Allusions - ap lit

Pandora's box

Origin: Greek mythology Who: It is an artifact, a large jar, from the myth of Pandora's (Pandora: first human woman created by the Gods) creation. Story/plot: Following the orders from Zeus, Hephaestus created Pandora out of earth and water, and her other gifts (clothes, beauty, musical ability, speech) given by other gods. Zeus hears from Histoid that Prometheus had stolen fire from heaven and decides to give Pandora to Prometheus' brother for vengeance. Pandora opens a jar and releases death and other evils to the world. Theme/point: Pandora had opened this mysterious box out of plain curiosity and left out dark things. This meant as a lesson to be cautious of small actions that may have a larger negative consequence than it seems.

Pyrrhic Victory

Origin: Greek mythology Who: Plutarch, Pyrrhus Also known as a Cadmean Victory, A Pyrrhic Victory is referred to a victory which costs were much too high. The phrase was named after the man Pyrrhus, who defeated the Romans in 279 BC at Asculum but suffered extreme losses in the process. They lost a good portion of the elite in their army. The phrase derived from a remark by Plutarch to Pyrrhus who claimed that another similar victory would ruin him. Theme-- the point:A Pyrrhic Victory is bittersweet victory as the sacrifices to get there, leave the victorious feeling at loss. Other: In English the term phrase was first used figuratively in 1879

siren

Origin: Greek mythology Who: Sirens, Men Story/plot: The Sirens are a group of women (or half-bird/half-women). The sirens are very powerful and deadly. In some stories featuring the sirens, they eat the men they trap. Their island is littered with bones,. They sing a song to men. Their songs lure the men in, causing shipwrecks. Theme/point: . If you allow yourself to become entranced by illusions, you will be lured blindly to doom. Other: They are featured in the Odyssey.

Rubicon

Origin: Italy 49 b.c. Who: Julius Caesar Story: Rubicon is shallow a river in Northern Italy. Julius Caesar decided to have his army walk across this River in the march against Pompey in 49 B.C. Rubicon led to Caesar being dictator for life and also to the rise of the roman empire. He was ordered not to pass the river as it would be seen as treason and a declaration of war, but he did it anyway. This was a huge commitment and tough decision. Theme--the point: Today to cross the Rubicon is used to mean to take a decisive and irrevocable step. Other: To cross a rubicon is the equivalent of a point of no return.

Golgotha

Origin: Latin and Greek- Place of the Skull Who: Jesus Christ Story: Golgotha is a hill near Jerusalem, where Jesus Christ was crucified. The location of Jesus Christ's crucifixion, Golgotha, is also known as a Calvary. Theme--the point: Golgotha, translating into Place of the Skull, symbolizes a place of suffering, sacrifice, or a burial place. Other: In William Shakespeare's Macbeth a reference about Jesus Christ's crucifixion on Golgotha is made when the Captain tells King Duncan that Macbeth and her army were so vicious that he wondered if they seemed to find delight in the reeking wounds of their enemies, or if they wish to make their battlefields as bloodily famous as the event on the place of the skull, Golgotha.

Jezebel

Origin-​ Biblical Allusion Who-​ ​Jezebel Story/Plot- ​A Phoenician born queen who came to rule the Israelites along side King Ahab, refused to get rid of her Phoenician heritage. She used her station as queen to encourage worship of deities. It is said that Jezebel would persecute and slander prophets of God. She came into a struggle with the prophet Elijah who challenged her and her deities to a test. Both gods would be challenged to set fire to an offering and in a manner predictable of a bible story Elijah's offering to God was set ablaze, where the offering to Baal proved fruitless. Jezebel was also said to have falsely accused a man of blasphemy towards God and the king for refusing to gift in her his land. She had the man stoned and stole his land. In the end of her life Jezebel lost her son and her husband to war and as the man sent to kill her came she dressed herself in her finest robes and painted her face in preparation. Ultimately she met her death by being thrown from a window and devoured by wild dogs. Themes/Point- ​Although it is never stated that Jezebel was promiscuous, the name Jezebel has become synonymous with the Femme Fatale trope in modern culture. She is used as the archetype for a woman hungry for power and willing to use less than pure methods to achieve her ends. Characters with names referencing Jezebel often are not the most wholesome of women and should usually be avoided. This relates back to women as temptresses who lure men (in this case Ahab) into sin and doom. Other-​ ​The allusion of Jezebel has been seen in literary works by Moby Dick.

Samson and Delilah

Origin-​ ​Biblical Who-​ ​Samson and Delilah Story/Plot- ​Treacherous love story. Samson, an Israelite hero and legendary with extraordinary with his physical strengths, fell in love with Delilah, a Philistine. When she learned that Samson's strength came from his hair she betrayed his by accepting Philistine bribe to cut off his hair while he slept. Today Delilah is associated with a voluptuous and treacherous woman. Themes/Point- ​The story of Samson and Delilah centers around the idea that love is blinding and can cause someone to make bad decisions. Samson's love for Delilah prevents him from truly seeing Delilah for who she is. Even though she had attempted to help the Philistines defeat him three times already, his love for her causes him to make a stupid decision: tell her his secret. And with that, he fails God's mission and suffers the consequences. Other-​ ​Delilah was Samson's mistress

Daphne

Origin-​ ​Greek mythology Who-​ ​Daphne Story/Plot- ​Once the god Apollo made fun of Eros, the god of love. Eros was angry, and shot a golden arrow at Apollo, making him fall in love with the nymph Daphne. But Eros shot Daphne with a leaden arrow so she could never love Apollo back. So Apollo followed her while she ran away, until she came to the river of her father Peneus. There she wanted help from Peneus, who turned her into a laurel tree so she would be safe from Apollo. Apollo was sad, and made himself a laurel wreath (a circle made of laurel that you put on your head) from the tree, and the laurel tree became sacred to Apollo. Themes/Point-​ ​Daphne symbolizes an unattainable thing. Other- ​Her and Apollo's story go hand in hand because his constant fight for her shows her true meaning which is her symbolic representation of being an unattainable thing.

Casanova

Origin-​ ​Historical Who-​ ​Casanova Story/Plot-​Giacomo Girolamo Casanova was an Italian adventurer and writer who romanced over 100 women during the early 1700s. Calling someone a Casanova could be a compliment or an insult. Referring to this character always involves a man who is focused on romancing women. Themes/Point-​ ​Casanova is a representation of the ultimate womanizer and romantic. Other-​According to Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, the noun Casanova means "Lover; a man who is a promiscuous and unscrupulous lover".

Benedict Arnold

Origin: A name of a general in the 19th century. Who: He was a general that originally fought for the American Continental War during the American Revolutionary War but betrayed the country for the British Army. Story/plot: Benedict Arnold had built his career from being in a militia to becoming military governor in Philadelphia. However, he had gone underappreciated and became accused of abusing his position. Unhappy with his situation, he began to believe that his interests would be better if he served the British rather than the ungrateful Americans. Thus, he began secret negotiations with the British to surrender an American fort in exchange for money and a command in the British army. Theme/point: His name became synonymous with the word traitor. Other:

Procrustean Bed

Origin: Ancient Greece Mythology- The Bed Who: Procrustes, Theseus Story: In a city of Eleusis, a robber by the name of Procrustes would welcome travelers into his home to spend the night, offering the best hospitality. Many would say that his father was Poseidon. As soon as the travelers were convinced into staying, Procrustes would forcefully tie his victims on an iron bed. The bed was made to a specific measurement, so if the guests were shorter than the bed, he would stretch their body on a rack until they were as long as the bed. If the guests were taller than his bed, Procrustes would cut off their legs until they were proportionate to the bed. In both cases, all of his victims ended up dead. Procrustes met his fate the same way as his victims when the Greek hero Theseus, a young man that slayed robbers and monsters whom he encountered, killed him the same way he made all those foreigners die. Theme-the point: The story meant to leave behind a message of the term Procrustean bed which signifies a standard or set of conditions, determined, to which every single person is forced to conform. Other: Procrustes was also known as the stretcher and the bed signified a plan or scheme to produce uniformity in violent methods.

Adam and Eve

Origin: Biblical - Adam and Eve Who: God, Adam, Eve, Satan Story: In the sixth day of Creation, God made Man and Woman after his image and was given dominion over all His Creation. Sources on how God created Man, but the most famous one is that God took dirt and shaped it after his image before breathing into it the breath of life. The most famous version of how Eve was created is that God took one of Adam's ribs and from there made the female counterpart. God had set his creation to roam the Garden of Eden, saying that everything is theirs to eat except the fruit that hung on the Sacred Tree. The story goes that Satan, in the form of a snake, tempted Eve into taking a bite of the fruit which she later told Adam to eat. They later found out that they had been naked. Ashamed of his nudity, Adam hid from God. The Lord was furious and had then cursed Man and Woman. To Man, God had said "... from the sweat of your brow you will eat your food until you return to the ground , since from it you were taken from dust you are and from dust you shall return." To Woman, God had said "I will make your pains in childbearing very severe... Your desire shall be to your husband, and he will rule over you." And so God made vestments for Adam and Eve out of animal skin. He banished Adam from the Garden of Eve as to not eat the Fruit of Life that would surely give him eternal life. Theme: Adam and Eve is the epitome of the dangers of curiosity that plagues the human minds all the time. Furthermore, the Adam and Eve story represents the idea that flaws will always be natural, and no one can ever live in a perfect paradise like the Garden of Eden, nor can a utopia like that ever exist. Furthermore, the is the lingering idea that temptation causes and impulse in humans which some cannot ignore which results into consequences. Moreover, disobedience and failure to apply one's self of the rules establish has some pretty risky consequences. Ultimately, Adam and Eve represents that losing one's innocence and purity is not easy, and therefore, purity and innocence, once lost, cannot be restored. Other: The Garden of Eden represents the ideal and perfect paradise which God had planned for his creation; however, it is also used in literature as a perfect allusion for a paradise lost. It also represents the idea that utopias rarely or never exist for the individuals in it will create some sort of chaos to ruin the chastity of the paradise. The tree of knowledge when untouched was the treasure Adam and eve was not supposed to each from, however, the snake showed up. The snake from then on has been portrayed in literature as an ominous sign of temptation or malice. The two Cherubims that God places at the east of the Garden represents the idea that there is no coming back to that paradise and that once innocence is lost, one can never gain back that purity again

Burning Bush

Origin: Biblical - Burning Bush Who: Moses, God Story: The story of the Burning Bush where God had answered the cries of the Israelites in the hands of the Egyptians. One day when Moses was tending to his father-in-law's herd, Moses saw a bush caught on fire but was not going up in flames. He went to it to examine the phenomenon. God had announced himself through the bush, saying that he had heard the pleas of His people. He says he will deliver them to the land of milk and honeys, and sends Moses as his emissary to the Pharaoh. Moses is, at first, reluctant to talk with the Pharaoh but God had said he will be by Moses' side. Then again Moses doubts the Israelites would listen to him and asks God in what name does he proclaim this promise. "I Am Who I Am" is what God replies, telling Moses that that is is his name forever. The elders of Israel would listen to him, God proclaimed, and commands Moses that they should meet with the Pharaoh and say to him release them. God knows that the Pharaoh would not listen, and so His Mighty Hand would strike the Egyptians with wonders. After that, the Pharaoh would surely let them leave. Theme: Awestruck Wonder- Moses is a human, making sense of a fire that does not burn. He is an avid follower of the Lord, and within His presence he is nothing short of amazed. Compassionate God- God hears the voices of his people saying the life they live is not what was promised, and so God sends his emissary to free his people. Other: Sandals- God had commanded Moses to remove his sandals before entering the holy site of the burning bush. Symbolizes that earthly commodities are not needed when entering in the presence of God. Sacred Fire- A burning bush coated in holy fire that is warm and gently yet fire is usually attributed towards destruction. Symbolizing that the Lord is both gentle as he is destructive.

David

Origin: Biblical - David Who: David, Saul, God, Goliath Story: Before King David rose to the throne he was a shepherd who had been anointed by a prophet to become the successor of the current king, Saul. Saul had disobeyed God's instruction to finish off the Amalekites and destroy their property. When God sends an evil spirit to haunt Saul, he sends for David who was known to be both skillful with the lyre and wise with his words. David soon became a man of the court, studying under Saul and learning the plays in royalty all the while soothing Saul with his lyre. The best known story of David is his fight against the Philistines' champion -Goliath. Goliath calls for a champion to face him. David answers his call and kills Goliath with a sling. He returns home a hero and everyone soon loved David. Saul, however, became fearful of David's growing popularity. The old king plotted plotted David's death but David was warned by Saul's son Jonathan. David flees from city to city, travels to a cave until he arrives in the mountains. When Saul was informed of David's whereabouts, he could not fully commit to the hunt due to the new war against the Philistines. David had the chance to kill Saul, instead he pays his respect with a piece of fabric David had cut from David's robe. They reconcile, and Saul recognizes David as the next king. Many years have passed and David is now king. He had conquered Jerusalem and brought the Ark of the Covenant in the city hoping to build a temple to the Lord, but a prophet named Nathan forbade it. During David's reign, he spied a beautiful woman named Bathsheba and invited her into his bed. It is not clear whether or not Bathsheba agreed, but in the end she became pregnant. To cover up his adulterous misdeeds, David sent Bathsheba's husband to the frontlines where he died. God punished David by killing his child with Bathsheba. Theme: David's successes as a king can be interpreted as although life can display utter trial and turmoil in an individual's life, he/she must maintain an internal compass that always points to "true north," which means that although a majority of people find happiness externally, true content is based on what you seek internally. David teaches us to drive towards a place of deeper well-being, where we develop trust and hope in God that extends beyond our external realities. Furthermore, redemption is also an idea that David's story covers. King David treats his enemies with kindness and mercy, a policy that often seems shortsighted in its dismissal of traditional justice. Other: David and the Musical Lyre- The lyre's musical arrangement dates back to the Golden Age of the First Temple and David embodies its tradition while using his own skills to calm the evil perpetuating Saul's mind, also representative of Yahweh's praise that lies behind the notes of the player David's Underdog Story: David defeats Goliath and cuts off his head using Goliath's sword, later becomes king partly due to this victory and seen as a hero even though prior to his battle with Goliath, he was only a mere shepherd Slingshot- a symbol of invisible armor and the determination and courage behind his small figure attempting to destroy the champion of the Philistines, much to everyone's surprise Zion- fictional location for the perfect or ideal, captured by David

Exodus

Origin: Biblical - Exodus Who: God, Moses, Ramses, Egyptians, Israelites Story: Exodus pertains to an entire book in the bible. Its main story is that of the Israelites deliverance from the shackles of slavery by the Egyptians. Moses is chosen to be God's instrument bring His people to the promise land. Moses was raised by the Pharaoh's daughter alongside the future Pharaoh, Ramses. The two of them grew up as brothers. Moses knew all along what his heritage was even if he was raised in the royal house. He later fled after killing an egyptian overseer beating a hebrew slave. Out in the desert, he encounters a Midianite tribe and there he stays. He marries the daughter of their priest Zipporah. One day while he was tending to his father-in-law's flock, he spots a burning bush. He examines it and found out it was God. God then told Moses to return to the current Pharaoh, his brother Ramses, and tell him to free the slaves. It does not end well and forces Moses' hand. Moses demonstrates the power of his God by unleashing ten plagues unto Egypt. He turned the water of the Nile into blood so that the fish in it would die and would render the water undrinkable. Frogs would climb out of the river. The dust of Egypt transformed into lice. Swarms of insects would cause harm to livestock and people. The very livestock of Egypt would fall ill and die. Men and animal suffered boils. Thunder and hail fell from the heavens. Locusts destroyed the crops. Darkness engulfed them for three days. And before the final plague was unleashed, Moses had told the Israelites to slaughter a lamb and mark their door so the Lord would know that His servant lived in the dwelling. God sent the angels of death and collected the firstborn son of everyone who lived in Egypt. Ramses relented, his son dead in his arms. The Pharaoh told Moses and his people to go and take whatever they needed and bless him in the name of his Lord. Ramses soon changed his mind and Moses was stuck between the Pharaoh's army and the Red Sea. Moses lifted his staff and the Red Sea split so that he and his people could cross safely. And before the Pharaoh's army could catch up, the sea swallowed Ramses' men. And for forty years they roamed the desert in search for the Promised Land, all the while overcoming false idols and building their relationship with God. Moses, sadly, had died before entering the Promised Land. Theme: Oppression and Slavery- The entire book of Exodus revolves around Moses finding ways to free the slaves of egypt from the hands of the Pharaoh. War of Religion- God is made it known that he is the One Above All, and since the Egyptians worship a plethora of gods, the battle against Ramses can be named a war against his beliefs. Other: Staff of Moses- a shepard's tool at first but was transformed into a snake with the power of God. Symbolizes the role of shepherd can be more than just flocking cattle, it can also mean the deliverance of people. Nile River- A sacred river that was worshipped because it was a central piece in Egyptian livelihood, a symbol of life and birth given to them by the god Hapi. But when God turned it into blood, it now symbolized death. Golden Ox- a false idol. Symbolizes impatience since the people of Israel built it when Moses was making the ark of the covenant. Ark of the Covenant- Symbolizes order. With the law literally set into stone, it is now clear what is to be expected of the people.

Goliath

Origin: Biblical - Goliath Who: David, Goliath, Philistines, Saul Story: The famous story of "David and Goliath" is centered on the challenge Goliath asks of the Israelites every day during the war of the Philistines and Israelites. He calls for a champion to face him in combat to decide the outcome of the war. But Saul is afraid of Goliath due to his strength and height, how could someone defeat a colossal giant like him? David answers Goliath's challenge, and the two face each other in a fight to be remembered. David used his sling to hurl a stone towards Goliath's head which knocked him out and cut Goliath's head off with Goliath's own blade. David returns to Saul to be congratulated. Theme: Goliath's story represents that although an individual may have the physical abilities to achieve his/her goal, it all depends on how they use their mind and find an innovative strategy to achieve his/her goal; regardless of one's appearance, they should not be underestimated to the extent in which they can succeed and conquer. Furthermore, through David's faith on God, he was able to overcome the "impossible," which implies that the stronger faith in God, the higher the chances a person can overcome an "impossible" obstacle. From the story of David and Goliath, we can learn that the God we serve is capable of defeating any of the giants in our lives—fear, depression, financial issues, doubts of faith—if we know Him and His nature well enough to step out in faith. When we do not know what the future holds, we have to trust Him. But we can't trust someone we don't know, so knowing God through His Word will build our faith in Him. Other: God's role in the story represents the idea of "deus ex machina," which is an unexpected power or event saving a seemingly hopeless situation, especially as a contrived plot device in a play or novel. There is also the idea that doubting, as did Goliath on God, can symbolize the questioning of higher authority.

Magwitch:

Origin: Charles Dickens, Great Expectations Who: Abel Magwitch Story: Pip recounts his life story from his childhood to how he matures and grows up to becoming a young man. Throughout this transformation, one thing remains unchanged. Pip falls in love with a wealthy but heartless girl named Estella. From that moment on, everything Pip does in his life is no longer for himself or anyone else but for Estella and only her. Pip even receives a fortune from a secret benefactor to pursue an education and he does this along with obtaining wealth, success and high social class in the hopes of becoming worthy in the eyes of his beloved Estella. Theme-the point: Magwitch's first name is Abel which is a biblical reference to Cain and Abel. Abel was betrayed and killed by Cain his older brother giving to the allusion of Magwitch being the betrayed. Other: Despite being a convict in the story towards the end it is ultimately revealed that Magwitch was Pip's true benefacto

Issac

Origin: Biblical - Isaac Who: Abraham, Isaac, God, Esau, Jacob, Rebekah Story: Isaac was the son of Abraham to his wife Sarai (later Sara). The most famous story of Abraham and Isaac is the tale of a faithful sacrifice. God had commanded Abraham to sacrifice Isaac up to him and being the faithful servant of the Lord, he accepted. Up in Mount Moriah, as Abraham was at the brink of plunging the knife into Isaac, an angel of the Lord appeared before Abraham and stopped him. Another story of Isaac happened when Isaac was already old and blind. Isaac had told his son Esau to prepare him venison in order for Esau to receive his birthright. So Esau went out to hunt. Jacob, Isaac's younger son, had listened to his mother to trick Isaac into giving Jacob the birthright. Rebekah had told Jacob to bring her two young goats so that she could prepare a meal which Jacob could present to Isaac. Isaac was worried because Esau was a hairy man and he had smooth skin. Nevertheless, he followed his mother's instructions and brought her the goats. Jacob presented the meal to his father wearing the skin of the goats under the pretense of being his older brother Esau. Isaac called for "Esau" to come closer so that he could verify the person as his son Esau. Isaac soon blessed Jacob, giving him the gift that was rightfully his brother's. Esau was furious with Jacob since Isaac's only blessing left was that Esau serve his brother. Jacob fled to Harran in Rebekah's instruction and took a wife there. Jacob became the father of the Twelve Tribes of Israel. Theme: Good and Evil- It was suggested that Satan had a role to play in Abraham sacrificing Isaac and was only done to prove Abraham's faith to God. When God asked Abraham to sacrifice his son, Isaac, whom he has waited fo for many years, he is utterly conflicted. He had been waiting decades for a son of his own, and the God who promised this child to him was about to take him away. The point is that Abraham's faith in God was greater than his love for his son, and he trusted that even if he sacrificed Isaac, God was able to bring him back from the dead. Ultimately, in this situation, it clearly demonstrates that faith and sacrifice are strongly connected, and that sacrifices are made to fulfill a life of faith and good intent. Other: Offering of a meal- As it was associated with the ability to procure something to eat, Isaac would bless the brother who could gather and make the food on his own. Seeing as Rebekah was the one who cooked and not Jacob, it can be made clear that Esau knows how to hunt and cook. Hair- Symbolizes longevity. As Jacob does not have any hair on his body, Esau has an abundance of it on his body. Blindness- Through the wisdom and faith in the Lord one shall see the true path. Isaac is not hindered by the fact that he is blind, and instead uses his other senses to see the unseen

Ishamel

Origin: Biblical - Ishmael Who: Abram, Hagar, Sarai, God, Ishmael Story: Ishmael was the son of Abram and an Egyptian handmaiden named Hagar. Ishmael is the one who fathered the twelve tribal chiefs that settled from Assyria to Egypt. This was due to Ishmael being a descendant of Abraham. While it was Ishmael's half-brother Isaac that would make the Twelve Nations of Israel, God blessed Ishmael his own plentiful offsprings. The story starts with Sarai needing to conceive a child to fulfil the Abrahamic Covenant. Sarai was barren, so she had offered up Hagar to bear Abraham a child. But when Hagar was pregnant, she fled from Sarai's contempt. In the desert, an angel appeared before her. It said to name her child Ishmael, for it was the Lord has heard her predicament. It also said that Ishmael would grow to be a warrior, and he will rule over his kinsmen. Ishmael was Abraham's first born, but not to Sarai. When Abraham entered a covenant with God he had circumcised himself along with every male in his household, including Ishmael. Sarah (previously Sarai) gave birth to Isaac in accordance with the promise. Sarah had asked Abraham to dismiss both Ishmael and his mother since Ishmael would never be heir to everything of Abraham's. God had assured Abraham that Ishmael would get his own nation, trusting in God words he agreed to Sarah. Abraham sent them away with provisions of water and bread, but Hagar and Ishmael soon ran out of anything to drink. On the verge of death, God had made for them a well in which they drank until life returned to them. Ishmael and Hagar settled in the Desert of Paran, during that time Ishmael became a master archer. Hagar had found Ishmael a wife from Egypt and from her the Twelve tribal chiefs of Egypt were born. Theme: Remnant- God chooses Isaac over Ishmael making it clear that not all of the Israelites had favorable relationships with him, God has the power to choose some and not others, later leads to the remnant of the nation where the Messiah comes from Creation in the Midst of Adultery- Although it was typically seen as a sin to have children with other men other than your husband, Hagar the slave is the father of Ishmael and Ishmael represents new creation in the presence of God, in this case, not seen as a sin or act of adultery since Sarah and Abraham could not conceive in a timely manner Other: Well- contains water. Water brought life to both Hagar and Ishmael. Symbolizes a new beginning and the birth of the new person through the waters of heaven.

Job

Origin: Biblical - Job Who: God, Satan, angels, Job Story: In the Land of Uz, a righteous and God-fearing man lived his days in abundance and wealth. That was Job, a man blessed with the better things in life. Seven sons and three daughters, seven thousand sheep, three thousand camels, five hundred yoke of oxen, and five hundred donkeys. All of his possessions, however, were taken and destroyed. See, God and Satan had a wager stating that if Job's possessions were all destroyed, killed, or taken the righteous man would not be so righteous. God had allowed Satan to test Job, His only condition: Job was not to be harmed. And so Satan went and influenced the pillaging of Job's cattle leaving the righteous man to praise God even more. When Satan sent a mighty wind to destroy the house Job's children were staying and in the process killing all ten children, Job would still say that everything went according to the Lord's plan. After his previous failure, Satan then proposed to give Job sickness from the soles of his feet to the crown of his head. God agrees, but says that Job should not be mortally ruined. During Job's affliction, three friends visit him. These three friends implore Job to repent for his sins thinking that the sickness and misfortune was due to Job being wicked. But he knew in his heart he was righteous, and while he is overcome with sorrow and pain, he does not outright curse the Lord and his name. Later, God appears before Job and his friends. God rewards Job for his faith, restoring his life to a state even greater than his previous one. The three friends were rebuked by God, saying they should repent for their sins. Job was blessed with ten more children, seven sons and daughters. There he lived as one of the wealthiest and faithful person in Uz. Theme: The story of Job highlights how one's true loyalty and faith will result in reward and incentives, especially if toward a "good" purpose. Furthermore, the story also underscores the idea that although physical pain may be inflicted, spiritual suffering will never equal or be comparable due to physical pain. Moreover, the idea of continuous suffering may question one's capabilities and beliefs, however, this story highlights that pain is temporary and worth it, especially for the positive result at the end. Other: Sheol- a Biblical underworld where God's forgiveness is forgotten and you are left without a voice, Sheol in the Book of Job is important because Job seems doomed to wait around living knowing he is diseased, without a family, and a burned down house; Job presents a stronger version of himself by remaining faithful to God despite all that is inflicted upon him Reflection of Israelite Funerary Practices- cultural death usually resulted in mourning through excessive crying and tearing of clothes, and while Job does suffer excessive sadness and loss, he mourns by rubbing at his skin with broken china and as his job to mourn the sorrow of his life, his story is placed on a more central level of human life rather than a broad general outlook

Solomon

Origin: Biblical - King Solomon Who: God, King David, Solomon, two women Story: King Solomon was the son of King David and Bathsheba. he took up David's mantle as king when David had grown too old to continue his rule. Solomon feared God, often making sacrifices and humbling himself under His Lord's gaze. After the one thousand burnings in the City of Gibeon, God appeared to Solomon in a dream. God had told Solomon that the king could ask for anything and he would grant it. Instead of selfish request such as immortality or riches, Solomon had asked for wisdom. God was impressed with him. He granted Solomon not only his wish but also those he did not ask for: wealth and honor. And for as long as the young king would walk the same righteous path as his father, David, God would also grant Solomon the gift of longevity. He returned to Jerusalem and worshiped the Ark of tihe Covenant with vigor and awe. The Wisdom of Solomon is most notable in the story known as "A Wise Ruling." In this story two women claim to be the mother of a child. The women each gave birth in the same house with no one to witness the birth except each other. One of the women had accidentally killed her child in her sleep, yet both of them claim it was the other that had smothered their offspring. King Solomon called for a sword, saying they would both get a piece of the child. The real mother, out of the love in her heart, relinquished her child while the other woman had allowed Solomon to cut the child so that both of them would each get a piece. Through this unconventional trial, the matter was resolved. News of his decision spread, and all the lands far and wide knew the Wisdom of King Solomon. Theme: The Judgment of Solomon highlights his wisdom and the idea of a fair king. In the Old Testament, good versus bad surfaces immensely and it does so, also, in the Judgment of Solomon. The tragedies and conflicts the preside in the Bible and in this story portrays how human beings are filled malice and ill-intentions, further explaining how although there is God, an almighty figure, he has to endow certain figures a distinct ability or gift (wisdom with Solomon) to human beings for should be responsible for each other and not God. Furthermore, there is also the idea that if individuals recognize their wrongdoings, they will receive consequences, however, not as harsh as it would be without redemption. Moreover, if characters present their intentions as of good nature, they shall be rewarded accordingly. Additionally, although in Solomon's judgement, it was rather fair, the story still bring up the idea that justice may not be fair at all times for deciding on a highly significant event is granted only to one person. Other: Symbol of the Seal of Solomon is a signet ring that was used in medieval Jewish tradition and occultism of the Western world (its simplest depictions are either in the shape of a pentagram or hexagram), Symbol of the Star of David originates from the Seal of Solomon and represents the everlasting power of Solomon's grandeur kingdom and as a result of his ultimate power, the symbolism behind his original seal was used to attempt projecting the same splendor that Solomon lived by

Lot's wife

Origin: Biblical - Lot's Wife Who: Lot, Lot's Wife, Angels Story: The story of Lot's Wife begins with a sinful city called Sodom. Now see, citizens of this corrupted city had already lost all their faith in God and instead of appeasing the mighty creator, they chose to indulge in their carnal desires and misadventures. God is disgusted and angry at the inhabitants of Sodom, angry at the city itself that he decided he would smite it. But before he could unleash His divine power, He had to send two angels to warn Lot and his family who were currently living in the city. The angels warned them to not look back as they were leaving the city or else they face punishment from the Lord. Lot was a relative of Abraham, and Abraham was an uncle to Lot. While Lot used to be a God-fearing man, Sodom has turned his soul into a mess of a spirit. Lot's wife, however, was born within the walls of Sodom and leaving behind all she knew was something she was not prepared to do. So as Lot's family was walking away from the city, Lot's wife turned back to see fire and brimstone raining from the sky. The fumes turned her skin pale and her flesh white, her body had turned into salt as punishment for disobeying the orders of Heaven. Theme: Earthly desires against Heavenly commands- Lot's wife symbolizes any human being not brought up into religion, one does not simply turn their backs to the life they know. It is different for people who had grown up knowing and worshiping God, since they know His command is absolute. Depravity of Man- Lot lives in Sodom, a corrupted city where he is seemingly able to achieve his material and social/political goals, but he does not yet realize what his success will cost him as determined by God Other: Fire and Brimstone- A common symbol of the wrath of heaven, usually found when one is reading about a divine smiting. In other accounts, fire and brimstone can also be connected to the smell of hell. Salt- From the Earth. By looking back at the city, she had condemned herself into an earthly lifestyle. She is of the earth, and she will die by the earth.

Tower of Babel

Origin: Biblical - The Tower Who: The Babylonians, God Story: Descendants from Noah lived in an area of Mesopotamia in Babylon with an increasing population and only one language was spoken amongst them. The people were dedicated in building a tall symbol to represent how great of a nation they had become. The intentions of the tower were to be able to reach to the heavens so they can learn the ways of God to be able to replace him. Disappointed with their pride and arrogance, God caused the people to suddenly speak distinct languages that will not allow them to work together or communicate in order to build the tower. The effect of this cause made the people migrate across the land, unable to accomplish their goal. Theme-the point: The story serves as an influential reminder of how crucial it is to obey God's word and to not think of the possibility of not having God. Other: The tower was named after the significant word babel which means confusion which was demonstrated in the story. The word has served as a recurring topic in a recent movie, Babel, that demonstrated the separation of four groups of people attempting to move people across a border

Philistines

Origin: Biblical, Book of Judges, 15 Who: Samson, Philistines, God, Rumpelstiltskin Story/plot: Samson and the Philistines: Samson was a strong and powerful Israelite during the philistines rule over the Israelites.Philistine spy were trying to uncover the secret to Samson's strength. After many efforts of trying to uncover Samson's secret, Samson gave in to her plea. As a result, the Philistines captured him and turned him into a slave. During a party the Philistines held, Samson went to two pillars and asked for God's forgiveness. Samson's last words were "Let me die with the Philistines" Samson brought the temple down with everyone in the temple including himself. Samson told riddles to the Philistines as Rumpelstiltskin talked to the girl in riddles. Samson performed tasks of inhuman strength such as how Rumpelstiltskin performed inhuman tasks of spinning thread into gold. Theme/point: It is possible to achieve the impossible if one puts in full effort.A person who is guided by materialism and is usually disdainful of intellectual or artistic values. Other: They are known for being dull and middle class.

Manna from Heaven

Origin: Biblical- Bread of Heaven Who: The Israelites, God, Moses Story: After the former Jewish slaves escaped Egypt and crossed the Red Sea, their food supply became limited and was sure not to be sufficient to feed them in the desert. Moses, the leader of the people, asked God for guidance, which God responded by offering to rain down bread from heaven for the people. That very evening the quail came in which the people killed and ate their meal to only be surprised the next morning, from what the Bible describes as, manna with the taste of wafers made with honey. The people were told by Moses to gather the white substance for each person. Manna only appeared six days in a row, excluding Sabbath. God specifically made it clear to Moses to save a jar of the substance so that the future generations would be aware of how the Lord provided for his people. It is said in the Bible that this very substance sustained the Jews for 40 years until a group of foreigners came and ate the food of the Promised Land. From that day on manna stopped appearing the next day and was neverto be seen again. Theme--the point: Bread, a recurring biblical symbol of life, was a necessary food supply in Ancient times, which was grounded into flour from manna and baked. Other: The word manna means What is it? in Hebrew. In addition, Christ frequently referred himself as bread, meaning the true Bread from heaven (John 6:32) or the Bread of life (John 6:35, 48).

biblical plagues

Origin: Biblical: The Book of Exodus, 7:14-11:10 Who: Moses, Pharaoh ( monarch) of Egypt, Yawen, God of Iron kingdoms of Israel Story/plot: The Pharaoh kept Hebrews as slaves. God became and sent Moses to the Pharaoh to tell him to let his people go. The Pharaoh refused, so God sent ten plagues down on Egypt to prove that he is the one and only God. The first one turned the water in the Nile River into blood. The second time God send Frogs, as they were considered to be sacred by the Egyptians, so they would not kill them no matter how annoying they were. The plague of Lice, The plague of Flies, these two plagues allowed for the spread of disease. Not only would illnesses be spread amongst the Egyptians, but also to their cattle and livestock, leading into the next and more damaging plague. The fifth plague was the Murrain, which means death, killed cattle and sheep due to the fact that many infectious diseases were spreading from animal to animal. The sixth, Plague of Boils and Blains, sores and painful skin infection, causing physical pain. The and seventh and eighth ones were the plague of hail with fire and thunder and the plague of Locust. These were meant to cause destruction, bringing them to their knees. The ninth plague brought darkness, the Egyptian were not able to see light for 3 days. The last one was the death of the firstborn man and beast. So His own people would not face death, he told them to paint their doorposts with blood of a lamb. When the 'destroyer' came, he would see the blood on the doorposts and 'pass over' the homes of the Jews. Following the first Passover, Pharaoh obeyed and allowed the Jews their freedom. The Passover imagery is reflected in the death, burial and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Theme/point: One suffers because of their ignorance to accept reality. Other: We can see this allusion in the book Animal Farm.

Noah's ark story (including Covenant with God)

Origin: Biblical: The Flood, Genesis 5:32-10:1 Who: : God, Noah, Family, and animals Story/plot: The world had gotten full of evil and God decided to flood it and kill everyone. He told Noah to build an ark and sent two of each animal to him. When the 40 day/40 night rain started, God told Noah and his family to take all the animals into the ark, seal it and wait. He did. Eventually the water receded and Noah sent a dove out 3x to see if land was back. The 1st time, nothing happened except the dove returned; second time the dove brought back an olive branch, and the 3rd time it didn't return so they knew it was OK to open the ark. God sent a rainbow as a promise that he would never again destroy the earth by flood. Noah and his family repopulated the planet eventually. Theme/point: Not only does God give us life, He protects and sustains humankind. Other: symbol of a dove with olive branch for peace comes from here, as does the rainbow as a symbol of unity and calm after a storm and the idea that the 3rd time's the charm.

Svengali

Origin: Came from the novel, Trilby written by George du Maurier. Who: Svengali, a hypnotist and musician and Trilby, a young English woman. Story: Svengali is a man who seduces, dominates, and exploits Trilby, a young English girl, and makes her a famous singer. Theme-the point: A theme could be anti-semitic, since the main antagonist is a man that is portrayed as a stereotypical Jewish man, and one with malicious intent since Svengali does exploit her. Other: The characters in the novel are visual characters just as much as they are literary characters since the author was an illustrator.

Scrooge

Origin: Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol Who: Ebenezer Scrooge Story: A Christmas Carol tells the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, an old miser who is visited by the ghost of his former business partner Jacob Marley and the Ghosts of Christmas Past, Present and Yet to Come. After their visits Scrooge is transformed into a kinder, gentler man. Theme-the point: The theme of Scrooge is that he learned his lessons from the three ghosts of the past, present, and the future to become a kinder, more gentle, and humble man showing that anybody can change while also showing that your actions in the present can have big consequences in your future. Other: Scrooge is mean, bitter, and greedy due to his lonely past of being sent away to boarding school from his father. Some other adaptations of the movie also tell that his mother died giving birth to him giving a reason for his father to blame him.

Madame DeFarge

Origin: Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities Who: She is a tireless worker for the French Revolution, and the wife of Ernest Defarge while also one of the main villains of the novel. Story: In A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Darnay tries to escape his heritage as a French aristocrat in the years leading up to the French Revolution. During the Revolution, he's captured, but Sydney Carton, a man who looks like Darnay, takes his place and dies on the guillotine. Theme-the point: Madame DeFarge is often the allusion for the action of vengeance. Her backstory tells of the tragic childhood she endured leading to her vengeful nature. Another allusion that can be inferred from Madame DeFarge is justice although her sense of it is very misguided and wrong believing that if one person committed a wrongdoing the others who're associated with them must die as well. Other: Madame DeFarge would knit while watching her victims die in front of her

Mrs. O' Leary's Cow

Origin: Chicago Fire Who: Mrs. O'Leary, her cow, and news reporter. Story: The Chicago fire was reported to have been started by Mrs. O'Leary's cow kicking over a lantern. The rumor was that Catherine O'Leary confessed to several people that her cow—daisy Madeline—knocked over a lantern. The reporter Michael Ahern came out to say how her made the whole story up and even bragged in the Tribune. There are many other theories as to how the Chicago fire came to be such as spontaneous combustion, meteors, and boys sneaking out for a smoke. No one has the answer to what exactly caused the Chicago fire, however many people consider this myth of Mrs. O'Leary's cow to be the truth. Theme—the point: The myth of the story was a fib that used a Poor Irish woman (socially rejected at the time) as a scapegoat. Rather than trying to find the actual cause, the reporter used the fire to create a myth which fit their agenda. Other: The myth represents the constant use of irrational scapegoats towards rejected groups for the world's issues.

Babylon

Origin: City product of Mesopotamia, Bible Story: The land of the fertile crescent and bounded by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, this ancient city holds rich history. It is rumored to be near the birthplace of humanity; garden of eden. The city is home of the Tower of Babel. Through its history of war, Babylon is a representation of the best and worst traits of mankind. With the balance of mercy and slaughter, and war and peace, the city is truly the birthplace of civilization. The stories of Babylon include greed and religious persecution as well as wealth, glory, and religious tolerance. Theme-the point :Babylon tower is the first example of civilization and a exaggeration in traits. Other: Babylon can an be used to describe any wealthy or grand city believe to be excessive in luxury and wickedness

Tilting at Windmills (and Don Quixote):

Origin: Don Quixote, Miguel de Cervantes Who: Don Quixote Story: Don Quixote is a middle-aged gentleman from the region of La Mancha in central Spain who's obsessed with the chivalrous ideals touted in books he has read, he decides to take up his lance and sword to defend the helpless and destroy the wicked. Theme-the point: Tilting the windmill means attacking imaginary enemies. Other: The word tilt means jousting in the context used in Don Quixote and the allusion itself is derived from an English idiom

Camelot

Origin: European Myth and Legend- Arthurian Who: King Arthur Story: In Arthurian legend, Camelot is the English town where King Arthur's palace was located, which housed the iconic site of his court. The court held the seat of power in Britain through a council that was established and called Knights of the Round Table, which included King Arthur and his knights. Theme--the point: The site of King Arthur's court symbolizes a place or a time of idealized beauty, peacefulness, and enlightenment, as well as the Golden Age of Chivalry. Other: The story of Camelot was written in the popular 12th-century book History of the Kings of Britain by Geoffrey of Monmouth.

Big Brother

Origin: George Orwell's novel, 1984 Who: A fictional character and symbol that is the leader of the fictional dystopia, Oceania. Story/plot: Big Brother rules over the totalitarian state that calls for absolute power for the sake of the people. He appears on telescreens and posters which are placed everywhere. He is the reminder to the people that the authorities are constantly watching them. His slogan is "Big Brother is watching you." Theme/point: This term is a synonym for the abuse of government power. This focuses on the violation of civil liberties like the lack of privacy through mass surveillance.

muse

Origin: Greco-Roman religion and mythology Who: Muse was a group of sister goddesses whose cult was located in Boeotia, Greece at Mount Helicon. Story/plot: The goddesses, born in Pieria, held a festival every four years along with a contest of singing and playing. They were the inspiration for poetry to begin, and later ranged farther to all liberal arts and sciences. Theme/point: They were the first to inspire artists, musicians, and writers. They allowed the variety of subjects today to flourish.

Scylla and Charybdis

Origin: Greek Mythology Story: Scylla and Charybdis are two immortal monsters referenced in Homer's Odyssey. Scylla is described to be a female monster with 12 feet, and six heads on long, scaly necks, and triple row of sharklike teeth. She began human in appearance but through the witchcraft of jealous Circe was transformed into such a monster. She lurks in her cave lair and will devour anything in reach. Charybdis is the personification of a whirlpool. Charybdis clung to the shipwrecked Odysseus though did not successful swallowing it. The two represent the fears of those out at sea. Theme--the point:To be between Scylla and Charybdis means to be caught between two terrible alternatives of equivalence. Other: Creatures referenced in Ovid's Metamorphoses Books XIII-XIV and Homer's Odyssey Book XI

Elysian Fields

Origin: Greek Mythology Who: Greek gods and heroes Story: In Greek mythology, an Elysium, or an Elysian Field/Plain, is the original place where heroes would go to gain their bestowed immortality. For example, in Homer's writing the Elysian Plain was at the end of planet Earth and it was a land of perfect happiness by the banks of Oceanus. Hesiod provided a similar description to the Isles of the Blessed, though entry to this paradise was for the blessed dead, and later, after Pindar, entrance was gained by leading a righteous life. Theme--the point: Elysian Fields symbolize a blissful paradise for resting and immortality. Other: A Streetcar Named Desire alludes to the Elysian Fields in Scene 1 when the play opens to the setting of a building on the corner of a street called Elysian Fields in the city of New Orleans, which symbolizes a resting place with its dreamy characteristics.

Thessalian labyrinth

Origin: Greek mythology Who: Daedalus, King Minos of Knossos, Minotaur Story: The labyrinth, made by Daedalus, was so complex that he was barely able to navigate his own creation. After he figured out the escape his maze, King Minos of Knossos imprisoned him and his son, Icarus, inside the labyrinth in a tower in order to avoid the revelation of the secret maze. Greek legend states that the father and son escaped by creating a wing like structures made out of bird feathers and wax, which allowed them to fly off the tower. Unfortunately, Icarus flew dangerously close to the sun, causing the wings to melt apart, and his downfall and death in the sea. In addition, the labyrinth ceased to be used after the Minotaur, a half-man and half-bull monster, was murdered by Minos'daughter and Prince Theseus of Athens, according to another Greek myth. Theme--the point: The Thessalian labyrinth symbolizes strength and skill due to its incredible complexity, as well as the capacity that is needed to escape it. Other: The origin of the word labyrinth comes from the Greek word labyrinthos, which is used to describe any maze structure. The root labrys is linked to the Minoan double axe, which is the symbol of the Minoan mother goddess of Crete.

Faust

Origin: Old German Legend Who: Faust is a scholar who is highly successful yet dissatisfied with his life, which leads him to make a pact with the Devil, exchanging his soul for unlimited knowledge and worldly pleasures. Story: Faust is bored and depressed with his life as a scholar. After an attempt to take his own life, he calls on the Devil for further knowledge and magic powers with which to indulge all the pleasure and knowledge of the world. In response, the Devil's representative, Mephistopheles, appears. He makes a bargain with Faust: Mephistopheles will serve Faust with his magic powers for a set number of years, but at the end of the term, the Devil will claim Faust's soul, and Faust will be eternally enslaved.During the term of the bargain, Faust makes use of Mephistopheles in various ways. In many versions of the story, particularly Goethe's drama, Mephistopheles helps Faust seduce a beautiful and innocent girl, usually named Gretchen, whose life is ultimately destroyed when she gives birth to Faust's bastard son. Realizing this unholy act, she drowns the child, and is held for murder. However, Gretchen's innocence saves her in the end, and she enters Heaven after execution. In Goethe's rendition, Faust is saved by God via his constant striving—in combination with Gretchen's pleadings with God in the form of the eternal feminine. However, in the early tales, Faust is irrevocably corrupted and believes his sins cannot be forgiven; when the term ends, the Devil carries him off to Hell Theme-the point: Faust is a prime example of why deals with the devil can almost never end positively. In Goethe's version of the story Faust can be used as an allusion to salvation through constant striving for redemption. Other:Psychodynamic therapy uses the idea of a Faustian bargain to explain defence mechanisms, usually rooted in childhood, that sacrifice elements of the self in favor of some form of psychical survival

Walter Mitty

Origin: Short story by James Thurber Who: Walter mitty is a person whose dreams never finish properly. Story:Mitty is a meek, mild man with a vivid fantasy life. In a few dozen paragraphs he imagines himself a wartime pilot, an emergency-room surgeon, and a devil-may-care killer. Although the story has humorous elements, there is a darker and more significant message underlying the text, leading to a more tragic interpretation of the Mitty character. Even in his heroic daydreams, Mitty does not triumph, several fantasies being interrupted before the final one sees Mitty dying bravely in front of a firing squad. In the brief snatches of reality that punctuate Mitty's fantasies the audience meets well-meaning but insensitive strangers who inadvertently rob Mitty of some of his remaining dignity. Theme-the point:The character's name has come into more general use to refer to an ineffectual dreamer. Since Every Dream Walter has finishes early or finishes with him dying it means he can never have a true dream Other:Walter mitty has been used multiple times in both literature and to describe real world people.

Rosebud

Origin: The 1941 film "Citizen Kane" Who: Rosebud is the last word said by the main character in the film before dying, and is also the name of the main character's childhood sled. Story: The story behind Rosebud is the movie "Citizen Kane", in which a reporter is assigned to decipher the dying word of Foster Kane. The reporter feared that he may never truly figure out the mystery behind Kane's final word, rosebud. Theme-the point: Rosebud is an allusion that is often seen within stories that have to do with traveling through the innocence and purity of one's childhood and transitioning to the cruel and blunt harshness of adulthood and to finally facing the reality of the fire and smoke of death. Other: The childhood sled that was Kane's was casually thrown away into a furnace, which represents how easy the loss of innocence truly i

The Beatitudes

Origin: The Bible The Book of Matthew 5:3-12 Who: Eight blessings recounted by Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount. Story/plot: Beatitude consist of two phrases which include the condition and the result. "Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are they who mourn, for they shall be comforted. Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth. Blessed are they who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they shall be satisfied. Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy. Blessed are the pure of heart, for they shall see God. Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called children of God. Blessed are they who are persecuted for the sake of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven." Theme/point: A new set of ideals in which the spirit of love and humility is acknowledged. Reflects mercy, spirituality and compassion. There are consequences for each action. Other: Beatitude means "happiness"

Joseph (and his coat)

Origin: The Bible: Genesis 37-38 Who: Joseph, the son of Jacob and Rachel. Story/plot: Joseph is the favored son of his father Jacob and on behalf of this he is given a coat by his father. The coat was of many colors. As a result of this, Joseph's brothers became envious and assumed that the coat indicated that family leadership would belong to Joseph. When Joseph spoke of two dreams where all brothers bowed to him and their suspicion grew. His brothers plotted against him and considered killing him until his brother Reuben persuaded them to throw Joseph into a pit in an effort to save him later. The brothers, in Reuben's absence sold him to merchants for 20 pieces of silver. They then dipped Joseph's coat in goat blood and said that Joseph had been torn apart by beast. Theme/point: That envy can be built through assumptions and can lead to shameful deeds being acted upon. Being favored can be seen as a threat to those jealous and insecure, and they may wish harm upon you. Joseph was outcast out of spite by his brothers while his father loved him. Other: The coat was a way of expressing love and recognition for Joseph's gifts.

Horsemen of the Relevation

Origin: The Bible: The Book of Revelation 6: 1-8 Who: There are four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. There are various interpretations that differ mainly on the first Horseman. The riders are usually seen as Conquest or Pestilence, War, Famine, and Death. According to Christianity, the horsemen are sent to initiate and enforce the apocalypse upon the world to lead to the Last Judgement. Story/plot: The chapter tells of a book that is held in God's right hand that is sealed with seven seals. Four of which the Lamb of God opens which summons four beings that are riding on white, red, and black pale horses. And I looked, and behold a pale horse: and his name that sat on him was Death, and Hell followed with him. And power was given unto them over the fourth part of the earth, to kill with sword, and with hunger, and with death, and with the beasts of the earth. ( Revelations 6: 1-8) Theme/point: The demise of the world and of humanity will be due to Conquest, War, Famine, and Death. Each of these factors will lead to the Apocalypse. These situations which have been shown to be devastating and catastrophic will ultimately be the death of humanity. Other: The verses in which they are described is brief but the destruction that is inflicted upon the world is massive.

Judas

Origin: The Bible: The Gospel of John and Acts of the Apostles Who: Judas was one of the twelve disciples of Jesus Christ. He is known for the kiss and betrayal of Jesus. His name is often used in reference to betrayal or treason. Story/plot: Judas is the one who turned in Jesus in exchange for 30 silver coins. He was a follower, a disciple of Christ, who betrayed Jesus for greed. This act led to the crucifixion of Jesus. But, despite suspicions and the knowledge that Judas would be the one to turn, Jesus decided to trust Judas and not interfere with the course that would ultimately lead to his crucifixion. Theme/point: Even those once dedicated or loyal may waver. There faltering faith may lead unloyalty. And an issue with the world is that greed can make someone betray another even a person they once cared about. Other: Yet, Judas was a necessary person to progress Jesus' mission. Bringing about the idea that everything happens for a reason.

Lady Macbeth

Origin: The Shakespeare play "Macbeth"Who: Lady Macbeth Story: A brave Scottish general named Macbeth receives a prophecy from a trio of witches that one day he will become King of Scotland. Consumed by ambition and spurred to action by his wife, Macbeth murders King Duncan and takes the Scottish throne for himself. He is then wracked with guilt and paranoia. Lady Macbeth is a leading character and is the general's wife. Theme-the point: Lady Macbeth is one of the most powerful women portrayed in literature. She lacks the humanitarian values that most people and most women have especially in that time period. She is driven by the sole desire to be queen. The recurring theme between gender and power surrounds Lady Macbeth's character as she is constantly pushing her husband to murder Duncan and at one point she even wishes that she were a man so that she could be the one to initiate the murder. Other: The play depicts women as being just as ruthless or even more ruthless and ambitious as men yet the social restraints refrain them from putting their ambitions into action on their own.

pound of flesh

Origin: The origin of pound of flesh is from the William Shakespeare's play, Merchant of Venice. Who: A character by the name of Portia says the line to resolve the conflict between Shylock the Jew and Antonio, "take thy pound of flesh" seemingly for the payment of Antonio's flesh. Story: In the Shakespeare play, Merchant of Venice, a character Bassanio needs money to throw a really nice party to impress another character Portia, but he is broke so his friend Antonio suggests that he borrows the money from a Jewish man called Shylock, and Shylock agrees to the loan but demands a pound of flesh from Antonio as a guarantee because Antonio told Bassanio to use his good credit as collateral. Theme-the point: One key term is that of revenge. Shylock the Jew despises Antonio and therefore makes the deal of the pound of flesh. The flesh represents the vengeful behavior Shylock displayed when trying to gain the borrowed money back while trying to disadvantage Antonio out of pure spite. Other: This pound of flesh type of bargaining can be seen in everyday life and in business transactions, such as when a company borrows money from another company, and if the borrower does not pay back, then this line can become an ultimatum

Thomas

Origin: Thomas appears in the Bible in John 20:24-29. Who: Also known as Didymus, "Doubting Thomas" is defined as a person who refuses to believe without proof. Other people within that verse include Jesus and the other eleven Disciples. Story/plot: Thomas was one of the twelve disciples (Disciples are personal followers of Jesus during his life, and are also called Apostles). He didn't believe in Jesus at first as he had not seen him in person. One time the other disciples saw Jesus but Thomas was away, so when Jesus was gone, he came back in the room and the other disciples, told him, 'We have seen the Lord!' But [Thomas] said to them, 'Unless I see the nail marks in his hands and put my finger where the nails were, and put my hand into his side, I will not believe it.' (John 20:25) Then Jesus appeared and Thomas' doubt vanished. He told Thomas that many people don't see him but still are willing to believe and those people are "special" to him. Theme/point: It is hard to believe something without direct, physical, or personal evidence. "Seeing is not believing." Just because something is not obvious or apparent does not mean it does not exist. Those who are faithful and who are believers can believe even without the validation of seeing in the literal sense. Other: The doubt may have been conceived out of stubbornness or denial that reflects anybody who is not yet a firm or loyal believer. He is a very skeptical person.

Simon Legree

Origin: Uncle Tom's Cabin byHarriet Beecher Stowe Who: Simon Legree is slave owner who dedicates himself to crush Tom's Faith in God Story:Legree is a drunkard who beats his slaves brutally. Only one of his slaves, Cassy, defies her master by threatening to do voodoo on him. Cassy tries to help Uncle Tom, but he is a pacifist and will not resist the terrible beatings Legree inflicts upon him. Theme-the point: Legree is a prime example of an enemy since he dedicates himself to destroying Tom's faith Other: Simon is an evil person and he is direct opposite to Tom

Vishnu

Origin: Vedas - Vishnu Who: Vishnu, Brahma, Savitr, Mitra, Agni Story: The story of the deity Vishnu differs from each accounts told due to the abundance of its mythos. The most common one is in the Vedas. According to Jan Gonda, Vishnu rose through the ranks of divinity to equal that of the Supreme Being because he is mentioned in the Brahmana text of the Vedas. Vishnu is also seen as a supporter of the heavens and the earth. In some of these hymns, Vishnu sits upon the highest house where all the souls of the departed are found. Vishnu is mostly attributed with light. Other hymns suggest that Vishnu is a slayer of evil, that is why his name is invoked alongside the deity Indra. Vedic text also mention the name Savitr, which is also another name for Vishnu. Savitr is a sun god, most commonly known to be the bringer of the sun. It is not uncommon for the Vedic deities to share names, or even their names be intermixed with another god. Alongside the gods Agni and Mitra, Vishnu brings men together and makes them go about their daily activities. Theme: Good and Evil- Vishnu is seen as a protector god, but also a warrior god. A vanquisher of evil and preserver of life. The theme of a black and white area in the human religion is seen through the interpretation of Vishnu. Light and Dark- Sun and ruler of the dead, Vishu's scope of rule is certainly that of a coin; either one of two sides. Other: Sun- source of all life on earth. Being a god that represents the sun is of great importance especially to its followers and the people who live in the presence of its religion. Avatars- Vishnu is known to have many faces, many avatars. Seeing as his role in the Vedas started as only five hymns, he grew into a popular deity by accounting for his various states of being

Inferno

Origin: Western Literature - Nine Circles of Hell Who: Dante, Virgil, Beatrice, Charon, Lucifer Story: Alone and afraid, Dante Alighieri, has lost his path through the forest to only encounter himself with the ghost of Virgil who promises to lead him to Heaven. Virgil leads Dante through the gates of Hell, in which their path goes through, that shows all the souls, when alive, could not commit to good or evil. In the presence of such suffering, Dante begins to feel repugnance and pity toward these lost souls. Continuing their path, the next stop was across the river Acheron which is considered the real border of Hell. Dante witnesses the First Five Circles of Hell that whose only purpose was to make him uneasy with his surroundings. Further into their path, the travelers witness where each person who did wrong in life has a specific circle of hell with their punishments they have to endure the rest of eternity. In the Ninth Circle of Hell, where a giant set them down to the lowest region of hell where they continued to see the stages of punishments for each soul. As their journey was about to come to an end, they are encountered by Lucifer whose body pierces the center of the Earth where he fell down when God closed the gates of Heaven toward him. The description of Lucifer's mouth is to show that he chews of history's greatest sinners. Climbing down Lucifer's body, they come across the river of forgetfulness where they travel from there out of Hell back to Earth, on Easter morning. Theme-the point:The work represents the punishments that follow once one have committed sin- each circle of Hell is made specifically for that reason. The betrayal of God causes for such justice in Hell which exists for the punishments of sin that the souls have to endure for eternity. Other: The tone of the poem, that mixes up emotion and sympathy, creates for the image the reader is very familiar with when thinking of the gates of Hell

Maginot Line

Origin: World War II Who: France and Germany Story: After the declaration of war between both countries, France had built a system of defense that was only remembered for its defeat. The one factor that led to victory slipping out of their hands was the Maginot Line, a praised line of fortifications that spanned France's borders, the glorified trench. The Maginot Line was classified to belong to the age of the First World War, not the mechanized warfare that was used during the Second War. The enemy invasion was even easier due to the trenches main route and the immense complications. The Maginot Line overall was a failure in the eyes of the average French person, but it has been known as the most modern fortification system of its day. Theme-the point: Due to its place in history, the Maginot Line has come to symbolize a defensive barrier or strategy that inspires a false sense of security. The line also represents two opposing forces such as the armies in Europe during the war. Other: The duration of the construction of the trench was during the years 1929 to 1938, in which people can visit as a tourist attraction. The war began when France and Britain declared war on Germany when it invaded Poland in 1939.

Uncle Tom

Origin:Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe Who: Uncle Tom, the title character, was initially seen as a noble, long-suffering Christian slave. His name has become an epithet directed towards African Americans who are accused of selling out to whites. Stowe intended Tom to be a "noble hero" and praiseworthy person. Throughout the book, far from allowing himself to be exploited, Tom stands up for his beliefs and is grudgingly admired even by his enemies. Story: Uncle Tom's Cabin begins with the daring escape of the young slave woman, Eliza, and the sale of the kindly, middle-aged slave, Tom, to settle the debts of his 'master,' a struggling Kentucky farmer. As Eliza struggles to make her way to freedom in Canada, Tom is sent downriver on a riverboat, where he meets and becomes fast friends with the angelic white child, Eva. Eva's father, St. Clare, 'purchases' Tom from the slave trader and is taken to the St. Clare home in New Orleans, where he lives for two years. Then, the frail, too-good-to-be-true Eva falls ill and dies, but not before experiencing a vision of heaven that makes everyone around her vow to do better and be better on this earth.But such promises are not easy to keep, especially when things go from bad to worse. St. Clare is killed and St. Clare's wife reneges on her late husband's promise to free Tom. Instead, she sells him to probably the most vile creature in all of American literature, the despicably cruel slave trader, Simon Legree. Legree takes Tom to his plantation in Louisiana, where Tom befriends the other slaves and witnesses the merciless brutality of Legree. He tries to hold on to his own faith and be a source of support and hope for the others, but this only infuriates Legree, making Tom that much more of a target for Legree's maliciousness. When Tom encourages and helps two of Legree's slaves, Cassy and Emmeline, to escape, that's the last straw. Legree commands his overseers to beat Tom to death, but when, with his last breath, Tom forgives the men, they repent, becoming Christians now united in their rejection of slavery. Theme-the point: Uncle tom is proof of the struggles of slaves and can be seen as determination through faith Other: The story of Uncle Tom caused a lot of debate between slave owners and even got it's way to the president

Cave of Mammon

Origin:​ "The Faerie Queene" by Edmund Spenser (English Literature) Who:​ ​Mammon, Guyon Story:​ ​The Cave of Mammon is the treasure-house of the deity of wealth. The house is located next to the underworld. Sir Guyon visits it, but although Mammon has many riches, he wishes to keep them all to himself. Mammon attempts to convince Guyon of the power of wealth, but Guyon refuses his offers and posits that an obsession with money doesn't make you truly powerful. Theme--the​ ​point:​ ​True wealth lies with self worth and not just material things. Other:​ ​Much like Jesus wandering in the desert in the Bible, Mammon tries to coax Guyon into taking his riches. Never go back on your promises.

Bacchus/Dionysus

Origin:​ Ancient Greece Who​: Dionysus Story/Plot​: Dionysus was the son of Semele and Zeus. Zeus' wife, Hera, found out about the affair and tried to talk to Semele. She tried to convince Semele that Zeus was not a god, provoking Semele to question him. Zeus ultimately obliged, proving himself to Semele. However, Semele ultimately died, as mortals can not look at an "undisguised" god. Desperate to save Dionysus, Zeus sewed him into his thigh. Dionysus was born on Mount Pramnos. He is considered to be "twice-born". Theme/Point: Hera indirectly killed Semele, as a result of her jealousy. Other: Zeus' lightning symbolizes his power and foreshadows Semele's death.

Helen of Troy

Origin:​ Ancient Greece Who​: Helen of Troy Story/Plot​: Daughter of Zeus and Leda, Helen was considered the most beautiful women in the world. She was abducted by Theseus when she was younger. As she grew older, many men competed for her hand in marriage. Menelaus ultimately won, making Helen the Queen of Laconia. The men who had competed for her were required to offer their help in the event of an abduction. Paris seemed Aphrodite to be the fairest goddess. Aphrodite ultimately promised Paris the prettiest girl in the world. When Menelaus was in Crete, Paris took Helen to Troy. Menelaus realized Helen had been captured and enlisted the help of the former suitors. After Paris' death, Helen married his brother, Deiphobus. After the greeks' victory in the Trojan War, Menelaus and Helen killed Deiphobus and sail to Sparta. Theme/Point​: Scorned women are not always trustworthy. Other​: Aphrodite could not be trusted, as she offered Paris Helen in return for her being deemed the fairest goddess.

Hera

Origin:​ Greek Mythology Who:​ Hera Story: Hera, Goddess of Marriage and Lord of Gods, was known to have hatred towards Zeus' children -- Hercules, son of Zeus and a mortal woman. When Hercules was an infant, Hera sent snakes to murder him in his crib, though was saved when Hercules suddenly was discovered to have the strength of a God. Again, Hera attempted to assassinate him by stirring up the Amazons against him during his time of his 12 labors. Theme--the​ ​point:​ Although Hera is unhappy with Zeus' choices and attempts to ruin his plans; it demonstrates that Hera is miserable. Since she finds pleasure in destroying in Zeus' business, it shows she is a lonely and fill-hatred woman. Other: ​Hera may have been horrible to Zeus' children, she also tried to be helpful towards other heroes such as Jason; without her sponsorship, and he would not have retrieved the Golden Fleece.

Chimera

Origin:​ Greek Mythology Who:​ ​Chimera, Bellerophon, King Lobates, Pegasus, Echidna, Typhon Story:​ ​Chimera was a female monster that appeared to be a hybrid of lion, goat and dragon. She would ravage villages with her fiery breath and cause chaos in the countryside. The mere sight of Chimera was seen as bad luck. King Lobates ordered the hero Bellerophon to kill her and he rode in on Pegasus and slayed her by shooting her from the air. She was the child of the fearsome Greek gods Echidna and Typhon. Theme--the​ ​point:​ ​Chimera's combination of parts from different beasts proves that sometimes there are multiple sides to a problem, and it won't be easy to solve or overcome because of this. Other:​ ​Chimera has come to mean any sort of hybrid, fictional animal.

Oedipus

Origin:​ Greek Mythology Who:​ ​Oedipus, King of Thebes Story: In the town of Thebes, the lands were infested by a plague, leaving everything in ruins and the lands bear. So Oedipus, King of Thebes, sent his brother-in-law, Creon, to go to the temple of Apollo to investigate. When Creon returns, he tells Oedipus that they must find the murder of the former king. Oedipus decides to ask the townspeople for information, later advising him to visit the blind prophet who knew all. Revealing shocking news, Oedipus is told that he killed the former - his father, in which he remembers a Oracle years ago warning him about murdering his own father, made a shocking another revelation - his wife was his mother and mother to his children. When the truth is revealed, he returns home to see that his wife/mother has committed suicide. As result, Oedipus banishes himself from Thebes taking both of his daughters and leaving his sons to rule over Thebes, who eventually kill each-other and daughters are murdered. Oedipus traveling alone, he decides to gouge his eyes out with a knife, so he would not see his parents in the Underworld. Theme--the​ ​point:​ ​Fate versus Free will: In the story of Oedipus, 'free-will' is always intervened by fate, in which when Oedipus was left for dead as an infant was saved by a Shepherd who spares his life (representing free-will). However, his parents attempted to get rid of him as an infant by leaving him for dead, though fate won in the end. Other: The name 'Oedipus' translate into 'swollen feet' which was the first impression Oedipus made on the Shepherd that saved in from dying in the mountains.

Gorgon

Origin:​ Greek mythology Who:​ ​Gorgon Story:​ ​ ​In Greek mythology, a Gorgon is a female creature. While descriptions of Gorgons vary across Greek literature and occur in the earliest examples of Greek literature, the term commonly refers to any of three sisters who had hair made of living, venomous snakes, as well as a horrifying visage that turned those who beheld her to stone. The snakes were a result of Poseidon taking advantage of Medusa, transforming her beautiful hair into ugly serpents. Theme--the​ ​point:​ ​Even the happiest, most beautiful people can be transformed by a traumatic event. Other:​ ​The fabled Medusa originates from this story.

Occam's razor

Origin:​ Problem solving principle by William of Ockham (1287-1347) Who:​ ​Occam Story:​ ​Occam's razor, or "law of parsimony" is a principle used to solve problems that was created by William of Ockham, a man of philosophy, theology, and Christianity. "Occam's Razor" posits that out of many differing hypotheses, the hypothesis with the least amount of preconceived ideas is superior. This theory is employed as a guideline to make blueprints for possible designs. Theme--the​ ​point:​ ​Sometimes, simplicity wins over unnecessarily complicated things. Other:​ ​This theory is still used in the scientific field today.

Hermes

Origin:​ ​Ancient Greece Who:​ ​Hermes Story: Hermes was the ancient Greek god of trade, wealth, luck, fertility, sleep, language, thieves, and travel. One of the cleverest and most mischievous of the Olympian gods, he was also their herald and messenger. Perhaps most celebrated was his killing of the many-eyed monster, Argoson. Hermes also freed Aries from his year-long imprisonment in a cauldron by the twin Giants Otus and Ephialtes. One of his most famous roles was as a leader of souls to the river Styx in the underworld, where the boatman Charon would take them to Hades. Hermes was also known as something of a trickster, at one point stealing Poseidon's trident, Artemis' arrows, and Aphrodite's girdle. He was also credited with inventing fire, dice (and so was worshipped by gamblers in his capacity as god of luck and wealth), musical instruments, in particular, the lyre (made from a tortoise shell), and the alphabet. Famous for his diplomatic skills, he was also regarded as the patron of languages and rhetoric. Travellers regarded him as their patron, and stone pillars (hermae) with a phallus symbol were often to be seen set up along road sides. Theme--the point: The myths of Hermes exemplifies that everyone has a purpose, gift, or talent which they must use wisely Other: ​Hermes is said to have invented the lyre. He found, one day, a tortoise, of which he took the shell, made holes in the opposite edges of it, and drew cords of linen through them, and the instrument was complete. There were nine cords in honor of the nine Muses, the daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne. Hermes gave the lyre to Apollo the god of medicine, and received in exchange, the caduceus.

Odysseus

Origin:​ ​Greek Mythology Who:​ Odysseus Story: ​Odysseus was the King of the island Ithaca and son of Laertes and Anticlea. Odysseus wished to marry Helen, stepdaughter of King Tyndareus. Unable to decide Odysseus proposed a plan to decide though only if allowed to marry his niece, Penelope. Once agreeing Odysseus would draw stats with the condition of everyone e giving an oath to stay if an illness arose. Once this was done , Menelaus was drawn. Paris of Troy abducted Helen and Menelaus created an expenditure to return her. Here it was realized that Odysseus did not wish to attend any war. In recruiting warriors for the Trojan War the Greeks wished to have Achilles as a member though do to beliefs his mother forced him to dress as woman. Odysseus displayed weapons to see which person would take an interest and he also sounded the battle horn and naturally Achilles picked up a weapon, with this joining them. In the war, Odysseus was a advisor and a strategist, this including the creation the Trojan Horse. In his way home after ten years storms allowed for his ships to land on the island of Cyclops Polyphemus. While attacking 5he monsters on the land they incidentally revealed their identity with unleashing the father, Poseiden. Rough seas were let go allowing for the ships to land back home though a bag kept was opened believing it was gold though instead letting go of winds making the ships go back. While in another Island, a witch turned the crew into pigs besides Odysseus as she fell in love with him. Later transforming the crew to men again. Back home Odysseus found out that suitors received his wife, thus returned to his home to gain her back. Theme--the point: ​Odysseus fought for his wife only to leave her and then when he returned there were suitors revolving her. Never leave something precious alone, somebody else might want it as well. Other: ​Odysseus was cunning, therefore consequences and challenges were set due to his actions.

Prometheus

Origin:​ ​Greek Mythology Who:​ ​Prometheus, Zeus Story: ​Prometheus was one of the Titans. He had a reputation of being a clever trickster and he is responsible for stealing fire and giving it to the humans. He also teaches them how to use it, which results in the skill of metalwork. His actions were punished by Zeus, who sent an eagle to eat the liver of the Titan as he was chained to a rock, and the process would be repeated the next day for all eternity. Prometheus, whose name translates to Forethought, was one of the leaders of the battle between the Titans and the Olympian gods led by Zeus to gain control of the heavens, a struggle which was said to have lasted ten years. Prometheus eventually switched sides to the Olympians when the Titans would not follow his advice to use trickery in the battle. Theme--the​ ​point:​ ​Zeus' tyranny is portrayed as detrimental and misguided in order to highlight the importance of friendship and alliances. Obedience is a secondary value compared to innovation. Other:​ ​Zeus meant to punish Prometheus as well as mankind. Pandora's box is a result of Prometheus' actions. Pandora was created by Zeus and given to Prometheus' brother as a bride, but he also gives her a box of evil that she unleashes upon humanity.

Pallas​ ​Athena

Origin:​ ​Greek Mythology Who:​ Pallas Athena, Medusa Story: A woman named Medusa was described has one of the most beautiful woman in her village, originally with golden hair, love-inspiring eyes, and white skin smooth as silk. Medusa believed she was more beautiful than Goddess Athena, and then decides to visit the Parthenon (largest temple of Athena). During her visit, Medusa continues to boast about her beauty and insults Athena's beauty and statue, stating that a statue of herself would be prettier. The public was shocked by her remark and Athena herself, Medusa was left alone in the temple and is met with an angry Athena. During their conversation, Athena attempts to influence Medusa that beauty is not everything, that there is more; as a result, Athena decides to punish Medusa for her arrogance and punishes her. As punishment for her terrible manner, Athena charmed every single strand of hair to be changed into a venomous snake, the color of her eyes became red-blood, which only brought disgust and fear to the minds of the onlooker and skin was now a greenish scale-skin. Seeing herself in the reflection, Medusa ran away to Africa and never returned. Roaming from place to place, her curse turned anyone into stone, whoever looked at her gaze and continued to live until Perseus killed her. Theme--the point: ​Jealousy: It is seen various times in the story of Athena's punishment on Medusa, that she is a selfish and arrogant woman who believes to be better. Medusa's jealousy is seen when she begins to brag about herself to her and claims that a statue of herself would be prettier than Athena's. Other:​ Athena's birth is unique—he she was born out of the forehead of Zeus and rose from it as a grown woman and wearing an armor.

Theseus

Origin:​ ​Greek Mythology Who:​ Theseus Story:​ There are many myths of Theseus. In short, He volunteered or was selected to go to Crete to be sacrificed to the Minotaur, who he said he would kill. They sailed in ships with black sails, but had purple sails in case they succeeded as a message to his father the king. He befriended Minos's daughter Ariadne, who gave him a thread and a sword, and he went into the maze and killed the minotaur, using the thread to help him find his way out. She fled with him, naturally, but he abandoned her on the Island of Naxos. That she there met Dionysius who proved a more faithful boyfriend still doesn't make him look good. The crew than forgot to change the sails, and when he got home he found out his father had just thrown himself out a window over his grief at seeing black, rather than purple, sails. Some years later he promised to help his friend steal a wife. They settled on Persephone, Hades's Wife. Hades is Zeus's brother. You don't mess with him. Both were held in caves and tortured until Herakles, politely, requested Theseus's release. Since he was on Hades's good side at the time, he won it. His "friend" is down there being tortured to this day. Theme--the​ ​point: The ingenuity of the mind can even outsmart the toughest opposition. The tragedy of Aegeus brings up the recurring theme of a tragic mistake. When Theseus forgets to raise the correct flag, his carelessness takes a fatal turn against someone he loves. Other: Procrustes is killed by Theseus in the most ironic method, stretching him across one of his own torture contraptions.

Hector

Origin:​ ​Greek Mythology Who:​ ​Hector, Odysseus, Ajax, Achilles, Athena, Patroclus Story: ​Hector was the prince of Troy, his parents being King Priam and Queen Hecuba. Hector was seen to be the top of the warriors from Troy. Though much of a warrior he was he did not believe in the Trojan War. In this the first person to land on Trojan soil would die. Therefore Protesilaus was the first to land and dies in a duel with Hector. As this occurred Hector proposed the idea of a duel to end the war. Ajax, a Greek hero volunteered to take place in the duel. The fight lasted the entire day and after this both sides decided to exchange gifts as a form of admiring the strength of one another. Hector's last fight was with Achilles. In this Hector got an unexpected fear and began to run though eventually being caught up with he had no option but to fight. The goddess Athena appeared in the form of brother, Deiphobus. Being distracted by the image of his brother Hector realised he was going to die. Once dead, Achilles dragged the body with the chariot for twelve days for killing Patroclus. Finally releasing the body to the Trojans for a proper burial. Theme--the point: ​The Greek myth reveals the consequences that are given when tricked or pressured into doing something not desired to. Hector did not want the war though he was forced to as well tricked throughout his battles due to this he ended up dead. Do not do something undesired for it will end with consequences. Other: Although Hector was a great warrior he did not wish a war due to peer pressure he gained consequences

Hercules

Origin:​ ​Greek Mythology Who:​ ​Hercules, Hera Story: ​Hercules who is the son of Zeus, the king of the gods, and a mortal named Alcmene was born a demigod with exceptional strength and stamina. He was able to suffer like mortals did but could also perform tasks that no regular human being could complete. Hera who was Zeus's wife knew that Hercules was his illegitimate son and she even went as far as to send two witches to prevent his birth. Growing up, Hercules was not aware of his true strength and ended up killing his music teacher, Linus, out of rage. Later on he discovered that the Thebans had been defeated by the Minyans and he decided to go help by leading a band of Theban warriors to victory. As a gift for restoring order to King Creon of Thebes he was given the king's daughter Megara in marriage. Hercules then chose to suffer the Twelve Labors despite the threats from Hera. In his journey through his many labors he had to kill the invincible Nemean Lion, the venomous serpent Hydra, Cerynitian Hind sacred to goddess Artemis and nine more to follow. Theme--the point: ​The myth shows that a hero can also encounter defeats and that they are not as perfect as they are portrayed from the surface. Strength does not make struggles in life any easier or make a person exempt to discouragement or dark times. Other:​ ​His ability to endure hardships served as a positive symbol of stability within chaos.

Ixion's Wheel

Origin:​ ​Greek Mythology Who:​ ​Ixion Story:​ Ixion, in Greek legend, son either of the god Ares or of Phlegyas, king of the Lapiths in Thessaly. He murdered his father-in-law and could find no one to purify him until Zeus did so and admitted him as a guest to Olympus. Ixion abused his pardon by trying to seduce Zeus's wife, Hera. Zeus substituted for her a cloud, by which Ixion became the father of Centaurus, who fathered the Centaurs by the mares of Mount Pelion. Zeus, to punish him, bound him on a fiery wheel, which rolled unceasingly through the air or, according to the more common tradition, in the underworld. Theme--the​ ​point:​ ​Those who anger Zeus shall feel his wrath. Other:​ In the Epilogue to Moby-Dick, Ishmael, the only surviving crewmember at the sinking of the Pequod, likens himself to "another Ixion."

Minotaur

Origin:​ ​Greek Mythology Who:​ ​Minotaur, King Minos, Theseus, Ariadne Story: ​The Minotaur was a half-bull, half-human monster born to Queen Pasiphae of Crete, King Minos' wife, and the Cretan bull. The bull was a gift from Poseidon to Minos, but he kept the bull instead of sacrificing it like the god wanted. Poseidon was angered and in retaliation, made his wife fall in love with the bull, and the minotaur was born. Minos commissioned his best architect, Daedalus, to build a maze underneath his court to trap the minotaur, known as the Labyrinth. After Minos' son was accidentally killed in Athens, he demanded from them a sacrifice of fourteen young people to feed to the minotaur. Theseus, son of the king of Athens, volunteered to go as a sacrifice, but it was a ruse to kill the monster. Upon arriving at Crete, he fell in love with Minos' daughter Ariadne, who gives him a ball of thread to tie to the maze entrance so he could find his way out of the maze. Theseus slays the minotaur to prevent future sacrifices. Theme--the​ ​point:​ ​Brute strength is not the only way to solve problems; wit is essential as well. In literature, an allusion to the minotaur may be in reference to a horrific monster that is thought to be impossible to slay. Other:​ ​The Minotauros' proper name Asterion, "the starry one," suggests he might have been associated with the constellation Taurus.

Orpheus​ ​and​ ​Eurydice

Origin:​ ​Greek Mythology Who:​ ​Orpheus, Eurydice, Hades Story: ​Orpheus, a gifted musician, was the son of Apollo and Calliope who fell in love with a mortal named Eurydice due to her enchanting beauty. The day they got married, Eurydice was on a stroll in the forest one day and Aristaeus attempted to rape her. In her struggle to avoid him, she fell into a nest of venomous vipers who bit her resulting in her tragic death. He traveled to the underworld to beg his uncle Hades to bring back his wife into the world alive as herself. Hades agreed to allow Eurydice to follow Orpheus back to life but on one condition that he didn't look back until they were both safely on earth. Orpheus was too worried and felt that maybe his wife would need help on the difficult path back to the surface. He began to question her safety and whether Hades sent Eurydice behind him at all. To reassure himself, he took the risk of looking back and as a result lost his wife forever. Theme--the​ ​point:​ ​Love is an extremely powerful motivator in both positive and negative ways. This can make people perform irrational and sometime impulsive decisions based solely upon their heart which do not always result in happy endings. Other:​ ​Snakes are depicted, not only in this story, as descendants of satan or anything evil in Adam and Eve of the Bible, Shakespeare's plays, and the killing of Cleopatra.

Paris

Origin:​ ​Greek Mythology Who:​ ​Paris Story: ​Before Paris was born, his mother Hecuba had a dream that her child was a flaming torch. Seer Aesacus told her that this meant her unborn child would be the doom of Troy. he told her that the day we was to be born was the same day he would be killed to save the kingdom. His parents Priam and Hecuba could not kill their own son so they gave him to a herdsman so that he could do the killing which he could not complete in the end either. Instead the herdsman left the baby near Mount Ida to die only to find nine days later that Paris was still alive and returned him back to Troy. when he grew up he fell in love with a nymph named Oenone but then left her for Helen. Oenone however promised to heal any wounds he was inflicted with in his life. After years had passed Zeus appointed Paris in charge of deciding which goddess, out of Hera, Athena And Aphrodite, would receive the Golden Apple of Discord inscribed with "To the Fairest." Hera promised him the gift of eternal royalty and authority. Athena promised that he would be given battle skills and knowledge. Aphrodite promised him the most beautiful women in the world and Paris decided to choose her. Paris was not considered an amazing warrior since his weapon of choice was a bow and arrow. He was eventually wounded by Philoctetes and when Oenone went back on her word refusing to heal him since she was still upset that he left her for Helen. Paris died the same day this decision was made. Theme--the​ ​point:​ ​Choices are more important for the future than for desires or duties of the moment. Other:​ ​ ​The Golden Apple is a symbol of irresistible trouble like the apple from the Adam and Eve story of the Bible.

Phoenix

Origin:​ ​Greek Mythology Who:​ ​Phoenix Story:​ A Phoenix is a majestic, mythical bird that has a lifespan of seven hundred years until it passes away by igniting a fire within itself. However, this is not the end for the Phoenix. After the bird is reduced to a mere pile of ashes, it is reborn from them and begins life anew.This iconic image of the phoenix is usually described as a huge, magnificent bird that is covered in beautiful, warm colored feathers that look like the very fire that temporarily ends its life. The phoenix fashions its own resting place like a nest and self destructs by clapping its great wings together. When it is reborn, it soars from the ashes in a dazzling, spectacular way. Theme--the​ ​point:​ ​Difficult life situations and endings can just be the beginning of a new life or outlook. Other:​ ​In Fahrenheit 451, there is an allusion to the Phoenix when the city is burned down, mankind is able to build up from it like the phoenix is reborn from the ashes.

Procrustes

Origin:​ ​Greek Mythology Who:​ ​Poseidon, Theseus and Procrustes Story:​ ​Son of the sea god, Poseidon, Procrustes was notorious for inviting strangers into his home where he would then "stretch" the people to be the size of the bed by bludgeoning them with a hammer. However, if the victim was taller than the bed frame, Procrustes solved this problem by chopping off their limbs. This went on until Theseus kidnapped him and went all the way to Athens to fit Procrustes to his own infamous bed. Theme--the​ ​point:​ ​People are made to conform to impossible standards and being different is frowned upon. Other:​ ​Edgar Allan Poe's "The Purloined Letter" compares the aggressive way that a French detective searched for clues to the Procrustean bed.

Achilles

Origin:​ ​Greek Mythology Who:​ ​Thetis, Peleus, Hector, Paris. Story:​ ​Child of a mortal, Peleus, and an immortal nymph, Thetis, Achilles was a great hero who fought in the Trojan war. He killed Hector, the Trojan hero, in Troy. Achilles' mother wanted to make him immortal, so she dropped him in the river styx, but she didn't notice that his heel was sticking out, thus making this his only vulnerable point. Because of this fatal flaw, Achilles was defeated when Paris shot him in the heel with an arrow. Theme--the​ ​point:​ ​Even people with a strong will who seem invincible still have certain vulnerabilities that will drag them down in the end. Other:​ ​There is a tendon located at the back of the heel named after Achilles called the Achilles' tendon.

Titans

Origin:​ ​Greek Mythology Who:​ ​Titans Story: ​The Titans ruled the world before Olympians, in a time known as the Golden Age of men. They were immortal giants and possessed incredible strength and magic. They are also known as the Elder Gods and their dwelling place was at Mount Othrys. In Greek culture they were interpreted as personifications of the earth (Gaea) and the sky or heavens (Uranus). The first generation of Titans were descendants of Gaea and Uranus. There were twelve Titans, six males and six females. Males were Coeus, Cronus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus and Oceanus and females were Mnemosyne, Phoebe, Rhea, Theia, Themis and Tethys. They arose to power when Kronos, in a plot with his mother and his brothers, castrated his father Uranus. They were eventually overthrown by the Olympians. Kronos ate his children, but he was fed a rock instead of Zeus, who then grew up and slayed him. He cut open Kronos' stomach to release his fully grown siblings. Theme--the​ ​point:​ ​ ​Allusions to the titans are supposed to imply strong and powerful beings. "Atlas Gym" implies people will build great strength, enough to hold up the sky. Other:​ Most of the titans are imprisoned in Tartarus. Prometheus was spared because he fought on the Olympians' side and was instead given the task of creating man, leading to his problems.

Trojan Horse

Origin:​ ​Greek Mythology Who:​ ​Trojan Horse Story:​ The story of the Trojan Horse takes place throughout the Trojan War. The Greeks built a large, wooden horse to give to the city of Troy (their enemy.) The horse was received as a gift and as a victory prize of the way. Though what they did not know was that inside the horse force men were put inside to attack the city. The enemies made sure and watched that the Greeks were gone. Once inside the city of Troy the force men were released at night and opened the gate of the City of Troy to the rest of their army, with that the Greeks won the war. Theme--the​ ​point:​ ​In this is is shown to not always trust something die to the physical features. The author might use this as a way to trick the main character into trusting though without showing true intentions. Other:​ ​This is a perfect example trust and physical appearances.

Icarus

Origin:​ ​Greek Mythology. Who:​ ​Icarus Story:​ In Greek mythology, Icarus is the son of the master craftsman Daedalus, the creator of the Labyrinth. Icarus and his father attempt to escape from Crete by means of wings that his father constructed from feathers and wax. Icarus' father warns him first of complacency and then of hubris, asking that he fly neither too low nor too high, so the sea's dampness would not clog his wings or the sun's heat melt them. Icarus ignored his father's instructions and his wax wings melted resulting in Icarus tumbling out of the sky and falling into the sea where he drowned. Theme--the​ ​point:​ ​The theme is a warning to children in which to take notice of the advice of parents and elders or else they too may end up in trouble. Other:​ ​The cliche phrase of "always listen to your parents comes from here."

Hydra

Origin:​ ​Greek mythology Who:​ ​ ​The Lernean Hydra, Hercules, Iolaus Story: ​An immortal water serpent who had nine heads was told to have one head that was indestructible, which haunted the swamps of Lerna. Hercules a demi-god, was given his second labor of twelve to cut off the indestructible head of the beast. During the battle, Hercules's foot was captured by the beast. Struggling, Hercules began to cut off the heads of beast, though he would cut off one head and two more would grow back from the fresh wound. To make matters worse, the beast was accompanied by a crab. Hercules was bitten but shortly disposed of the crab with his club. Calling his nephew, Iolaus for help, Hercules continued to slay the beast's heads, and Iolaus would burn them, in order to prevent them from regrowing. With the help of Iolaus, Hercules one by one destroyed the 8 heads and finally chopped off the ninth, indestructible head. Accomplishing his second labor, Hercules hid the immortal head under a heavy rock; though he believed this was not sufficient to sustain the beast and decided to use the beast's poisonous venom to finish it off. He dipped his arrows into the poisoned blood, allowing Hercules to acquire extra deadly arrows. Later Hera, goddess of women, marriage, and the stars of heaven, granted the Hydra and crab to be constellations in the sky as Hydra and Cancer. Theme--the point: An author might use this allusion to describe a situation. "Hydra" or "hydra-headed" describes a difficult situation with multiple problems. This story displays the fact that problems encountered in life are not easily resolved. Other:​ ​In If You Came This Way by Peter Davis: "...poverty is a hydra. What we need is a Hercules of a solution to cut off as many of its heads as possible."

King Aegeus

Origin:​ ​Greek mythology Who:​ ​Aegeus,​ ​Pandion,​ ​Cecrops,​ ​Theseus Story:​Aegeus was a child of Pandion and grandchild of Cecrops. He ruled Athens and was Theseus' father. In a tragic misunderstanding, the king flung himself into the ocean, killing himself because he thought Theseus was dead. The sea in that area was named after him and has been known ever since as the Aegean sea. Theme--the​ ​point:​ ​Happiness is temporary and can slip away due to the simplest mistakes. Other:​ ​The tragedy of King Aegeus has inspired many art pieces and paintings

Nero

Origin:​ ​Roman ruler Who:​ ​Nero, Agrippina, Claudius, Seneca, Britannicus Story:​ ​Nero's mother, Agrippina, had gotten her son's royal position by slaying Claudius as well as his son Britannicus. Despite this, Nero wanted to be independent from his mother and make his own choices, so he followed in the footsteps of his teacher, Seneca by banning secret trials as well as granting the senate more freedom. Additionally, Nero ended capital punishment, cut down on taxes and said that slaves could sue unjust owners. He helped out cities that went through natural disasters, helped Jewish people and was passionate about sports and the arts. Despite all of this, it was not long before he followed in Caligula's footsteps and started going on a sick and twisted murderous rampage. He even tried to kill his own mother, without which he would have never gained his power. His dishonorable behavior shocked Rome and the bad omens of fire and unlucky birds caused for great concern among the people. In the blink of an eye, Nero became an unstoppable tyrant because no one was there to regulate his actions. When Epicharis tried to assassinate him, her plan backfired horribly and sent Nero into an even worse killing spree. However, his wicked reign was soon ended when he was classified as a public enemy and he ended up taking his own life. Theme--the​ ​point:​ ​When in a position of great power, do not abuse it because it will lead to your own downfall. Other:​ ​Shakespeare alluded to Nero in Hamlet to show that Hamlet did not wish to be as cruel hearted as Nero in his actions

Sword of Damocles

Origin:​ ​Syracuse, Sicily Who:​ ​Damocles Story:​ ​Damocles was an obsequious courtier in the court of Dionysius II of Syracuse, a fourth century BC tyrant of Syracuse. Damocles exclaimed that, as a great man of power and authority, Dionysius was truly fortunate. Dionysius offered to switch places with him for a day, so he could taste first hand that fortune. In the evening a banquet was held where Damocles very much enjoyed being waited upon like a king. Only at the end of the meal did he look up and notice a sharpened sword hanging directly above his head by a single horse-hair. Immediately, he lost all taste for the amenities and asked leave of the tyrant, saying he no longer wanted to be so fortunate. Dionysius had successfully conveyed a sense of the constant fear in which the great man lives. Theme--the​ ​point:​ ​Ever present danger faced by those in positions of great power. Other:​ ​Used as a symbol in Canterbury Tales.

Abraham

Origins: Biblical - Abraham Who: God, Abraham, Sarah Story: Abraham (or Abram before his calling) is one of the main patriarchs of the Bible. He is best known for his faith in God, his utmost belief in His Word. Abram, before God had renamed him "Abraham", was a descendant of Noah through Terah, making him establishing his place within the circle of God-fearing families. One day, in a vision, God had commanded Abram to leave his country to a place where God could only show him. God had promised Abram that his offspring will be as plentiful as the dirt in the desert, his name shall be revered through all time, and his enemies shall become what they wish upon Abram. His wife Sarai was barren, but God had promised him a child to sire the nation, so at the age of ninety-nine, Sarai was renamed Sarah and was given a child -Isaac- who would inherit the land of his father. Abram too was renamed to Abraham meaning "a father of many nations." And in accordance to the Covenant, every male in his household was circumcised including himself and his first son Ishmael. Theme: When God reaches out to Abraham, Abraham fully goes and trusts His word. Not many would leave everything familiar to them and go to an unknown destination. Abraham's faith in god can be demonstrated as the idea that complete and utter faith in someone means trusting every bit of their judgment without doubt and hesitation, even if the intention is ambiguous or suspicious. Other: Abraham is seen as one of the heroes in the Old Testament. Just like Noah and Elijah, Abraham demonstrates his faith by performing an "impossible" and irrational task before God even with his prolonged absence in the lives of the mortal humans. Abraham dismisses the idols and gods of his region in favor of a belief that an unseen and unnamed deity will provide a promised land for his descendants.

Cain and Abel

Origins: Biblical - Cain and Abel Who: God, Cain, Abel Story: Eve gave birth to two sons who would later commit the first murder according to the Bible. The older brother, Cain, was jealous of his younger brother, Abel, because God favors Abel's offering over Cain's. The story goes that Abel's offerings were choice calf from his flock while Cain's were the fruits of the earth. God was more pleased with the bounty of Abel's offering. God had told Cain that whether or not He accepts Cain's offering, sin still waits for Cain and it is his job to overcome it. Cain told Abel to follow him into the field and when they were in the field Cain killed his brother using a rock to hit Abel in the head. Later, God asks Cain where Abel was. Cain replies with one of the most famous quotes from the Bible - "Am I my brother's keeper?" God was furious for he knew that the soil of the earth cried with Abel's blood. God punished Cain by making the land bountyless for Cain. Cain would also be left wandering the earth with a mark left by God, claiming that should anyone murder him shall suffer vengeance sevenfold. Theme: Cain and Abel's story explores the idea of hatred, envy, impulsivity, and brotherhood. The story conveys the idea that hatred and envy are sinful emotions which lead to regrettable decisions and malicious heart and intention. Furthermore, it also warns that impulsive actions are often attributed to highly passionate and "in-heat-of-the-moment" and Cain's act of murder of his brother displays this to an extreme. Ultimately, the story of these two brothers questions the strength of bond between brothers. The lack of connection has led to envy and anger which inevitably leads to a gruesome outcome, it can vary as disconnected communication or, in this situation, murder. Other: Stone- The murder weapon. A barbaric mineral used in many of early tools. Symbolizing a crime of chance, not a premeditated crime. Mark of Cain- Symbolizes the compassion of God. Due to the punishment it bears but also the protection it brings. It could also symbolize isolation, seeing as people would most likely leave Cain alone. Cain and Abel are also representative of the first murder ever committed

Adonis

Origin​: Ancient Greece Who​: Adonis Story​: He is the son of Theias, king of Syria. His mother is Myrrha and was actually Their' daughter. In the myth, Myrrha fell in love with her father and tricked him into having sex with her, which is how Adonis was conceived. When King Theias found out that his daughter had tricked him he tried to find her and kill her. Myrrha begged the gods for mercy and they transformed her into a myrrh tree. In tree form, she gave birth to Adonis. At some point, Aphrodite came along and fell in love with him. She protected Adonis and let Persephone raise and take care of him. Later, Aphrodite and Persephone had a dispute over Adonis because both of the goddesses wanted him, but Persephone refused to give him back. In the end, Zeus became involved in order to settle the argument. He told the goddesses that a third of a year should be given to both of them and the other would be for Adonis to decide. Adonis chose to be with Aphrodite for two thirds a year. Adonis died after being attacked by a wild boar that was sent by Artemis. Artemis was jealous of his hunting skills and wanted to punish him. Another version of that story says that Ares, the god of war, sent the boar to kill Adonis, because he was Aphrodite's lover. After the death of Adonis, Aphrodite then let nectar flow over his blood and the Anemone flower sprouted. Theme--the​ ​point​: The physical perfection of Adonis represents the ideal man. Other​: Red flowers of anemone are believed to be flowers which came into existence with Adonis' blood falling onto the soil during his death.

Agamemmon

Origin​: Ancient Greece Who​: Agamemnon Story​: King of Mycenae, he was the son of Atreus. After Atreus was murdered by his nephew Aegisthus (son of Thyestes), Agamemnon and Menelaus took refuge with Tyndareus, king of Sparta, whose daughters, Clytemnestra and Helen, they married. Agamemnon had a son and three daughters with Clytemnestra, Iphigenia, Electra, and Chrysothemis. Menelaus succeeded Tyndareus, and Agamemnon recovered his father's kingdom. When Paris Alexandros, son of King Priam of Troy, carried off Helen, Agamemnon called on the princess of the country to unite in a war of revenge against the Trojans. He furnished 100 ships and was chosen commander in chief of the combined forces. The fleet assembled at Aulis in Boeotia, but was prevented from sailing by winds that were sent by the goddess Artemis because Agamemnon had in some way offended her. To appease the wrath of Artemis, Agamemnon was forced to sacrifice his own daughter Iphigenia. After the capture of Troy, Cassandra, Priam's daughter, fell to Agamemnon's lot in the distribution of the prizes of war. On his return he landed in Argolis, where Aegisthus, who in the period he was gone, had seduced Agamemnon's wife, murdered Agamemnon, his comrades, and Cassandra. In Agamemnon, by the Greek poet Aeschylus, however, Clytemnestra was made to do the killing. The murder was avenged by Orestes, who returned to slay both his mother and her lover. Theme--the point: This story exemplifies how impactful past crimes are in future events and that one act of violence inevitably leads to another. Other​: The Greek gods were all-too-human in their jealousies, and rather than reward human greatness, they tended to see mortal achievement as a threat to their own power. Therefore, when any human rose too high (like Agamemnon in this play), he risked being singled out for divine chastisement.

Apollo

Origin​: Ancient Greece Who​: Apollo Story​: Apollo was considered the god of healing and medicine, either through himself or through his son, Asclepius. At the same time, he could also bring forth disease and plague with his arrows; it was considered that a god that can cause disease is also able to prevent it. When Apollo's mother was in labor with him and his twin sister Artemis, she was looking for a place to give birth, however, Hera had made all land shun her so she was unable to find a place to give birth. Hera was very sour towards her because Zeus was her children's father and Hera disliked that Zeus kept having children with other women and goddesses. But Poseidon took pity on Leto and showed her an island, Delos, that was not attached to the sea floor so it technically was not considered land. So Leto traveled there and gave birth. Apollo was the god of prophecy and needed a place where mortals could come and ask ask him questions. He settled on the island of Pythos where he killed a giant python that was terrorizing the area. He renamed the island Delphi and created a temple where the oracles spoke to mortals about prophesies Apollo could foresee. Although Apollo had many love affairs, they were mostly unfortunate. Daphne, in her efforts to escape him, was changed into a laurel, his sacred shrub. Coronis (mother of Asclepius) was shot by Apollo's twin, Artemis, when Coronis proved unfaithful. Cassandra (daughter of King Priam of Troy) rejected his advances and was punished by being made to utter true prophecies that no one believed. Theme--the point: ​In relation to Apollo's numerous affairs, the lesson to be learned is that desire can prove to be destructive. Other​: ​The Laurel leaves that Apollo wears in ancient Greek mythology is a major symbol in the myth of Apollo and Daphne. When Daphne transformed into a tree, Apollo promised to wear those leaves because of his total infatuation with her.

Narcissus

Origin​: Ancient Greece Who​: Narcissus Story/Plot​: Narcissus was the son of Cephisus and Lyriope. Aminias fell in love with Narcissus, as did many other young men. Narcissus spurned all of the men that fell in love with him. He gave Aminias a sword. Aminias used the sword to commit suicide, wanting Narcissus to feel the pain he gave to others. Narcissus was walking by a river and noticed his reflection. He was mesmerized by his own beauty and realized he could not express his love, leaving him to die from his sorrow. Themes/Point​: Narcissus's fate shows that there is a fine line between confidence and narcissism. It shows that being self-obsessed is dangerous and painful. Other: Narcissus killed himself -as he could not have what he desired -himself. This shows that being conceited can be harmful.

Perseus

Origin​: Ancient Greece Who​: Perseus Story​: He was the son of princess Danae who was locked away in a bronze chamber by her father, Acrisius, who lived in fear of a prophecy that he would one day be killed by her son. The god, Zeus, however, infiltrated her prison in the guise of a golden shower and impregnated her. When Acrisius discovered the child, he placed the two in a chest and set them adrift at the sea. They were carried safely to the island of Seriphos where they were offered refuge by the kindly, fisherman Diktys. When Perseus was fully grown, King Polydectes commanded he retrieve the head of Medusa. With the help of the gods, Perseus obtained winged sandals, an invisible helm, and a magical sword. He then sought out the ancient Graeae, and stealing their single eye, compelled them to reveal the location of the Gorgones. Perseus approached Medousa as she slept and beheaded her with eyes averted to avoid her fatal stare. On his journey back to Greece, Perseus came across princess Andromeda chained to a rock, about to be sacrificed to a sea-monster. He killed the beast and brought her with him back to Greece as his bride.Upon reaching Seriphos, the Perseus turned King Polydectes to stone, and then travelled on to his grandfather's kingdom to claim the throne. The old man fled in fear for his life but was later killed accidentally by Perseus at the funeral games of a king with a discus throw gone awry, thus fulfilling the prophecy that he would kill his grandfather. Theme--the point​: This story shows that although taking extreme measures may hinder a foreseen prophecy, it is impossible to alter one's destiny. Other​: In the story of Perseus, Medusa could be a parallel to the Snake in the story of Adam and Eve. Perseus killing her represents getting rid of temptation, fear, and death.

Troy

Origin​: Ancient Greece Who​: Troy Story/Plot​: Troy is the setting for Homer's Iliad in which he recounts the final year of the Trojan War sometime in the 13th century BCE. The war was in fact a ten-year siege of the city by a coalition of Greek forces led by King Agamemnon of Mycenae. The purpose of the expedition was to reclaim Helen, wife of Menelaos, king of Argos and brother of Agamemnon. Helen was abducted by the Trojan prince Paris and taken as his prize for choosing Aphrodite as the most beautiful goddess in a competition with Athena and Hera. The Trojan War is also told in other sources such as the Epic Cycle poems (of which only fragments survive) and is also briefly mentioned in Homer's Odyssey. Troy and the Trojan War later became a staple myth of Classical Greek and Roman literature. Homer describes Troy as 'well-founded', 'strong-built' and 'well-walled'; there are also several references to fine battlements, towers and 'high' and 'steep' walls. The walls must have been unusually strong in order to withstand a ten-year siege and in fact, Troy fell through the trickery of the Trojan horse ruse rather than any defensive failing. Indeed, in Greek mythology the walls were so impressive that they were said to have been built by Poseidon and Apollo who after an act of impiety were compelled by Zeus to serve the Trojan king Laomedon for one year. However, the fortifications did not help the king when Herakles sacked the city with an expedition of only six ships. The sacking was Herakles' revenge for not being paid for his services to the king when he killed the sea-serpent sent by Poseidon. This episode was traditionally placed one generation before the Trojan War as the only male survivor was Laomedon youngest son Priam, the Trojan king in the later conflict. Theme/Point: ​Troys strong walls show the importance of stability and strength in chaotic times. Other​: Troy manages to tie many Greek mythology stories together, as many of these took place there.

Don Juan

Origin​: Spain Who:​ Don Juan Story/Plot​: Don Juan seduced numerous women. While getting ready to seduce Donna Ana, her father finds Don Juan and tries to fight with him. However, Don Juan ultimately kills him. While walking past the tomb, Don Juan was taunted by a voice telling him that he would have to pay for his sins. He responded to this by extending a dinner invitation to the voice as a joke. The statue ultimately showed up for dinner and extended its hand to Don Juan. Don Juan held its hand and found himself stuck in a strong, freezing cold grip. Don Juan, unable to escape the grip, was dragged to hell. Theme/Point: Don Juan inevitably had to pay for his sins. Other: The pit of fire showed that Don Juan would "burn" for his sins.

Copperfield

WRONG