All combined module 6 exam
A pattern that organizes a speech by showing how an action produces a particular outcome (one action leading to or bringing about another)
Cause and Effect
Ways to order your main points
Chronological Spatial Casual Problem-solution Topical
A pattern that organizes a speech by how something develops or occurs in a time sequence
Chronological Order
A type of intellectual property law that protects an authors original work (such as a play, book, song, or movie) from being used by others
Copyright
Most public speaking situations call for
Critical Thinking
Using someone else's original work in a way that does not infringe on the owners rights, generally for educational purposes, literary criticism, and new reporting
Fair Use
True or false: Listeners do not generally care whether or not a speaker provides the source of his or her statistics.
False
Which of the following are ways to enhance your delivery of extended examples during a speech?
Vary the speed at which you speak Use eye contact Vary your voice volume
a poor beginning can distract or alienate listeners starting off strong is important for the speaker's confidence
Why does a speaker want to avoid a poor beginning? How does a good beginning benefit the speaker?
you can lure in your audience; people pay attention to things that directly affect them
Why is it good to relate the topic to the audience in the introduction?
causality
a claim that one event is the result of another event
segregation
a cutting off from others, especially a separation by race, class, or ethnic group
hasty generalization
a faulty argument based on incomplete or unrepresentative information
analogy
a figure of speech that essentially compares something that your audience knows and understands with something new and different
Use your body effectively as you give your speech
appearance posture poise eye contact facial expressions gestures movement
anedotes
brief stories of interesting and often humorous incidents based on real life.
Conditions in the environment that interfere with listening
External Noise
Group size
A minimum of 3 members and a maximum of 15 members, with the ideal small group size consisting of 5 to 7 members.
extemporaneous
giving a rehearsed and polished speech from brief notes or outlines
the audience's perception of whether the speaker has their best interests in mind
goodwill
poise
graceful, controlled, impressive use of body
systematic
having a regular method or order
sensory
let the audience experience the object or concept through one of their five senses
animated
lively, energy
eye contact
look at people
transition
A sentence that smoothly connects one idea or part of a speech to another
internal preview
A short list of ideas before a main point or subpoint that quickly summarizes the points that will follow. Using an internal preview is akin to giving the audience an advance warning of what is to come
Brief example
A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point
Example
A specific case used to illustrate of represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like
An obvious and plausible connection among ideas
Coherence
True or false: It is generally better to use statistics from a company or an organization that has a vested interest in the figures.
False
Darrell Huff, author of How to Lie with Statistics, attempted to question the long-held belief that numbers
do not lie.
pauses
moments of silence to enhance meaning
Gestures
move your hands, arms and fingers
If you were giving a speech about a Japanese tsunami, and you quoted a local survivor on the hardships endured, you would be using ______ testimony.
peer
suspension
placing the key word or phrase at the end of a sentence for emphasis
The best use of presentation media is to
reveal material you can't easily describe with words alone.
inversion
reversing the normal word order of a phrase or sentence
What are the 5 steps of Monroe's Motivated Sequence
1. Attention 2. Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Call to action
The HURIER model identifies six components that combine to form the listening process:
1. Hearing 2. Understanding 3. Remembering 4. Interpreting 5. Evaluating 6. Responding
What are the 4 main parts of a speech?
1. Introduction 2. Body (relevance & balance) 3. Transitions 4. Conclusion
Effects transitions allow you to:
1. Move smoothly and clearly from the introduction to the body of the speech 2. Move from one main point to the next main point within the body of the speech 3. Exit from the body of the speech to the conclusion
Internal Summaries perform two functions for the speaker:
1. They remind the audience of the key points the speaker has talked about 2. They link previous points with the upcoming one
Adapt delivery appropriately while presenting your speech
1. be aware and respond to aud feedback 2. be prepared to use alternative developmental material 3. correct yourself when you misspeak 4. adapt to unexpected events 5.adapt to unexpected aud reactions 6. handle questions respectfully
adapting
1.be aware/respond to aud feedback 2.prepare alternative development material 3.correct self when misspoken 4.adapt to unexpected events 5.adapt to unexpected reactions 6.handle questions respectfully
subordination
A principle of speech outlining that dictates the hier- archy in the relationship of main points and supporting materials. Each subpoint must support its corresponding main point, and each sub-subpoint must support its corresponding subpoint. In an outline, supporting points are written below and to the right of the point they support.
primacy effect
According to this principle, audiences are likely to remember what they hear or read first.
recency effect
According to this principle, audiences are likely to remember what they hear or read last.
You listen for enjoyment, as when listening to a stand up comedy routine or an after dinner speech
Appreciative Listening
false
Arriving early to set up visuals can suggest that you are nervous and ill-prepared to use your visuals. a. True b. False
All main points are the same length and the same importance
Balance
Because numbers can be interpreted in many ways, what should a speaker avoid when including numbers in a speech?
Biased sources
It includes all the speakers main points and subordinate points
Body
The middle and main part of a speech; includes main and subordinate points. It is where the action of your speech takes place - where you inform, persuade, or entertain your audience
Body
presentation software for the computer
Despite the fact that it is sometimes overused, the most versatile and dynamic multimedia tool for public speaking is: a. video clips. b. presentation software for the computer. c. white boards. d. handouts
Occurs when speakers are sensitive to audiences needs and listen to audience members responses, and listeners pay careful attention to speakers messages so they can respond appropriately and effectively
Dialogue
Open kindness and active listening for the basis of
Dialogue Ethics
The HURIER model depicts listening as a _______ process - an ongoing , ever changing collaboration between the speaker and the listener
Dynamic
The three kinds of supporting materials
Examples Statistics Testimony
supporting points
Examples, definitions, testimony, statistics, narratives, and analogies that support or illustrate a speaker's main points.
Task roles
Group member roles designated specifically to facilitate progress toward problem solving or decision making and attainment of group goals.
Building and maintenance roles
Group member roles used to develop and maintain the interpersonal and social development of the group.
Cohesion
Group members feel a sense of belongingness to a group.
Slackers
Group members who fail to contribute equally or equitably to a group task.
Words that attack groups such as racial, ethnic, religious, and sexual minorities
Hate Speech
Ivan is giving a speech about global warming. He explains that an iceberg measuring about 2,200 square miles has recently gone adrift. He mentions that the iceberg is the size of Delaware and holds twice as much water used in the United States each year. Which of the following did Ivan do correctly in this example?
He explained the statistics in a way that would be meaningful to the audience. He provided a visual for large statistics.
build suspense
How can a speaker arouse the curiosity of the audience?
Which type of example always describes an imaginary, nonfactual, situation?
Hypothetical
Harry is giving a speech in class on endangered species. He has conducted a significant amount of research and includes some of the data he found in his speech. How else could Harry lend credibility to the information he is reporting?
Include quotations from experts on endangered species
false
It's always a good idea to pass around any handouts during the speech, not before or after. a. True b. False
Tips for preparing main points
Keep main points separate Use the same pattern of wording for main points Balance the amount of time devoted to main points
main points
Key ideas that support a thesis and help an audience understand and remember what is most important about a speaker's topic; main points are supported by subpoints
keep it brief; 10-20% look for materials as you research be creative don't worry about wording right away practice don't start speaking too soon
Know the following introduction tips:
true
Often the best use of photographs is to display close-up images. a. True b. False
Pedro give the following example in his speech about unemployment: One older guy lost his job and was unemployed for the rest of his life. What could Pedro have done to make more of an impact on his audience?
Pedro could have used a more vivid, detailed example.
A pattern that organizes a speech by describing a problem and providing possible solutions
Problem - Solution Pattern
Strategic organization
Putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience
Which of the following should you provide about the source of the testimony presented in a speech?
Qualifications of the person or organization Name of the person or organization
In discussing the elections for governor in his state, Jeremy explained that a runoff had been scheduled because, according to the election commission, Rivera had won 45.42% of the vote, Li had won 30.23% of the vote, and Johnson had won 23.87% of the vote, with the remainder of the vote undecided. Which of the following is a tip in using statistics that Jeremy failed to follow?
Round off numbers.
A transition that indicates a key move in the speech, making its organization clear to the audience. (next, first, finally)
Signposts
Example: When you describe a room you identify the objects in it and their place in term of each other. "As you walk in the room, the bright orange couch is on the far wall, facing the television and the aquarium." This is an example of
Spatial
Examples that make the most impact on an audience are usually which of the following?
Specific Richly textured Vivid
Virtual work team
Tasks and professional projects that are traditionally accomplished face to face are completed through computer-mediated means to save time, travel, and energy.
Peer testimony
Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic
Expert testimony
Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields
Grouphate
The feelings of dread that arise when faced with the possibility of having to work in a group.
Problem-solving talk
The group defines and analyzes the problem, identifies several solutions, and chooses one solution.
Decision-making talk
The group selects an option from a set of already selected options in which no externally correct option exists.
Small group conflict
The process that occurs when group members engage in an expressed struggle that impedes task accomplishment and usually arises due to the real and perceived differences that exist among group members.
Identity
The psychological and/or physical boundaries that distinguish a group member from a non-group member.
In a birthday toast to her husband, Sandra said, "Physical fitness expert Bonnie Prudden once said, 'You can't turn back the clock. But you can wind it up again.' So here's to many more years of winding!" Which of the following are reasons why Sandra used a direct quotation?
The quotation is brief and conveys what Sandra wants to say better than she can. The direct quotation is witty and compelling.
body
The section of a speech that falls between the introduction and the conclusion and contains the main part of the speech. This includes all the main points and the material that supports them
What are the key points to keep in mind when using testimony in a speech?
Use qualified sources Paraphrase accurately Quote accurately Use unbiased sources
5-10%
What % of your speech should the conclusion be?
Patty is preparing a speech on tourism in island countries in the Caribbean. She suspects there might be a relationship between visitor totals to particular island countries and outbreaks of disease. Keeping in mind the importance of obtaining statistics from a reliable source, from which of the following should Patty first seek the data on disease rates for specific Caribbean island countries?
World Health Organization
true
You can recruit a human assistant for visuals on the spot, from your audience. a. True b. False
example
a specific story used to illustrate a point. allows audience to comprehend concepts
"About 1.4 million shelter dogs are adopted each year" is an example of
a statistic.
begging the question
an argument that assumes whatever is trying to be proven is already true
premise
an assertion that serves as the basis for an argument
false premise
an erroneous assertion; a premise that is faulty and will lead to an error in deduction
fallacy
an error in reasoning or a mistaken belief
personification
attribution of human qualities to inanimate things
combination
best way to define something. use several different forms of definitions together.
vocal expression
change pitch, volume, rate
movement
change position/location
When you are presenting your speech to an audience and are using testimony, statistics, or examples, it is important to remember to
cite your sources orally.
the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic
credibility
correct language
culturally appropriate, grammatically correct, and accurately communicates what the speaker intends to communicate
extemporaneous
delivered on the spur of the moment
impromtu
delivering a speech without preparation
average
describes information according to its typical characteristics.
stand up straight on both feet
don't slouch on the podium or sway
move to preplanned positions
don't wander
Gwen has a photo she'd like to display in her speech, but she forgot to digitize it. She only has a hard copy, and she doesn't have time to scan it before her speech. Which type of visual media in the classroom would be helpful to Gwen in this situation?
either document camera or flip chart
connotation
emotional response associated with a word based on past experience
A video with powerful emotional impact can always help your speech.
false
During his speech, Ivan plans to work through some brainstorming exercises with his audience to encourage interaction. He plans to write down their ideas as they come up. Additionally, he'd like a way to separate each brainstorming session's comments into three distinct visuals he can reference separately later in the speech. Which type of visual media in the classroom would be most effective in this situation?
flip charts
pronunciation
form and accent of various syllables of a word
pitch
highness or lowness
delivery
how a message is communicated through the use of voice and body, sees and hears, conversational and animated
Certain types of examples can personalize your ideas by adding ______ interest to them.
human
In addition to quoting or paraphrasing text accurately from supporting material, it is important both for ethical reasons and for credibility to
identify your sources aloud in a speech.
appearance
looks
Volume
loudness or softness
One of the most important steps when using statistics in a speech is to make sure that the numbers are
meaningful.
brief examples
offer a single illustration or point.
Rick explained, "Sue said that turning the faucet clockwise three times will stop the dripping." Carmen added, "Sue said, 'These rotations always fix the problem.'" If both Rick and Carmen were reporting accurately, then Rick ______ Sue, and Carmen ______ Sue.
paraphrased; quoted
rehearsal
practice aloud 1.delivery style/oral language 2.speaking notes/outline 3.presentational aids
scripted
preparation
Despite the fact that it is sometimes overused, the most versatile and dynamic multimedia tool for public speaking is:
presentation software for the computer.
percentage
quantified portion of a whole.
A politician refers to a proposed new program as a "potentially tremendous disaster." The program's supporters quote the politician as saying it is "potentially tremendous." The supporters are
quoting out of context.
Georgina plans to speak about whale migration and has just learned that the national aquarium offers live feeds of whale movements in the Pacific Ocean on their website. Georgina would best be served by which type of visual/audio media?
real-time web access
rebuffed
rejected or criticized sharply
frequency
simply a count of the number of times something occurs.
euphemisms
soften the emotional trauma of words
function
some things can only be understood in terms of what they do
use of voice
sound produced by vocal organs, includes pitch, volume, rate, quality
When giving an extended example, you should imagine that you are a(n)
storyteller.
conversational
talk with not read, natural
negation
tell what something is by telling them what it is not
story/narrative
tells tales, both real and imaginary, about practically anything under the sun.
lay testimony
testimony by non-experts to support materials.
expert testimony
testimony from professionals who are trained to evaluate or report on a given topic.
Quotations or paraphrases from trusted sources that are used to support a point are known as
testimony.
rigorous
that which is harsh; severe, or strict; scrupulously accurate or precise
case study
the analysis of a "typical" example in great detail, in order to draw general conclusions
mean
the arithmetic average; sum of scores divided by the number of scores.
median
the center-most score in a distribution or the point above and below which 50 percent of the nine scores fall.
reasoning
the process of thinking, understanding, and drawing conclusions about some evidence
logic
the science of reasoning which uses a system of rules to help one think correctly
etymology
the study of origins and derivations of words
examples
used to illustrate, describe, or represent things.
manuscript
using one ensures complete accuracy but forces you to read your speech, which is boring
memory
using this ensures complete accuracy but sounds unnatural
Gather information , focusing on the speakers main ideas, as when an instructor lectures
Context
A strong example in a speech achieves which of the following?
-Makes the speech topic more personal and relevant to the audience -Creates a visual image for the audience -Provides vivid details
Speakers commonly rely on 7 patterns of organization. What are these?
1. Chronological Order 2. Spatial 3. Topical 4. Narrative 5. Cause & Effect 6. Problem - Solution 7. Monroe's Motivated Sequence
adapt for virtual audiences
1.to address multiple auds 2.account for unintended aud 3.choose aids carefully 4.be proficient with tech 5.employ fundamentals of effective public speaking
What is the mean of the group of numbers: 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 12, 27?
11
What is the number 421,113,603,533 when rounded?
421 billion
Functional perspective of small group communication
A group's performance is directly related to how well members engage in each of the five communicative functions necessary to make an informed choice.
Brainstorming
A process that allows group members to generate more ideas or solutions to problems by working together rather than working alone
internal summary
A quick review of what a speaker has just said in a main point or subpoint, used to help an audience remember a particularly detailed point.
Boundary-spanning role
A role in which a group member acts as a liaison between the group and the larger entity in which the group exists.
Group task
An activity in which a decision or solution cannot be made without the input of all group members.
Example: In a speech how to build a birdhouse, you would start with what listeners need to do first, then explain what they need to second and so on, covering each step in order of completion. This is an example of
Chronological Order
Shared values, beliefs, and activities by a group
Culture
Which of the following questions may be on a list about effectively using statistics in a speech?
Do I use statistics to quantify ideas? Do I relate the statistics to the audience? Are my numbers from reliable sources?
You want to know the feelings and emotions the speaker is conveying. When a speaker is giving a eulogy, for instance you listen with compassion and understanding to the emotional component of the message
Empathic Listening
a real time web access
Georgina plans to speak about whale migration and has just learned that the national aquarium offers live feeds of whale movements in the Pacific Ocean on their website. Georgina would best be served by which type of visual/audio media? a. real-time web access b. physical models c. human assistants d. sounds and music
subpoints
Ideas gathered from brainstorming and research that explain, prove, and expand on a speech's main points
sub-subpoints
Ideas gathered from brainstorming or research that explain, prove, and expand on a speech's subpoints.
pause for a moment after each question
If a speaker is using a question or series of questions to get the audience listening, what must they remember to do?
Which of the following suggestions does the textbook provide to help a speaker remember to use presentation media during a speech?
Include reminders on your notecards or presentation outline.
Occurs when individuals receive too much information and are unable to interpret it in a meaningful way
Information Overload
Thoughts, emotions, and physical sensations that interfere with listening
Internal Noise
What is one way to lend credibility to a speech?
Mentioning the sources of statistics
Median
Middle number
Because Norms are rules rather than laws, communicators may negotiate changes or _________
Modifications
Occurs when communication is one-way and communicators are only concerned with their own individual goals
Monologue
A five step pattern of organization that requires speakers to identify and respond to what will motivate an audience to pay attention
Monroe's Motivated Sequence
true
Most short speeches are better without video. a. True b. False
A pattern that organizes a speech by a dramatic retelling of events as a story or a series of short stores
Narrative
Darnell feels confident that his speech on the benefits of plastic shopping bags will be persuasive because of the testimony he will provide. This testimony comes from two expert witnesses: one who is the president of a successful plastics manufacturing company and one who is a research scientist conducting studies funded by the plastics industry. Should Darnell feel confident that his speech will be convincing?
No, because his testimony is likely to be biased by sources whose work depends on the plastics industry.
Mode
Number that occurs most
Statistics
Numerical data
Statistical measures
Numerical data Survey from collected date
When should you use statistics in a speech?
Only when needed
Brief reference to a source during a speech
Oral Citations
A structure for ordering the main points of a speech
Patterns of Organization
During his speech on gun violence, John is presenting statistics on gun violence in major metropolitan areas. What could John do next to make sure his audience understands the impact of these facts and figures? Multiple choice question.
Provide an example about a person affected by gun violence that represents a typical situation
Testimony
Quotations or phrases used to support a point
Quoting out of context
Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it
What is the best way to present a series of statistics during a speech?
Simple graph
Making sure your main points as well as your topic are relevant to your audience
Relevance
A vivid example can be very effective in reinforcing an idea in your speech, but for such a purpose you should be especially certain that it is a(n) ______ example and not an exceptional case.
Representative
monotone
Sameness of sound
Team
Shares the same features as a small group, but is differentiated further by three defining characteristics: (1) Members hold one another mutually accountable for the task; (2) members demonstrate an extraordinary amount of involvement in, commitment to, and investment in the group; and (3) members are chosen carefully because they will be working together for an indefinite amount of time.
Tansie was preparing a speech about the value of final exams for high school seniors. To gather some statistics, she asked 10 of her girlfriends in the junior class for their opinion. Six were against final exams, and four supported them. Why are Tansie's statistics not usable?
She only spoke with girls, which is not representative of the student body. She only spoke with juniors, which is not representative of the student body. She only asked 10 people, which is not a large enough sample.
preview
Sometimes called a road map, a preview is a brief oral outline in which the speaker clearly and concisely states the main points of the speech.
A pattern that organizes a speech by the physical or directional relationship between objects or places, such as their locations. (Whenever you are telling someone how to navigate)
Spatial
Direct quotation
Testimony that is presented word for word
When using statistics in a speech, a speaker should ensure which of the following?
That the statistics are representative of what they claim to measure
reveal material you can't easily describe with words alone
The best use of presentation media is to a. entertain the audience. b. distract the audience from noticing how nervous you feel. c. All of these are equally good reasons to use presentational media. d. reveal material you can't easily describe with words alone
Shared leadership
The communicative behaviors any group member can enact to demonstrate leadership.
Norms
The guidelines or rules implemented by the group about not only how its members should behave, but also how the group should approach its tasks.
Josh was preparing a speech about home real estate and wanted to give an idea how home prices had fallen in all seven recognized neighborhoods in his city. He found that the rounded percentage decreases were 3, 3, 5, 6, 7, 7, and 19. Why would using the mean, or average, decrease be misleading?
The last value would skew the result.
Main points
The major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points
Supporting materials
The materials used to support a speaker's ideas.
Supporting materials
The materials used to support a speakers ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony
Interdependence
The process by which a change in one part affects the other parts.
Alana wanted to speak about climate conditions that might favor tornado formation in the United States. For testimony she used a document by researchers Schaefer and Marzban on the NOAA website, and she said, "Schaefer and Tatom (1998) looked at the mean Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in the strip 5 deg. N to 5 deg. S and 180 deg. W to 150 deg. W and wrote, 'A Kruskal-Wallis H test was then used to see if any difference in different tornado measures exists between El Niño, La Niña and neutral years. Also the entire contiguous U.S. and three sub-areas were considered. All six of these combinations failed to have significance at the 99 percent level. One could not state with confidence that El Niño/La Niña had any effect on tornado or strong tornado activity.'" Why should she have paraphrased instead of using a direct quotation?
The quotation is longer than two or three sentences. The wording of the quotation is cumbersome and contains technical terms.
Group talk
The specific types of communication in which group members engage.
accent
The speech habits of people from a specific place
Group meeting environment
The time and place where a meeting is held.
Which of the following statements about using concrete examples in a speech are true?
They Can make Ideas More Personal They have.a strong impact in listeners beliefs and actions
external credibility
This is a form of credibility based on attributes that a speaker can "borrow," such as using credible sources and referring to credible and popular people and events.
internal credibility
This is a form of credibility based on attributes that are largely controlled by a speaker, such as appearance, confidence, charisma, trustworthiness, and speaking ability.
What is the main reason to use statistics in a speech?
To give your ideas numerical precision
Paraphrase
To restate or summarize a sources ideas in ones own words
A pattern that organizes a speech by arranging subtopics of equal importance
Topical
A word, phrase, sentence, or paragraph used throughout a speech to mark locations in the organization and clearly link the parts of a speech together
Transitions
These words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs help the speaker move from the introduction to the body, from one point to thinnest, and from the body to the conclusion is what part of the speech
Transitions
What plays an important role in creating coherence?
Transitions
What is one of the best ways for a speaker to explain a technical process or term to an audience?
Use an example
Which of the following are guidelines for the effective use of statistics?
Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends. Explain any statistics that are used. Use statistics sparingly.
Some statistics are better understood when the audience can actually see them, such as in a graph. What are these types of support materials called?
Visual aids
When you use examples in your speeches, they should be which of the following?
Vivid Richly textured
get attention reveal topic establish credibility and goodwill preview body
What are the 4 goals that a speaker should address in the introduction?
include reminders on your notecards or presentation outline
Which of the following suggestions does the textbook provide to help a speaker remember to use presentation media during a speech? a. Include reminders on your complete sentence outline. b. Write reminders in big letters on your hand in blue ink. c. Add reminders after you have finished the practice stages of your speech. d. Include reminders on your notecards or presentation outline.
correlation
a claim that two or more events are related in some way
false analogy
a comparison of two things that are not really the same
A speaker should be wary of testimony from self-interested, or ______, sources.
biased
In his speech, Joe says, "George Washington Carver, Lonnie G. Johnson, Percy Julian." By reciting a list like this that relates to his topic, Joe is using
brief example
nonverbal communication
communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words
Examples put abstract ideas into ______ terms that listeners can easily understand.
concrete
act like an adult
don't act like a kid
remain dignified
don't apologize for your performance
provide direct, extended eye contact
don't direct eyes at notes, walls, or floor
use gestures
don't let your hands flutter below the waist
A real-life case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like is called a(n)
example.
When presenting at a public speaking event, flip charts are a better choice than presentation software programs, like PowerPoint, because it is more interactive.
false
You can recruit a human assistant for visuals on the spot, from your audience.
false
practice rounds
first practice, analysis, more practice
testimony
firsthand writings, eyewitness accounts, and opinions by people, both lay and expert.
When you paraphrase someone to provide testimony in a speech, you
give the gist of someone else's statement in your own words.
Kelsey wants to demonstrate during her speech how a yoga instructor can create mindfulness in her students through mirroring one another. Kelsey would best be served by which type of visual/audio media?
human assistants
metaphor
implied comparison between seemingly different things "education is the key to the future"
When using testimony, it is best to make certain that the source
is qualified on the subject at hand. is unbiased.
intelligible
knowledgeable
supporting material
memorable examples, narratives, testimony, facts and statistics.
In statistics, the ______ is the number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers.
mode
describe the characteristics of effective delivery
nonverbal communication conversational spontaneity animated
According to 19th-century physicist Lord Kelvin, when a person can measure and express what they are speaking about in ______, they have proved that they know something about the topic.
numbers
expectancy violation
occur when people engage in behavior that is unexpected or inappropriate for the situation.
extended examples
offers multifaceted illustrations of the idea, item, or event being described.
thesis
one sentence or statement that succinctly and accurately lets the audience know what the speech will be about and what the speaker plans to accomplish in the speech
A speaker can give his or her ideas greater impact by ______ the opinions of people who have special experience or knowledge about the topic being discussed.
paraphrasing quoting
posture
position of body
statistics
quantified evidence that summarize, compare, and predict things, from batting averages to birthrates.
degraded
reduced from a higher to a lower rank or degree
concrete language
refers to specific and usually tangible persons, places, or things
repetition
repeating key words or phrases throughout a speech to add impact
invention
selecting information to illustrate or prove your points.
speaking notes
short outline
Engage in effective speech rehearsals
speaking notes presentational aids practice-analysis-practice
Brief examples are also called
specific instances
You are giving a speech about school violence, and you briefly mention Columbine, Virginia Tech, and the Amish school shootings in a sentence. You are using
specific instances.
rate
speed
When giving a speech about homelessness, Trina describes Jules, the youngest child of a family of four, all of whom have been living on the streets for six months. She talks about how Jules has never had a bedtime story read to him or a warm breakfast to wake up to. Trina is using this example to ______ the ideas in her speech.
support personalize
circumstantial evidence
the evidence at hand. It may suggest a conclusion, but does not prove it.
denotation
the literal meaning of a word found in a dictionary
mode
the most frequently occurring score in the distribution.
quality
timbres distinguishes voice from others
integrate
to form, coordinate, or blend into a functioning whole
manipulate
to influence, especially with intent to deceive; to manage or use skillfully
cherry-picking
to selectively present only those statistics that buttress your point of view while ignoring competing data.
If you have technical problems during the speech as you are using presentational media, you should continue speaking without the technology you'd planned to use.
true
coordination
A feature of a well-organized speech in which certain points share the same level of significance. For example, each main point is coordinate with the other main points, each subpoint with the other subpoints, and each sub-subpoint with the other sub-subpoints.
Problem-solution order
A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
Topical order
A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics
chronological (temporal) pattern
A speech organization pattern in which the speaker presents information in chronological order, from beginning to end, with each main point addressing a particular time within the chronology
categorical (topical) pattern
A speech organization pattern in which each main point emphasizes one of the most important aspects of the speaker's topic; often used if a speaker's topic doesn't easily conform to a spatial, temporal, causal, comparison, problem-cause-solution, criteria application, or narrative pattern.
spatial pattern
A speech organization pattern in which the main points represent important aspects of a topic, thought of as adjacent to one another in location or geography. If a speaker were discussing historical sites in a state's three largest cities, he or she might use a spatial pattern of organization.
comparison pattern
A speech organization pattern that discusses the similarities and differences between two events, objects, or situations; especially useful when comparing a new subject to one with which the audience is familiar.
causal pattern
A speech organization pattern that explains cause- and-effect relationships in which each main point is either an event that leads to a situation or a link in a chain of events between a catalyst and a final outcome.
Internal summary
A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point(s)
Internal preview
A statement in the body of the speech that tells the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next
Expended example
A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point
Signpost
A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas
false
A video with powerful emotional impact can always help your speech. a. True b. False
Connectives
A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationships among them
Transition
A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another
signpost
A word or phrase within a sentence that informs the audience about the direction and organization of a speech.
don't ever use animation effects to keep audience interest
All of the following are guidelines for presentational media you should follow EXCEPT: a. don't copy webpages onto slides b. choose transitions that fit the tone and topic c. limit the number of bullet points per slide d. don't ever use animation effects to keep audience interest
you must make transparencies to use them, just like for overhead projectors.
All of the following are true for document cameras EXCEPT: a. set up ahead of time and put the visual materials in the order you'll present them. b. always remain facing the audience, not the documents. c. you must make transparencies to use them, just like for overhead projectors. d. images should be projected at a height and distance that are easy to see.
Group member role
An established and repetitive pattern of communicative behaviors that members expect from one another.
Hypothetical example
An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation
Mean
Average of numbers
Examples used in speeches are used for which of the following purposes?
Clarify an idea Personalize an idea Reinforce an idea
Cultural commonalities and differences are constructed, reinforced, and revealed through
Communication
Effective listening skills form an important basis for a productive ______ ______
Communication Climate
The psychological and emotional tone that develops as people interact with others
Communication Climate
Small group communication
Communication among the members of a small group of people working together to achieve a common goal or purpose; three or more people working together interdependently for the purpose of accomplishing a task.
A formal outline using full sentence for all points developed after researching the speech and identifying supporting materials; includes a speech's topic, general purpose, thesis, introduction, main points, sub points, conclusion, transitions, and references
Complete - Sentence - Outline
Offers a highly detailed description of your ideas and how they are related to one another
Complete-Sentence-Outline
Its ends the speech, with the speaker reviewing the main points, restating the thesis, and providing closure is what part of the speech
Conclusion
Requires that you evaluate the speakers credibility, ideas, and supporting evidence
Critical Listening
Applying the ethics or communication requires you to respect
Cultural Difference
Differences in cultural backgrounds and practices around the globe represent what is called
Cultural Diversity
Rules/Prescriptions for how people should interact and what messages should mean in a particular setting
Cultural Norms
_____ _____ can be explicit or stated, as with military code of conduct. Most Norms however, are implicit or unstated, such as how to act when attending a guest lecture on campus. No one tells you how to behave at a lecture. Instead you learn by observing other people in this situation.
Cultural Norms
Which of the following might be found on a list about how to best use testimony in a speech?
Do I use testimony from unbiased sources? Do I identify the sources of all testimony? Do I give credit to the original source of all quotes?
flip charts
During his speech, Ivan plans to work through some brainstorming exercises with his audience to encourage interaction. He plans to write down their ideas as they come up. Additionally, he'd like a way to separate each brainstorming session's comments into three distinct visuals he can reference separately later in the speech. Which type of visual media in the classroom would be most effective in this situation? a. traditional whiteboard b. overhead projector c. flip charts d. document camera
stress
Emphasis on words
Provides a foundation for effective public speaking and listening
Ethical Communication
The moral aspects of speaking and listening (interactions) with others, including truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, integrity, and respect
Ethical Communication
listeners that may respond negatively to a speaker simply because they don't share the same cultural background
Ethnocentric listeners
The belief that your worldview, based on your cultural background, is superior to others' worldviews
Ethnocentrism
What does a richly textured example supply that helps pull listeners into a speech?
Everyday details
What are the two major kinds of testimony?
Expert and peer
true
If you have technical problems during the speech as you are using presentational media, you should continue speaking without the technology you'd planned to use. a. True b. False
relate the statement directly to the subject of the speech
If you use a startling statement to gain the attention of your audience, what must you be sure to do?
A review of main points or sub points given before going on to the next point in a speech
Internal Summaries
These transitions remind listeners of previously presented information so that they have a solid grasp of those ideas before you move on to the next point
Internal Summaries
Speaker must get the audience's attention, indicate the purpose and thesis, establish credibility, and preview the speech's main points is what part of the speech?
Introduction
Which of the following statements about expert testimony are true?
It lends credibility to your speeches. It is especially important to use when your speech is on a controversial topic.
Emergent leader approach to leadership
Leadership emerges through the communication that occurs among group members by choosing to eliminate those individuals who do not demonstrate leadership behaviors.
Anxiety produced by the fear of misunderstanding, not fully comprehending, or not being mentally prepared for information you may hear
Listening Anxiety
If you quoted your sister about her experience at summer camp, you are using what type of testimony?
Peer testimony
is the term for using another person's ideas or words without giving credit to that person.
Plagiarism or Plagiarizing
Which of the following are basic kinds of supporting materials for a speech?
Statistics Testimony Examples
What are the connectives
Transitions Internal Previews Internal Summaries Signposts
True or False Norms generally change over time in response to changes in the environment
True
In your speech, you discuss the health problems of obese children. Which of the following sources would be the most credible and reliable source of testimony?
U.S. Centers for Disease Control
summarize your speech end with a quotation make a dramatic statement refer to the introduction
What are the 4 ways to reinforce the central idea?
"in conclusion" manner of delivery (crescendo ending, dissolve ending)
What are the ways to signal the end of the speech?
statistics
What information can often be used to state the importance of the topic to your audience?
the delivery of the story
What is just as important as telling the story itself in an introduction?
to identify the main points of the speech; located at the end of the introduction
What is the goal of the preview statement & where is it usually located in the speech?
keep it short & it does not have to be famous
What must a speaker keep in mind when choosing a quotation?
reveal the topic of your speech
What should the introduction do?
Groupthink
When a group makes a faulty decision due to its members' collective inability to critically examine an issue.
choose the method that is most appropriate for the topic, the audience, & the occasion
When deciding which form of attention-getter to use, what is the most important criteria to follow?
false
When presenting at a public speaking event, flip charts are a better choice than presentation software programs, like PowerPoint, because it is more interactive. a. True b. False
What makes quoting out of context so dangerous?
You can twist someone's remarks to prove something completely different from what was intended.
true
You'll want to limit the number of visuals you use. a. True b. False
simile
a comparison that includes the words like or as "Education is like an open door"
syllogism
a form of deductive reasoning made up of two premises and a conclusion
deduction
a form of reasoning in which one argues from generalizations to a specific instance
induction
a form of reasoning in which specific cases are used to prove a general truth
internship
a position as an unpaod volunteer working to gain experience
It can be especially helpful to use statistics in a speech when you are attempting to convince your audience of the existence of
a problem.
ignoring the question
a speaker's attempt to divert the attention of the audience from the matter at hand
distortion
a twisting out of the true meaning; a false or unnatural appearance
sign
a type of inductive reasoning in which one draws conclusions about a situation based on physical evidence
synonym
a word that means the same or almost the same as your word
expedient
adapted for achieving a particular end; governed by self interest
analogy
an illustration in which characteristics of a familiar object or event are used to explain an unfamiliar object or event
A hypothetical example is an example that describes
an imaginary or fictitious situation.
evidence
anything that establishes a fact or gives cause to believe something
energize
don't look bored
An expressive delivery is especially important when using ______ examples in a speech.
extended
In your speech you decide to use a vivid and detailed narrative about a camping trip you took last year to illustrate one of your points about camping. This type of supporting material is called a(n) ______ example.
extended
delivery methods
impromptu, extemporaneous, manuscript
spontaneity
impulsive or unplanned speech
incorrigible
incapable of being corrected, amended, or reformed
Research has shown that the impact of examples is (increased/decreased) when they are combined with statistics that show the examples to be typical.
increased
clear, correct, concrete, colorful
language should be
alliteration
repeating the initial consonant sounds in close or adjoining words
Among the tips for using statistics are to
round off numbers. name the source of statistics. use numbers sparingly.
You have decided to take up running. You have a friend who has been running and coaching a long time. She tells you to go to a specialty store and look for lightweight, flexible running shoes rather than buying cheap shoes online, so you do. You were influenced by her
testimony.
Most short speeches are better without video.
true
Often the best use of photographs is to display close-up images.
true
You'll want to limit the number of visuals you use.
true
antithesis
two part parallel structure in which the second part contrasts in meaning with the first
use of body
use appearance, posture, poise to convey ethos, emotional tone, clarify structure
facial expression
use eyes and mouth to show emotion
colorful language
use of figures of speech to turn a memorable phrase
articulation
use tongue, palate, teeth, jaw movement, and lips to shape vocal sounds that produce a word
Pam is showing her audience, live on the internet, an article that was posted to a reputable website just hours before her speech that supports her position. Pam is using:
webidence
rife
widespread, prevalent, abounding
It's always a good idea to pass around any handouts during the speech, not before or after.
false
What is the number 421,113,603,533 when rounded? .
421 billion
Spatial order
A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern
Chronological order
A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern
Casual order
A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship
All of the following are guidelines for presentational media you should follow EXCEPT:
don't ever use animation effects to keep audience interest
Illustrations, or narratives, are a type of supporting material referred to as
extended examples.
Arriving early to set up visuals can suggest that you are nervous and ill-prepared to use your visuals.
false
Samantha explained her grandmother's trick for grilling hamburgers by saying, "To yield the juiciest burgers, my grandmother told me she would make a small impression on the top of the burger, then she would place a small ice cube in that indentation while the burger grills." Samantha was ______ her grandmother.
paraphrasing
Buster wants to demonstrate how a guitar works but his own guitar is in the shop for repairs. He feels that pictures will not work as well as a real guitar. Buster would be best served by which type of visual/audio media?
real-time web access or physical models
When using costs or other monetary measures from different years as a statistic in a speech, it is important to consider the of the dollar in terms of inflation.
value
Numbers, especially large numbers, can be hard for listeners to
visualize.
Use your voice effectively as you speak
voice pitch rate volume quality intelligible vocal expression
rhetorical question
when a speaker asks a question that is not meant to be answered out loud, or a question for which the audience already knows the answer. often used as a way to get an audience to think about the topic
parallelism
when two or more words, phrases, clauses, or sentences have the same grammatical pattern
hypothetical example
when you need to make a point about something that could happen in the future if certain things occurred.
impromptu
without preparation
antonyms
words that have opposite meanings
All of the following are true for document cameras EXCEPT:
you must make transparencies to use them, just like for overhead projectors.
Which of the following terms is used to describe quotations or paraphrases from an authority in a given field?
Expert testimony
True or false: Examples in a speech help explain how many people are affected by the issue being discussed.
False
Daniel is presenting his speech to his classmates. He uses examples, testimony, and statistics to support his ideas. He does not explain his sources during the speech, but he does show his bibliography on a PowerPoint slide at the end of the speech. What common error has Daniel made in his speech?
He failed to cite his sources orally.
Which of the following would be considered an unbiased source for a speech on gun control?
New York Times
