehavior.

a. Mr. and Mrs. Prohaska, who have been married for 37 years, credit the success of their marriage to the fact that each has been able to accept the faults of the other without criticism.

Recent research most consistently supports the effectiveness of hypnosis in which of the following areas? a. Pain relief b. Recovery of lost memories c. Reduction of sleep deprivation d. Forcing people to act against their will e. Cessation of smoking

a. Pain relief

Which division of the autonomic nervous system calms a person down once a stressful event has passed? a. Parasympathetic b. Central c. Somatic d. Sympathetic e. Endocrine

a. Parasympathetic

Which of the following provides the best evidence that race is more of a social contruct than a biological category? a. People of varying ancestry may categorize themselves as having the same race. b. Scores on tests of mental abilities vary by race. c. Behavior traits are associated with race. d. Skin cancer rates vary by race. e. The incidence of high blood pressure varies by race.

a. People of varying ancestry may categorize themselves as having the same race.

Which of the following is an example of negative correlation? a. People who spend more time exercising tend to weigh less b. Teenage females tend to have fewer speeding tickets than teenage males c. Students with lower IQ scores tend to have lower grades d. As hours studying for a test decrease, so do grades on that test e. Students' shoe sizes are not related to their grades

a. People who spend more time exercising tend to weigh less

What do we call the illusion of movement that results from two or more stationary, adjacent lights blinking on and off in quick succession? a. Phi phenomenon b. Perceptual constancy c. Binocular cues d. Retinal disparity e. Stroboscopic movement

a. Phi phenomenon

According to research, which of the following is more common among males than females? a. Physical aggression b. Smiling c. Relational aggression d. Averting one's eyes e. Apologizing

a. Physical aggression

Which of the following endocrine glands may explain unusually tall height in a 12-year-old? a. Pituitary b. Adrenal c. Pancreas d. Parathyroid e. Testes

a. Pituitary

Researchers are interested in finding out if voters are more likely to vote for congressional candidates who have more pleasant facial expressions. Starting at a random point, the researchers contact every hundredth person on the voter list to ask about candidate facial expressions. Which method are the researchers using in choosing the people they will call? a. Random sample b. Periodic sample c. Biased sample d. Survey e. Operational definition

a. Random sample

A therapist tells a CEO that the reason he yells and screams at his staff is due to behavior he learned as a child. When he was a child, he threw temper tantrums in order to get his way. What is the term for this defense mechanism? a. Regression b. Reaction formation c. Projection d. Rationalization e. Sublimation

a. Regression

A test developer defines uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group. Which of the following best describes this process? a. Reliability testing b. Validation c. Content validation d. Standardization e. Predictive validity

a. Reliability testing

A split from reality that shows itself in disorganized speech, disturbed perceptions, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression is associated with which psychological disorder? a. Schizophrenia b. Phobias c. Depressive disorders d. Bipolar disorder e. Anxiety disorders

a. Schizophrenia

In a research study, Dr. Regalis has participants listen to different kinds of music while she uses a brain scan to examine their brain functioning. Dr. Regalis is most likely studying which part of the brain? a. Temporal lobe b. Occipital lobe c. Broca's area d. Motor cortex e. Corpus callosum

a. Temporal lobe

Based on brain scans of those with bipolar disorder, which of the following is true? a. The brain is more active during manic episodes and less active during depressive episodes. b. The brain is less active during manic episodes and more active during depressive episodes. c. There is no consistent relationship between brain activity and periods of mania or depression. d. The brain is more active than normal during both manic and depressive episodes. e. The brain is less active than normal during both manic and depressive episodes.

a. The brain is more active during manic episodes and less active during depressive episodes.

In a perfectly normal distribution of scores, which of the following statements is true? a. The mean, median, and mode are all the same number. b. The mode is equal to the standard deviation. c. The scores are positively correlated. d. The mean minus the mode equals the median. e. There is a positive skew to the distribution of data.

a. The mean, median, and mode are all the same number.

Frequency theory relates to which element of the hearing process? a. The rate at which the basilar membrane vibrates b. The number of fibers in the auditory nerve c. The point at which the basilar membrane exhibits the most vibration d. The decibel level of a sound e. The number of hair cells in each cochlea

a. The rate at which the basilar membrane vibrates

Compared with rats raised in an enriched environment, which of the following is true of rats raised in isolation? a. Their brain cortex is less developed. b. Though neurologically similar, they fear other rats. c. Their brains have more connections. d. They have a thicker brain cortex. e. The differences between the two groups are not statistically significant.

a. Their brain cortex is less developed.

Which of the following is the best phrase for a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client who are working to overcome the client's problem? a. Therapeutic alliance b. EMDR c. Evidence-based practice d. Meta-analysis e. Outcome research

a. Therapeutic alliance

In Brad Bushman and Roy Baumeister's research, how did people with unrealistically high self-esteem react when they were criticized? a. They became exceptionally aggressive. b. Many were more receptive to the criticism. c. Some became easily depressed. d. Most worked harder to do better the next time. e. They quit the task without completing it.

a. They became exceptionally aggressive.

Which of the following is most likely to lead to semantic encoding of a list of words? a. Thinking about how the words relate to your own life b. Practicing the words for a single extended period c. Breaking up the practice into several relatively short sessions d. Noticing where in a sentence the words appear e. Focusing on the number of vowels and consonants in the words

a. Thinking about how the words relate to your own life

The Big Five model suggests that people can be rated along the dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion. This theory is best associated with which of the following? a. Trait theory b. Psychodynamic theory c. The cognitive approach d. The humanistic approach e. The biological approach

a. Trait theory

A person who eats excessively and never seems to feel full may have which of the following conditions? a. Tumor in the hypothalamus b. Too much insulin c. Tumor in the hippocampus d. Stomach bypass surgery e. Too much of the hormone PYY

a. Tumor in the hypothalamus

Roberto is an angry person who is prone to outbursts throughout the day. Psychologists would describe him as having a(n) _____________ personality. a. Type A b. Type B c. GAS d. Type T e. NK cell

a. Type A

Which of the following are symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder? a. Unexplainable and continual tension b. Sudden episodes of intense dread c. Irrational and intense fear of a specific object or situation d. Repetitive thoughts or actions e. Nightmares for weeks after a traumatic event

a. Unexplainable and continual tension

A tumor cut off blood flow to a small section of Gia's brain, and as a result she struggled to understand the words that were being spoken to her. The damage to Gia's brain was probably localized in her a. Wernicke's area. b. Broca's area. c. hippocampus. d. hypothalamus. e. brainstem.

a. Wernicke's area.

When is prosocial modeling most effective? a. When the model acts in a way consistent with the prosocial lesson b. When the model verbally emphasizes the prosocial lesson but acts as she chooses c. When the model is predisposed to the prosocial conduct d. When the observer has a close personal relationship with the model e. When the model is well-known

a. When the model acts in a way consistent with the prosocial lesson

Meta-analysis is a. a drug study based on a small sample. b. a treatment versus no treatment group. c. a tendency for smaller scores to move toward the average. d. regressing from unusual to usual. e. a way to combine the results of many studies.

a. a drug study based on a small sample.

Brain scans of older adults show that the _________, a neural processing center for emotions, responds less actively to negative events (but not to positive events), and it interacts less with the hippocampus, a brain memory-processing center. a. amygdala b. hypothalamus c. pineal gland d. thyroid gland e. thalamus

a. amygdala

On the very first day of class, Mr. Boyarsky gave his students a test. When some complained, he responded that he wanted to know what their talents were, so he was giving them a test to predict what kind of skills they might learn best, and what kinds of jobs they might like to do one day. Mr. Boyarsky's test was a. an aptitude test. b. an intelligence test. c. an achievement test. d. a personality test. e. a projective test.

a. an aptitude test.

Bert feels no regret after violating others' rights and is quite clever at manipulating those around him. Bert would most likely be diagnosed with a. antisocial personality disorder. b. avoidant personality disorder. c. schizotypal personality disorder. d. histrionic personality disorder. e. narcissistic personality disorder.

a. antisocial personality disorder.

Joe is taking a new job on the night shift next week. His supervisors have informed him that initially he may have some problems with his level of alertness and his memory as he adjusts to his new schedule. Joe's supervisors are sharing with Joe their knowledge of a. circadian rhythms. b. REM sleep. c. sleep spindles. d. the social clock. e. NREM sleep.

a. circadian rhythms.

The mental activity associated with remembering, thinking, and knowing is called a. cognition. b. a concept. c. a prototype. d. convergent thinking. e. divergent thinking.

a. cognition.

The developmental theories of Lev Vygotsky differed from those of Jean Piaget in the Vygotsky a. emphasized the role of the social environment. b. thought that Piaget ignored the psychosexual development of children. c. questioned Piaget's focus on adult development. d. focused more on moral development. e. thought that the spiritual component of children's growth was essential.

a. emphasized the role of the social environment.

Albert Bandura proposed the social-cognitive perspective, which a. emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations. b. predicts human behavior. c. focuses on how our environment controls us. d. describes our personality using five main traits. e. explains the role of the inferiority complex in our behaviors.

a. emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations.

According to Noam Chomsky, language acquisition occurs most especially because of a. exposure to language in early childhood. b. instruction in grammar. c. reinforcement for babbling and other early verbal behaviors. d. imitation and drill. e. linguistic determinism.

a. exposure to language in early childhood.

Students at Interlake High School believe they are superior to West Lake High School in every way possible. This is a demonstration of a. ingroup bias. b. conformity. c. scapegoat theory. d. discrimination. e. groupthink.

a. ingroup bias.

Hadley is complaining to her physician that she has great difficulty falling asleep, and that when she does fall asleep, she regularly wakens later during the night. She will most likely be diagnosed with a. insomnia. b. narcolepsy. c. sleep apnea. d. night terrors. e. sleepwalking.

a. insomnia.

Hermann Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve shows that a. most forgetting occurs early on and then levels off. b. we forget more rapidly as time passes. c. forgetting is relatively constant over time. d. forgetting is related to many factors, but time is not one of them. e. we are more likely to forget items in the middle of a list than at the beginning or the end.

a. most forgetting occurs early on and then levels off.

Cognitive neural prosthetics are placed in the brain to help control parts of the a. motor cortex b. auditory cortex c. somatosensory cortex d. visual cortex e. olfaction areas

a. motor cortex

Albert Bandura believed that children could learn not only by doing behaviors themselves, but also by watching models perform those behaviors. Bandura's work expanded the idea of learning to include a. observational learning. b. classical conditioning. c. operant conditioning. d. latent learning. e. rote learning.

a. observational learning.

Kayla's uncle fought in an overseas war zone. After returning home, he finds it difficult to sleep and has a feeling of near constant anxiety. A psychiatrist would most likely offer him treatment for a. posttraumatic stress disorder. b. illness anxiety disorder. c. panic disorder. d. conversion disorder. e. bipolar disorder.

a. posttraumatic stress disorder.

The purpose of Alfred Binet's early intelligence test was to a. predict how children would do in school. b. identify differences among ethnic and racial groups. c. help French graduates find the occupation in which they were most likely to succeed. d. establish the scientific definition of intelligence. e. facilitate "genetic breeding" experiments.

a. predict how children would do in school.

Students who do well on college entrance exams generally do well in their first year of college. This helps establish that these exams have a. predictive validity. b. split-half reliability. c. content validity. d. test-retest reliability. e. standard validity.

a. predictive validity.

The primary distinction between prejudice and discrimination is that a. prejudice is cognitive and discrimination is a behavior. b. prejudice is based on anger and discrimination is based on fear. c. prejudice is a legal term and discrimination is a psychological term. d. prejudice typically develops in infancy and discrimination typically develops in adolescence. e. discrimination is primarily caused by nature and prejudice is primarily caused by nature.

a. prejudice is cognitive and discrimination is a behavior.

Colten visits a therapist for his depression. In addition to talking to Colten about his problems, the therapist also prescribed medication. This therapist is most likely to be a a. psychiatrist. b. clinical psychologist. c. social worker. d. clinical social worker. e. counselor.

a. psychiatrist.

Lea, a client with depression, has been visiting a therapist for several months. During each session, she is challenged on her irrational thinking. The therapist is likely using Albert Ellis' version of a. rational-emotive behavioral therapy. b. aversive conditioning. c. insight therapy. d. client-centered therapy. e. rTMS.

a. rational-emotive behavioral therapy.

Dorothea Dix was a passionate advocate for a. reform in the treatment of the mentally ill. b. the elimination of culturally-biased IQ tests. c. identifying and reducing the self-fulfilling prophecy in schools. d. changing the way disorders are classified in the DSM-5. e. creating an alternative to the use of psychopharmacological medication.

a. reform in the treatment of the mentally ill.

If a test yields consistent results upon retesting, it can be said to have a high degree of a. reliability. b. validity. c. content validity. d. predictive validity. e. normal curve.

a. reliability.

The basketball players could remember the main points of their coach's halftime talk, but not her exact words. This is because they encoded the information a. semantically. b. iconically. c. implicitly. d. shallowly. e. automatically.

a. semantically.

In studies, reminding female test-takers that women historically have done poorly on a similar test can lead to lower test performance—particularly when compared with the scores of women who weren't given such information. This decline in performance is an example of a. stereotype threat. b. hindsight bias. c. the mere expire effect. d. social facilitation. e. negative transference.

a. stereotype threat.

Sherif and his colleagues found that by providing hostile groups with __________, they were able to reduce tension as they worked together to solve problems. a. superordinate goals b. self-fulfilling prophecies c. mirror-image perceptions d. social traps e. GRIT

a. superordinate goals

Neurotransmitters cross the ____________________ to carry information to the next neuron. a. synaptic gap b. axon c. myelin sheath d. dendrites e. cell body

a. synaptic gap

According to most experts, intelligence tests are not biased because a. the average scores for various racial and ethnic groups do not differ by much. b. the tests do a pretty good job of predicting what they are supposed to predict. c. cultural background has little influence on test scores. d. scores on the test are not very stable even when you don't consider race. e. scores are increasing for almost all groups because of the Flynn effect.

a. the average scores for various racial and ethnic groups do not differ by much.

What do we call an optimal window of opportunity for proper development? a. Attachment b. A critical period c. A social period d. Imprinting e. A parenting style

b. A critical period

What does Hermann Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve show about the nature of storage decay? a. A slow, steady decrease as time goes on b. A rapid initial decline followed by a leveling off c. Rate of forgetting does not change as time goes on d. A slow initial decline followed by a rapid loss after several years e. Rate of forgetting varies according to the emotional state of the learner

b. A rapid initial decline followed by a leveling off

Ryan has a difficult time understanding his mother's facial expressions and engages in repetitive actions. One explanation of this is that Ryan is suffering from a. FAS. b. ASD. c. NCD. d. Metacognition. e. menopause.

b. ASD.

Which of the following has shown effectiveness in improving sleep, reducing depression, and increasing heart and lung fitness? a. Meditation b. Aerobic exercise c. Religious involvement d. Subjective well-being e. Social support

b. Aerobic exercise

Stimulation of the amygdala is most likely to have which of the following effects? a. Happiness b. Aggression c. Hunger d. Loss of balance e. Dreaming

b. Aggression

Opiate drugs such as morphine are classified as what? a. Antagonists, because they block neurotransmitter receptors for pain b. Agonists, because they mimic other neurotransmitters' pain-diminishing effects c. Excitatory neurotransmitters, because they activate pain-control mechanisms d. Sympathetic nervous system agents, because they prepare the body for a challenge e. Parasympathetic nervous system agents, because they calm the body

b. Agonists, because they mimic other neurotransmitters' pain-diminishing effects

Why is an operational definition necessary when reporting research findings? a. An operational definition allows others to replicate the study b. An operational definition provides more context and includes many examples of the concept described c. An operational definition is easier to translate into multiple languages than a dictionary definition d. An operational definition uses more scientific language than a dictionary definition e. An operational definition is not necessary since a dictionary definition will work well for replication

b. An operational definition provides more context and includes many examples of the concept described

Researcher have discovered that people most readily identify which emotion, when given images if faces with a variety of facial expressions? a. Happiness b. Anger c. Sadness d. Surprise e. Disgust

b. Anger

Which of the following identifies the parenting style most likely to harshly punish a teen who has been accused of wrongdoing without first hearing from the teen? a. Authoritative b. Authoritarian c. Permissive d. Detached e. Negligent

b. Authoritarian

In an effort to help a child overcome a fear of cats, a therapist pairs a trigger stimulus (something associated with cats) with a new stimulus (for example, an appealing snack or toy) that causes an emotional response that is incompatible with fear. Which clinical orientation is this therapist using? a. Psychodynamic b. Behavioral c. Biomedical d. Client-centered e. Humanistic

b. Behavioral

"The curious paradox is that when I accept myself just as I am, then I can change." This core idea in humanistic psychology is a quotation from a. Sigmund Freud. b. Carl Rogers. c. Aaron Beck. d. Carl Jung. e. B.F. Skinner.

b. Carl Rogers.

A gymnast falls and hits her head on the floor. She attempts to continue practicing, but has trouble maintaining balance. What part of her brain has probably been affected? a. Reticular formation b. Cerebellum c. Amygdala d. Thalamus e. Medulla

b. Cerebellum

Which of the following psychologists would most likely conduct psychotherapy? a. Biological b. Clinical c. Industrial-organizational d. Cognitive e. Evolutionary

b. Clinical

Because of the repeated exposure to loud noise they experience during their daily jobs, airport ground workers are most susceptible to damage to which of the following? a. Olfactory nerve b. Cochlea c. Ganglion cells d. Bipolar cells e. Hammer, anvil, and stirrup

b. Cochlea

Which of the following structures helps you most in detecting the color of your friend's shirt? a. Rods b. Cones c. Fovea d. Lens e. Cornea

b. Cones

Patients with a split brain have had which structure in their brain severed? a. Thalamus b. Corpus callosum c. Pons d. Cerebral cortex e. Occipital lobe

b. Corpus callosum

Sleep deprivation can lead to weight gain, reduced muscle strength, suppression of the cells that fight common colds, and most likely which of the following? a. Increased productivity b. Depression c. Decreased mistakes on homework d. Increased feeling of well-being e. Sleep apnea

b. Depression

Damage to the hippocampus would result in what? a. Difficulties with balance and coordination b. Difficulty in creating new memories c. The false sensation of burning in parts of the body d. Emotional outbursts e. Inability to regulate body temperature and hunger

b. Difficulty in creating new memories

Which psychological principle best explains why studying an hour per day for a week is more effective than one 7-hour study session? a. Testing effect b. Distributed practice c. SQ3R d. Retrieval practice effect e. Psychometrics

b. Distributed practice

An individual has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Which of the following neurotransmitters is most likely to be at fault? a. Acetylcholine b. Dopamine c. Serotonin d. The endorphins e. GABA

b. Dopamine

Which neurotransmitter is affected by antipsychotic medications? a. Epinephrine b. Dopamine c. Norepinephrine d. Acetylcholine e. Serotonin

b. Dopamine

Which of these drugs acts as both a stimulant and a hallucinogen, causes dangerous dehydration in the short term, and causes serotonin disruption in the long term? a. LSD b. Ecstasy c. Alcohol d. Cocaine e. Caffeine

b. Ecstasy

Infantile amnesia best explains why a. Justina, age 25, cannot remember hearing Japanese when she was 10. b. Ella, age 10, has no memories of her third birthday party. c. Karla, age 3, can't understand why her new brother is crying. d. Becka, age 2, is unable to remember where she left her doll. e. Hannah, age 6, can't remember the gymnastics routine she just learned.

b. Ella, age 10, has no memories of her third birthday party.

Temperament refers to what aspect of an infant's development? a. Susceptibility to infection and disease b. Emotional reactivity c. General intelligence d. Level of optimism e. Ability to learn from situations

b. Emotional reactivity

Which of the following is the best biological explanation for why the human body stores fat? a. Fat signals affluence and social status. b. Fat is a fuel reserve during periods when food is scarce. c. Fat is a display of abundant good sources. d. Fat keeps the body warm in winter climates. e. Fat contributed to the global epidemic of diabetes.

b. Fat is a fuel reserve during periods when food is scarce.

Which of the following is the best example of sensory interaction? a. Finding that despite its delicious aroma, a weird-looking meal tastes awful b. Finding that food tastes bland when you have a bad cold c. Finding it difficult to maintain your balance when you have an ear infection d. Finding that the cold pool water doesn't feel so cold after a while e. Finding that the hot peppers get hotter as you consume more of them

b. Finding that food tastes bland when you have a bad cold

An employee at the store next door gets paid every Friday, no matter how many pairs of shoes she sells. Her paycheck is based on which of the following schedules of reinforcement? a. Variable-ratio b. Fixed-interval c. Fixed-ratio d. Variable-interval e. Spontaneous

b. Fixed-interval

Peer influence would have the strongest effect on a. JS, who, at age 30, is deciding whether to propose to his girlfriend. b. Frank, who, at age 10, is deciding whether to play baseball or hockey. c. Arman, who, at age 18, is choosing between two highly rated colleges. d. Linda, who, at age 45, is deciding which church group to join. e. Johann, who, at age 7, is choosing a project for art class.

b. Frank, who, at age 10, is deciding whether to play baseball or hockey.

Diego likes to play sports and video games, whereas Sara likes to sing, dance, and play "house". This example best depicts which of the following? a. Gender identity b. Gender typing c. Gender schema d. Social learning theory e. Gender expression

b. Gender typing

Someone from a collectivist culture is more likely to do what? a. Develop a strong self of self b. Give priority to group goals c. Form casual, often temporary relationships d. Achieve personal goals e. Focus on how they are different from the group

b. Give priority to group goals

Which of the following best represents crystallized intelligence? a. Jake can solve math word problems quickly. b. Grandpa Milt is good at crossword puzzles. c. Aliyah has a knack for training dogs. d. Anna writes creative computer programs. e. Heng takes a different route each day on his walk.

b. Grandpa Milt is good at crossword puzzles.

Galileo's notion that the earth revolved around 5e sun was in opposition to the widespread beliefs of his era. Over time, his ideas were accepted by more and more scholars. What social psychological principle is this an example of? a. Social thinking b. Group polarization c. Conformity d. A stereotype e. Minority influence

b. Group polarization

Benjamin Lee Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis relates to what aspect of the power of language? a. How thinking determines language b. How language determines thinking c. The role of the language acquisition device d. The importance of critical periods in language development e. The development of language in nonhuman animals

b. How language determines thinking

What perspective is sometimes referred to as the "third force", since it offered a more optimistic alternative to Freud's psychoanalysis and Skinner's behaviorism? a. Biological psychology b. Humanistic psychology c. Cognitive psychology d. Evolutionary psychology e. Social-cultural psychology

b. Humanistic psychology

Which of the following is one of the ways humanistic therapies differ from psychoanalytic therapies? a. Humanistic therapies believe the past is more important than the present and future. b. Humanistic therapies boost self-fulfillment by decreasing self-acceptance. c. Humanistic therapies believe the path to growth is found by uncovering hidden determinants. d. Humanistic therapies believe that unconscious thoughts are more important than conscious thoughts. e. Humanistic therapies focus on promoting growth, not curing illness.

b. Humanistic therapies boost self-fulfillment by decreasing self-acceptance.

In which of the following examples would parents have the highest degree of influence? a. In homes where children are severely neglected or abused b. In determining a child's personality c. When a child is trying to fit in at a new school d. When a young child is learning the language spoken at a new school e. When a young person develops schizophrenia

b. In determining a child's personality

The dual-processing model refers to which of the following ideas? a. The right and left hemispheres of the brain both process incoming messages. b. Incoming information is processed by both conscious and unconscious tracks. c. Each lobe of the brain processes incoming information. d. The brain first processes emotional information and then processes analytical information. e. The thalamus and hypothalamus work together to analyze incoming sensory information.

b. Incoming information is processed by both conscious and unconscious tracks.

What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in sleep? a. It induces REM sleep every 90 minutes. b. It causes the pineal gland to increase the production of melatonin. c. It causes the pituitary gland to increase the release of human growth hormone. d. It causes the pituitary gland to decrease the release of human growth hormone. e. It causes the pineal gland to decrease the production of melatonin.

b. It causes the pineal gland to increase the production of melatonin.

Which emotion theory places the greatest emphasis on physiological changes happening first, which are then followed by an experience of an emotion? a. Schacter-Singer theory b. James-Lange theory c. Cannon-Bard theory d. Arousal theory e. Incentive theory

b. James-Lange theory

Having been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, Patricia has been prescribed ___________ to level the highs and lows of the disorder. a. Xanax b. Lithium c. Zoloft d. Paxil e. Ativan

b. Lithium

Positive psychology, which studies the ideas behind human flourishing, is connected to which psychologist? a. John Locke b. Martin Seligman c. Charles Darwin d. Sigmund Freud e. John Watson

b. Martin Seligman

When basketball star Michael Jordan graduated from college as one of a small number or geography majors, the average starting salary for a geography major soared by several hundred thousand dollars. In a situation like this, where one unusual bit of data greatly inflates the average, it is important to use which measure of variation? a. Mean b. Median c. Range d. Standard deviation e. Mode

b. Median

Which of the following statements has been supported by the research of evolutionary psychologists? a. Women are attracted to older men. b. Men are attracted to women who appear fertile and capable of bearing children. c. The connection between sex and pleasure is mostly determined by culture. d. The same factors determine sexual attraction in both males and females. e. Most adults are attracted to partners that in some way remind them of their parents.

b. Men are attracted to women who appear fertile and capable of bearing children.

Stimulation of which of the following may cause a person to involuntarily move their arm? a. Somatosensory cortex b. Motor cortex c. Glial cells d. Reticular activating system e. Visual cortex

b. Motor cortex

Shortly after falling sleep, James experiences the hypnagogic sensation of falling. It is most likely that he is in which stage of sleep? a. Aloha b. NREM-1 c. NREM-2 d. NREM-3 e. REM

b. NREM-1

A student studies diligently to avoid the bad feelings associated with a previously low grade on a test. In this case, the stydy8ng behavior is being strengthened because of what kind of reinforcement? a. Positive reinforcement b. Negative reinforcement d. Delayed reinforcement d. Primary reinforcement e. Conditioned reinforcement

b. Negative reinforcement

Which of the following is an example of the feel-good, do-good phenomenon? a. Anagha tries to keep her 2-year-old son from becoming upset for any reason. b. Niko is praised by his teacher and later volunteers to help his mother clean the garage. c. Carson feels satisfied after helping the ecology club pick up trash around the school. d. Maggie's parents double her allowance when she is nice to her sister all day. e. Rowen is glad to finally be over the flu so he can return to his volunteer work.

b. Niko is praised by his teacher and later volunteers to help his mother clean the garage.

Which of the following is a current belief of researchers that differs from Piaget's original theories? a. Infants simply have less information about the world than older children and adults. b. Object permanence develops earlier than Piaget believed. c. Infants learn more by verbal explanations than Piaget believed. d. Accommodation is a process that doesn't occur in young children. e. Schemas don't form until later than Piaget believed.

b. Object permanence develops earlier than Piaget believed.

According to the behavioral perspectives psychological science should be rooted in what? a. Introspection b. Observation c. Cultural influences d. Growth potential e. Basic needs

b. Observation

Which lobe of the brain is located in the too rear of the brain? a. Occipital b. Parietal c. Frontal d. Temporal e. Corpus callosum

b. Parietal

Which of the following has been shown to be an effective intervention to reduce teen pregnancies? a. Abstinence-only sex education in schools b. Participation in service learning programs c. Increasing guilt related to sexual activity d. Taking a pledge to remain abstinent e. Increased exposure to sexual content in the media

b. Participation in service learning programs

Tonya's psychology teacher played some backwards music to the class, and they were not able to make out any words or phrases in the selection. When the teacher told them to listen for the words "The rat and the cat" when she played it again, most of the class now heard the words. Which principle explains this experience? a. A context effect b. Perceptual set c. Extrasensory perception d. Selective attention e. Weber's law

b. Perceptual set

Warren has a bacterial infection that has affected the ability of the rods in his eyes to function correctly. This should have th greatest impact on which of the following? a. Visual clarity b. Peripheral vision c. Color vision d. Hearing high-frequency sounds e. Hearing low-frequency sounds

b. Peripheral vision

Which of the following terms best describes our geographic nearness to another person? a. Mere exposure effect b. Proximity c. Similarity d. Intimacy e. Symmetry

b. Proximity

Which of the following is an example of conformity? a. Malik has had a series of dogs over the years. Each has learned to curl up at his feet when he watches television. b. Renee guys the same brand of sweatshirt that most of the kids in her school are wearing. c. Jonah makes sure to arrive home before his curfew because he knows he will be grounded if he doesn't. d. Yuri makes sure to arrive home before her curfew because she does not want her parents to be disappointed in her. e. Terry cranks it up a notch during volleyball practice because the team captain has been on her case for not showing enough effort.

b. Renee guys the same brand of sweatshirt that most of the kids in her school are wearing.

Your best friend decides to paint her room an extremely bright electric blue. Which of the following best fits the physical properties of the color's light waves? a. No wavelength; large amplitude b. Short wavelength; large amplitude c. Short wavelength; small amplitude d. Long wavelength; large amplitude e. No wavelength; small amplitude

b. Short wavelength; large amplitude

Which of the following is most likely to influence our memory of a painful event? a. The overall length of the event b. The intensity of pain at the end of the event c. The reason for the pain d. The amount of rest you've had in the 24 hours preceding the event e. The specific part of the body that experiences the pain

b. The intensity of pain at the end of the event

What is the pineal gland's role in sleep? a. Activating the suprachiasmatic nucleus b. The production of melatonin c. The location of hypnagogic sensations d. Remembering dreams upon waking e. Emitting alpha waves

b. The production of melatonin

Which of the following is the most likely consequence of the brain's tendency to vicariously experience something we observe? a. Actual physical injury b. The risk of misremembering our own actions c. Interference with associative learning d. The elimination of classically conditioned responses to stimuli e. A confusion between reinforcers and rewards in an operant conditioning setting

b. The risk of misremembering our own actions

Athletes who often privately credit their victories to their own abilities, and their losses to bad breaks, lousy officiating, or the other team's exceptional performance, are exhibiting which psychological concept? a. A low self-esteem b. The self-serving bias c. Pessimism d. The spotlight effect e. Incompetence

b. The self-serving bias

A journalism student is writing an article about her school's new cell-phone policy, and she'd like to interview a random sample of students. Which of the following is the best example of a random sample? a. The writer arrives at school early and interviews the first five students who come through the main entrance. b. The writer pulls the names of five students from a hat that contains all students' names. She interviews the five selected students. c. The writer asks her teacher if she can distribute a brief survey to the students in her AP Psychology class. d. The writer passes out brief surveys to 50 students in the hall and uses the 18 surveys returned to her as the basis of her article. e. The writer asks the principal for the names of 10 students who have had their cell phones confiscated for a day for violating the policy. She interviews these 10 students.

b. The writer pulls the names of five students from a hat that contains all students' names. She interviews the five selected students.

Which of these statements is most accurate about REM sleep? a. These periods are the longest at the beginning of the sleep period, then get shorter through the night. b. These periods are the shortest at the beginning of the sleep period, then get longer through the night. c. During these periods, brain activity is as reduced as muscle activity. d. The brainstem continues to pass on motor activity signals to the rest of the body during REM sleep. e. The dreams during this stage are frequently interrupted by sleep spindles.

b. These periods are the shortest at the beginning of the sleep period, then get longer through the night.

A therapist who believes in giving patients positive reinforcement when they behave appropriately is most likely to use which of the following techniques? a. Systematic desensitization b. Token economy c. Aversive conditioning d. Transference e. Exposure therapy

b. Token economy

Jazz is determined to quit drinking and enters a therapy program. The program places a nausea-inducing drug into each drink she takes. After a few weeks, the sight of though of a drink makes Jazz sick. Her sickness as a result of the drug is a(n) a. US. b. UR. c. NS. d. CS. e. CR.

b. UR.

Mary checks her phone every 30 minutes for incoming text messages, but she finds messages only some of the time. Her behavior is being maintained by what kind of reinforcement schedule? a. Fixed-interval b. Variable-interval c. Variable-ratio d. Fixed-ratio e. Continuous

b. Variable-interval

Shea bought 10 tickets for the raffle for free homecoming entry, but she did not win. Months later she also buys 10 tickets for the senior prom raffle, hoping this will be the time she wins. Which scenario of reinforcement is best used to explain this scenario? a. Fixed-ratio b. Variable-ratio c. Fixed-interval d. Variable-interval e. Continuous

b. Variable-ratio

Which of the following is most clearly a biological influence on disordered drug use? a. Significant stress. b. Variations in neurotransmitter systems. c. An urban environment. d. Peer influence. e. A lack of purpose.

b. Variations in neurotransmitter systems.

Instead of methodically poring through the atlas to find the correct map, Ivan just flipped to the section of the book where he thought it might be. Using a strategy based on a hunch rather than examining each page carefully involves the use of a. an algorithm. b. a heuristic. c. an "Aha!" moment. d. insight. e. framing.

b. a heuristic.

Ulric's doctor suggested that he consider moving to an area where there is greater sunlight or purchasing a light box that emits a bright light. Given these treatment options, Ulric's doctor must have diagnosed Ulric with a. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. b. a seasonal pattern for depressive disorders. c. posttraumatic stress disorder. d. antisocial personality disorder. e. agoraphobia.

b. a seasonal pattern for depressive disorders.

Tim pulls into traffic behind an older woman and immediately gets irritated because "old women can't drive". Tim's belief is a. a norm. b. a stereotype. c. the frustration-aggression principle. d. a mirror-image perception. e. discrimination.

b. a stereotype.

A methodical, logical rule that guarantees solving a particular problem is called a(n) a. heuristic. b. algorithm. c. insight. d. mental set. e. confirmation bias.

b. algorithm.

In the United States, suicide rates are highest a. during the middle of the winter. b. among those with depression who are beginning to recover. c. among women ages 45-55. d. among married people. e. among Hispanic men.

b. among those with depression who are beginning to recover.

A substance that interrupts neural transmission by fitting into a receptor site but no activating it, or by preventing another neurotransmitter from accessing the receptor site, is known as a. an agonist. b. an antagonist. c. an endorphin. d. a hormone. e. the synaptic cleft.

b. an antagonist.

After spending several weeks barely able to get out of bed, Hatch finds himself with so much energy that he surprises his wife by painting the entire house in one day. Concerned, his wife brings him to the hospital, where the doctors diagnose him with a. suicidal thoughts. b. bipolar disorder. c. persistent depressive disorder. d. rumination. e. major depressive disorder.

b. bipolar disorder.

Over several years, Charles gradually developed schizophrenia. Because of this, the prognosis for recovery is poor. His type of schizophrenia would be referred to as a. acute. b. chronic. c. maternal. d. catatonic. e. positive.

b. chronic.

When asked, "What is it that makes your life meaningful?", people are most likely to answer: a. money. b. close relationships. c. a satisfying career. d. an average level of intelligence. e. a skill such as cooking, or a talent such as playing an instrument.

b. close relationships.

Dr. Welle tries to help her clients by teaching them to modify the things they do when under stress or experiencing symptoms. This means that Dr. Welle engages in ______________ therapy. a. behavior b. cognitive c. group d. rational-emotive behavior e. client-centered

b. cognitive

Students are accustomed to a bell ringing to indicate the end of a class period. The principal decides to substitute popular music for the bell to indicate the end of each class period. Students quickly respond to the music in the same way they did to the bell. In this example, the music is a(n) a. conditioned response. b. conditioned stimulus. c. unconditioned response. d. unconditioned stimulus. e. habituated response.

b. conditioned stimulus.

According to research done by Erik Erikson and Joan Erikson, children who are securely attached are also likely to be a. parented by authoritarian parents. b. developing a sense of basic trust. c. raised in a neglectful environment. d. showing less stranger anxiety. e. able to think in an abstract manner.

b. developing a sense of basic trust.

A family uses the microwave to prepare their cat's food. The cat comes running into the room when the microwave timer sounds, but not when it hears the oven timer. The cat is demonstrating the concept of a. generalization. b. discrimination. c. spontaneous recovery. d. extinction. e. habituation.

b. discrimination.

Instinct theory is related to the __________ perspective of psychology. a. motivational b. evolutionary c. arousal d. drive-reduction e. self-actualization

b. evolutionary

Even as newborns, we prefer sights and sounds that facilitate social responsiveness. This can be seen by a newborn's preference for a. soft music. b. face-like images. c. low pitched sounds. d. soft colors. e. loud music.

b. face-like images.

Joanna's grandmother told her, "When we were little, we couldn't afford new clothes, so our mother made us dresses out of potato sacks". Joanna's great-grandmother's ability to envision how a potato sack could be used as material for a dress suggests that she was able to overcome a. confirmation bias. b. functional fixedness. c. algorithms. d. divergent thinking. e. belief bias.

b. functional fixedness.

According to Charles Spearman and others, __________ underlies specific mental abilities and is measure by every task on an intelligence test. a. savant syndrome b. general intelligence (g) c. factor analysis d. intelligence e. emotional intelligence

b. general intelligence (g)

Marie disagrees with the answer her math review group comes up with. She does not voice her own answer because she does not want to go against the group. Marie is being affected by a. group polarization. b. groupthink. c. social loafing. d. social facilitation. e. cultural influences.

b. groupthink.

A testable prediction that drives research is known as a(n) a. theory b. hypothesis c. operational definition d. guess e. random sample

b. hypothesis

Antisocial personality disorder is most often characterized by a. violence. b. lack of conscience. c. mood swings. d. unexplained physical symptoms. e. committing serial murders.

b. lack of conscience.

Trevor spends 45 minutes a day in front of an intense light. It is most likely that he is being treated with a. cognitive therapy. b. light therapy. c. EMDR therapy. d. rational-emotive behavior therapy. e. psychodynamic therapy.

b. light therapy.

Factor analysis is the test-development strategy that a. develops ambiguous pictures. b. looks to find items on a test that differentiate between groups and chooses those items for the test. c. analyzes a person's reciprocal determinism in a given situation. d. analyzes the most common defense mechanisms. e. determines how people feel about themselves in the present moment.

b. looks to find items on a test that differentiate between groups and chooses those items for the test.

Carol Gilligan's research emphasizes prominent female characteristics, especially a. spatial abilities. b. making social connections. c. playing in large groups. d. talking a great deal. e. playing in competitive groups.

b. making social connections.

The original formula for a child's intelligence quotient compared a child's a. aptitude to his or her school performance. b. mental age to his or her chronological age. c. intelligence to his or her siblings' intelligence. d. intelligence to his or her parents' intelligence. e. math intelligence to his or her verbal intelligence.

b. mental age to his or her chronological age.

Prefixes and suffixes are small groups of letters that when added to the beginning or ending of words alter the definition of those words. Prefixes and suffixes, then, are examples of a. phonemes. b. morphemes. c. algorithms. d. accommodation. e. assimilation.

b. morphemes.

The prefix "pre" in "preview" or the suffix "ed" in "adapted" are examples of a. phonemes. b. morphemes. c. babbling. d. language development. e. grammar.

b. morphemes.

Jon does what his friends are doing and throws eggs at houses on Halloween, even though he knows that he should not. Jon's egg throwing is most likely due to a. obedience. b. normative social influence. c. social contagion. d. informational social influence. e. the chameleon effect.

b. normative social influence.

Attempts to control social behavior by using the punishing effects of isolation is an example of a. the general adaptation syndrome. b. ostracism. c. the behavior feedback effect. d. wanting to belong. e. the tend-and-befriend response.

b. ostracism.

Neurogenesis is the process by which a. one brain structure takes on the functions of an adjacent structure b. our brain creates new neurons c. the amygdala and thalamus work together to keep the body awake and alert d. association areas expand as new material is learned e. the brain adapts to new learning

b. our brain creates new neurons

The tendency to exaggerate the correctness or accuracy of our beliefs and predictions is called a. hindsight bias b. overconfidence c. critical thinking d. skepticism e. reliability

b. overconfidence

After Donnie realized the "intruder" in his home was just his mother returning unexpectedly, his breathing began to slow down, his heart rate decreased, and his digestion began again. These changes were coordinated by the a. limbic system. b. parasympathetic nervous system. c. sympathetic nervous system. d. afferent neurons. e. efferent neurons.

b. parasympathetic nervous system.

As the infant's brain develops, some neural pathways will decay if not used. This use-it-or-lose-it process is known as a. motor development. b. pruning. c. heredity. d. amnesia. e. maturation.

b. pruning.

Juliette's depression is not responding to the normal biomedical treatments. Her therapist had suggested that she try several sessions of ___________ to energize her left frontal lobe and reduce her symptoms. a. psychosurgery b. rTMS c. ECT d. CBT e. REBT

b. rTMS

The laboratory environment is designed to a. exactly re-create the events of everyday life. b. re-create psychological forces under controlled conditions. c. re-create psychological forces under random conditions. d. minimize the use of animals and humans in psychological research. e. provide the opportunity to do cade study research.

b. re-create psychological forces under controlled conditions.

Ella was an aggressive child in middle school. In high school, she is a successful three-sport athlete because she channels her aggression into sports. Freud would suggest that this is due to the defense mechanism of a. repression. b. reaction formation. c. displacement. d. projection. e. regression.

b. reaction formation.

Howard Gardner found evidence of multiple intelligences in individuals who scored low on intelligence but had an area of exceptional ability—for example, to make complex calculations. These people have a. the Flynn effect. b. savant syndrome. c. advanced mental age. d. Wechsler syndrome. e. intelligence heritability.

b. savant syndrome.

An 18-month-old typically recognizes herself in a mirror. This self-awareness contributes to a. self-assurance. b. self-concept. c. self-esteem. d. self-actualization. e. self-determination.

b. self-concept.

The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response is called a. acquisition. b. spontaneous recovery. c. discrimination. d. operant conditioning. e. classical conditioning.

b. spontaneous recovery.

A researcher finds a difference between an experimental group and a control group that is less likely due to chance and more likely due to the manipulation of the independent variable. This finding then is most likely to be a. a replication. b. statistically significant. c. below the margin of error. d. reliable, but not valid. e. valid, but not reliable.

b. statistically significant.

Job-seekers at a company are screened by different interviewers, but each is asked the same questions. The company is making use of a. flow. b. structured interviews. c. employee engagement. d. unstructured interviews. e. human factors psychology.

b. structured interviews.

Superstitious behavior can be produced by a. placing a conditioned response (CR) before a conditioned stimulus (CS). b. the accidental timing of rewards. c. possession of a large number of traditionally lucky items. d. cognitive awareness of superstitious behavior in others. e. the change in a reinforcement schedule from ratio to interval.

b. the accidental timing of rewards.

People frequently blame internal dispositions for others' behavior according to a. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. b. the fundamental attribution error. c. attribution. d. social psychology. e. social thinking.

b. the fundamental attribution error.

Modern psychodynamic counselors are likely to emphasize a. the role of the old, ego, and superego. b. the important of early childhood experiences. c. long, intensive therapy sessions over a period of many years. d. fixations that may have stemmed from repressed sexual urges. e. a patient's responses to Rorschach inkblots.

b. the important of early childhood experiences.

Dr. Warren is testing to see if there is a relationship between the consumption of caffeine and memory. She randomly divides 300 participants into three groups and gives each participant an energy drink to consume. Some of the drinks have high levels of caffeine, some have medium levels, and some have none at all—but they all taste the same. About 30 minutes later, she has the participants play a memory game on the computer where they have to match faces and names together. At the end of the game, the computer thanks them for playing, and their scores are sent to Dr. Warren's lab. The DEPENDENT variable in the experiment is a. how quickly the participants matched the names and faces. b. the participants' scores from the memory game. c. the amount of caffeine they consumed. d. their explanations about how they played the game. e. the amount of caffeine they consume in a typical week.

b. the participants' scores from the memory game.

Research on achievement motivation has found that a. people who demonstrate grit tend to have lower levels of achievement. b. those with high levels of self-discipline have higher levels of achievement. c. achievement is simply due to ability. d. people who keep their goals to themselves are more successful than those who share them with others. e. those who have a plan succeed less often than those who do not.

b. those with high levels of self-discipline have higher levels of achievement.

The role of interneurons is to a. send messages from specific body parts to the brain b. transmit and process information within the brain and spinal cord c. act as connectors, supporting other neurons in the brain d. send messages from the brain to body parts e. influence the pituitary gland

b. transmit and process information within the brain and spinal cord

Mary Ainsworth designed the "strange situation" experiment in order to determine a. how creative young children could be in novel environments. b. whether children had developed a secure attachment to their mother. c. if children were more motivated by social anxiety than by peer pressure. d. if the parenting style of mothers affected their children's temperament. e. if early signs of imprinting in young children could be reversed.

b. whether children had developed a secure attachment to their mother.

Karl was late to his interview because he left the house late and did not use his GPS for directions. If Karl is making use of the self-serving bias, which of the following statements will he use to explain his lateness? a. "I thought I knew where I was going, but I got lost." b. "I spent too much time trying yo find a tie that matched this shirt." c. "My GPS told me to turn left here I should have turned right." d. "I am usually right in predicting how long it takes me to get places, but today there was more traffic than I anticipated." e. "Sometimes I procrastinate and do not leave enough time to get places."

c. "My GPS told me to turn left here I should have turned right."

Which of the following groups of scores would have the smallest standard deviation? a. 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 b. 5, 15, 25, 35, 45 c. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 d. 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 e. 15, 30, 45, 60, 75

c. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

Hal scored an 89 on an intelligence test when he was 16. Now, at age 56, he is interested in what his score would be as an adult. The score he is most likely to earn on the new test would be a. 49. b. 70. c. 92. d. 129. e. 140.

c. 92.

Which of the following best demonstrates the law of effect? a. Tommy keeps asking Josie to the prom even though she has said no several times. b. Gloria refuses to make her bed and is grounded. c. A dog whines at the door and is let out so later she whines again. d. A baseball player drops a ball and is cut from the team. e. A dancer chooses a costume based on what her friends are wearing.

c. A dog whines at the door and is let out so later she whines again.

Which of the following is an example of an animal using concepts? a. A parrot identifies the number and color of objects. b. A dog identifies the scent of her owner. c. A parrot learns to say phrases. d. A dog fetches a thrown stick. e. A parrot quest when the cover is put over his cage at night.

c. A parrot learns to say phrases.

Which of the following is most likely to happen under hypnosis? a. A person will remember a traumatic event from their past that they had forgotten. b. An adult will regress to acting exactly like they did as a child. c. A person may be unable to report their grandmother's name if asked to forget it. d. An eyewitness to a crime will give a vivid and accurate description of events that they had forgotten. e. A person will become less open to suggestions.

c. A person may be unable to report their grandmother's name if asked to forget it.

Challenging people's automatic negative thoughts is a key characteristic of the therapy developed by a. Sigmund Freud. b. B.F. Skinner. c. Aaron Beck. d. Gordon Allport. e. Carl Rogers.

c. Aaron Beck.

Signal detection theory is most closely associated with which perception process? a. Vision b. Sensory adaptation c. Absolute thresholds d. Smell e. Context effects

c. Absolute thresholds

Intellectual disability is defined by both IQ and which of the following? a. Chronological age b. Mental age c. Adaptive ability d. Physical condition e. Heritability

c. Adaptive ability

Which of the following would be considered an example of Erikson's concept of integrity? a. A 25-year-old meets and marries the love of his life. b. A 35-year-old earns a lot of money, though she doesn't particularly enjoy her job. c. An 85-year-old looks back at a life well-lived and feels satisfied. d. A 40-year-old takes pride in her work and how she is raising her children. e. A 20-year-old decides to become a physician.

c. An 85-year-old looks back at a life well-lived and feels satisfied.

Which of the following is an example of a flashbulb memory? a. Barry remembers an especially bright sunrise because he was by the ocean and the sunlight reflected off the water. b. Robert remembers that correlation does not probe a cause-effect relationship because his teacher emphasized this fact over and over again. c. Anna remembers when her father returned from an overseas military deployment because the day was very emotional for her. d. Kris has stronger memories of her second grade teacher than she does of her third grade teacher because her second grade teacher has the same name as her neighbor. e. Anton remembers a moment from his last homecoming dance because a strobe light seemed to freeze the scene in his imagination.

c. Anna remembers when her father returned from an overseas military deployment because the day was very emotional for her.

Which subfield or perspective is most interested in studying the link between mental activity and brain activity? a. Humanistic psychology b. Gestalt psychology c. Cognitive neuroscience d. Psychodynamic perspective e. Evolutionary perspective

c. Cognitive neuroscience

Which of the following therapeutic approaches in scientifically supported? a. Recovered-memory therapies b. Rebirthing therapies c. Cognitive therapy d. Energy therapies e. Facilitated communication therapy

c. Cognitive therapy

What did Carl Jung call the shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history? a. Neurosis b. Archetypes c. Collective unconscious d. Inferiority complex e. Terror management

c. Collective unconscious

Megan, a third grader, is having trouble with math. She is starting to do poorly in other subjects, because she feels she cannot master math. Based on Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which stage is Megan in? a. Autonomy versus shame and doubt b. Initiative versus guilt c. Competence versus inferiority d. Identity versus role confusion e. Intimacy versus isolation

c. Competence versus inferiority

If you scratch your eye, which structure are you most likely to damage? a. Pupil b. Iris c. Cornea d. Lens e. Fovea

c. Cornea

"Both the left and the right hemisphere may be conscious simultaneously in different, even in mutually conflicting, mental experiences that run along in parallel." This quotation by neuropsychologist Roger Sperry refers to his Nobel Prize-winning research on the effects of severing which part of the brain? a. Amygdala b. Brainstem c. Corpus callosum d. Thalamus e. Pituitary gland

c. Corpus callosum

As a patient experienced an anxiety attack, he may experience a series of changes that are coordinated by the sympathetic nervous system. Which one of the following would be the patient experience? a. Decreased heart rate b. Slower breathing c. Decreased salivation d. Constricted pupils e. Increased rate of digestion

c. Decreased salivation

Which of the following might result from a disruption of your vestibular sense.l a. Inability to detect the position of your arm without looking at it b. Loss of the ability to detect bitter tastes c. Dizziness and a loss of balance d. An inability to detect pain e. Loss of color vision

c. Dizziness and a loss of balance

Which of the following is seen as an effective treatment for severe depression that does not respond to drug therapy? a. Lobotomy b. Token economy c. ECT d. Classical conditioning e. EMDR therapy

c. ECT

Which stimulant causes high energy, emotional elation, dehydration, and damage to serotonin-producing neurons? a. Barbiturate b. Nicotine c. Ecstasy d. Caffeine e. LSD

c. Ecstasy

Critics of humanistic psychology have suggested that this theory fails to appreciate the reality of our human capacity for which of the following? a. Empathy b. Love c. Evil d. Empathy e. Self-acceptance

c. Evil

In order for a neuron to generate an action potential, which of the following must be true? a. The neuron must be in the refractory period b. Glial cells must release neurotransmitters into the axon c. Excitatory impulses must outnumber inhibitory responses d. Dopamine and serotonin must be present in equal amounts e. Inhibitory impulses must outnumber excitatory impulses

c. Excitatory impulses must outnumber inhibitory responses

An employee at a shoe store is paid $10 for each pair that he sells. If he does not sell any shoes, he does not get paid. His paycheck is based on which of the following schedules of reinforcement? a. Variable-ratio b. Fixed-interval c. Fixed-ratio d. Variable-interval e. Spontaneous

c. Fixed-ratio

Although the group of senior citizens beat the teenagers in a trivia contest based on history, they were not nearly as successful in a competition that required them to quickly learn the rules of a new video game. This is most likely due to the decline of which of the following as humans age? a. Learned helplessness b. Cognitive dissonance c. Fluid intelligence d. Crystallized intelligence e. Elaborative rehearsal

c. Fluid intelligence

Many people prefer meat that is 80 percent lean instead of 20 percent fat, even though they are the same thing. Which concept is being used when the same information is presented in a more desirable way? a. Intuition b. Insight c. Framing d. Overconfidence e. Perseverance

c. Framing

An individual experiences brain damage that results in an inability to make plans about the future. Which part of the brain was probably damaged? a. Parietal lobe b. Corpus callosum c. Frontal lobe d. Occipital lobe e. Temporal lobe

c. Frontal lobe

What development in adolescents allows for greater impulse control? a. The hormonal surge of early adolescence b. Hindbrain changes associated with the onset of puberty c. Frontal lobe maturation in late adolescence d. Limbic system development in mid-adolescence e. A decrease in myelin production throughout adolescence

c. Frontal lobe maturation in late adolescence

Which of the following is the best advice to give parents whose young children refuse to eat their dinner? a. Do not allow them to watch television for a week for each day they do not eat dinner. b. Give the children a small reward at the end of a week in which they have eaten dinner each night. c. Give the children a small reward each day that they eat their dinner. d. Require that the children do extra chores if they do not finish dinner. e. Allow the children to have dessert, even if they do not eat their dinner, in the hopes that they will eat dinner the next day.

c. Give the children a small reward each day that they eat their dinner.

What was one of the major findings of Thomas Bouchard's study of twins? a. It demonstrated that peer influences is more important than parental influence in the development of personality traits. b. It proved that the influence of parental environment becomes more and more important as children grow into adults. c. He discovered striking similarities between adult identical twins who had been separated near birth. d. Fraternal twins showed almost as much similarity as identical twins when they reached adulthood. e. It provided evidence that heritability is less important than researchers previously suspected.

c. He discovered striking similarities between adult identical twins who had been separated near birth.

After the student council election, a friend tells you he has known for weeks who would be elected president. What psychological phenomenon might this illustrate? a. Common sense b. Critical thinking c. Hindsight bias d. Overconfidence e. Perceiving order in random events

c. Hindsight bias

Which of the following describes a perception process that the Gestalt psychologists would have been interested in? a. Depth perception and how it allows us to survive in the world b. How we notice the various flavor elements in a dish c. How an organized whole is formed out of its component pieces d. What the smallest units of perception are e. The similarities between shale constancy and size constancy

c. How an organized whole is formed out of its component pieces

Which of the following statements is best explained by research on depth perception using the visual cliff? a. Binocular depth cues develop before monocular depth cues. b. Monocular depth cues develop before binocular depth cues. c. Human infants are born with an innate sense of depth. d. Human infants must learn to perceive depth. e. Humans do not develop the perception of depth until 24 months of age.

c. Human infants are born with an innate sense of depth.

Which of the following communicates with the pituitary, which in turn controls the endocrine system? a. Parathyroid glands b. Autonomic nervous system c. Hypothalamus d. Spinal cord e. Pancreas

c. Hypothalamus

The perception that we control our own fate is also called what? a. Self-control b. Learned helplessness c. Internal locus of control d. External locus of control e. Emotion-focused coping

c. Internal locus of control

If you accidentally touch a hot stove, which of the following is responsible for moving your hand away before you even realize what you have done? a. Sensory neuron b. Motor neuron c. Interneuron d. Receptor neuron e. Cortisol

c. Interneuron

When parents offer good-grade rewards to children who already enjoy studying, they may find that the children no longer enjoy studying and only enjoy the rewards. Which of the following have the parents accidentally removed from their children? a. Latent learning b. Extrinsic motivation c. Intrinsic motivation d. Insight learning e. Emotion-focused coping

c. Intrinsic motivation

While taking a standardized test with randomly scrambled answers, you notice that your last four answers have been "c." Which of the following is true concerning the probability of the next answer being "c"? a. It is higher. Once a streak begins, it is likely to last for a while b. It is lower. Since answers are distrusted randomly, "c" answers become less common c. It is unaffected by previous answers. It is as likely to be "c" as any other answer d. You should check your previous answers. Four "c's" in a row is impossible e. It is higher. Test constructions trick students by keeping the same answer many times in a row

c. It is unaffected by previous answers. It is as likely to be "c" as any other answer

Which of the following accurately describes the just-world phenomenon? a. It's the reduction in prejudice that has resulted form improvements in our laws and judicial system. b. It's the reduction in discrimination that has resulted from improvements in our laws and judicial system. c. It's the belief that most people get what they deserve and deserve what they get. d. It's the tendency of people to deny that prejudice is still a problem. e. It's a reflection of our desire to categorize daily events as "unfair".

c. It's the belief that most people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Epigenetics might best explain which of the following? a. Tobi and Natalie are fraternal twins; both have the same IQ score. b. Nico and Kris, two siblings, have the same shoe size. c. Lisa and Eloisa are identical twins; only one develops schizophrenia. d. Tom and Ken are identical twins; both develop schizophrenia. e. Patrick and Patricia, two siblings, have very different levels of musical talent.

c. Lisa and Eloisa are identical twins; only one develops schizophrenia.

Which of the following is an example of anterograde amnesia? a. Halle can remember her new locker combination, but not her old one. b. William has lost his memory of the 2 weeks before he had surgery to remove a benign brain tumor. c. Louis can remember his last, but nothing since experiencing a brain infection 4 years ago. d. Maddie can't remember the details of when she was mugged downtown 6 months ago. e. Kalund knows French, Latin, and Spanish and frequently gets them confused on exams.

c. Louis can remember his last, but nothing since experiencing a brain infection 4 years ago.

The most widely used scientifically validated personality test is the a. TAT. b. Rorschach. c. MMPI-2. d. Myers-Briggs. e. UPR self-inventory.

c. MMPI-2.

A researcher interested in determining the size of a particular area of the brain would be most likely to use which of the following techniques? a. Lesion b. EEG c. MRI d. fMRI e. PET scan

c. MRI

Which of the following best describes research typical of Wilhelm Wundt's first psychological laboratory? a. Testing ESP using a wall to observe auras above participants' head b. Using a brain-scanning device to determine the impact events have on brain function c. Measuring the reaction time between hearing a sound and pressing a button d. Studying helping behavior, based on the premise that people are good e. Making careful observations of animal spirits

c. Measuring the reaction time between hearing a sound and pressing a button

After observing his sibling walk across a balance beam, Joe's brain reacts in a way that will enable him to imitate the action later. Which part of his brain may be responsible for this? a. Reward system b. Somatosensory cortex c. Mirror neurons d. Motor cortex e. Aggression areas

c. Mirror neurons

The stage of sleep in which an EEG would detect the bursts of rhythmic activity known as sleep spindles is called a. REM sleep. b. NREM-1. c. NREM-2. d. NREM-3. e. hypnagogic sleep.

c. NREM-2.

Which of the following is a major issue in modern-day psychology? a. Evolutionary-biological b. Social-cultural-biopsychosocial c. Nature-nurture d. Psychodynamic-cognitive e. Social-cultural-behavioral

c. Nature-nurture

Which of the following statements about the impact of aging is true? a. During old age, many of the brain's neurons die. b. If we live to be 90 or older, most of us will eventually become senile. c. Older people become less susceptible to short-term illnesses. d. Recognition memory—the ability to identify things previously experienced—declines with age. e. Life satisfaction peaks in the 50s and then gradually declines after age 65.

c. Older people become less susceptible to short-term illnesses.

After looking at a yellow, black, and green American flag for a minute, you shift your gaze to a white wall. Which of the following best explains why you "see" a red, white and blue flag when looking at the white wall? a. Frequency theory b. Young-Helmholtz theory c. Opponent-process theory d. Ganglion-bipolar theory e. Weber's law

c. Opponent-process theory

Which if the following represents a circadian rhythm? a. A burst of growth occurs during puberty. b. The sleep cycle is roughly 90 minutes long. c. Our bodies sleep-wake on a roughly 24 hour schedule. d. Our bodies become paralyzed when we enter REM sleep. e. Pulse rate increases when we exercise.

c. Our bodies sleep-wake on a roughly 24 hour schedule.

Which of the following demonstrates the need for psychological science? a. Psychology's methods are unlike those of any other science. b. Psychological experiments are less valuable without psychological science. c. Our commonsense thinking about human thoughts and behaviors is not always accurate. d. Commonsense thinking does not provide correct answers unless it is applied through the scientific method. e. Psychological science research is superior to that of other sciences such as biology and physics.

c. Our commonsense thinking about human thoughts and behaviors is not always accurate.

Which of the following is a positive correlation? a. As study time increases, students achieve lower grades. b. As levels of self-esteem decline, levels of depression increase. c. People who exercise regularly are more likely to be overweight. d. Gas mileage decreases as vehicle weight increases. e. Repeatedly shooting free throws in basketball is associated with a smaller percentage of missed free throws.

c. People who exercise regularly are more likely to be overweight.

Which of the following is one of Robert Sternberg's types of intelligence? a. Naturalistic intelligence b. General intelligence c. Practical intelligence d. Savant intelligence e. Kinesthetic intelligence

c. Practical intelligence

Which ability is likely to predict good adjustment, better grades, and social success? a. Self-control b. An external locus of control c. Problem-focused coping d. Learned helplessness e. Emotion-focused coping

c. Problem-focused coping

With which of the following statements would John B. Watson most likely agree? a. Psychology should study the growth potential in all people b. Psychology should study the unconscious mind c. Psychology should focus on observable behavior d. Psychology should study mental thought processes e. Psychology should study how culture and beliefs impact an individual

c. Psychology should focus on observable behavior

Which of the following most accurately describes an impact of punishment? a. Punishment is a good way to increase a behavior, as long as it is not used too frequently. b. Punishment may create problems in the short term but rarely produces long-term side effects. c. Punishment can be effective at stopping specific behaviors quickly. d. Punishment typically results in an increase of a behavior caused by the removal of an aversive stimulus. e. Punishment should never be used (in the opinion of most psychologists), because the damage it causes can never be repaired.

c. Punishment can be effective at stopping specific behaviors quickly.

Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy? a. Manuela believed others are always watching her. b. Abraham believes he is a good person. c. Rasheed has placed in skating competitions, which makes him be,i eve that he is a competent skater. d. Saundra believes es it rained because shes been wishing for rain for days. e. Igor maintains his optimism despite doing poorly in his math class.

c. Rasheed has placed in skating competitions, which makes him be,i eve that he is a competent skater.

Which of the following is an example of a self-fulfilling prophecy? a. David has had trouble in math in the past, so in his new math class he gives up on the first day. b. Ivy does not think her teacher had treated her fairly, so she complains to her principal. c. Samuel's teacher puts him in a group with struggling students, and Samuel, normally a good student, responds by doing very poor work. The next week he is placed in the same group. d. Rachel writes a letter to the editor about her concerns with the city council, and as a result her social studies teacher praises her in class. e. Nyah's father takes her out of an advanced class because she is struggling at first, but she responds by working even harder and making better grades in all of her classes.

c. Samuel's teacher puts him in a group with struggling students, and Samuel, normally a good student, responds by doing very poor work. The next week he is placed in the same group.

Which of the following would indicate that a child understands conservation? a. She would continue to seek a toy hidden under a blanket. b. She would "hide" in a game of hide-and-seek by covering her eyes with her hands. c. She would believe that a clay snake would have the same amount of clay as the clay ball that was used to make it. d. She would recognize that 7 + 3 involves the same mathematical relationship as 10 - 7. e. She would be able to comprehend the logic of if-then statements.

c. She would believe that a clay snake would have the same amount of clay as the clay ball that was used to make it.

Which of the following is an example of cognitive appraisal? a. Randall is happy all day because he is savoring the wonderful events of yesterday. b. Charles is frightened in a dark alley because he remembers stories of others being attacked in dark alleys. c. Sherika labels the arousal she is feeling as attraction because she is in the presence of a good-looking man. d. Dora is angry because she cannot figure out how to convince her husband to take her to Hawaii. e. Ann is frustrated because traffic has made her late for an important meeting.

c. Sherika labels the arousal she is feeling as attraction because she is in the presence of a good-looking man.

Which of the following is the best example of an aptitude test? a. Atul answers questions about the rules of the road. b. Mr. Anderson's AP psychology test covers the material from the current unit. c. Sherjeel takes the ACT for college admission. d. Jeffrey is required to translate 50 Mandarin sentences for his final exam. e. Lucy and Meghan discuss what they might study in college.

c. Sherjeel takes the ACT for college admission.

Shortly after falling asleep, and hundreds of times during the night, Paola wakes up after a loud "snore" of breath, because she has stopped breathing. With which sleep disorder which she most likely be diagnosed? a. Narcolepsy b. Insomnia c. Sleep apnea d. Nightmares e. Night terrors

c. Sleep apnea

A researcher who is trying to determine how social-cultural changes might be correlated with the incidence of bipolar disorder would be most interested in which of the following? a. The brain changes in a person with bipolar disorder as measure by a PET scan b. Scientific measure of the heritability of the disorder c. The correlation between rates of poverty and cases of the disorder d. Neurotransmitter levels in patients diagnosed with the disorder e. The number of close biological relatives who also suffer from bipolar disorder

c. The correlation between rates of poverty and cases of the disorder

Which of these is an example of a cross-sectional study? a. The depth perception of infants is measured once a month for six months in a row, starting at age 6 months. b. Researchers compare the reaction time of 20 sixth graders. c. The memory of one group of 50-year-olds is measured and compared to a different group of 70-year-olds. d. A psychologist develops a case study of a woman who is 102 by interviewing her twice a week for 12 weeks. e. Researchers compare curiosity ratings of a group of toddlers with that same group's SAT scores 15 years later.

c. The memory of one group of 50-year-olds is measured and compared to a different group of 70-year-olds.

Why do researchers study the brains of animals more than humans? a. It is not ethical to study human brains. b. Human brains are too complex to study meaningfully. c. The same principles govern neural functioning in all species. d. Human brains contain microbes that could endanger researchers. e. The technology is still being developed for the study of human brains.

c. The same principles govern neural functioning in all species.

Which of the following examples is the best illustration of cognitive dissonance? a. The cult member who admires the leader of his group and follows the leader without doubt b. The teacher who reprimands a student who she feels could do much better academically c. The soldier who receives orders from a superior to do something that violates his personal moral beliefs d. The librarian who dreams of returning to graduate school to become a professor e. The student who gives up trying to master calculus because it seems too hard

c. The soldier who receives orders from a superior to do something that violates his personal moral beliefs

Long-term porentiation (LTP) is best described as follows: a. It's easier to recognize than to recall information. b. Constructed memories have the potential to be either accurate or inaccurate. c. These synaptic changes allow for more efficient transfer of information. d. Implicit memories are processed by the cerebellum instead of by the hippocampus. e. Information is transferred from working memory to long-term memory.

c. These synaptic changes allow for more efficient transfer of information.

Which of the following is generally true of males when compared to females? a. They have a longer life span. b. They are more likely to have a democratic leadership style. c. They are more likely to commit suicide. d. They are more likely to be diagnosed with depression. e. They are more likely to be diagnosed with anxiety.

c. They are more likely to commit suicide.

Why do researchers find the study of fraternal twins important? a. They share similar environments and the same genetic code. b. Data collected concerning their similarities is necessary for calculating heritability. c. They are the same age and are usually raised in similar environments, but they do not have the same genetic code. d. Results allow us to determine exactly how disorders ranging from heart disease to schizophrenia are inherited. e. They are typically raised in less similar environments than nontwin siblings.

c. They are the same age and are usually raised in similar environments, but they do not have the same genetic code.

A researcher calculates statistical significance for her study and finds a 5 percent chance that results are due to chance. Which of the following is an accurate interpretation of this finding? a. This is highly statistically significant b. This is the minimum result typically considered statistically significant c. This is not statistically significant d. There is no way to determine statistical significance without replication of the study e. Chance or coincidence is unrelated to statistical significance

c. This is not statistically significant

What is one of the principal functions of mirror neurons? a. To allow an organism to replace an unconditioned response with a conditioned response b. To help produce intrinsic motivation in some children c. To be the mechanism by which the brain accomplishes observational learning d. To allow an organism to react differently to various schedules of reinforcement e. To explain why modeling prosocial behavior is more effective than modeling antisocial behavior

c. To be the mechanism by which the brain accomplishes observational learning

Which of the following is most likely to be encoded automatically? a. The side-angle-side geometry theorem b. The names of the last 10 U.S. presidents c. What you ate for breakfast this morning d. The names of your cousins e. The license plate of your new car

c. What you ate for breakfast this morning

By seeking to measure "atoms of the mind," who established the first psychology laboratory? a. Edward Bradford Titchener b. Margaret Floy Washburn c. Wilhelm Wundt d. G. Stanley Hall e. William James

c. Wilhelm Wundt

Karl, a 45-year-old barber, had worked in the same shop his entire life. Last year he disappeared and was found working as a car mechanic known as "K" 300 miles away, saying he had no memory of his former life. Karl's clinical diagnosis would most likely be a. schizophrenia. b. antisocial personality disorder. c. a fugue state. d. a conversion disorder. e. dissociative identity disorder.

c. a fugue state.

A teacher offers her class the option of 3 or 10 points of extra credit. She explains that if most of the class ask for only 3 points, then they will all get the extra credit, but if most of the class asks for 10 points, then no one will earn any extra credit. Most of the students, hoping to gain more themselves and not thinking of the collective well-being of the class, ask for 10 points, and the whole class gets nothing. The class is demonstrating a. GRIT. b. the fundamental attribution error. c. a social trap. d. scapegoat theory. e. discrimination.

c. a social trap.

Carol believes that Paul is mad at her so she chooses to ignore him, which serves to actually make him mad at her. This is an example of a. superordinate goals. b. tension-reduction. c. a social trap. d. a mirror-image perception. e. a self-fulfilling prophecy.

c. a social trap.

Brain scans of people with schizophrenia show a. abnormally high brain activity in the frontal lobes. b. an increase in the brain waves that reflect synchronized neural firing. c. abnormal activity in multiple brain areas. d. decreased activity in the amygdala. e. a lack of dopamine receptors.

c. abnormal activity in multiple brain areas.

Howard cheats in his calculus class, even though he knows it is wrong, because "the everyone else is doing it". Kohlberg would argue that Howard's response reflects a __________ view of morality. a. myelinated b. preconventional c. conventional d. postconventional e. formal operational

c. conventional

Kaylee contributes to the flood relief fund because others are doing so, and she doesn't want to look selfish. Kohlberg might explain that she is in the a. postconventional stage. b. preconventional stage. c. conventional stage. d. preoperational stage. e. formal operational stage.

c. conventional stage.

Researchers have found that groups of animals will share certain customs, such as ways of using tools. This is an example of a. self-awareness. b. altruism. c. cultural transmission. d. insight. e. language use.

c. cultural transmission.

Believing that aliens are trying to steal her thoughts, Shauna wears a special hat that she designed. Her beliefs represent a. hallucinations. b. thickening cerebral tissue. c. delusions. d. a word salad. e. insufficient dopamine receptors.

c. delusions.

Paul was unable to correctly identify the right shade of blue his wife wanted at the paint store, so her purchased various hues and brought them home. The distinctions among the similar shades of blue apparently fell below Paul's a. signal detection. b. absolute threshold. c. difference threshold. d. excitatory level. e. inhibitory level.

c. difference threshold.

Your teachers asks how many uses you can think of for a pencil. She is testing your a. convergent thinking. b. intrinsic motivation. c. divergent thinking. d. prototypes. e. concept.

c. divergent thinking.

In a drug study, neither the participants nor the person distributing the pills knows who is receiving the new drug and who is receiving the placebo. This type of research design is said to be a(n) _____ study. a. correlational b. confounding c. double-blind d. single-blind e. illusory

c. double-blind

When psychological symptoms interfere with daily life they are considered a. catatonic. b. flat. c. dysfunctional. d. positive. e. negative.

c. dysfunctional.

In many Western societies, it is common for adolescents to graduate high school, go to college, and still live at home with their parents. They have not yet assumed full adult responsibilities and independence. Psychologists have identified this period of time as a. adulthood. b. early adulthood. c. emerging adulthood. d. late adolescence. e. role confusion.

c. emerging adulthood.

The risk of bipolar disorder dramatically decreases if you a. have suffered a debilitating injury. b. have an adoptive parent who has the disorder. c. have a biological parent with the disorder. d. have a life-threatening illness. e. have above-average intelligence.

c. have a biological parent with the disorder.

Researchers studying the relationship between heavy Internet use and grades have found that a. low use is positively correlated with grades. b. high use is positively correlated with grades. c. high use is negatively correlated with grades. d. an illusory correlation exists between Internet use and grades. e. no correlation exists between these two variables.

c. high use is negatively correlated with grades.

A hungry person eats in order to maintain an internal balance is known as a. hierarchy of needs. b. basal metabolic rate. c. homeostasis. d. instinct. e. motivation.

c. homeostasis.

Carl damaged his cerebellum in a car accident. As a result, he would have the most trouble remembering a. his new physician's name. b. the time of his next doctor appointment. c. how to ride his therapy bike. d. his new license plate number. e. the things his wife has asked him to get at the grocery store.

c. how to ride his therapy bike.

Therapists who help people understand their current symptoms by focusing on important relationships, including childhood experiences and the therapist-client relationship, are most likely to be considered a. biomedical therapists. b. psychoanalytic therapists. c. humanistic therapists. d. psychodynamic therapists. e. exposure therapists.

c. humanistic therapists.

Olivia and Jackson plan for get married next year. This significant life event will allow them to achieve Erikson's stage of a. competence. b. generativity. c. intimacy. d. identity. e. integrity.

c. intimacy.

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus a. naturally triggers a response. b. is a naturally occurring response. c. is initially neutral, and then comes to trigger a response. d. prompts spontaneous recovery. e. is a reward offered for completing a behavior.

c. is initially neutral, and then comes to trigger a response.

Julia is experiencing very positive emotions. A brain scan would indicate high levels of activity in her a. right temporal lobe. b. cerebellum. c. left frontal lobe. d. left temporal lobe. e. right parietal lobe.

c. left frontal lobe.

Mave got a new car with the license plate "MAV-NUM1". She is asked by the school parking clerk what her number is but can only remember her old on, "VANMOM1". Her inability to remember her new plate is most likely due to a. retroactive interference. b. mood congruency. c. proactive interference. d. anterograde amnesia. e. retrograde amnesia.

c. proactive interference.

Unexplained physical symptoms, including headaches, pain, and digestive problems, which cannot be explained by physical. or mental causes, may be diagnosed as a. depressive disorders. b. personality disorders. c. somatoform disorders. d. dissociative disorders. e. eating disorders.

c. somatoform disorders.

The experience of a smooth picture at the movies, even though the actual film is made up if thousands of separate pictures is due to a. the phi phenomenon. b. perceptual set. c. stroboscopic movement. d. relative motion. e. the illusory effect.

c. stroboscopic movement.

Juliette is experiencing lifelong physical and mental abnormalities because her mother consumed alcohol while she was pregnant. The alcohol, because of the damage it caused, is considered a(n) a. reflex. b. embryo. c. teratogen. d. epigenetic. e. zygote.

c. teratogen.

Phil complained to his doctor that the sleeping pill the doctor previously prescribed no longer was effective at the original dosage. To his doctor's dismay, Phil confided that he had been taking more than the recommended amount of the drug to get the same effect. Phil's increasing intake of the drug reflects the condition known as a. withdrawal. b. sensory overload. c. tolerance. d. catharsis. e. REM rebound.

c. tolerance.

Which of the following coefficients reflects the strongest correlation between two variables? a. 0.42 b. -0.31 c. 0.74 d. -.088 e. 0.86

d. -.088

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables? a. +0.30 b. +0.75 c. +1.3 d. -0.85 e. -0.05

d. -0.85

In a normal distribution, what percentage of the scores in the distribution falls within one standard deviation on either side of the mean? a. 34 percent b. 40 percent c. 50 percent d. 68 percent e. 95 percent

d. 68 percent

Which of the following best represents an absolute threshold? a. A guitar player knows that his D string has just gone out of tune. b. A photographer can tell that the natural light available for a photograph has just faded slightly. c. Your friend amazes you by correctly identifying unlabeled glasses of Coke and Pepsi. d. A cook can just barely taste the small amount of salt she has added to her soup. e. Your mom throws out the milk because she says the taste is "off".

d. A cook can just barely taste the small amount of salt she has added to her soup.

Which of the following least describes prejudice? a. An unjustifiable attitude toward a group b. Schemas that influence how we notice and interpret events c. Preconceived ideas that bias our impressions if others' behavior d. A physical behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally e. Automatic and unconscious thoughts and behaviors

d. A physical behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

Which of the following is the most complete definition of conformity? a. Sharing a mood with others b. Unconsciously mimicking the behaviors and reactions of others c. Changing thoughts about a situation in order to please an authority figure d. Adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard e. Bringing our attitudes in line with our actions

d. Adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard

Which of the following is true of the mental similarities between adoptive children and their adoptive parents over time? a. Adoptive children become much more similar to their adoptive parents over time. b. Adoptive children become slightly more similar to their adoptive parents over time. c. There is hardly any similarity when the adoptive children are young or when they are older. d. Adoptive children become slightly less similar to their adoptive parents over time. e. Adoptive children become much less similar to their adoptive parents over time.

d. Adoptive children become slightly less similar to their adoptive parents over time.

The stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from where? a. Parasympathetic nervous system b. Hippocampus c. Brain stem d. Adrenal glands e. Hypothalamus

d. Adrenal glands

Emily's family had been traumatized by a recent hurricane in Puerto Rico. Described in terms of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), which phase would they have experienced first? a. Resistance b. Appraisal c. Exhaustion d. Alarm e. Challenge

d. Alarm

Slowed reactions, slurred speech, and decreased skill performance are associated with abuse of which drug? a. Nicotine b. Methamphetamine c. Caffeine d. Alcohol e. Ecstasy

d. Alcohol

Which of the following statements is true of alcohol? a. Alcohol is a hallucinogen, because it makes people believe things that are not true. b. Alcohol is a depressant, because it causes people to feel sad when under its influence. c. Alcohol is a stimulant, because people do foolish things while under its influence. d. Alcohol is a depressant, because it calms neural activity and slows body function. e. Alcohol is a stimulant, because it increases the heart rate as consumption increases.

d. Alcohol is a depressant, because it calms neural activity and slows body function.

Which of the following is an example of hindsight bias? a. Armend is certain that electric cars will represent 80 percent of vehicles in 20 years and only reads research studies that support his hypothesis b. Liza underestimates how much time it will take her to finish writing her college application essays and as a result fails to meet an important deadline c. Experts predicting world events with 80 percent confidence turned out to be correct less than 40 percent of the time d. Alliyah, after reading a definition on one of her flashcards, turns the card over to see the term and then tells herself she knew what the answer was all along e. Dr. Grace overestimates how effectively her new treatment method works because she fails to seek out any evidence refuting her theory

d. Alliyah, after reading a definition on one of her flashcards, turns the card over to see the term and then tells herself she knew what the answer was all along

Marcelo has a good job, a nice house, and plenty of food. On weekends, he skydives for fun. His weekend behavior is best explained by which of the following theories? a. Incentive b. Drive-reduction c. Instinct d. Arousal e. Two-factor

d. Arousal

Which of the following would be considered a sign of secure attachment in a 1-year-old? a. Showing no sign of stranger anxiety, whether the parent in present or not b. Paying no attention to a parent who returns after a brief separation c. Showing anger at the parent after a brief separation d. Becoming distressed when the parent leaves and seeking contact on return e. Not reacting to a parent leaving or returning after a brief separation

d. Becoming distressed when the parent leaves and seeking contact on return

An individual with an exceptional memory is identified. For any given date, she is capable of recalling major events, the weather, and what she did that day. What research method is being used if a psychologist conducts an in-depth investigation of this individual using questionnaires, brain scans, and memory tests? a. Naturalistic observation b. Survey c. Interview d. Case study e. Theory method

d. Case study

What two parts of the brain are most involved in implicit memory? a. Frontal lobes and basal ganglia b. Amygdala and hippocampus c. Amygdala and cerebellum d. Cerebellum and basal ganglia e. Frontal lobes and hippocampus

d. Cerebellum and basal ganglia

Which of the following best describes negative reinforcement? a. John stops shooting bad free-throws because his coach benches him when he does. b. Brian studies hard because it earns him "A" grades in math. c. Lillian used to walk to school but does not do so anymore because she was attacked by a dog last month. d. Charles smokes because his anxiety is reduced when he does so. e. Osel wears his seat belt because his driving teacher cited accident statistics in class.

d. Charles smokes because his anxiety is reduced when he does so.

The idea that language develops because of an inborn language acquisition device was proposed by a. Wernicke. b. Broca. c. Skinner. d. Chomsky. e. Sternberg.

d. Chomsky.

According to research on the bystander effect, which of the following people is most likely to stop and help a stranger? a. Jacob is on his way to a doctor's appointment with his young son. b. Xavier lives on a crowded city. c. Maliya is in a terrible mood, having just learned that she failed her midterm exam. d. Ciara just saw a young girl offering her arm to help an older woman cross the street. e. Mahmood is lost in thought as he walks to work, worrying about his upcoming presentation.

d. Ciara just saw a young girl offering her arm to help an older woman cross the street.

A psychotherapist states, "Getting people to change what they say to themselves is an effective way to change their thinking". This statement best exemplifies which kind of therapeutic approach? a. Behavioral b. Psychodynamic c. Biomedical d. Cognitive e. Active listening

d. Cognitive

Which of the following kinds of psychologists would most likely explore how we process and remember information? a. Developmental b. Biological c. Social d. Cognitive e. Personality

d. Cognitive

Which of the following perspectives is most likely to address how the encoding, storing, and retrieval of information might alter our thoughts? a. Evolutionary b. Psychodynamic c. Humanistic d. Cognitive e. Biological

d. Cognitive

Knowing that you have taken AP psychology, a friend of yours asks for your opinion on which type of psychotherapy she should consider for her anxiety. What would be your advice? a. Psychodynamic therapy is best for anxiety. b. Rational-emotive behavior therapy has had the best results in treating anxiety. c. She should avoid client-centered therapy as it has been shown to have very little value. d. Cognitive, cognitive-behavioral, and psychodynamic therapies have all demonstrated effectiveness for treating anxiety. e. It does not matter what type of psychotherapy she chooses, because anxiety can only be treated with medication.

d. Cognitive, cognitive-behavioral, and psychodynamic therapies have all demonstrated effectiveness for treating anxiety.

A psychologist works with children whose parents are divorcing. She helps them develop skills they need to cope with the situation. Which of the following psychologists is most likely to be helping these children? a. Industrial-organizational b. Social c. Research d. Counseling e. Community

d. Counseling

What is the correct term for a period of time when certain events must take place in order to facilitate proper development? a. Conservation stage b. Preoperational stage c. Attachment period d. Critical period e. Assimilation step

d. Critical period

Which ethical principle requires that at the end of the study participants be told about the true purpose of the research? a. Institutional review board approval b. Informed consent c. Confidentiality d. Debriefing e. Protection from physical harm

d. Debriefing

Some patients whose depression resists drugs have benefited from which experimental treatment? a. Transference b. Meta-analysis c. Antipsychotic drugs d. Deep-brain stimulation e. Resistance

d. Deep-brain stimulation

Which of the following is most effectively treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? a. Psychosis b. Schizophrenia c. Obsessive-compulsive disorder d. Depression e. Generalized anxiety disorder

d. Depression

Which of the following is the term most closely associated with the split in consciousness that allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others? a. Consciousness b. Hypnosis c. Hallucination d. Dissociation e. Meditation

d. Dissociation

Carla has agreed to take part in a sleep study. The researchers are most likely using a(n) ________ to measure her brain waves as she sleeps. a. MRI b. CT scan c. PET scan d. EEG e. EKG

d. EEG

What term refers to thoughts about who or what we blame for our successes and failures? a. Stability b. Emotional memory c. The social-cognitive perspective d. Explanatory style e. Dissociative reasoning

d. Explanatory style

Which of the following is an example of a social-cultural influence on aggressive behavior? a. Reading an anxiety-provoking novel b. Frustration c. Testosterone d. Exposure to violent media e. Genetics

d. Exposure to violent media

Which psychological concept would predict that smiling warmly on the outside would cause you to feel better on the inside? a. Relative deprivation b. Mimicry c. Empathy d. Facial feedback effect e. Catharsis

d. Facial feedback effect

What do we call the specialized neurons in the occipital lobe's visual cortex that respond to particular edges, lines, angles, and movements? a. Rods b. Cones c. Bipolar cells d. Feature detectors e. Ganglion cells

d. Feature detectors

____________ are neurons that fire in response to specific edges, lines, angles, and movements. a. Rods b. Cones c. Ganglion cells d. Feature detectors e. Bipolar cells

d. Feature detectors

Most adolescents can ponder and debate human nature, good and evil, and truth and justice. According to Piaget, this thinking ability is due to the emergence of which stage? a. Concrete operational b. Sensorimotor c. Preoperational d. Formal operational e. Accommodation

d. Formal operational

People are more concerned about a medical procedure when told it has a 10 percent death rate than they are when told it has a 90 percent survival rate. Which psychological concept explains this difference in concern? a. Belief perseverance b. Insight c. Intuition d. Framing e. Confirmation bias

d. Framing

Which of the following demonstrates the representativeness heuristic? a. Deciding that a new kid in school is a nerd because he looks like a nerd b. Fearing air travel because of memories of seeing plane crashes in the news c. Checking in every drawer to find some matches because matches are usually in drawers d. Having the solution to a word problem pop into your head because you have just successfully solved a similar problem e. Applying for jobs in several local grocery stores because your best friend just got a job in a grocery store

d. Having the solution to a word problem pop into your head because you have just successfully solved a similar problem

Thom is 6. How would Sigmund Freud explain his resolving of his Oedipus complex? a. He will develop a strong interest in heat his father is interested in. b. He will continue to resent his father, but also come to resent his mother. c. He will displace his anger onto his older sister. d. He will develop a strong superego. e. How will develop a weak id.

d. He will develop a strong superego.

Damage to which of the following brain structures would affect the processing of new explicit memories? a. Cerebral cortex b. Medulla c. Corpus callosum d. Hippocampus e. Hypothalamus

d. Hippocampus

When Eli initially joined an online group that was working against increased government spending, he only had mild views on the topic. If he continues in the group and rarely gets information from alternate sources with opposing views, what might be the outcome? a. He might become deindividuated and express views against the group's beliefs. b. He might use social facilitation to spread the group's views more widely online. c. He might use confirmation bias to seek out sources that challenge his beliefs. d. His views and the group members' views might become more similar and more intensely felt over time. e. His views and the group members' views might become more varied and less intensely felt over time.

d. His views and the group members' views might become more similar and more intensely felt over time.

Which part of the brain would be most involved in maintaining homeostasis in body temperature? a. Prefrontal cortex b. Temporal lobe c. Thalamus d. Hypothalamus e. Amygdala

d. Hypothalamus

During depression, researchers have found I. reduced levels of serotonin. II. reduced levels of norepinephrine. III. reduced activity in the hypothalamus. a. I only. b. II only. c. III only. d. I & II only. e. I & III only.

d. I & II only.

During which task might the right hemisphere of the brain be most active? a. Solving a mathematical equation b. Reading c. Making a brief oral presentation to a class d. Imagining what a dress would look like on a friend e. Solving a logic problem

d. Imagining what a dress would look like on a friend

Which of the following is not one of Robert Sternberg's components of creativity? a. A venturesome personality b. Imaginative thinking skills c. A creative environment d. Incubation e. Intrinsic motivation

d. Incubation

Dr. Pilai worked with the government to create new standards for for people seeking jobs as airport security screeners. She included assessments inaho interview process, designs for the flow of security process itself, and measures for evaluating the job performance of these screeners. Which psychology career category best fits Dr. Pilai's work? a. Developmental b. Clinical c. Forensic d. Industrial-organizational e. Community

d. Industrial-organizational

Which of the following is true based on "Big Five" personality traits research? a. Highly conscientious people are likely to be evening people or "night owls". b. High conscientious people get poor grades. c. Married partners scoring the same on agreeableness are more likely to experience marital dissatisfaction. d. Introverts are more likely to prefer communicating through email instead of in person. e. Neuroticism predicts the use of positive-emotion words in text messages.

d. Introverts are more likely to prefer communicating through email instead of in person.

Which of the following is true about the study of consciousness in psychology? a. It was only studied by Sigmund Freud. b. It has been discredited in favor of studying behaviors. c. It has been discredited in light of research showing the significant role of the unconscious. d. It is an important way of studying our two-track minds. e. Focus has shifted away from other areas to only studying the way that sleep affects our consciousness.

d. It is an important way of studying our two-track minds.

Compared with the late nineteenth century, what is true about the transition from childhood to adulthood in Western cultures today? a. It starts earlier and is completed earlier. b. It starts later and is completed later. c. It starts later and is completed earlier. d. It starts earlier and is completed later. e. It has not changed.

d. It starts earlier and is completed later.

Which of the following represents drug tolerance? a. Hans has grown to accept the fact that his wife likes to have a beer with her dinner, even though he personally does not approve of the use of alcohol. b. José often wakes up with a headache that lasts until he had his morning cup of coffee. c. Pierre enjoys the effect of marijuana and is now using the drug several times a week. d. Jacob had to increase the dosage of his pain medication when the old dosage no longer effectively controlled the pain from his chronic back condition. e. Chau lost his job and is now homeless as a result of his drug use.

d. Jacob had to increase the dosage of his pain medication when the old dosage no longer effectively controlled the pain from his chronic back condition.

Which of the following is an example of variable-ratio reinforcement? a. College acceptance letters arrive around the date of April 1. b. Percy gives his dog a cookie whenever his dog walks by strangers without barking. c. Esmeralda disliked the substitute teacher, so she scowled every time she looked at him. d. Judy discovered a shark's tooth after several hours of searching for one day on the beach. e. When Stu had been working on his homework for one hour, his mother allowed him to go outside and play.

d. Judy discovered a shark's tooth after several hours of searching for one day on the beach.

Your friend is playing the low notes on her tuba quite loudly. Which of the following best explains the physical properties of the sound waves? a. No wavelength; large amplitude b. Short wavelength; large amplitude c. Short wavelength; small amplitude d. Long wavelength; large amplitude e. No wavelength; small amplitude

d. Long wavelength; large amplitude

In Stanley Milgram's experiments on obedience, he discovered that participants were less obedient when a. the person giving the orders was close at hand and was perceived to be a legitimate authority figure. b. the authority figure was supported by a prestigious institution. c. the victim was depersonalized or at a distance. d. Milgram dissociated his experiments from Yale University. e. there were no role models for defiance.

d. Milgram dissociated his experiments from Yale University.

Dr. Alscott has examined two sets of data from his research. In the first set, the standard deviation was very small, while in the second set there was a much larger standard deviation. Based on this information, what conclusion can be drawn from these two sets? a. The median was greater than the mean in the second set. b. The mean was greater than the median in the second set. c. The standard deviation in both sets revealed a positive correlation between the data. d. Most data points were closer to the mean in the first set than in the second. e. Most data points were close to the mean in the second set than in the first.

d. Most data points were closer to the mean in the first set than in the second.

What do we call a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior? a. Incentive b. Stress c. Emotion d. Motivation e. Instinct

d. Motivation

Damage to what part of a neuron might result in slowed or incomplete neural transmission along the axon? a. Cell body b. Mitochondria c. Dendrite d. Myelin sheath e. Synapse

d. Myelin sheath

A researcher looking for gender differences in 3-year olds observes a preschool class and records how many minutes children of each gender play with dolls. She then compares the two sets of numbers. What type of descriptive research is she conducting? a. Case study b. Experiment c. Random sample method d. Naturalistic Observation e. Survey

d. Naturalistic Observation

Which of the following scanning techniques measures glucose consumption as an indicator of brain activity? a. CT b. MRI c. fMRI d. PET e. EEG

d. PET

Of the following, for which pair are both used to reveal activity in a person's brain? a. CT scan and PET scan b. X-ray and fMRI c. fMRI and MRI d. PET scan and fMRI e. CT scan and MRI

d. PET scan and fMRI

Which of the following processes would produce the acquisition of a conditioned response? a. Repeatedly present an unconditioned response. b. Administer the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. c. Make sure that the conditioned stimulus comes at least one minute before the unconditioned stimulus. d. Pair a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus several times. e. Present the conditioned stimulus until it starts to produce an unconditioned response.

d. Pair a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus several times.

What must a researcher do to fulfill the ethical principle of informed consent? a. Keep information about participants confidential. b. Provide financial compensation to the participants. c. Protect participants from potential harm. d. Provide participants with enough information about a study to enable a rational decision about whether to participate. e. Provide participants with a postexperimental explanation of the study.

d. Provide participants with enough information about a study to enable a rational decision about whether to participate.

The science of behavior and mental processes is the definition of which field do study? a. Philosophy b. Cognitive neuroscience c. Basic research d. Psychology e. Applied research

d. Psychology

Jarod's muscles are relaxed, his body is basically paralyzed, and he is hard to awaken. Which sleep stage is Jarod probably experiencing? a. NREM-1 b. NREM-2 c. NREM-3 d. REM e. Alpha

d. REM

Caitlin, a fifth grader, is asked to remember her second-grade teacher's name. What measure of retention will Caitlin use to answer this question? a. Storage b. Recognition c. Relearning d. Recall e. Encoding

d. Recall

Which of the following sleep theories would best explain why athletes perform better after a full night's sleep? a. Memory b. Protection c. Growth d. Recuperation e. Creativity

d. Recuperation

Which of the following represents naturalistic observation? a. Researchers go to the mall and distribute surveys about the stores in the mall. b. Researchers bring participants into a laboratory to see how they respond to a puzzle with no solution. c. A principal looks at the relationship between the number of student absences and their grades. d. Researchers observe students' seating patterns in the cafeteria. e. Two grandparents sit in the front row to watch their grandson's first piano recital.

d. Researchers observe students' seating patterns in the cafeteria.

Which neurotransmitters are most likely in under supply in someone who is depressed? a. Oxycontin and GABA b. ACh and histamine c. Dopamine and adenosine d. Serotonin and norepinephrine e. Epinephrine and glutamate

d. Serotonin and norepinephrine

Which division of the nervous system enables a person to move the muscles necessary to walk down the street? a. Central nervous system b. Sympathetic c. Parasympathetic d. Somatic e. Endocrine

d. Somatic

Surgical stimulation of the somatosensory cortex might result in the false sensation of what? a. Music b. Flashes of colored light c. Someone whispering your name d. Someone tickling you e. A bad odor

d. Someone tickling you

Phrenology has been discredited, but which of the following ideas has its origins in phrenology? a. The left brain is more creative than the right brain b. Brain cavities contribute to sense of humor c. The left hemisphere lead to emotional responses d. Specific areas of the brain control specific functions e. The mind pumps warmth and vitality into the body

d. Specific areas of the brain control specific functions

Students in a school are accustomed to moving to the next class when music plays. After a period of time, the principal replaces the music with a bell to signal the end of class. If one day he plays the music by mistake and the students leave class, which of the following is being shown? a. Acquisition b. Generalization c. Habituation d. Spontaneous recovery e. Operant conditioning

d. Spontaneous recovery

A student is interested in knowing how widely the academic altitude of college-bound students varies at her school. Which of the following statistical methods should she use to determine how much students' SAT scores vary from the school's average SAT score? a. Correlation coefficient b. Mean c. Median d. Standard deviation e. Range

d. Standard deviation

Which of the following is an example of source amnesia? a. Iva can't remember the details of a horrifying event because she has repressed them. b. Mary has entirely forgotten about an incident in grade school until her friend reminds her of the event. c. Michael can't remember this year's locker combination because he confuses it with last year's combination. d. Stephan remembers a dream as something that really happened. e. Anna, who is trying to lose weight, is unable to remember several of the between-meal snacks she had yesterday.

d. Stephan remembers a dream as something that really happened.

Taste aversion studies lead researchers to which of the following conclusions? a. Taste is the most fundamental of the senses. b. Animals must watch another animal have a taste reaction before the6 exhibit the aversion. c. Animals must evaluate a situation cognitively before taste aversion develops. d. Taste aversion is a universal survival mechanism. e. A US must occur within seconds of a CS for conditioning to occur.

d. Taste aversion is a universal survival mechanism.

A famous psychic is a YouTube sensation because of his ability to read the minds of people in the audience at his shows. Which type of psychic power would he claim? a. Precognition b. Psychokinesis c. Clairvoyance d. Telepathy e. Bottom-up processing

d. Telepathy

The bus driver was surprised when her first passenger asked her to turn the music down, because she thought the volume was fine. When the passenger said something, and the driver could barely hear the person, the driver realized the music was loo loud. Which of the following statements best explains the driver's initial indifference to the music volume? a. The initial music volume was be,ow her absolute threshold. b. The driver had a decreased ability to determine the music's pitch. c. The just noticeable difference of the music was too great. d. The driver had adapted to the initial volume of the music. e. The driver was using bottom-up processing instead of top-down processing.

d. The driver had adapted to the initial volume of the music.

___________ is/are the main female sex hormone(s). a. Habituation. b. Menopause. c. The subcortica. d. The estrogens. e. Testosterone.

d. The estrogens.

Which of the following changes does not occur with age? a. Visual sharpness diminishes. b. Distance perception is less acute. c. Adaptation to light-level changes is less rapid. d. The lens of the eye becomes more transparent. e. Senses of smell and hearing diminish.

d. The lens of the eye becomes more transparent.

The debate about the relative contributions of biology and experience to human development is most often referred to as what? a. Evolutionary analysis b. Behaviorism c. The cognitive revolution d. The nature-nurture issue e. Natural selection

d. The nature-nurture issue

Thom has been on a diet for several months and has lost 50 pounds. What is happening to the fat cells in his body? a. The number of fat cells is increasing. b. The number of fat cells is decreasing. c. Fat cells are storing excess glucose due to his reduced food intake. d. The number of fat cells is remaining constant. e. The fat cells are dividing to increase the number of them available for fat storage.

d. The number of fat cells is remaining constant.

There is a greater correlation between the IQ scores or identical twins raised together than for fraternal twins raised together. What conclusion can be drawn from this data? a. There is no significant hereditary contribution to intelligence. b. There is no significant environmental contribution to intelligence. c. There is no significant genetic or environmental effect on intelligence. d. There is a genetic effect on intelligence. e. There is an environmental effect on intelligence.

d. There is a genetic effect on intelligence.

Why do researchers use adoption studies in an effort to reveal genetic influences on personality? a. To compare adopted children with nonadopted children b. To study the effect of prior neglect on adopted children c. To study the effect of a child's age at adoption d. To evaluate whether adopted children more closely resemble their adoptive parents or their biological parents e. To consider the effects of adoption on a child's manners and values

d. To evaluate whether adopted children more closely resemble their adoptive parents or their biological parents

As she looks at a face, Jamie is able to recognize it as the face of her mother. Which of the following explains why she can recognize her mother's face? a. Selective attention b. Transduction c. Bottom-up processing d. Top-down processing e. Signal detection theory

d. Top-down processing

What is the prenatal development sequence? a. Zygote, fetus, embryo b. Fetus, zygote, embryo c. Embryo, zygote, fetus d. Zygote, embryo, fetus e. Fetus, embryo, zygote

d. Zygote, embryo, fetus

Treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder could include a. antianxiety drugs. b. antidepressant drugs. c. lithium. d. a & b only. e. b & c only.

d. a & b only.

If the scores on an intelligence test form a normal curve with a standard deviation of 15, a. the mean, median, and mode are 100. b. 68 percent of scores are between 85 and 115. c. 60 percent of test-takers earned at least a 100. d. a and b only are true. e. a, b, and c are true.

d. a and b only are true.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs would have difficulty explaining why a. a person in a war zone is not interested in being self-actualized. b. a lonely person does not look beyond themselves to find their identity. c. a hungry person works hard to feed herself. d. a prisoner engages in a hunger strike to improve their cell conditions. e. a teenager with many friends works to earn the respect of his elders.

d. a prisoner engages in a hunger strike to improve their cell conditions.

Morphine is similar to the body's endorphins in that both elevate mood and ease pain. In this instance, morphine is considered to be a(n) a. antagonist b. synapse c. ion d. agonist e. axon

d. agonist

Convinced that she is fat, Lu diets excessively and spends at least one hour a day in the gym before school. Lu has gotten very thin, and her parents are concerned that she may be developing a. illness anxiety disorder. b. binge-eating disorder. c. bulimia nervosa. d. anorexia nervosa. e. DID.

d. anorexia nervosa.

In classical conditioning, a person learns to anticipate events by a. associating a response with its consequence. b. avoiding spontaneous recovery. c. using operant behaviors. d. associating two stimuli. e. employing cognitive learning.

d. associating two stimuli.

The way we explain negative and positive events is called a. personal control. b. reciprocal determinism. c. self-efficacy. d. attribution. e. situational assessment.

d. attribution.

Ellie and Ella's parents set clear rules, but also have discussions with their daughters about the types of rules and what the consequences should be for breaking the rules. Their oarents are evidently following the a. authoritarian parenting style. b. research of Harlow. c. research of Bandura. d. authoritative parenting style. e. permissive parenting style.

d. authoritative parenting style.

Thom still believes that the congresswoman is an honest person even after she is arrested and sent to jail. Thom is now experiencing a. framing. b. intuition. c. insight. d. belief perseverance. e. confirmation bias.

d. belief perseverance.

In an experiment by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer, participants labeled their arousal as joyous or irritable, depending on the people they were with. This experiment established that emotions are not only physiological but are also a. psychodynamic. b. humanistic. c. biological. d. cognitive. e. behavioral.

d. cognitive.

After being married 50 years, Nancy and Bill fee, a deep, affectionate attachment to each other after all that they have shared throughout their marriage. Psychologists would say that they have developed a. passionate love. b. a social script. c. an ingroup bias. d. companionate love. e. GRIT.

d. companionate love.

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next is known as a. deindividuation. b. groupthink. c. social facilitation. d. culture. e. social loafing.

d. culture.

In order to follow the ethical principles for research as established by the APA, psychologists should a. recruit participants for experiments by placing ads in college newspapers. b. publish the full results, including participant information, of their research online. c. keep their operational definitions secret so that they cannot be copied by other researchers. d. debrief the participants after the conclusion of the research. e. allow minors to choose to be participants if they wish to.

d. debrief the participants after the conclusion of the research.

A principal wants to avoid the vandalism and inappropriate behavior that occurred at last year's Halloween dance. So, this year she decides to increase the lighting in the parking lots, ban students from wearing masks over their faces, and increase the number of video cameras near the gym. These ideas are most closely linked to the principle of a. group polarization. b. social facilitation. c. superordinate goals. d. deindividuation. e. minority influence.

d. deindividuation.

Following a natural disaster, it is not uncommon for large groups of people to loot stores and take far more than they might need to help them survive the situation. This behavior is best explained by the concept of a. culture. b. social facilitation. c. groupthink. d. deindividuation. e. group polarization.

d. deindividuation.

An injury that leads to the loss of binocular vision would have the greatest impact on a. visual acuity. b. color perception. c. peripheral vision. d. depth perception. e. selective attention.

d. depth perception.

An organism responds to a 10-Hz tone but not to a 25-Hz tone, demonstrating the concept of a. generalization. b. a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement. c. a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement. d. discrimination. e. positive reinforcement.

d. discrimination.

Most antipsychotic drugs mimic a certain neurotransmitter by blocking its activity at the receptor sites. These drugs affect the neurotransmitter a. adrenaline. b. epinephrine. c. serotonin. d. dopamine. e. acetylcholine.

d. dopamine.

Research has found that individuals suffering from schizophrenia have an excess number of receptors for the neurotransmitter a. acetylcholine. b. norepinephrine. c. GABA. d. dopamine. e. serotonin.

d. dopamine.

Mary Cover Jones helped a little boy named Peter overcome his fear of rabbits by gradually moving a rabbit closer to him each day while he was eating his snack. This was one of the first applications of a. group therapy. b. virtual reality exposure therapy. c. aversive therapy. d. exposure therapy. e. cognitive therapy.

d. exposure therapy.

Heritability relates to the a. percentage of a person's intelligence that is due to environmental influences. b. percentage of a persons intelligence that is due to genetics. c. correlation of intelligence test scores among family members. d. extent to which variability among individuals' intelligence scores can be attributed to genetic variation. e. genetic stability of intelligence over time.

d. extent to which variability among individuals' intelligence scores can be attributed to genetic variation.

Paola has been classically conditioned to fear a red light because it has been paired with a loud noise. If the light is repeatedly presented without the loud noise she will eventually stop being afraid of the light. In this instance, _____________ has occurred. a. generalization b. discrimination c. spontaneous recovery d. extinction e. acquisition

d. extinction

The firm alarm has gone off so many times in their new school that Susannah and Tia don't even flinch anymore when they hear it. They even remained in the school library during a fire drill because they assumed it was another malfunction. Their failure to respond like they once did to the fire alarm shows the process of a. acquisition. b. discrimination. c. accommodation. d. extinction. e. assimilation.

d. extinction.

Research on facial expressions and gestures has found that a. facial expressions and gestures both tend to be culture-specific. b. facial expressions and gestures both tend to be universally understood. c. facial expressions tend to be culture-specific, and gestures tend to be universally understood. d. facial expressions tend to be universally understood, and gestures tend to be culture-specific. e. facial expressions of emotion influence the gestures of a culture.

d. facial expressions tend to be universally understood, and gestures tend to be culture-specific.

Piaget would argue that as an adolescent, Mildred is better able to understand calculus because she is in the a. sensorimotor stage. b. preoperational stage. c. concrete operational stage. d. formal operational stage. e. accommodation stage.

d. formal operational stage.

Carly's therapist asks her to simply say what is on her mind rather than responding to specific questions or topics. Her therapist is making use of a technique known as a. the ego. b. self-efficacy. c. sublimation. d. free association. e. identification.

d. free association.

A psychoanalytic psychologist might use the TAT and the Rorschach test in order to a. get a glimpse of a person's ideal self. b. determine if a person is an introvert. c. determine if a person is conscientious. d. gain insight about a person's unconscious mind. e. gain insight about where a person falls in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

d. gain insight about a person's unconscious mind.

Leo is always so worried that something bad is about to happen that he can't stay focused at school. A therapist might best diagnose Leo with a. panic disorder. b. a phobia. c. obsessive-compulsive disorder. d. generalized anxiety disorder. e. susto.

d. generalized anxiety disorder.

Although most members of the faculty were strongly against the proposed new schedule, they did not voice their objections because two well-liked senior faculty members were in favor of the new schedule. This small group of dissenters were demonstrating a. minority influence. b. ingroup bias. c. group polarization. d. groupthink. e. a norm.

d. groupthink.

Human genome (DNA) researchers have discovered that a. chimpanzees are completely different than humans, sharing a small DNA sequence percentage. b. the occasional variations found at particular gene sites in human DNA are of no interest to science. c. complex behaviors are determined by specific individual genes. d. human genes are mostly the same, regardless of race. e. genetic predispositions do not help explain our shared human nature and our human diversity.

d. human genes are mostly the same, regardless of race.

According to Erikson, the primary developmental task for adolescents is to develop a sense of a. trust. b. initiative. c. competence. d. identity. e. intimacy.

d. identity.

Adela regularly interprets everyday aches and pains, such as stomach cramps and headaches, as serious medical problems. Her doctor is unable to convince her that her problems are not serious. Adela suffers from a. dissociative identity disorder. b. antisocial personality disorder. c. a fugue state. d. illness anxiety disorder. e. anorexia nervosa.

d. illness anxiety disorder.

Noam Chomsky's beliefs about language are based on the idea that a. language is only possible during a critical period, and not afterward. b. simple mastery of phonemes and morphemes does not represent a true language. c. the rules of syntax are more important than semantics in understanding language. d. language is innate and we all share a universal grammar. e. language is just as possible in animals as in humans, given enough time and training.

d. language is innate and we all share a universal grammar.

Sigmund Freud believed that a dream's _________ content reflected the deep, underlying meaning of the dream. a. manifest b. dissociative c. cognitive d. latent e. circadian

d. latent

Zeina cocked her head to the side immediately when she heard the fire truck's siren. Turning her head enabled each ear to detect a slightly different intensity of sound, thus enabling her to determine the siren's a. timbre. b. pitch. c. frequency. d. location. e. tone.

d. location.

Over time, a. passionate and companionate love both decrease. b. passion love increases and companionate love decreases. c. passionate and companionate love both increase. d. passionate love decreases and companionate love increases. e. there is no consistent relationship between the levels of passion love and companionate love.

d. passionate love decreases and companionate love increases.

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law a. performance on an easy task is best when pressure is low. b. performance is generally best when bees sure is low. c. performance on a difficult task is best when pressure is high. d. performance is generally best when there is a moderate amount of pressure. e. difficult tasks get easier with time.

d. performance is generally best when there is a moderate amount of pressure.

In the word "prepare", each "r" can be considered a a. babble. b. morpheme. c. semantic. d. phoneme. e. thought.

d. phoneme.

The purpose of random assignment is to a. allow participants in both the experimental and control groups to be exposed to the independent variable b. ensure that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to participate in the research c. eliminate the placebo effect d. reduce potential confounding variables e. generate operational definitions for the independent and dependent variables

d. reduce potential confounding variables

Mr. Winters is a trainer who encourages his clients to lose eeight. Instead of simply rewarding them when their weight declines, he is rewarding them each time they behave in ways that would reduce weight—each time they exercise, decline high-calorie foods, or even take the stairs at work. Reinforcing each time one gets closer to a desired behavior is known as a. conforming. b. extinguishing. c. social loafing. d. shaping. e. classical conditioning.

d. shaping.

As part of a sleep study, researchers notice bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity called ________ and determine that Jane is in NREM-2 sleep. a. hallucinations b. circadian rhythms c. alpha waves d. sleep spindles e. delta waves

d. sleep spindles

Rebekah has grown increasingly nervous about going to school and social gatherings. When she is assigned a presentation in English class, she is so terrified that her teacher and classmates will judge her harshly that she can't bring herself to go to school at all. A therapist would be most likely to diagnose her with a. ADHD. b. panic disorder. c. obsessive-compulsive disorder. d. social anxiety disorder. e. posttraumatic stress disorder.

d. social anxiety disorder.

In studies that examine perceived rates of alcohol use, students a. typically overestimate the present age of fellow students who drink. b. accurately estimate the percentage of fellow students who drink. c. tend to slightly underestimate the percentage of fellow students who drink. d. tend to greatly underestimate the percentage of fellow students who drink. e. tend to be inaccurate in their estimates of the percentage of fellow students who drink, but there is no clear pattern to their inaccuracies.

d. tend to greatly underestimate the percentage of fellow students who drink.

The nation with the highest reported rates of psychological disorders is a. Ukraine. b. China. c. Nigeria. d. the United States. e. France.

d. the United States.

Research on the role of the amygdala in memory has found that a. the amygdala helps process memories of happy experiences. b. the amygdala supports Freud's ideas about memory because they allow us to repress memories of trauma. c. the amygdala produces long-term potentiation in the brain. d. the amygdala helps make sure we remember events that trigger strong emotional responses. e. the amygdala are active when the retrieval of a long-term memory is primed.

d. the amygdala helps make sure we remember events that trigger strong emotional responses.

In Milgram's studies, obedience to authority was the highest when a. the person receiving orders witnessed others defying the authority figure. b. the person receiving orders wondered whether the person giving orders had legitimate authority. c. the person supposedly receiving the shocks was physically near the person receiving orders. d. the authority figure was from a prestigious institution. e. the person receiving orders was female.

d. the authority figure was from a prestigious institution.

Jason was watching the TV news, which showed footage of a young man running away from the police. "He's running away, so he must be a bad man," said Jason to his father. Jason's statement is an example of a. the availability heuristic. b. the representativeness heuristic. c. stereotype threat. d. the fundamental attribution error. e. cognitive dissonance.

d. the fundamental attribution error.

In an experiment to test the effects of room temperature on test performance the independent variable is a. the scores on the test before the experiment begins b. the scores on the test at the end of the experiment c. whether the teacher was male or female d. the temperature of the room e. the style of test (multiple choice versus essay)

d. the temperature of the room

The process by which rods and cones change electromagnetic energy into neural messages is called a. adaptation. b. accommodation. c. parallel processing. d. transduction. e. perceptual setting.

d. transduction.

A phoneme, such as the "c" in "cows" is best described as a a. unit of meaning in a language. b. form of syntax. c. stage of language development. d. unit of sound in a language. e. form of telegraphic speech.

d. unit of sound in a language.

For those who focus on the biological approach, important evidence for whether someone who has been diagnosed with depression is improving is a. the quality of their statements about their own abilities and attitudes. b. whether the number of contacts with their friends and families has increased. c. whether they have begun to establish and work toward long-term goals. d. whether the serotonin levels in their blood have increased. e. if they have no suicidal thoughts or intentions.

d. whether the serotonin levels in their blood have increased.

When asked to picture an angry person, researchers found that a. men tend to picture a man and women picture a woman. b. women tend to picture a man and men picture a woman. c. women and men both picture a woman. d. women and men both picture a man. e. the responses of men and women were too varied to provide any substantial data.

d. women and men both picture a man.

Vygotsky called the space between what a child could learn with and without help the a. theory of mind. b. zone of abstract logic. c. zone of abstract reasoning. d. zone of proximal development. e. zone of developmental readiness.

d. zone of proximal development.

Which of the following is the best example of learning? a. A dog salivates when food is placed in its mouth. b. A honeybee stings when the hive is threatened. c. A child cries when his brother hits him. d. A child feels ill after drinking sour milk. e. A child flinches when he sees lightning because he is afraid of thunder.

e. A child flinches when he sees lightning because he is afraid of thunder.

Which of the following is a longitudinal study? a. Researchers test the intelligence of all the students in a high school. b. Intelligence tests are given to the residents of a nursing home. c. Researchers randomly select 50 students from a high school with 2000 students. The 50 students are given intelligence tests. d. A group of college juniors is given an extensive battery of tests over a period of 2 days. e. A group of kindergartners is given an intelligence test. They are retested every other year for 30 years.

e. A group of kindergartners is given an intelligence test. They are retested every other year for 30 years.

Which of the following most accurately describes a projective test? a. A test designed to reveal a person's inner ability to do a task he or she has not tried before. b. A test that shows a person's true preferences, based on responses to multiple-choice questions. c. A test that indicates the level of indifference to pain that a person experiences. d. A test created to see if one has an anxiety-inducing problem, but is instead claiming that others have that problem. e. A test that prompts a person to reveal hidden conflicts by responding to ambiguous stimuli.

e. A test that prompts a person to reveal hidden conflicts by responding to ambiguous stimuli.

Once a sperm penetrates the cell wall of an egg and fertilizes it, this structure is known as what? a. An embryo b. A fetus c. Placenta d. A teratogen e. A zygote

e. A zygote

Who of the following is considered the leading advocate of personality's social-cognitive approach? a. Gordon Allport b. Carl Jung c. Karen Horney d. Carl Rogers e. Albert Bandura

e. Albert Bandura

Which of the following illustrates the serial position effect? a. The only name Kenzie remembers from the people she met at the party is Spencer, because she thought he was particularly good looking. b. Kimia has trouble remembering information from the book's first unit when she reviews for the semester finals. c. It's easy for Brittney to remember that carbon'a atomic number is 6 because her birthday is on December 6. d. Kyle was not able to remember the names of all of his new co-workers after one week on the job, but he could remember them after two weeks. e. Alp is unable to remember the middle of a list of vocabulary words as well as he remembers the first or last words on the list.

e. Alp is unable to remember the middle of a list of vocabulary words as well as he remembers the first or last words on the list.

Which of the following would be most difficult to explain using Maslow's hierarchy of needs? a. A person who moves to a new city gets an apartment before beginning to make friends. b. A very hungry reality show contestant searches for food before trying to win a competition. c. A professor spends time socially with her colleagues before she works on her own research. d. An artist works to win a local award before spending time on his own personal projects. e. An athlete follows a "no pain, no gain" motto rather than stopping for rest and nourishment.

e. An athlete follows a "no pain, no gain" motto rather than stopping for rest and nourishment.

After seeing a news story about a kidnapping, we are more afraid of kidnapped, even though it is a very rare occurrence. Which of the following is the term for this phenomenon? a. Intuition insight b. Confirmation bias c. Belief perseverance d. Mental set e. Availability heuristic

e. Availability heuristic

Which of the following is a similarity between humanistic and psychoanalytic therapies? a. Both approaches focus on the present more than the past. b. Both approaches are more concerned with conscious than unconscious feelings. c. Both approaches focus on taking immediate responsibility for one's feelings. d. Both approaches focus on personal growth instead of curing illness. e. Both approaches are generally considered insight therapies.

e. Both approaches are generally considered insight therapies.

Which of the following is true of boys compared with girls? a. Boys have a higher average intelligence score. b. Boys are better spellers than girls. c. Boys are better at detecting emotions. d. Boys are more verbally fluent. e. Boys are more likely to be represented among those scoring extremely low as well as those scoring extremely high on tests of mental abilities.

e. Boys are more likely to be represented among those scoring extremely low as well as those scoring extremely high on tests of mental abilities.

Which of the following animal studies is most likely to receive approval? a. Do monkeys who smoke get cancer? b. Are dogs who are abused violent? c. Will rats deprived of food for 1 week survive? d. What are the effects of raising kittens in isolation? e. Can dolphins learn simple language?

e. Can dolphins learn simple language?

Which psychological perspective is most likely to focus on how our interpretation of a situation affects how we react to it? a. Psychodynamic b. Biological c. Social-cultural d. Evolutionary e. Cognitive

e. Cognitive

Which of the following is true of depression? a. Depression usually develops during middle age. b. Depression usually happens without major cognitive or behavioral changes. c. A major depressive episode usually gets worse and worse unless it's treated. d. True depression is usually not related to stress in one's work or relationships. e. Compared with men, nearly twice as many women have been diagnosed with depression.

e. Compared with men, nearly twice as many women have been diagnosed with depression.

Some people think development occurs in the same way a tree grows—slowly and steadily. Others think that there are rather abrupt developmental jumps—more like the transformation of a tadpole into a frog. Which of the following issues would this difference of opinion relate to? a. Nature and nurture b. Maturation and learning c. Prenatal and neonatal d. Stability and change e. Continuity and stages

e. Continuity and stages

Which of the following are visible on the EEG of a person in NREM-3 sleep? a. Sleep spindles b. REM c. Alpha waves d. SCN e. Delta waves

e. Delta waves

Which of the following is an example of ingroup bias? a. Hinata talked only to her five best friends when she was in ninth grade. b. Sabrina has been a New York Yankees fan since she was in fourth grade. c. Kimia believes she is the best student in her AP psychology class, but her grades are not as good as several other students. d. Francisco believes he is the best student in his AP psychology class, and in fact he has the high test test average. e. Derek believes his T-ball team is the best in the league and that the other teams in the league have no talented players.

e. Derek believes his T-ball team is the best in the league and that the other teams in the league have no talented players.

Which of the following psychologists would be most likely to investigate biological, psychological, cognitive, and social changes over a lifetime? a. Educational b. Experimental c. Social d. Cognitive e. Developmental

e. Developmental

You are aware that a dog is viciously barking at you, but you are not aware of the type of dog. Later, you are able to describe the type and color of the dog. This ability to process information without conscious awareness best exemplifies which of the following? a. Split brain b. Blindsight c. Consciousness d. Cognitive neuroscience e. Dual processing

e. Dual processing

Muhammad has been in his school cafeteria hundreds of times. It is a large room, and there are nine free-standing pillars that support the roof. One day, to illustrate the nature of forgetting, Muhammad's teacher asks him how many pillars there are in the cafeteria. Muhammad has difficulty answering the question, but finally replies that he thinks there are six pillars. What memory concept does this example illustrate? a. Storage decay b. Retrograde amnesia c. Proactive interference d. Retroactive interference e. Encoding failure

e. Encoding failure

Which of the following is an example of the mere exposure effect? a. Adrianna has started arriving;g tardy to her second period class to avoid a group of kids in the hall who constantly tease her. b. Abe has biked the same route to school so many times that he no longer has to think about where to turn. c. Daiyu has seen the same toothpaste ad on television a hundred times. Each time she sees it she hates it more. d. Abdul has always loved dogs, so he adopted one from the local shelter. e. Guiren didn't like sushi the first couple of times he tried it, but his friend encouraged him to keep eating it and now it's one of his favorite foods.

e. Guiren didn't like sushi the first couple of times he tried it, but his friend encouraged him to keep eating it and now it's one of his favorite foods.

One way to determine if infants can perceive a certain stimulus is to measure how long they gaze at the item before looking away. Psychologists use what term to refer to the concept that infants tend to decrease their rate of responding when a stimulus is repeated and no longer novel? a. Sensory adaptation b. Infantile amnesia c. Perceptual set d. Perceptual constancy e. Habituation

e. Habituation

The more often the stimulus is presented, the weaker the response becomes. What do developmental researchers call this decrease in response intensity due to repeated stimulation? a. Stagnation b. Attachment c. Autonomy d. Imprinting e. Habituation

e. Habituation

________ focused on moral intuition and how people feel about moral situations. ___________, however, was more interested in moral reasoning and how people think about moral situations. a. Kohlberg; Erikson b. Erikson; Kohlberg c. Piaget; Kohlberg d. Piaget; Erikson e. Haidt; Kohlberg

e. Haidt; Kohlberg

Among the main factors that determine whether a relationship will form and last are I. proximity. II. financial status. III. similarity. a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I & II only e. I & III only

e. I & III only

Which of the following will be the most alike? a. Fraternal twins raised in the same environment. b. Identical twins raised in different environments. c. Siblings raised in the same environment. d. Fraternal twins raised in different environments. e. Identical twins raised in the same environment.

e. Identical twins raised in the same environment.

A question on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) such as "I get angry sometimes" is included to determine what about the test-taker? a. Whether the person had a personality disorder b. If the person needs immediate help for anger management c. If the person is more extroverted than introverted d. Whether the person has a stronger id or superego e. If the person is answering the questions truthfully

e. If the person is answering the questions truthfully

Which of the following accurate,y represents the relationship between income and happiness? a. Rapidly increasing income is associated with a slight decrease in happiness because of relative deprivation. b. Increased income increases happiness equally for almost everybody. c. There is no relationship between income and happiness. d. Gradually increasing income is associated with a slight decrease in happiness because of the adaptation-level phenomenon. e. Increased income increases happiness for people who don't have enough money to meet their basic needs.

e. Increased income increases happiness for people who don't have enough money to meet their basic needs.

What is the best explanation for why Carl, and African-American, was better able to describe to African-American man who robbed his store than he was able to describe the Caucasian man who was with him? a. Scapegoat theory b. A vivid case c. Just-world phenomenon d. The other-race effect e. Ingroup bias

e. Ingroup bias

Which of the following is not a component of emotional intelligence? a. Understanding emotions b. Perceiving emotions c. Using emotions d. Managing emotions e. Inventing emotions

e. Inventing emotions

What would be true of a thermometer that always reads three degrees lower than the actual temperature? a. It is valid but not reliable. b. It is both reliable and valid. c. It is neither reliable nor valid. d. It is not valid, but you cannot determine if it is reliable fro: the information given. e. It is reliable but not valid.

e. It is reliable but not valid.

John Watson's development of the concept of behaviorism was influenced most strongly by the work of a. Wilhelm Wundt. b. the Gestalt psychologists. c. John Locke. d. B.F. Skinner. e. Ivan Pavlov.

e. Ivan Pavlov.

Who coined the term "tabula rasa" (blank slate) to help explain the impact experience has on shaping an individual? a. Francis Bacon b. René Descartes c. Edward Bradford Titchener d. Mary Whiton Calkins e. John Locke

e. John Locke

Which of the following statements concerning memory is true? a. Hypnosis, when used as a component of therapy, usually improves the accuracy of memory. b. One aspect of memory that is usually accurate is the source of the remembered information. c. Children's memories of abuse are more accurate than other childhood memories. d. Memories we are more certain of are more likely to be accurate. e. Memories are often a blend of correct and incorrect information.

e. Memories are often a blend of correct and incorrect information.

The personality test that is based on the writings of Carl Jung is the a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. b. Wes helper Adult Intelligence Scale. c. Rorschach inkblot test. d. Thematic Apperception Test. e. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

e. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

Which developmental issue best represents how our genes and environment interact? a. Habituation and maturation b. Stability and change c. Continuity and stability d. Continuity and stages e. Nature and nurture

e. Nature and nurture

Which of the following can be used to demonstrate that only about 2 percent of the population scores at least two standard deviations above the mean on an intelligence test? a. Reliability test b. Aptitude test c. Predictive validity test d. Test-retest procedure e. Normal curve

e. Normal curve

Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment is most closely associated with which of the following? a. Latent learning b. Classical conditioning c. Operant conditioning d. Cognitive maps e. Observational learning

e. Observational learning

Which perceptual process explains why you can see varied species of your favorite singer's face and instantly recognize him or her? a. Selective attention b. Accommodation c. Psychokinesis d. Blindsight e. Parallel Processing

e. Parallel Processing

Which of the following is not an ethical principle regarding experimental research on humans? a. Researchers much protect participants from needless harm and discomfort. b. Participants must take part in the study on a voluntary basis. c. Personal information about individual participants must be kept confidential. d. Research studies must be fully explained to participants when the study is completed. e. Participants should always be informed of the hypothesis of the study before they agree to participate.

e. Participants should always be informed of the hypothesis of the study before they agree to participate.

Which of the following is a conclusion that can be drawn from the Yerkes-Dodson law? a. Performance on easy tasks is best when arousal is low. b. Performance is best when arousal is extremely high. c. Performance is best when arousal is extremely low. d. Performance on difficult tasks is best when arousal is high. e. Performance is best when arousal is moderate.

e. Performance is best when arousal is moderate.

Which of the following statements is true? a. Positive punishment continues a behavior; negative punishment discontinues a behavior. b. Positive reinforcement continues a behavior; negative reinforcement discontinues a behavior. c. Positive punishment discontinues a behavior; negative punishment continues a behavior. d. Positive punishment continues a behavior; positive reinforcement continues a behavior. e. Positive reinforcement continues a behavior; negative reinforcement continues a behavior.

e. Positive reinforcement continues a behavior; negative reinforcement continues a behavior.

Neurologically, what is the function of pruning? a. Pruning creates new connections between synapses through repeated experiences. b. Pruning reduces the negative effects of teratogens by eliminating neural waste. c. Pruning increases the weight of the brain through enriching experiences. d. Pruning creates areas in the brain used in learning;g mathematics. e. Pruning eliminates unused neural pathways.

e. Pruning eliminates unused neural pathways.

After two nights without sleep, which of the following can be expected? a. An increase in night terrors b. Sleep apnea c. Manifest content dreams d. Narcolepsy e. REM rebound

e. REM rebound

Increasing amounts of paradoxical sleep following a period of sleep deprivation is known as what? a. Circadian sleep b. Sleep shifting c. Narcolepsy d. Sleep apnea e. REM rebound

e. REM rebound

As she looks done the hallway, Elaine is not tricked into thinking that the friend who is closer to her looks larger than the friend who is farther down the hall. Which monocular cue helps her with this understanding? a. Interposition b. Linear perspective c. Interposition d. Relative height e. Relative size

e. Relative size

Which region of the brain plays a significant role in our sense of alertness and arousal? a. Pons b. Corpus callosum c. Parietal lobe d. Hippocampus e. Reticular formation

e. Reticular formation

Emotions are a mix of consciously experienced thoughts, expressive behaviors, and physiological arousal. Which theory emphasized the importance of cognition in emotion? a. Facial feedback theory b. James-Lange theory c. Arousal and performance theory d. Fight-or-flight theory e. Schacter-Singer two-factor theory

e. Schacter-Singer two-factor theory

What do we call the process of fulfilling our potential? a. Free association b. Self-efficacy c. Unconditional positive regard d. Self-concept e. Self-actualization

e. Self-actualization

Regarding therapist-guided "recovered" memories of sexual abuse in infancy, which statement best represents an appropriate conclusion about this issue? a. Therapists who use hypnosis are likely to help their patients retrieve repressed memories. b. Statistics indicate that childhood sexual abuse rarely occurs; therefore, recovered memories of such abuse must be false. c. Memories are only rarely recovered; once you are unable to retrieve a memory you will probably never be able to retrieve it. d. One indicator of whether a recovered memory is true is the patient's emotional response; only true recovered memories are emotionally upsetting. e. Since the brain is not sufficiently mature to store accurate memories of events before the age of 4, memories from the first 4 years of life are not reliable.

e. Since the brain is not sufficiently mature to store accurate memories of events before the age of 4, memories from the first 4 years of life are not reliable.

What is the purpose of the myelin sheath? a. Make the transfer of information across a synapse more efficient b. Increase the amount of neurotransmitters available in the synapse c. Reduce the antagonistic effect of certain drugs d. Establish a resting potential in the axon e. Speed up the transmission of information within a neuron

e. Speed up the transmission of information within a neuron

The gate-control theory states that "gates" for pain must be open in order for the brain to receive pain messages from the body. Where are these gates located? a. Thalamus b. Olfactory nerve c. Semicircular canals d. Amygdala e. Spinal cord

e. Spinal cord

Which of the following is sometimes referred to as the brain's sensory switchboard, because it directs incoming sensory messages (with the exception of smell) to their proper places in the brain? a. Hypothalamus b. Pituitary c. Cerebellum d. Limbic system e. Thalamus

e. Thalamus

Brain plasticity refers to which of the following? a. Healthy human brain tissue b. The ability of the brain to transfer information from one hemisphere to the other c. How a brain gets larger as a child grows d. A wide variety of functions performed by the human brain e. The ability of brain tissue to take on new functions

e. The ability of brain tissue to take on new functions

Which of the following does a PET scan best allow researchers to examine? a. The presence of tumors in the brain b. Increased blood flow to various structures of the brain c. The size of the internal structures of the brain d. The location of strokes e. The activity of various brain regions by monitoring glucose usage

e. The activity of various brain regions by monitoring glucose usage

What did Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner's experiments establish? a. That the acquisition of a CR depends on pairing the CS and the US b. That different species respond differently to classical conditioning situations c. The current belief that classical conditioning is really a form of operant conditioning d. That mirror neurons form the biological basis of classical conditioning e. The importance of cognitive factors in classical conditioning

e. The importance of cognitive factors in classical conditioning

Following the release of neurotransmitters across the synapse, and an action potential, which of the following is most likely to take place? a. The synaptic cleft closes temporarily to terminate the action potential b. The myelin sheath absorbs the xpexcess neurotransmitters c. The receiving neuron absorbs the neurotransmitter to send to the next neuron d. The axon disposes of the depleted neurotransmitters e. The sending neuron re absorbs the neurotransmitter for reuse

e. The sending neuron re absorbs the neurotransmitter for reuse

Which of the following is true of the early formation of brain cells? a. They form at a constant rate throughout the prenatal period. b. They begin forming slowly, and then the rate increases throughout prenatal development. c. They form slowly during the prenatal period, and then the rate increases after birth. d. They form at a constantly increasing rate prenatally and in early childhood. e. They are overproduced early in the prenatal period, and then the rate decreases and stabilizes.

e. They are overproduced early in the prenatal period, and then the rate decreases and stabilizes.

What can be expected in someone who is a frequent user of marijuana? a. There will be an increased production of dopamine in the brain. b. They will need to consume larger doses of the drug to feel its effects. c. They will experience s dangerously elevated heart rate. d. They will experience vivid hallucinations. e. They will require less of the drug to feel its effects as the drug builds up in their system.

e. They will require less of the drug to feel its effects as the drug builds up in their system.

Which of the following is the best term or phrase for a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act? a. Myers-Briggs indicator b. Factor analysis c. Introversion d. Extraversion e. Trait

e. Trait

People diagnosed with OCD experience compulsions. Which of the following is a compulsion? a. Renee persistently thinks about the possible death of her loved ones. b. Eric frequently worries that there may be germs on his hands. c. Brianna has an ongoing worry that she might have left the oven on at home. d. Stefan often feels great anxiety if things are not in exact order in his room. e. Tyrik flips the light switch on and off seven times every evening when he walks in the front door.

e. Tyrik flips the light switch on and off seven times every evening when he walks in the front door.

Heritability refers to the percentage of what? a. Group variation in a trait that can be eco,wined by environment b. Traits shared by identical twins c. Traits shared by fraternal twins d. Traits shared by adopted children and their birth parents e. Variation in a trait across individuals that can be explained by genetics

e. Variation in a trait across individuals that can be explained by genetics

There is a negative correlation between TV watching and grades. What can we conclude from this research finding? a. We can conclude that this is an illusory correlation. b. We can conclude that TV watching leads to lower grades. c. We can conclude that TV watching leads to higher grades. d. We can conclude that the grades students get impact their TV watching habits. e. We can conclude that a student who watches a lot of TV is likely to have lower grades.

e. We can conclude that a student who watches a lot of TV is likely to have lower grades.

What was the main difference between the psychological thinking of Wilhelm Wundt and earlier philosophers who were also interested in thinking and behavior? a. Wundt was German; earlier philosophers were American. b. Wundt was the first professor from a major university interested in psychology. c. Wundt was the first scholar to call himself a psychologist. d. Wundt used psychotherapy techniques established by Freud to examine the thinking and behavior of healthy individuals. e. Wundt and his students gathered data about human thinking and behavior in a laboratory setting.

e. Wundt and his students gathered data about human thinking and behavior in a laboratory setting.

Myla goes to a hypnotist because she is interested in losing weight. Under hypnosis she is told that, later on, when she is hungry, she will eat less than she normally would. The hypnotist is making use of a. selective attention. b. the Stroop effect. c. social influence. d. a hallucination. e. a posthypnoyic suggestion.

e. a posthypnoyic suggestion.

A rat jumps each time it sees a green light flash, because the green light has always appeared just before an electric shock. In classical conditioning, the initial learning of the connection between the light and the shock is referred to as a. spontaneous recovery. b. extinction. c. generalization. d. accommodation. e. acquisition.

e. acquisition.

A feeling, often influenced by a belief, that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to people and events is known as a. central route persuasion. b. a role. c. social psychology. d. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. e. an attitude.

e. an attitude.

Psychiatrists differ from clinical psychologists in that they a. help people cope with challenges and crises b. conduct research c. explore how we view and affect one another d. experiment with how people perceive, think, and solve problems e. are medical doctors licensed to prescribe medication

e. are medical doctors licensed to prescribe medication

Your friend's baby brother, Matt, loves to play with his pet cat. When he sees a puppy, he points at it and calls it "Mi Mi", which is what he calls his cat. Matt is demonstrating Piaget's process of a. conservation. b. accommodation. c. cognition. d. object permanence. e. assimilation.

e. assimilation.

Researchers studying the links among emotion, stress, and memory have discovered that a. emotion blocks memory, and it is generally true that we are unable to recall highly emotional events. b. excitement tends to increase the chance that an event will be remembered, but stress decreases the chance that an event will be remembered. c. stress tends to increase the chance that an event will be remembered, but excitement decreases the chance that an event will be remembered. d. both stress and emotion make events harder to remember. e. both stress and emotion make events more memorable.

e. both stress and emotion make events more memorable.

Hormones are ______________________ released into the bloodstream. a. neurons b. myelin c. action potentials d. electrical messengers e. chemical messengers

e. chemical messengers

The tension that occurs when we become aware that our attitudes and actions don't coincide is known as a. role playing. b. the fundamental attribution error. c. social pressure. d. social influence. e. cognitive dissonance.

e. cognitive dissonance.

Therapists who encourage their clients to change their thoughts and their actions are engaging in a. aversive conditioning. b. psychodynamic therapy. c. client-centered therapy. d. family therapy. e. cognitive-behavioral therapy.

e. cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Seeking out information that supports our previously held beliefs, while discounting information that questions those beliefs, is an obstacle to problem solving known as a. function fixedness. b. a logical fallacy. c. overconfidence. d. mental set. e. confirmation bias.

e. confirmation bias.

A babysitter cuts a sandwich into three equal pieces, then keeps two and gives one to the child she is caring for. The child is upset that this is unfair, so the babysitter divides the child's piece into two. Since each of them now has two pieces, the child is content. According to Jean Piaget, this is because the child lacks a. accommodation. b. assimilation. c. formal operation knowledge. d. sensorimotor ability. e. conservation.

e. conservation.

Often restaurants will require groups of eight or more to pay a tip of 18 percent. This is based on the belief that in larger parties, individuals will often leave a smaller top because "someone else will pay more". These restaurant owners, then, are aware of the impact of a. the fundamental attribution error. b. the power of the situation. c. hindsight bias. d. confirmation bias. e. diffusion of responsibility.

e. diffusion of responsibility.

Ernest Hillary used the term _________ to describe a split between different levels of consciousness. a. selective attention b. REM sleep c. delta waves d. spindles e. dissociation

e. dissociation

As telomeres shorten, aging cells may die without being replaced with perfect genetic replicas. This process is slowed by a. smoking. b. obesity. c. stress. d. aging. e. exercise.

e. exercise.

Bryanna and Charles are in a dancing competition. It is easy for spectators to see them against the dance floor because of a. the visual cliff. b. the phi phenomenon. c. color constancy. d. sensory restriction. e. figure-ground relationships.

e. figure-ground relationships.

In the early twentieth century, French psychologists led by Alfred Binet developed the first test for intelligence to be given to French school children for the purpose of a. selecting the most capable to be trained as future leaders. b. identifying those who might be wasting their talents and not taking school seriously. c. testing whether French teachers merited higher pay. d. evaluating the quality of French schools. e. finding children who were struggling academically.

e. finding children who were struggling academically.

The Flynn effect refers to the a. superiority of certain racial and ethnic groups on intelligence tests. b. extreme scores (very high and very low scores) that are more common for males than for females on math tests. c. stereotype threat that might cause some Black students to underperform on standardized tests. d. predictive ability of intelligence tests. e. gradual increase in average intelligence score of the general population over the last several decades.

e. gradual increase in average intelligence score of the general population over the last several decades.

Allowing people to discover, in a social context, that others have problems similar to their own is a unique benefit of a. psychodynamic therapy. b. psychopharmacological therapy. c. humanistic therapy. d. cognitive therapy. e. group therapy.

e. group therapy.

Amanda has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Her main symptom is hearing voices that are not there, which is known as a a. word salad. b. delusion. c. paranoid thought. d. rumination. e. hallucination.

e. hallucination.

A child who is genetically female a. has received an X chromosome from her mother and a Y chromosome from her father. b. has received a Y chromosome only from her mother. c. has received a Y chromosome from her mother and an X chromosome from her father. d. has received two X chromosomes from her mother and none from her father. e. has received an X chromosome from her father and her mother.

e. has received an X chromosome from her father and her mother.

Researchers probing the brain in search of explanations for sexual orientation have found differences between homosexual men and heterosexual men in the region known as the a. hippocampus. b. amygdala. c. frontal lobe. d. medulla. e. hypothalamus.

e. hypothalamus.

The peripheral nervous system a. connects the brain to the spinal cord. b. calms the body after an emergency. c. is limited to the control of voluntary movement. d. controls only the arms and the legs. e. is the part of the nervous system that does not include the brain and the spinal cord.

e. is the part of the nervous system that does not include the brain and the spinal cord.

By waiting until the last minute to study for an exam, you are using an un recommended strategy called a. imagery. b. semantic memory. c. distributed practice, d. chunking. e. massed practice.

e. massed practice.

Modern psychologists contend that all behavior, whether it is called normal or disordered, arises from the interaction of a. genetics and physiology. b. children and parents. c. experience and wisdom. d. inborn tendencies and drives. e. nature and nurture.

e. nature and nurture.

Dylan has a BMI of 36. She would best be described as a. introverted. b. below average on the Buoyant Mood Index. c. normal in Basal Metabolism Index score. d. extroverted. e. obese.

e. obese.

Peyton sits by herself most days at lunch because her friends are refusing to speak to her. Her friends are demonstrating a. grit. b. narcissism. c. empathy. d. positive reinforcement. e. ostracism.

e. ostracism.

Female sex hormones are released by the a. parathyroid glands b. pituitary gland c. hypothalamus d. thalamus e. ovaries

e. ovaries

Alice significantly underestimated how long it would take to write her term paper because of a. belief perseverance. b. framing. c. intuition. d. the availability heuristic. e. overconfidence.

e. overconfidence.

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion states that a. emotional response occurs before cognition. b. physiological response occurs before emotional response. c. emotional response occurs before physiological response. d. cognition occurs before emotional response. e. physiological response and emotion occur independently and simultaneously.

e. physiological response and emotion occur independently and simultaneously.

The ability of our brain to adapt to damage, where one area may take over the function of the damaged area, is due to a. lesioning b. positron emission training c. Broca's area d. Wernicke's area e. plasticity

e. plasticity

Elaine's friends know that she should never be trusted with a secret, as she will tell everyone almost immediately. Elaine, however, complains that her friends can't be trusted. Elaine is making use of the defense mechanism of a. rationalization. b. regression. c. displacement. d. sublimation. e. projection.

e. projection.

When asked to think of a "desk", many students think of the desks in their classroom rather than a large desk used by an executive. This illustrates that their school desks have formed their __________ of a desk. a. phoneme b. heuristic c. concept d. telegraphic utterance e. prototype

e. prototype

People with obsessive-compulsive disorder may report feeling less anxious after they clean, which causes them to want to clean again the next time they feel anxious. This demonstrates the principle of a. stimulus generalization. b. stimulus discrimination. c. punishment. d. spontaneous recovery. e. reinforcement.

e. reinforcement.

Jessica and Harper are identical twins. Jessica has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder. Harper is most at risk for developing the same disorder if Jessica is diagnosed with a. agoraphobia. b. antisocial personality disorder. c. bipolar disorder. d. bulimia nervosa. e. schizophrenia.

e. schizophrenia.

Maslow and Rogers would explain that adolescents who are struggling to form their identity are seeking to discover their a. self-transcendence. b. self-actualization. c. self-esteem. d. self-worth. e. self-concept.

e. self-concept.

Lee feels that he cannot understand chemistry, so he gives up on doing the homework or studying for tests. When he fails chemistry he is demonstrating a(n) a. superordinate goal. b. mirror-image perception. c. enemy perception. d. social trap. e. self-fulfilling prophecy.

e. self-fulfilling prophecy.

Tyshane went swimming with friends who did not want to get into the pool because the water felt cold. Tyshane jumped in and after a few minutes declared, "It was cold when I first got in, but now it's fine. Come on in!" Tyshane's body became accustomed to the water temperature due to a. priming. b. absolute threshold. c. difference threshold. d. selective attention. e. sensory adaptation.

e. sensory adaptation.

No matter how hard she tries to lose weight, Anne finds it difficult to drop below 145 pounds. The weight of 145 pounds is best described as Anne's a. neophobia. b. basal metabolic rate. c. body mass index. d. PYY. e. set point.

e. set point.

Mason retired at age 50 and was called "lucky" by his peers. This is because age 65 is the normal retirement age according to the a. theory of mind. b. midlife crisis. c. critical period. d. life span. e. social clock.

e. social clock.

A person with schizophrenia who is experiencing negative symptoms is likely to demonstrate a. hallucinations. b. delusions. c. disorganized speech. d. inappropriate laughter. e. social withdrawal.

e. social withdrawal.

Paola and Juliana went to a baseball game and were shown on the centerfield screen. Juliana was embarrassed, because she had mustard on her face from her hot dog. In reality, no one in the crowd noticed the mustard. Juliana was overestimating how much attention people were paying to her due to the a. self-efficacy effect. b. self-serving bias. c. self-transcendence effect. d. terror-management theory. e. spotlight effect.

e. spotlight effect.

Descriptive statistics _____________, while inferential statistics ______________. a. indicate the significance of the data; summarize the data b. describe data from experiments; describe data from surveys and case studies c. are measures of central tendency; are measures of variance d. determine if data can be generalized to other populations; summarize data e. summarize data; assess if data can be generalizdd

e. summarize data; assess if data can be generalized

The work of Elizabeth Loftus and other researchers has led to significant changes in the way courts and police officers think about a. the traumatic effects of solitary confinement. b. whether people with schizophrenia can be forced to take medication against their will. c. whether the insanity defense is legitimate for legally insane individuals. d. whether people should be forced to testify against their spouse on the witness stand. e. the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.

e. the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.

A 4-year-old child comes into the room and tells her parent, "I broke it" without feeling the need to tell her parent what is broken because a. the child lacks an understanding of conservation. b. the child is afraid of being punished. c. thirdly child cannot remember what was broken. d. the child has assimilated the object into her memory. e. the child is egocentric.

e. the child is egocentric.

The mere exposure effect helps explain why the most important predictor of whether two people become friends is a. similarity of religious and political views. b. similar interests in the arts and culture. c. their physical attractiveness. d. their social status and level of income. e. their proximity to each other.

e. their proximity to each other.

People are more likely to disobey and authority figure when a. they are alone with the authority figure. b. the authority figure is male. c. the authority figure's request would cause harm to another person. d. they are in a group with more than three people. e. they have seen someone else disobey.

e. they have seen someone else disobey.

No matter how embarrassing her discussion with her therapist might be, Jenny recognizes that he always treats her with respect. This acceptance illustrates the client-centered technique of a. free association. b. active listening. c. resistance. d. Freudian interpretation. e. unconditional positive regard.

e. unconditional positive regard.

Which of the following is an application of shaping? a. A mother who wants her daughter to hit a baseball first praises her for holding a bat, then for swinging it, and then for hitting the ball. b. A pigeon pecks a disk 25 times for an opportunity to receive a food reinforcement. c. A rat presses a bar when a green light is on but not when a red light is on. d. A rat gradually stops pressing a bar when it no longer receives a food reinforcement. e. A gambler continues to play a slot machine, even though he has won nothing on his last 20 plays, and he has lost a significant amount of money.

a. A mother who wants her daughter to hit a baseball first praises her for holding a bat, then for swinging it, and then for hitting the ball.

Which drug is incorrectly matched with its category? a. Alcohol; stimulant b. LSD; hallucinogen c. Amphetamine; stimulant d. THC; hallucinogen e. Nicotine; stimulant

a. Alcohol; stimulant

The most widely used modern intelligence test was developed by a. Alfred Binet. b. Louis Terman. c. Robert Sternberg. d. David Wechsler. e. Howard Gardner.

a. Alfred Binet.

Which area of the brain exhibits higher-than-normal activity in many people with PTSD? a. Amygdala b. Hippocampus c. Hypothalamus d. Reticular formation e. Occipital lobe

a. Amygdala

Systematic desensitization would most likely be used as a treatment for which of the following disorders? a. Arachnophobia b. Schizophrenia c. Bipolar disorder d. Hypochondriasis e. Tardive dyskinesia

a. Arachnophobia

Which of the following questions is best investigated by means of a survey? a. Are people more likely to vote Republican or Democrat in the next election? b. Are violent criminals genetically different from nonviolent criminals? c. Does extra sleep improve memory? d. What is the best study technique for AP exams? e. What role does exercise play in weight loss?

a. Are people more likely to vote Republican or Democrat in the next election?

Which is true of social relations during the teen years? a. As teens distance themselves from parents, peer relationships become more important. b. High school girls who have the poorest relationships with their mothers have the most intense friendships with peers. c. Parental influence peaks during mid to late adolescence. d. Most adolescents have serious disagreements with parents, leading to great social stress. e. Teens are generally more concerned with family relationships than peer relationships.

a. As teens distance themselves from parents, peer relationships become more important.

Which of the following is most closely associated with hair-like receptors in the semicircular canals? a. Balance b. Smell c. Hearing d. Pain e. Touch

a. Balance

Meloni's new friend from another state just gave her his phone number. As she goes to enter the number into her contacts list she finds that she cannot remember all the numbers in their right order. Which of the following is the best explanation for this failure? a. Being 10 digits long, the number is beyond Miller's "magic number". b. She was so excited that she could not type the numbers fast enough. c. She lacks photographic memory. d. Because the number was so short, she did not pay enough attention to it. e. Her iconic memory disrupted her encoding of the number.

a. Being 10 digits long, the number is beyond Miller's "magic number".

Patrick has just entered REM sleep. Which of the following is he likely to experience? a. Body paralysis b. The sensation of falling c. Delta waves d. Alpha waves e. Sleep spindles

a. Body paralysis

Which part of the nervous system begins at the process for moving the muscles required to walk across the street? a. Central nervous system b. Sympathetic nervous system c. Peripheral nervous system d. Autonomic nervous system e. Parasympathetic nervous system

a. Central nervous system

What did Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiments demonstrate? a. Children are likely to imitate the behavior of adults. b. There may be a negative correlation between televised violence and aggressive behavior. c. Children are more likely to copy what adults say than what adults do. d. Allowing children to watch too much television is detrimental to their development. e. Observational learning can explain the development of fears in children.

a. Children are likely to imitate the behavior of adults.

Which school of thought in psychology focused on the adaptive nature of thinking and how our consciousness evolves to meet our needs? a. Functionalist b. Structuralist c. Behavioral d. Humanistic e. Psychodynamic

a. Functionalist

Who among the following would most likely study the interaction of people, machines, and physical environments? a. Human factors psychologist b. Personality psychologist c. Industrial-organizational psychologist d. Counseling psychologist e. Educational psychologist

a. Human factors psychologist

Which is one of the major criticisms of the evolutionary perspective in psychology? a. It analyzes after the fact using hindsight. b. It attempts to extend a biological theory into a psychological realm. c. There is very little evidence to support it. d. It has not been around long enough to "stand the test of time". e. It seems to apply in certain cultures but not in others.

a. It analyzes after the fact using hindsight.

Which of the following individuals would best represent our understanding of fluid versus crystallized intelligence? a. James is 80 and has just solved a math equation that has been puzzling him for the last 40 years. b. Luis is 22 and has written several successful novels. c. Alice is 25 and has discovered a new chemical element. d. As a high school student, Alex changed the way people thought about a local homeless man by doing research into his life. e. After watching the sky for 50 years Nate finally discovered a new planet.

a. James is 80 and has just solved a math equation that has been puzzling him for the last 40 years.

Evolutionary psychologists seek to understand how traits and behavioral tendencies have been shaped by what? a. Natural selection b. Genes c. Prenatal nutrition d. DNA e. Chromosomes

a. Natural selection

Which is the most influential of the endocrine glands? a. Pituitary gland b. Adrenal glands c. Dendrites d. Threshold glands e. Parasympathetic

a. Pituitary gland

Which of the following reflects the notion that pitch is related to the stimulation of different areas of the cochlea's basilar membrane? a. Place theory b. Frequency theory c. Volley principle d. Sound localization e. Stereophonic hearing

a. Place theory

Which of the following professionals focuses on the study of human flourishing and the attainment of a happy, meaningful life? a. Positive psychologist b. Evolutionary psychologist c. Behavioral psychologist d. Cognitive psychologist e. Psychotherapist

a. Positive psychologist

When a person performs a heroic act solely for public praise, she is on which developmental level according to Lawrence Kohlberg? a. Preconventional b. Postconventional c. Conventional d. Concrete operational e. Formal operational

a. Preconventional

Which of the following perspectives would be most likely to examine the unconscious motives of a person who is overly aggressive on the basketball court? a. Psychodynamic b. Social-cultural c. Behavioral d. Evolutionary e. Humanistic

a. Psychodynamic

Which of the following best describes genetic mutation? a. Random errors in gene replication b. The study of the mind's evolution c. The study of behavioral evolution d. Passing on successful, inherited traits e. Survival of the genetically successful

a. Random errors in gene replication

Which of the following is not recommended by therapists as a way to help prevent or get over depression? a. Recovered-memory therapies b. Aerobic exercise c. Light exposure d. Increased social connections e. Anti-rumination strategies

a. Recovered-memory therapies

What do psychodynamic therapists call the blocking of anxiety-laden material from conscious awareness? a. Resistance b. Interpretation c. Transference d. Face-to-face therapy e. Intrapersonal psychotherapy

a. Resistance

Narmeen is viewing the board in the classroom. She knows that the board is located far away because the view from her left eye is slightly different than the view from her right eye. Her abi,it's to judge the distance if the board is due to which depth cue? a. Retinal disparity b. Relative size c. Linear perspective d. Relative motion e. Convergence

a. Retinal disparity

Which term is defined as all the thoughts and feelings we have in response to the question, "Who am I?" a. Self-concept b. Ideal self c. Self-esteem d. Real self e. Self-efficacy

a. Self-concept

Which of the following is most likely to be a function of the left hemisphere? a. Speech b. Evaluating perceptual tasks c. Making inferences d. identifying emotion in other people's faces e. Identifying one's sense of self

a. Speech

After being conditioned to salivate to the sound of a tone that had been paired with food, a dog stops salivating when the tone is repeatedly presented without the food. After a few weeks, the dog hears the tone and starts salivating again, Which of the following best explains the dogs renewed salivation? a. Spontaneous recovery b. Extinction c. Generalization d. Discrimination e. Acquisition

a. Spontaneous recovery

Which one of the following statements about stress is true? a. Surgical wounds heal more slowly in stressed people. b. Stress has no effect on those exposed to cold viruses. c. There is no correlation between stress and longevity. d. Stress makes us more resistant to infection and heart disease. e. Anxiety, irritation, and guilt all prompt very i different physiological responses.

a. Surgical wounds heal more slowly in stressed people.

Which of the following is the best example of your kinesthetic sense? a. Touching your nose with your eyes closed b. Maintaining balance in your chair c. Detecting both sweet and sour in a beverage d. Smelling the soup that is cooking for dinner e. Combining smell and taste together to create flavor

a. Touching your nose with your eyes closed

Which of the following is an example of an implicit memory? a. What time you had lunch yesterday b. The details of an assignment that is due tomorrow c. Vividly recalling significant events, such as the death of a famous person d. The names of all U.S. capitals e. Recognizing names and pictures of your classmates many years after they have graduated

a. What time you had lunch yesterday

During a dental procedure, Xavier is injected with a drug that is designed to greatly reduce his pain by interfering with the sending of pain signals. At the neural level, the drug is preventing a. action potentials from being transmitted. b. neurotransmitters from being reabsorbed by neurons. c. potassium ions from being released at the terminal buttons. d. pain signals from being clearly interpreted in the sensory cortex. e. the myelin sheath from protecting the axon.

a. action potentials from being transmitted.

Echoing, restating, and seeking clarification of what a person expresses (verbally or nonverbally) in a therapy session is called a. active listening. b. virtual reality exposure therapy. c. systematic desensitization. d. family therapy. e. classical conditioning.

a. active listening.

Andrew is so afraid of spiders that he is having a hard time leaving his "spider-proofed" home and going to work. Andrew's psychiatrist has diagnosed him with a. agoraphobia. b. a phobia. c. panic disorder. d. generalized anxiety disorder. e. posttraumatic stress disorder.

a. agoraphobia.

Carlos has been prescribed an SSRI to treat his illness. This type of drug is classified as a(n) a. antidepressant. b. antipsychotic. c. antianxiety. d. mood-stabilizer. e. bipolar disorder drug.

a. antidepressant.

Humanistic psychologists may assess personality by a. asking a person to compare their ideal self to their actual self. b. asking people to fill out lengthy questionnaires about their beliefs. c. getting people to describe what they see in ambiguous inkblots. d. having a person describe their dreams. e. putting people in a stressful situation to see how they behave under pressure.

a. asking a person to compare their ideal self to their actual self.

The most noticeable difference between human brains and other mammalian brains is the size of the a. association areas b. frontal lobe c. glial cells d. reticular activating system e. visual cortex

a. association areas

A split-brain patient had a picture of a dog flashed to his right hemisphere and a cat to his left hemisphere. He will be able to identify the a. cat using his right hand. b. dog using his right hand. c. dog using either hand. d. cat using either hand. e. dog using his left hand.

a. cat using his right hand.

The discomfort we feel when our attitudes are not in line with our actions is called a. cognitive dissonance. b. the power of the situation. c. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. d. role playing. e. the fundamental attribution error.

a. cognitive dissonance.

Peyton is 11 years old and knows 10-7=3 and 3+7=10 but finds it difficult to solve a math problem, such as 3x5, because she cannot understand why there is a letter in the problem. Piaget would most likely place her in the a. concrete operational stage. b. formal operational stage. c. preoperational stage. d. sensorimotor stage. e. preconventional stage.

a. concrete operational stage.

Thom believes that his congresswoman is an honest woman. He looks for examples of her giving to charity and ignores her ethics violations, which have recently been in the news. Thom is being affected by a. confirmation bias. b. intuition. c. mental set. d. the availability heuristic. e. overconfidence.

a. confirmation bias.

Jayne refuses to cheat on an exam that many of her friends have shown her copies of. Jayne would rank high on the Big Five trait of a. conscientiousness. b. agreeableness. c. openness. d. extraversion. e. neuroticism.

a. conscientiousness.

Teachers at York High School were dismayed at a new test they would be required to take to demonstrate their ability as educators. Rather than a test of content know,edge or of teaching techniques, the new test would measure their reaction time to a series of rapidly flashed abstract images—not a skill they normally need in the classroom. Despite the assurances of the test's creator, the teachers argued that a test like this would have low a. content validity. b. predictive reliability. c. split-hard reliability. d. test-retest reliability. e. psychometric ratings.

a. content validity.

On a warm summer day, Kimberly tells her brother to put on a suit, Kimberly's brother knows to put on a swimsuit instead of a business suit because of a. context. b. priming. c. sensory adaptation. d. bottom-up processing. e. clairvoyance.

a. context.

Generally speaking, heritability is the extent to which a. differences among people are accounted for by genes. b. an individual's specific traits are due to genes or the environment. c. differences among people are due to the environment. d. differences among people are due to their cultural heritage. e. an individual's height is related to the height of his or her parents.

a. differences among people are accounted for by genes.

When seeking to hire a new creative director for an advertising agency, Amina decided that she wanted to find a person who could devise numerous ways to solve problems. A person talented in this area would most likely be good at a. divergent thinking. b. convergent thinking. c. belief perseverance. d. solving crossword puzzles. e. doing arithmetic.

a. divergent thinking.

Karl is hungry, so he eats a hamburger and does not feel hungry anymore. Karl's hunger can best be described as a(n) a. drive. b. instinct. c. incentive. d. reflex. e. extrinsic reward.

a. drive.

Dr. Carlson advises his depressed patients to discuss their childhood as well as their present lives. He also prescribed medications for them. His therapeutic style would be best described as a. eclectic. b. biomedical. c. psychoanalytic. d. transference e. psychodynamic.

a. eclectic.

If Lanie is able to tell when her husband is upset by noticing subtle changes in his facial expressions, she might be said to have a high degree of a. emotional intelligence. b. naturalistic intelligence. c. practical intelligence. d. spatial intelligence. e. adaptive intelligence.

a. emotional intelligence.

The type of therapy that is most likely to emphasize a social-cultural approach by focusing on the patient's environment is a. family therapy. b. rational-emotive behavioral therapy. c. cognitive therapy for depression. d. psychopharmacological treatments. e. aversive therapy.

a. family therapy.

Leptin, a protein that causes hunger when it's levels are low, is secreted by a. fat cells. b. the pituitary gland. c. the stomach. d. the small intestine. e. the large intestine.

a. fat cells.

At their high school reunion, many attendees recalled exactly where they were 20 years before when they realized the school was on fire. Strong memories of an emotionally significant moment are referred to as a. flashbulb memories. b. state-dependent memories. c. short-term memories. d. sensory memories. e. critical period memories.

a. flashbulb memories.

Carla is reading a gripping novel and loses track of time, making her late for practice. Carla may have been experiencing a. flow. b. I/O psychology. c. self-efficacy. d. performance appraisal. e. the curse of knowledge.

a. flow.

Charles Spearman's g refers to a. general intelligence. b. grouped intelligence factors, c. genetic intelligence. d. generated creativity. e. generalized reliability.

a. general intelligence.

Psychologists Walk and Gibson attempted to determine whether infants had developed the ability to perceive depth by a. having them crawl over what appeared to be a sharp ledge. b. measuring how long they looked at novel stimuli. c. throwing soft foam balls to them and seeing how they would react. d. showing them a simulation of birds flying at their faces. e. seeing if they reached for a toy when it was held slightly beyond the reach of their arms.

a. having them crawl over what appeared to be a sharp ledge.

A person who has an external locus of control is most likely to explain success or failure on a math test as due to a. how difficult the questions were. b. whether he had effectively studied enough. c. whether he had been able to understand the course material. d. how well prepared he had been prior to taking the course. e. the amount of time he had set aside to study.

a. how difficult the questions were.

The sound of a sizzling steak or the smell of a warm apple pie might make people want to eat those items. In the study of motivation, the sound and smell are considered to be a. incentives. b. arousal-inducing. c. drives. d. self-actualization needs. e. fixed action patterns.

a. incentives.

Researchers have discovered that individuals with lower income levels report having fewer hours of total sleep. Therefore, a. income and sleep levels are positively correlated b. income and sleep levels are negatively correlated c. income and sleep levels are inversely correlated d. income and sleep levels are not correlated e. lower income levels cause individuals to have fewer hours of sleep

a. income and sleep levels are positively correlated

Dwayne is acting violently toward his friends and family. A PET scan of his brain may show a. increased frontal lobe activity. b. diminished activity in the amygdala. c. decreased frontal lobe activity. d. a decrease in the size of the hippocampus. e. enlarge ventricles.

a. increased frontal lobe activity.

Researchers studying the effects of genes on intelligence have found that a. intelligence is affected by many genes working together. b. there is a gene that is involved in the intelligence of men but not women. c. there is a gene that is involved in the intelligence of women but not men. d. a single gene is involved in the intelligence of both men and women. e. there is no evidence that genes play a role in intelligence.

a. intelligence is affected by many genes working together.

According to Carol Dweck, students are often hampered by a "fixed mindset." This means they believe: a. intelligence is biologically set and unchangeable. b. it is never good to change your mind once it is made up. c. intelligence is changeable. d. they have already done everything they can to improve. e. problems can only be solved in a particular way.

a. intelligence is biologically set and unchangeable.

Psychologist David Weschler has created tests for adults and children that are designed to reveal their a. intelligence. b. aptitude. c. achievement. d. personality characteristics. e. symptoms of psychological disorders.

a. intelligence.

You are more likely to remember happy memories when you are presently happy than when you are sad due to a. mood congruence. b. context effects. c. state-dependency. d. proactive interference. e. retroactive interference.

a. mood congruence.

The Freudian concept of the ego is best described as a. operating on the reality principle. b. operating on the pleasure principle. c. focusing solely on the morality of an issue. d. the repression of disturbing thoughts. e. starving for perfection.

a. operating on the reality principle.

A teacher used distortion goggles, which shifted the wearer's gaze 20 degrees, to demonstrate an altered perception. A student wearing the goggles initially bumped into numerous desks and chairs while walking around, but after 30 minutes of wearing the goggles was able to smoothly avoid obstacles, illustrating the concept of a. perceptual adaptation. b. visual interpretation. c. sensory adaptation. d. perceptual constancy. e. binocular cues.

a. perceptual adaptation.

When asked to think of a bird, many people think of a robin. In this case a robin is people's _______________ for a bird. a. prototype b. concept c. creative idea d. convergent grouping e. cognition

a. prototype

The research of Masters and Johnson found that on the sexual response cycle a. resolution is the final phase of the cycle. b. orgasm is the final phase of the cycle. c. plateau is the final phase of the cycle. d. excitement follows the plateau phase. e. plateau follows the resolution phase.

a. resolution is the final phase of the cycle.

By providing increasingly difficult words for his second grader to spell, Logan is making use of a. scaffolding. b. assimilation. c. accommodation. d. imprinting. e. maturation.

a. scaffolding.

Studies indicating that self-esteem ratings fall during the early to mid-teen years find that a. self-image rebounds in the late teens and twenties. b. self-image does not rebound until age 30. c. self-image rebounds in males by age 20 but not until age 30 for females. d. males have higher rates of depression as teens. e. females continue to have low self-image scores until age 40.

a. self-image rebounds in the late teens and twenties.

A situation in which the conflicting parties, by rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually descriptive behavior is known as a a. social trap. b. conflict. c. bystander effect. d. diffusion of responsibility. e. social-responsibility norm.

a. social trap.

Jackson downloaded an album, even though he liked only one of the songs. Over time he has found that he likes the other songs on the album as well. This is best explained by a. the mere exposure effect. b. hindsight bias. c. aggression. d. the just-work phenomenon. e. the other-race effect.

a. the mere exposure effect.

Researchers studying gender have found that a. there are more similarities than differences between the genders. b. there are no significant cognitive differences between the genders. c. there are no significant emotional differences between the genders. d. research tools are not capable of determining if there are or are not true differences between the genders. e. differences between the genders are becoming more pronounced over time.

a. there are more similarities than differences between the genders.

As Jeff reads his psychology textbook he is able to convert the light waves into signals that his brain can interpret due to the concept of a. transduction. b. perception. c. priming. d. signal detection theory. e. threshold.

a. transduction.

Maturation explains why a. we stand before we walk. b. we like familiar people. c. we learn the language accents of our peers. d. infants become attracted to scents associated with their mother's nursing. e. the brain shuts down unused connections.

a. we stand before we walk.

Which of the following statements is most typical of the approach of a cognitive therapist? a. "Let's go back to your statement about your happiness as a child." b. "When you say 'No one likes me' that's illogical, because you do have close friends." c. "What I hear you saying is you are angry, and I can hear the frustration in your voice." d. "I'm doing to start teaching you to relax, and then we'll slowly deal with your phobia." e. "I think that prescribing you an SSRI will increase your positive mood over the next few weeks."

b. "When you say 'No one likes me' that's illogical, because you do have close friends."

People are said to have an intellectual disability if they have difficulty adapting to the demands of independent living and have IQ scores below a. 60. b. 70. c. 80. d. 90. e. 100.

b. 70.

Which of the following is best described along a continuum ranging from ruthless and suspicious to helpful and trusting? a. Conscientiousness b. Agreeableness c. Openness d. Extraversion e. Neuroticism

b. Agreeableness

The effects of opiates are similar to the effects of which neurotransmitter? a. Serotonin b. Endorphins c. GABA d. Norepinephrine e. Acetylcholine

b. Endorphins

Which method should a psychology researcher use if she is interested in testing whether a specific reward in a classroom situation causes students to behave better? a. Case study b. Experiment c. Survey d. Naturalistic observation e. Correlation

b. Experiment

"Monday morning quarterbacks" rarely act surprised about the outcome of weekend football games. This tendency to believe they knew how the game would turn out is best explained by which psychological principle? a. Overconfidence b. Hindsight bias c. Common sense d. Illusory correlation e. Random sampling

b. Hindsight bias

A woman had been pondering a problem for days and was about to give up when, suddenly, the solution came to her. Her experience can be best described as what? a. Cognitive mapping b. Insight c. Operant conditioning d. Classical conditioning e. Unconscious associative learning

b. Insight

Which of the following is the most basic motive in Maslow's hierarchy of needs? a. Belongingness and love needs b. Physiological needs c. Esteem needs d. Self-actualization needs e. Self-transcendence needs

b. Physiological needs

In which kind of therapy would the therapist be most likely to note the following during a session: "Blocks in the flow of free associations indicate resistance"? a. Cognitive therapy b. Psychoanalysis c. Client-centered therapy d. Behavioral therapy e. Person-centered therapy

b. Psychoanalysis

Which term best describes the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes affect our health? a. Coronary heart disease b. Psychoneuroimmunology c. Inflammation d. Catharsis e. General adaptatiom

b. Psychoneuroimmunology

Which philosopher proposed that nerve pathways allowed for reflexes? a. Socrates b. René Descartes c. John Locke d. Aristotle e. Plato

b. René Descartes

After an alarming event, your temperature, blood pressure, and respiration are high, and you have an outpouring of hormones. Hans Selye would most likely guess that you are in which general adaptation syndrome phase? a. Exhaustion b. Resistance c. Immobilization d. Collapse e. Shock

b. Resistance

Damage to which of the following brain areas would create the most difficulty in interpreting feelings of heat and cold? a. Motor cortex b. Sensory cortex c. Frontal lobe d. Temporal lobe e. Occipital lobe

b. Sensory cortex

A split-brain patient had a picture of a dog flashed to his right hemisphere and a cat to his left hemisphere. Which of the following will he be able to verbalize? a. That he saw a dog. b. That he saw a cat. c. That he saw both a dog and a cat. d. That he did not see anything at all. e. He will report the shape for a dog but not be able to name it as a dog.

b. That he saw a cat.

Which of the following phrases accurately describes top-down processing?. a. The entry-level data captured by our various sensory systems b. The effect that our experiences and expectations have on our perception c. Our tendency to scan a visual field from top to bottom d. Our ability to detect letters of a word before we know what the word is e. The fact that information is processed by the higher regions of the brain before it reaches the lower brain

b. The effect that our experiences and expectations have on our perception

Which term describes the brain's adaptation to a drug's chemistry, requiring larger and larger doses to experience the same effect? a. Withdrawal b. Tolerance c. Addiction d. Substance use disorder e. Disinhibiting

b. Tolerance

Carl Rogers felt that we are our best selves when we feel accepted for who we are. What did he call this accepting attitude? a. A peak experience b. Unconditional positive regard c. Self-transcendence d. Humanistic psychology e. Our self-concept

b. Unconditional positive regard

Which of the following is the best example of applied research? a. Investigating personality traits b. Using psychological concepts to boost worker productivity c. Experimenting with hoe people perceive different stimuli d. Studying the changing abilities of children from ages 2 to 5 e. Exploring the neural changes that occur during adolescence

b. Using psychological concepts to boost worker productivity

Which of the following illustrates a heuristic? a. Calculating the area of a rectangle by multiplying the length times the width b. Using three dramatic news reports of corporate fraud to estimate how often business fraud occurs c. Looking in each room of your home to find your sleeping cat d. Following a new recipe to bake a cake for your friend e. Trying every key on your mom's key ring until you find the one that unlocks the seldom-used storeroom in the basement

b. Using three dramatic news reports of corporate fraud to estimate how often business fraud occurs

Studies done by Harry and Margaret Harlow found that a. nutrition was the most important factor in attachment. b. contact comfort was the most important factor in attachment. c. the surrogate mother's appearance was the most important attachment factor. d. monkeys were equally likely to become attached to either surrogate mother. e. the monkeys didn't form attachments to the surrogate mothers.

b. contact comfort was the most important factor in attachment.

John has noticed that he does better on his chemistry exams when he takes them in the same seat that he sits in during class than when he sits in a different seat for exams. If he is properly prepared for each exam, then ____________ may explain his difference in scores. a. recall b. context effects c. explicit memory d. the serial position effect e. flashbulb memory

b. context effects

Becoming less self-conscious and less restrained when in a group situation is referred to as a. social loafing. b. deindividuation. c. social facilitation. d. obedience. e. cognitive dissonance.

b. deindividuation.

Cylee is thirsty and takes as drink. Her motivation to reduce the need for water is best explained by (the) a. instinct theory. b. drive-reduction theory. c. achievement motivation. d. arousal theory. e. hierarchy of needs.

b. drive-reduction theory.

The nearly 1-in-100 odds of any person being diagnosed with schizophrenia become about 1 in 10 among those a. who also suffer from an anxiety disorder. b. whose parent has the disorder. c. who have been diagnosed with a depressive disorder. d. who live with someone diagnosed with schizophrenia. e. whose fraternal twins has schizophrenia.

b. whose parent has the disorder.

Concerning suicide, a. marijuana use is related to suicide, but alcohol use is not. b. women are more likely to attempt suicide than men. c. suicide is a bigger problem among the poor than among the rich. d. women are more likely to end their lives than men. e. married individuals are more likely to commit suicide than single people.

b. women are more likely to attempt suicide than men.

Eighteen-month-old Becca is in the telegraphic speech phase. Which of the following best represents something she might say? a. "Mama" b. "Yogurt please" c. "Katie fall" d. "The dog is fuzzy" e. "I love you mommy"

c. "Katie fall"

If approached on the street by a stranger and asked to make a guess about their IQ score, your best guess would be a. 50. b. 75. c. 100. d. 125. e. 150.

c. 100.

When Klüver and Bucy surgically lesioned the amygdala of a rhesus monkey's brain, what was the impact on the monkey's behavior? a. Lost its ability to coordinate movement b. Died because it's heartbeat became irregular c. Became less aggressive d. Lost its memory of where food was stored e. Sank into an irreversible coma

c. Became less aggressive

A psychologist who uses aversive conditioning to treat a child's bed-setting problem is using which of the following approaches? a. Cognitive b. Biological c. Behavioral d. Evolutionary e. Social-cultural

c. Behavioral

Classical and operant conditioning are based on the principles of which psychological perspective? a. Cognitive b. Biological c. Behavioral d. Evolutionary e. Humanistic

c. Behavioral

Latent learning is evidence for which of these conclusions? a. Punishment is an ineffective means of controlling behavior. b. Negative reinforcement should be avoided when possible. c. Cognition plays an important role in operant conditioning. d. Conditioned reinforcers are more effective than primary reinforcers. e. Shaping is usually not necessary for operant conditioning.

c. Cognition plays an important role in operant conditioning.

What aspect of development did Jean Piaget's theory focus on? a. Social b. Moral c. Cognitive d. Physical e. Ego

c. Cognitive

Dr. Answers wants to investigate how people of different ages communicate via the Internet, so she does an experiment with three groups of three different ages: 18-to-21-year-olds, 47-to-50-year-olds, and 75-to-78-year-olds. Concurrently comparing how people of different ages behave is an example of which of the following kinds of research? a. Case study b. Longitudinal c. Cross-sectional d. Factor analysis e. Qualitative

c. Cross-sectional

Brandt's football team just barely lost the state championship game after a questionable referee call. As a result, Brandt gets angry and starts shouting insults. Which of the following terms best identifies this chain of events? a. Aggression b. Biochemical influences c. Frustration-aggression principle d. Social scripts e. Biopsychosocial model

c. Frustration-aggression principle

Which of the following is a primary sex characteristic that changes at puberty? a. A growth spurt in height, especially for boys b. Development of breasts for girls c. Full developmental of external genitalia in both sexes d. Facial hair and deepened voice for boys e. Appearance of pubic and underarm hair in both sexes

c. Full developmental of external genitalia in both sexes

The study of our human potential for personal growth has been a focus of which psychological perspective? a. Behavioral b. Functionalist c. Humanistic d. Psychodynamic e. Structuralist

c. Humanistic

Which of the following theories offers a special focus on the potential for healthy personal growth? a. Neo-Freudian b. Psychodynamic c. Humanistic d. Behavioral e. Functionalist

c. Humanistic

Which of the following brain areas is responsible for regulating hunger and thirst? a. Reticular activating system b. Amygdala c. Hypothalamus d. Hippocampus e. Brainstem

c. Hypothalamus

Martin Seligman developed the concept of learned helplessness, the tendency of organisms to give up in situations in which they feel their efforts make no difference. This concept is closely linked to which of the following psychological disorders? a. Agoraphobia b. Schizophrenia c. Major depressive disorder d. Generalized anxiety disorder e. Narcissistic personality disorder

c. Major depressive disorder

Which psychologist is incorrectly matched with the theory? a. Freud—Psychoanalytic b. Rogers—Humanistic c. Maslow—Trait d. Bandura—Social-cognitive e. Cattell—Trait

c. Maslow—Trait

Damage to which of the following outs a person's life in the most danger because it may cause breathing to stop? a. Amygdala b. Thalamus c. Medulla d. Hippocampus e. Hypothalamus

c. Medulla

Which of the following processes is the best term for explaining how we learn languages? a. Biofeedback b. Discrimination c. Modeling d. Insight e. Creativity

c. Modeling

Which of the following provides the largest nonverbal cue to the emotional state of another person? a. Bouncing leg b. Eyebrows c. Mouth and eyes d. Hair standing up e. Respiration rate

c. Mouth and eyes

In Milgram's classic study on obedience, approximately what percentage of people delivered what they believed to be the maximum shock level? a. One-tenth b. One-half c. One-third d. One-fourth e. Two-thirds

c. One-third

Which of the following describes the placebo effect? a. Students in art class are not told that their work will be evaluated for a scholarship. b. Participants in an experiment do not know if they are in the experimental or control group. c. Participants in a drug study are given an inert pill instead of the drug and behave as though they were given the drug. d. Only females are chosen for a study, even though the population included males. e. Experimenters manipulate one variable in a study, but not any others.

c. Participants in a drug study are given an inert pill instead of the drug and behave as though they were given the drug.

Your friend tells you that a cloud looks like your math teacher; you look up and agree. Which principle explains why this is so? a. Selective attention b. ESP c. Perceptual set d. Shape constancy e. Bottom-up processing

c. Perceptual set

Children's TV-viewing habits (past behavior) influence their viewing preferences (internal personal factor), which influence how television (environmental factor) affects their current behavior. What is this an example of? a. Spotlight effect b. Learned helplessness c. Reciprocal determinism d. The Big Five traits e. Implicit learning

c. Reciprocal determinism

Which of the following is an example of the serial position effect? a. Remembering the most important assignment you have to complete for school tomorrow b. Remembering the skills you learned early in life, such as walking c. Remembering the beginning and end of your grocery list, but not the items in the middle d. Remembering the names of co-workers you met at your new job e. Remembering where you left your cell phone when you cannot find it

c. Remembering the beginning and end of your grocery list, but not the items in the middle

According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following defense mechanisms buries threatening or upsetting events in the unconscious? a. Regression b. Displacement c. Repression d. Reaction formation e. Projection

c. Repression

Random-dot stereograms are pictures that have an image hidden among the dots. Humans can often see these hidden images because each eye has a slightly different image projected on its retina, allowing us to see depth. Which term best describes this process? a. Motion parallax b. Convergence c. Retinal disparity d. Relative height e. Linear perspective

c. Retinal disparity

After being exposed to loud music for many years, which of the following types of deafness is more likely in a musician? a. Conduction b. Accommodation c. Sensorineural d. Basilar e. Frequency

c. Sensorineural

Self-reflective introspection about the elements of experience best describes a technique used by which school of thought in psychology? a. Functionalists b. Empiricists c. Structuralists d. Behaviorists e. Humanists

c. Structuralists

Which of the following is an example of gene-environment interaction? a. Yeh Lin experienced flushing syndrome, which mostly occurs in people of Asian heritage. b. Alfonso gets food poisoning from eating undercooked meat. c. Ted gets diabetes, which runs in his family, because he eats too much sugary food. d. Samantha has a food allergy to shellfish. e. Jordan has an autoimmune disorder that causes him to lose hair.

c. Ted gets diabetes, which runs in his family, because he eats too much sugary food.

Longitudinal studies suggest that certain characteristics, such as reactivity and intensity, appear early in life and remain stable from childhood into adulthood. Psychologists use what term to refer to these aspects of personality? a. Schema b. Reflex c. Temperament d. Fixation e. Sensory adaptation

c. Temperament

Which of the following describes the idea that psychological disorders result from an interplay of a variety of factors? a. Taijin-kyofusho b. The DSM-5 c. The biopsychosocial approach d. Amok e. The medical model

c. The biopsychosocial approach

Charles and his wife are at a loud baseball game, yet are able to have a conversation with each other in spite of all the noise around them. Which principle best explains this scenario? a. Bottom-up processing b. Weber's law c. The cocktail party effect d. Top-down processing e. Sensory adaptation

c. The cocktail party effect

Which of the following is a potential problem with case studies? a. They provide too much detail, and the researcher is likely to lose track of the most important facts. b. They are generally too expensive to be feasible. c. The information learned may not apply to the wider population. d. They are technically difficult and most researchers don't have the skills to do them properly. e. The dependent variable is difficult to operationally define in a case study.

c. The information learned may not apply to the wider population.

What is the purpose of the iris? a. To focus light on the retina b. To process color c. To allow light into the eye d. To enable night vision e. To detect specific shapes

c. To allow light into the eye

What is the benefit of standardizing an intelligence test? a. To counter rising intelligence test scores b. To measure the extent to which the test actually predicts what it promises c. To provide a basis for comparing scores against a pretested group d. To determine if the test yields dependably consistent results e. To calculate the relative effects of nature and nurture on intelligence.

c. To provide a basis for comparing scores against a pretested group

Which of the following cognitive abilities is possible only at the formal operation stage? a. Reversing arithmetic operations b. Using a theory of mind to predict the behavior of others c. Using hypothetical situations as the basis of moral reasoning d. Using symbolic thinking for pretend play e. Understanding basic physics to recognize impossible situations

c. Using hypothetical situations as the basis of moral reasoning

Which of the following represents perceptual constancy? a. We recognize the taste of McDonald's food each time we eat it. b. In photos of people, the people almost always are perceived as figure and everything else as ground. c. We know that the color of a printed page has not changed as it moves from sunlight into shadow. d. From the time they are very young, most people van recognize the smell of a dentist's office. e. The cold water in a lake doesn't seem so cold after you have been swimming in it for a few minutes.

c. We know that the color of a printed page has not changed as it moves from sunlight into shadow.

Which of the following is the best example of sensory interaction? a. Simultaneous exposure to warm and cold produces the skin sensation of hot. b. Some cones have the ability to detect red and green or blue and yellow light. c. You notice a slight flicker of a light when there is a sound that accompanies it. d. Pitch perception is explained by the frequency and place theories. e. You fail to notice the odd smell of your friend's room after an hour.

c. You notice a slight flicker of a light when there is a sound that accompanies it.

Worried that she may hit her father, Maeve finds that her hand has suddenly gone numb. Her most likely diagnosis would be a. a phobia. b. generalized anxiety disorder. c. a conversion disorder. d. chronic schizophrenia. e. illness anxiety disorder.

c. a conversion disorder.

Natalia is washing her hands, and she adjusts the faucet handle until the water feels slightly hotter than it did before. Natalia's adjustment until she feels the change in temperature is an example of a. subliminal stimulus. b. an absolute threshold. c. a difference threshold. d. signal detection. e. perceptual constancy.

c. a difference threshold.

Putting himself in danger, Neel stood up to the bullies who were beating up Neel in a display of a. assuming responsibility. b. mirror-image perceptions. c. altruism. d. the bystander effect. e. diffusion of responsibility.

c. altruism.

People can most readily detect the emotion of ____________ in a set of facial expressions. a. sadness b. happiness c. anger d. fear e. surprise

c. anger

Research suggests that there is a connection between parenting style and social skills. Children with lower scores on measures of social skills and self-esteem tend to have parents who are a. authoritative. b. permissive. c. authoritarian. d. neglecting. e. demonstrative.

c. authoritarian.

If you showed a 2-year-old a model of her bedroom where you'd hidden a toy behind the bed, she would a. understand that the model represented her room, but not be able to find the toy in her own room. b. exhibit schematic thinking and be able to explain the study back to you. c. be unable to find the toy in her room due to a lack of symbolic thinking. d. understand that the model represented her room, and be able to find the toy in her own room. e. misunderstand the instructions due to her lack of theory of mind.

c. be unable to find the toy in her room due to a lack of symbolic thinking.

In recent years, a. both explicit and implicit prejudice have shown steady and equal increases. b. explicit prejudice has decreased, but implicit has not. c. both explicit and implicit prejudice have been increasing, but explicit prejudice is increasing at a faster rate. d. both explicit and implicit prejudice have been increasing, but implicit prejudice is increasing at a faster rate. e. explicit prejudice has been decreasing more than implicit prejudice.

c. both explicit and implicit prejudice have been increasing, but explicit prejudice is increasing at a faster rate.

The purpose of reinforcement is to a. cause a behavior to stop. b. cause a behavior to diminish. c. cause a behavior to continue. d. strengthen the spontaneous recovery process. e. cause a behavior to occur for only a limited amount of time.

c. cause a behavior to continue.

Walter Mischel's famous "marshmallow test" found that a. adolescents are unable to control most impulses. b. adults who can delay gratification often have lower paying jobs. c. children who can delay gratification are often successful as adults. d. children who can delay gratification often do not flourish as adults. e. adolescents who can delay gratification tend to be at the preconventional level of morality.

c. children who can delay gratification are often successful as adults.

Elephants appear to have excellent ________ because they can remember large sections of their territory. a. latent learning b. insight c. cognitive maps d. extrinsic motivation e. mirror neurons

c. cognitive maps

When used in conjunction with antidepressant drugs, ___________ is especially effective in the treatment of depression. a. psychosurgery b. behavior modification therapy c. cognitive-behavioral therapy d. client-centered therapy e. insight therapy

c. cognitive-behavioral therapy

Even though the banana seemed to change color as the lighting in the room changed, Jane knew that the color of the banana was not actually changing. This is due to a. perceptual adaptation. b. convergence. c. color constancy. d. interposition. e. relative luminance.

c. color constancy.

Mary Ainsworth's research on attachment suggests that a child is most likely to become "securely attached" when exposed to a. a terry cloth-wrapped "surrogate" mother. b. a caregiver with the right temperament. c. consistent, responsive caregivers. d. an imprinting experience shortly after birth. e. enriched motor development experiences.

c. consistent, responsive caregivers.

An intelligence test that asks a person how many uses they can think of for a golf ball is most likely testing a person's _________ intelligence. a. linguistic b. practical c. creative d. spatial e. analytical

c. creative

When you listen to music, the sound waves cause your _________ to vibrate first. a. cochlea b. hammer, anvil, and stirrup c. eardrum d. oval window e. auditory nerve

c. eardrum

Seligman's positive psychology seeks to a. enable people to be happy all the time. b. treat stress with medication. c. enable people to flourish. d. examine the biological systems affected by stressful events. e. reduce daily hassles in people's lives.

c. enable people to flourish.

A manager at an ice cream store wants to increase sales, so he creates a program to rank his employees' sales. His goal is to give a cash prize each week to the employee who has sold the highest number of ice cream cones. His strategy is based on the idea of a. the life story approach. b. intrinsic motivation. c. extrinsic motivation. d. the collective unconscious. e. self-efficacy.

c. extrinsic motivation.

When she was 45, Sophie decided to go to nursing school because she felt that her corporate job was not fulfilling. Erikson would argue that her career change was an attempt to find a sense of a. integrity. b. intimacy. c. generativity. d. identity. e. competence.

c. generativity.

As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. The decrease in an infant's responsiveness is called a. concentration. b. teratogens. c. habituation. d. stability. e. a stage.

c. habituation.

All of the following are examples of primary reinforcers except a a. rat's food reward in a Skinner box. b. cold drink on a hot day. c. high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently. d. hug from a loved one. e. large meal following an extended time without food.

c. high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently.

At the end of your summer barbecue, you are feeling very full due to the activity of your a. cerebellum. b. arcuate nucleus. c. hypothalamus. d. hippocampus. e. adrenal glands.

c. hypothalamus.

The oldest theory about human motivation, which focuses on unlearned, complex patterns of behavior present throughout a species is known as a. arousal theory. b. drive-reduction theory. c. instinct theory. d. extrinsic motivation. e. hierarchy of needs.

c. instinct theory.

According to the behavioral perspective, the purpose of punishment is to a. make a person sorry for the behavior he has committed. b. associate a positive consequence with a negative consequence. c. make a behavior less likely to happen again. d. allow the behavior to only occur again during a spontaneous recovery. e. extinguish the response permanently.

c. make a behavior less likely to happen again.

Achievement tests are to aptitude tests as a. verbal performance is to spatial performance. b. elementary school skills are to secondary school skills. c. measurement is to prediction. d. reliability is to validity. e. general intelligence is to multiple intelligences.

c. measurement is to prediction.

Multiple sclerosis is a result of degeneration in the a. dendrite b. axon c. myelin sheath d. terminal button e. neuron

c. myelin sheath

The overall goal of 360-degree feedback is a. self-rating. b. achieving flow. c. performance appraisal. d. employee selection. e. achieving transformational leadership.

c. performance appraisal.

In order to reduce risk of heart disease, people should attempt to reduce their levels of a. optimism. b. apathy. c. pessimism. d. competitiveness. e. empathy.

c. pessimism.

After overcoming severe anxiety and dealing with some physical health issues, Grace finds herself having a greater appreciation for life and a sense of increased personal strength. Her psychotherapist identifies this as a. transference. b. resistance. c. posttraumatic growth. d. humanism. e. behavior modification.

c. posttraumatic growth.

Meghan's friends seek her out for help with their problems because she can "see the future" and know what the outcome of an event will be before it happens. Her friends think that Meghan has the power of a. telepathy. b. clairvoyance. c. precognition. d. psychokinesis. e. sensory interaction.

c. precognition.

When there is a negative charge inside an axon and a positive charge outside of it, the neuron is a. in the process of re uptake b. about to begin the refractory period c. said to have a resting potential d. said to have an action potential e. depolarizing

c. said to have a resting potential

Victor is blind, unable to speak, and understands very few words. He is, however, able to hear a piece of music once and play it back flawlessly on the piano. Victor's abilities best represent someone with a. analytical intelligence. b. a high g factor. c. savant syndrome. d. emotional intelligence. e. intrapersonal intelligence.

c. savant syndrome

Maggie is an excellent hockey player, and she is playing in the final hockey game of her high school career. The cheering of the fans causes her to score three goals in the game, a record for her. The most likely explanation for her performance is a. social loafing. b. group behavior. c. social facilitation. d. deindividuation. e. group polarization.

c. social facilitation.

Caroline hates to do group projects with Jake because she ends up doing much more of the work than he does. Jake is engaging in a. social facilitation. b. a social trap. c. social loafing. d. self-disclosure. e. altruism.

c. social loafing.

Dr. Warren is testing to see if there is a relationship between the consumption of caffeine and memory. She randomly divides 300 participants into three groups and gives each participant an energy drink to consume. Some of the drinks have high levels of caffeine, some have medium levels, and some have none at all—but they all taste the same. About 30 minutes later, she has the participants play a memory game on the computer where they have to match faces and names together. At the end of the game, the computer thanks them for playing, and their scores are sent to Dr. Warren's lab. The INDEPENDENT variable in the experiment is a. how quickly the participants matched the names and faces. b. the participants' scores from the memory game. c. the amount of caffeine they consumed. d. their explanations about how they played the game. e. the amount of caffeine they consume in a typical week.

c. the amount of caffeine they consumed.

Heritability of intelligence refers to a. the extent to which a person's intelligence is caused by genetics. b. the effect of adoption on the intelligence of adopted children. c. the amount of group variation in intelligence that can be attributed to genetics. d. the extent to which the quality of schools and other environments, factors determine intelligence. e. the correlation between intelligence test scores of identical twins.

c. the amount of group variation in intelligence that can be attributed to genetics.

The interaction of biological influences, psychological influences, and social-cultural influences on our behavior is known as a. evolutionary psychology. b. epigenetics. c. the biopsychosocial approach. d. consciousness. e. natural selection.

c. the biopsychosocial approach.

Miller's "magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to a. the ideal number of times to rehearse information in the first encoding session. b. the number of seconds information stays in short-term memory without rehearsal. c. the capacity of short-term memory. d. the number of seconds information stays in echoic storage. e. the number of years most long-term memories last.

c. the capacity of short-term memory.

Geoff and Todd tried to buy tickets to see their favorite band, but they were unable to do so because the show sold out by the time they filled in the online form. Geoff swipes his laptop onto the floor in anger. The best explanation for why he does this is a. the proximity effect. b. GRIT. c. the frustration-aggression principle. d. social scripting. e. deindividuation.

c. the frustration-aggression principle.

Claire has had several car accidents that she blames on other drivers. When her boyfriend has an accident, she is quick to blame his carelessness behind the wheel. Claire's difference in blame is due to a. peripheral route persuasion. b. cognitive dissonance. c. the fundamental attribution error. d. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. e. central route persuasion.

c. the fundamental attribution error.

Hans Selye argued that our bodies produce a similar reaction to all kinds of stress, and the longer this response continues, the more exhausted we become. He named this process a. the opponent-process theory. b. systematic desensitization. c. the general adaptation syndrome. d. the global assessment of functioning. e. triarchic intelligence.

c. the general adaptation syndrome.

In obsessive-compulsive disorder, obsessions are repetitive _________, and compulsions are repetitive ___________. a. behaviors; thoughts b. behaviors; experiences c. thoughts; behaviors d. concerns; memories e. thoughts; concerns

c. thoughts; behaviors

A police officer questions a child who was an eyewitness to a crime. The officer is most likely to get accurate information if she: a. first tells the child all about the crime the way she thinks it unfolded. b. uses neutral, age-appropriate words and is the first to interview the child. c. uses neutral, age-appropriate words and is the last to interview the child. d. uses suggestive techniques to get the story from the child. e. tells the child a story about a similar crime to get the child thinking about possibly similar details.

c. uses neutral, age-appropriate words and is the last to interview the child.

In history class, James is effortfully connecting the new material to what he has learned in the past. This making of connections in the moment best describes James' a. iconic memory. b. sensory memory. c. working memory. d. echoic memory. e. long-term memory.

c. working memory.

Which of the following refers to the narrowing of available problem solutions with the goal of determining the best solution? a. Allowing for incubation b. Divergent thinking c. Developing expertise d. Convergent thinking e. Experiencing other cultures

d. Convergent thinking

Which sensory process are the hammer, anvil, and stirrup involved in? a. Detecting intense colors b. Processing information related to our sense of balance c. Transmitting light energy to ganglion cells d. Transmitting sound waves to the cochlea e. Smelling the foul odors of the locker room

d. Transmitting sound waves to the cochlea

Paul is having difficulty understanding what his wife is saying. Which of the following areas is most likely damaged? a. The frontal lobe b. The parietal lobe c. The occipital lobe d. Wernicke's area e. Broca's area

d. Wernicke's area

Which of these statements about intelligence and aging is true? a. Older adults surpass younger adults at recalling information. b. Older adults outperform teens at prospective memory. c. There is less variability among 70-year-olds than among 20-year-olds in capacity to learn and remember. d. When asked to recognize words, older adults show little memory decline. e. Older adults are less likely than younger adults to make mistakes when remembering meaningless information.

d. When asked to recognize words, older adults show little memory decline.

Which of the following is true of menopause? a. Both men and women experience menopause around the age of 50. b. Men experience menopause around 50 years of age, but women experience menopause around 65 years old age. c. Women experience menopause around 50 years of age, but men experience menopause around 65 years of age. d. Women experience menopause around the age of 50, but men don't experience menopause. e. Men experience menopause around the age of 65, but women don't experience menopause.

d. Women experience menopause around the age of 50, but men don't experience menopause.

Suzanne gets a new phone number. Each time she tries to give someone the new number, she gives her old one instead. The fact that her old number is causing difficulty in her remembering of the new one is an example of a. retroactive interference. b. retrograde amnesia. c. priming. d. proactive interference. e. anterograde amnesia.

d. proactive interference.

The Evers' new neighbors make more money and drive nicer cars than the Evers. The Evers used to be content with what they had, but they are now jealous if the status of their new neighbors. The best explanation for this change is a. the feel-good, do-good phenomenon. b. the tend-and-befriend response. c. the behavior feedback effect. d. relative deprivation. e. the adaption-level phenomenon.

d. relative deprivation.

Gender _____ are the social expectations that guide men and women's behavior. Gender ______ is a person's sense of being male or female a. concepts; role b. preferences; role c. roles; preferences d. roles; identity e. roles; preference

d. roles; identity

Psychologists have found _______ in every known culture. a. bulimia nervosa b. anorexia nervosa c. susto d. schizophrenia e. taijin-kyofusho

d. schizophrenia

Which of the following can be characterized as a compulsion? a. Worry about exposure to germs or toxins b. Fear that something terrible is about to happen c. Concern with making sure things are in symmetrical order d. Anxiety when objects are not lined up in an exact pattern e. Checking repeatedly to see if doors are locked

e. Checking repeatedly to see if doors are locked

Seven-year-old Daniel was able to see that the dot-to-dot puzzle was going to form a picture of a tiger even before he started drawing on the puzzle. Which Gestalt principle helped Daniel perceive the tiger from all the unconnected dots? a. Proximity b. Continuity c. Bipolar cues d. Retinal disparity e. Closure

e. Closure

Producing valuable and novel ideas best defines which of the following? a. Prototyping b. Cognition c. Intrinsic motivation d. Venturesome personality e. Creativity

e. Creativity

After taking a psychoactive drug for many years, Carl stops taking it. He finds withdrawal to be physically painful, because the drug that he had been taking caused his brain to stop producing its own endorphins. Which drug was he taking? a. Nicotine b. Marijuana c. Cocaine d. Methamphetamine e. Heroin

e. Heroin

As you look down the road, the lines of the road seem to come together in the distance, even though you know they do not. Which depth cue explains this phenomenon? a. Relative motion b. Retinal disparity c. Interposition d. Light and shadow e. Linear perspective

e. Linear perspective

While engaged in an argument with his brother, a man suddenly falls asleep. With which sleep disorder is he most likely to be diagnosed? a. Sleep apnea b. Insomnia c. Night terrors d. Sleepwalking e. Narcolepsy

e. Narcolepsy

Which term describes questionnaires that cover a wide range of feelings and behaviors and are designed to assess several traits? a. Factor analysis studies b. Peer reports c. Achievement tests d. Cognition tests e. Personality inventories

e. Personality inventories

For every five assignments they complete, Senorita Vale gives her students one "Homework Puntos". They can use those passes to opt out of future assignments. She is making us of a technique known as a. family therapy. b. systematic desensitization. c. exposure therapy. d. REBT. e. a token economy.

e. a token economy.

Dwayne is interested in helping people make good decisions regarding their physical well being. Dwayne should consider a career as a(n) a. community psychologist b. social psychologist c. forensic psychologist d. industrial-organizational psychologist e. health psychologist

e. health psychologist

Jayden, age 15, is struggling with how his political views fit with those of his peers and his parents as he moves toward developing what Erikson would call his sense of a. trust. b. worth. c. autonomy. d. initiative. e. identity.

e. identity.

When individuals were placed in a semistarvation diet, found that these individuals a. became obsessed with physical exercise. b. were more interpersonally outgoing. c. became more energetic. d. were in a state of homeostasis. e. lost interest in social activities.

e. lost interest in social activities.

Samir does not feel any obligation to help the homeless people he sees each morning on the way to the subway. He assumes it is their fault that they are homeless and that they must have done something to deserve it. Samir's assumptions represent a. a stereotype. b. an ingroup bias. c. altruism. d. aggression. e. the just-world phenomenon.

e. the just-world phenomenon.