AM Gov Losco and Baker 2015-2016 COMBO
Q?? "Don't interfere with anything in the Constitution. That must be maintained, for it is the only safeguard of our liberties."- Abraham Lincoln
"The Constitution of the United States was made not merely for the generation that then existed, but for posterity- unlimited, undefined, endless, perpetual posterity." - Henry Clay
How does the American political system seek to limit a tyranny of the majority?
"The intrinsic difficulty of governing thirteen states at any rate, independent of calculations upon an ordinary degree of public spirit and integrity will, in my opinion, constantly impose on the national rulers the necessity of a spirit of accommodation to the reasonable expectations of their constituents." -Alexander Hamilton (Federalist Paper 85)
New federalism
"on your own" federalism; power redistributed to the states; devolution begins; Reagan Era
What are the limitations on freedom of the press?
(1) access to information; (2) prior restraint on publishing information (censorship, injunctions); (3) liability for publishing (libel and invasion of privacy suits, fines and imprisonment); and (4) requiring reporters to testify or otherwise disclose sources or materials gathered in the course of their employment.
Cloture
(in a legislative assembly) a procedure for ending a debate and taking a vote.
president, chief executive
- 1 role of president - constitution gives president executive power - carries out/oversees daily business of executive branch -executive orders
president, term of president
- 22 amendment -2 terms or 10 years
judicial branch, Main roles of the judicial branch
- Resolve society's conflicts peacefully, in accordance with the law, and in a manner most parties of the conflict with see fair -deals with criminal and civil law
Filibusters
-"talking a bill to death" - tries to delay a bill as to force a change -Senate only
president, chief of state
-1 role of president - ceremonial head of government
president, commander in chief
-1 role of president - in charge of nation's armed forces -decides where armed forces should be stationed, weapons to be used - pres. has a lot of advisors in this area
president, chief policy maker
-1 role of president - main architect of public policy.. can propose bills and must sign them -presents agenda to congress in State of the Union address -calls upon members of congress to lobby for his agenda
president, chief manager of the economy
-1 role of president - works with congress to write federal budget and set tax policy
president, chief of party
-1 role of president -acknowledged leader of political party - pres. helps members of their party get elected -make campaign speeches needed for re-election - head of fundraising for part
president, chief of citizen
-1 role of president - is the "representative of all the people" especially in times of tradedy
president, chief diplomat
-1 role of president - oversees foreign policy..main architect of American foreign policy and chief spokesperson - signs treaties and trade agreements
president, qualifications to be president
-35 years old -native born citizen and if born in foreign country but parents are citizens - lived in U.S. 14 years
grand jury
-A group of citizens who examine the evidence in a serious criminal case to decide whether a person accused of a crime should be indicted, or charged -in some cases, they take the place of a preliminary hearing -weigh evidence and determine whether a trial is warranted
House of Representatives Structure
-Lower House -435 members... based on population - serve two year terms-no term limits - 25 years old - citizen for 7 years - resident of state
original jurisdiction
-Trial courts usually have this - this mean they have the authority to hear a case for the first time
Senate structure
-Upper House - 100 members -serve six year terms-no term limits - 30 years old - citizen for 9 years - resident of state
public policy
-gov't actions or programs designed to achieve certain goals (what it hopes/wants to achieve)
appellate jurisdiction
-means they have the authority to review decisions made in lower courts -sees if whether or not the lower court was carried out with no error of law
Cloture
-procedure used to limit or end floor debate in legislative body (filibuster) - requires 3/5 vote of senate (60 votes)
trial court, ole of trial court
-sort through facts of case -where cases are heard for the first time
amendments have been ratified, 2 ways
1) by legislatures of a least 3/4 of the states 2) at least 3/4 of the states by conventions called solely for that purpose
3 purposes the framers were trying to achieve
1) create a more powerful nat gov 2) prevent an excess of democracy 3) acquire popular consent for the new gov
government, 4 purposes of gov
1) protects life 2) protects right and liberties 3) provides public goods 4) promotes equality (you can't have pol equality w/o social equality)
4 basic political principles the constitution embodies
1) republicanism 2) federalism 3) separation of powers 4) checks and balances
Committees
1. A group of people appointed for a specific function, typically consisting of members of a larger group. "the housing committee" LAW a person entrusted with the charge of another person or another person's property.
eligibility to vote/voting age
1. Be a U.S. citizen 2. Be at least 18 years old 3. Be a resident of the state 4. Be a legally registered voter
Presidential elections
1. Held first Tues. after the first Monday in November 2. Every 4 years
Five freedoms of the first amendment
1. freedom of speech 2. freedom of religion 3. freedom of the press 4. freedom to petition the government 5. freedom of assembly
Q?? Two major reasons why the fed gov decided to intervene in public education
1. overcome denial of equality of opportunity 2. wanted to improve the overall quality of education
constitution, six principles of the constitution
1. popular sovereignty 2. Rule of Law 3. Separation of powers and checks and balances 4. Federalism 5. independent judiciary 6. individual rights
qualifications of a fair trial
1. trial bu jury 2. carried out quickly, publicly, and in front of an impartial jury 3. defendant has right to legal counsel and to see all evidence used in court
Constitutional amendmenta
10 bill of right 27 total
Q?? How many members in House of Representatives
118
Civil war amendments
13-15th, adopted immediately after the civil war each of which represented the imposition of a national claim over that of the states
Which were the Civil War (Reconstruction) Amendments?
13th-abolished slavery 14th-granted all persons in the United States (including freed slaves) citizenship 15th-gave African American men the right to vote
first continental congress
1774, 12/13 colonies
Declaration of Independence
1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.
Shays Rebellion
1786, this was farmers being swindled by the banks. 4,000 individuals tried to take over the bank and march to the capitol.
enmerated
18 of these powers
stamp act congress
1st time colonists came together, beginning of rebellion
dual federalism
2 separate governments with separate responsibilities
Dual authority
2 sovereigns governing over you
Q?? Federalist #10: how will the Constitution control the mischief of factions? (Parties, interest groups, super PACS, lobbying org)
2 ways to do this: 1) remove its causes: give everyone the same beliefs, ideas, interests, etc. or destroy the liberty the allows factions (not gonna happen) 2) *control its effects* through the mechanism of representation, mob rule will be prevented
What is the process of amending the Constitution?
2/3 majority vote in Congress in both the House of Rep and the Senate or by a constitutional convention called for by 2/3 of the State legislatures
Amendment, How many states are necessary to ratify an amendment
3/4th
Q?? Democratic and republican national convention takes place every what years
4 years
Q?? Constitution convention had 55 people, from what classes were they
53-gentleman's 2-middle class
The constitution has _____ articles and________________ amendments
7,27
supreme court, # of Supreme Court justices
9
benchmark survey
A campaign poll that measures a candidate's strength a the time of entrance into the electoral race.
trial heat survey
A campaign poll that measures the popularity of competing candidates in a particular electoral race.
Electoral college
A certain number of electors from each state proportional to and seemingly representative of that state's population. each elector chooses a candidate believing they are representing their constituency's choice. The candidate who receives a higher proportion of electoral votes within a state receives all the electoral votes for that state.
supremacy clause of the constitution
A clause in article VI of the constitution of the Constitution, stating that it is the "supreme law of the land:" this means that federal law supersedes state and local laws
political idealogy
A cohesive set of beliefs that form a general philosophy about the role of government.
Incorporation doctrine
A constitutional doctrine whereby selected provisions of the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states through the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
precedents
A decision by a court that serves as an example or guide for future decisions
iron triangle
A decision-making structure dominated by interest groups, congressional committees, and executive-agency personnel who create policies that are mutually beneficial.
Antifederalists
A diverse coalition of people who opposed ratification of the Constitution.
republic
A form of government in which the people's representatives decide policy through institutions structured in ways that foster deliberation, slow the progress of decision making, and operate within restraints that protect individual liberty.
Autocracy
A form of government ruled by a single dictator or king-- no legal constraints on the ruler.
impeachment
A formal accusation of wrongdoing against a public official.
Direct democracy
A government in which all or most citizens participate directly (Aristotle)
Representative democracy
A government in which leaders make decisions by winning a competitive struggle for the popular vote
Revenue Sharing
A grant program begun in 1972 and ended in 1987 that funneled money directly to states and local governments on the basis of formulas that combined population figures with levels of demonstrated need.
strategy
A group's overall plan for achieving its goals.
Ex post facto laws
A law that makes illegal an act that was legal when committed, increases the penalties for an infraction after it has been committed, or changes the rules of evidence to make conviction easier. The Constitution prohibits the making of ex post facto laws
trustee
A legislator who acts according to her or his conscience and the broad interests of the entire society.
Majority party
A major party is a political party that holds substantial influence in a country's politics
Q?? Thomas Jefferson believed that the minority in Congress was important to governmental effectiveness because
A major role of political parties is to monitor one another
political information
A measure of the amount of political knowledge an individual possesses concerning political issues, political figures, and the working of the political system.
Sovereign
A monarch
Devolution
A movement that gained momentum in the 1980s to grant states greater authority over the local operations of federal programs and local use of federal funds.
public interest group?
A nonprofit group that promotes issues of public concern
delegate
A person appointed or elected to represent others.
Taxation without representation
A phrase that reflected the resentment of American colonists at being taxed by a British Parliament to which they elected no representatives
initiative
A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.
recall
A procedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term.
What was the Equal Rights Amendment and why did it fail?
A proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal rights for women. It failed because of a highly organized, determined opposition that suggested that ratification of the ERA would lead to the complete unraveling of traditional American society
incumbent
A public official seeking reelection to the position he or she currently occupies
leading question
A question worded to suggest a particular answer desired by the pollster.
public opinion, Which of these BEST describes how public opinion is usually researched in the United States?
A random sample of the population is surveyed
Law
A rule that is enforced and followed by the people
probability sampling
A sample design showing that each individual in the population has a known probability of being included in the sample.
systematic sampling
A sample design to ensure that each individual in the population has an equal chance of being chosen after the first name or number is chosen at random.
Necessary and Proper clause
A section of the United States Constitution that enables Congress to make the laws required for the exercise of its other powers established by the Constitution.
referendum
A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.
democracy
A system of government in which citizens exercise supreme power, acting either directly or on their own through elected representatives.
voter fatigue
A tendency to tire of the process of voting as a result of frequent elections.
8th Ammendment, Which scenario illustrates a violation of rights guaranteed by the Eighth Amendment?
A woman charged with shoplifting is sentenced to life in prison.
Q?? The framers were practical politicians. they knew that to prevent tyranny in their young country, they would have to draft a constitution that checks power with power. What does this concept mean? A) Power would need to be distributed said several branches of the government so that the power of one branch could be checked by the other branches B) most of the power should remain with state governments because a national government is more likely to oppress people C) The framers were concerned that one branch of the government might go to war against another branch D) there was a great likelihood that the branches of government would block one another so that nothing could be done
A) Power would need to be distributed said several branches of the government so that the power of one branch could be checked by the other branches
Q?? Which of the following sentences best explains how minority opinions are protected in a democracy from majority tyranny? A) The composition of the majority and the minority is constantly shifting depending on the issue in the current social and cultural climate B) The majority are inherently selfish, so only the threat of police and military actions protects those in the minority. C) The majority is composed of people who are inherently good, so the minority is naturally protected. D) The composition of the majority and minority is constantly shifting based on the most recent immigration statistics.
A) The composition of the majority and the minority is constantly shifting depending on the issue in the current social and cultural climate
Q?? What is one reason why amendments to the Constitution are relatively rare? A) The formal amendment process is long and difficult and requires widespread support and Congress as well as the states B) The language of the constitution is so general that there has been little need to revise it as the country has grown and developed C) The Supreme Court must approve all constitutional amendments and almost always strikes them down D) The constitutions framers set the precedent of infrequent amendment, which has been followed ever since
A) The formal amendment process is long and difficult and requires widespread support and Congress as well as the states
Q?? The Connecticut compromise, also known as the great compromise, produced ___. A) a bicameral congress B) suffrage for African Americans C) 3 branches of gov D) a system of governmental checks and balances
A) a bicameral congress
Q?? If you were living under a unitary (or undivided) system of government, ____. A) all power would be concentrated at the national level B) all power would be concentrated at the state level C) Power would be divided between the two houses of the legislature D) Power would be disbursed between the national and state levels
A) all power would be concentrated at the national level
Q?? Why were defects in the article Confederation difficult to correct? A) any changes required the unanimous approval of the states B) any changes required communication among 13 states spread over a wide area, making the process unwieldy C) any changes had to be approved by popular vote D) any changes require the signature of the president and the House of Representatives
A) any changes required the unanimous approval of the states
Q?? The provisions in the constitution that give each branch of the federal government the ability to block the actions of the other branches are known as ___. a) checks and balances B) majority faction C) the bill of rights D) federal division
A) checks and balances
Q?? Federalism protects liberty by _____. A) creating competition within and among governmental units B) allowing the states to operate as loosely aligned, separate and distinct centers of power C) centralizing power and the national government D) improving the efficiency of the national government
A) creating competition within and among governmental units
Q?? Which of the following methods would best help you analyze the question, "does government work?" A) examining whether government policies actually reflect the wishes of the people B) using the media as your only source for whether or not the American people are satisfied with their government C) using knowledge of American history to point out the many infringements majority tyranny has made on the various minorities D) using knowledge of different types of democracy to argue that representative democracy makes it impossible for government to work
A) examining whether government policies actually reflect the wishes of the people
Q?? Why were the framers of the constitution afraid of a tyranny of the majority? A) they were afraid that the majority might try to undermine the freedoms of minorities and threaten individual rights. B) they were concerned that a majority might want to destroy the constitution. C) they knew that a constitutional system will not be enough to protect individual rights. D) they were afraid that they might become the minority
A) they were afraid that the majority might try to undermine the freedoms of minorities and threaten individual rights.
Q?? Which of the following statements about the position of the Supreme Court regarding federalism is most accurate? A) under Chief Justice Rehnquist the Court was supportive of devolution efforts but has since lessened its support B) historically the court has always ruled in support of state power over federal power C) The court has vigorously maintained a clear separation between national and state authority D) The court has never supported the devolution of power in the federal relationship
A) under Chief Justice Rehnquist the Court was supportive of devolution efforts but has since lessened its support
Marbury V.Madison
After being defeated in the 1800 presidential election,Pres. Adams appointed many Federalists to the federal courts, but Madison, by order of Thomas jefferson, did not deliver the commissions. William Marbury, one of the appointees asked the supreme court to enforce the delivery of the commissions based on a provision of the judiciary act of 1789 which allowed the court to hear cases about original jurisdiction . The court refused Marbury's request, finding that the relevant part of the judiciary act conflicted the Constitution. Cheif Justice Marshall ruled and the decision established the evaluation of federal law constitutionality which is known as judicial review.
Service Learning Programs
Agencies that help connect volunteers with organizations in need of help.
Great Compromise
Agreement at the Constitutional Convention splitting the legislature into two bodies - one apportioned by population, the other assigning each state two members.
Q?? A nation must ________ to be considered a democracy
Allow a portion of its population to vote
Necessary and Proper clause
Also called the elastic clause, this is the authority granted Congress in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution "to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper" for the implementation of its enumerated powers.
Direct Democracy?
Also known as a pure democracy, where people decided (vote on) political parties
Why was the Declaration of Independence so important
Although it did not outline the structure of our new government, it was a propaganda weapon to gain more support for rebellion. They were looking for allies esp France
Q?? Federalist #51: how will the new Const protect the new gov from tyranny from its elected members
Ambition must be made to counter ambition: -distribute power across 3 branches -give each branch some ability to counteract the others -federalism helps too
6th amendment right to counsel
Amendment guarantees the right to legal counsel at all significant stages of a criminal proceeding.
liberty
Americans should be free to do pretty much whatever they want, so long as they hurt others
9th amendment
An amendment guaranteeing that the rights enumerated in the Constitution would not be construed as denying or jeopardizing other rights of the people.
political interest
An attribute of political participants that measures one's concern for an election outcome and the positions of the candidates on the issues.
devolution
An effort to shirft responsibility of domestic programs to the states in order to decrease the size &activites of the fed. govt; some states have attempted to shift responsibilities further to local governments.
external political efficacy
An individual's belief that his or her activities will influence what the government will do or who will win an election.
internal political efficacy
An individual's self-confidence in his or her ability to understand and participate in politics.
political party
An organization that seeks to achieve power by electing its members to public office. Goal is to "get everyone on the same page" to unite the party. Function is to recruit candidates and support campaigns
political movement
An organized constellation of groups seeking wide-ranging social change.
straw poll
An unscientific survey of popular views. (ask the first 100 people you see "curiosity pieces")
interset group
Any formally organized association that seeks to influence public policy.
scientific poll
Any poll using proper sampling designs.
Jurisdiction of the Judaic branch
Anything in america
appellate court, role of appellate court
Appellate courts are the part of the judicial system that is responsible for hearing and reviewing appeals from legal cases that have already been heard in a trial-level or other lower court
Q?? When political party wins an election what certain rewards do they win?
Appoint high ranking officials, change focus of government, and change the budget
Dual Federalism
Approach to federal-state relationships that envisions each level of government as distinct and authoritative within its own sphere of action.
Pork barrel legislation
Appropriations made by a legislature for projects that are not essential but are sought because they pump money and resources into the local districts of the legislators.
reverse discrimination
Argument that the use of race as a factor in affirmative action programs constitutes unconstitutional discrimination against the majority population.
Q?? * Promotes inequality among states: some states have more money, organized spending in different areas. Where does OK stand? Health: 44th Education: Only 3 states spend less 4th in teen pregnancy Incarceration: 62% higher than national average Access to preschool programs * Interfere with national goals and plans: Example: housing association discrimination
Arguments against federalism: including examples discussed in class
Q?? Most of these types of jobs are small businesses that cannot afford to pay the higher wages. Opponents of higher minimum wages fear these employers will not hire more workers, and they may even fire existing workers, in order to keep their businesses profitable & Open trade policies have given an unfair advantage to foreign manufacturers that can hire workers at very low wages and so produce and sell goods for less.
Arguments against raising the minimum wage
Q?? Access to government- more opportunities to talk to our government officials. Grooms leaders- local & state offices prepare them for being politicians at a higher level. Competition among state, - * Diffusion of innovation theory- 1 state passes law, other states observe, if it works, other states will adopt it. (Example: Lottery- Ok. Didn't have it, people drove to Kansas to play, Easy revenue, so Ok adopted laws for lottery. (Marijuana)) * Laboratories of Democracy- States can pass laws that tend to their problems (Example: Oregon; Death with Dignity (morals) Why start small? - to test how the people react) * States create laws good for the individual state
Arguments for federalism: including examples discussed in class
Supremacy clause
Article VI of the Constitution, which makes national law supreme over state law when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits.
The first constitution of the us adopted during the last stages of the Rev War, created a system of government w most power lodged in states
Articles of Confederation
Q?? They were not effective. They couldn't request taxes, no taxes, no funding, and no army. Legislature couldn't control business between states.
Articles of Confederation: Were they effective? Why or why not?
Q?? name of the 1st US constitution
Articles of confederation
nonattitudes
Artifacts of polls that do not allow respondents the opportunity to admit they know little about a topic.
Vice president roles
As President of the Senate, they have two primary duties: to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over and certify the official vote count of the U.S. Electoral College.
Q?? "I am the State" - King Louis XIV of France This quote best describes which form of government?
Authoritarian
Police Powers
Authority states utilize to protect the health and welfare of their residents.
Executive Power
Authority to enforce orders and carry them out as intended.
Describes all forms of gov characterized by rule by a single person or group w total power, whether a monarchy, a military tyranny, or a theocracy
Autocracy
Q?? ____ is usually cited as the purest form of democracy that ever existed. A) Carthage B) Athens of the 5th cent BCE C) the city-state of Venice during the Renaissance D) the Roman Republic
B) Athens of the 5th cent BCE
Q?? Which of the following is considered to be an oligarchy? A) North Korea B) China C) Somalia D) India
B) China
Q?? Why would an advocate of dual federalism have opposed the New Deal? A) The New Deal was associated with isolationism and withdrawal from world politics B) The New Deal reduced the overall power of state governments in comparison to the national government and its agencies C) The layer cake model of federalism represented by the New Deal imposed a total separation of powers between the national government and state governments D) The New Deal offered services to the poor and disadvantaged
B) The New Deal reduced the overall power of state governments in comparison to the national government and its agencies
Q?? Which of the following is a question one could ask in applying to democracy standard to a country? A) is there a balance and government between liberal and conservative voices? B) how effective are government policies at carrying out the wishes of citizens? C) does the language of the constitution guarantee economic equality? D) do you government policies closely reflect the interests of those with the most power in society?
B) how effective are government policies at carrying out the wishes of citizens?
Q?? Categorical grants from the federal government provide state and local governments with funding for many requirements that must be met. Block grants give state and local officials ability to determine federal grant money. One other vantage of block grants is ___. A) they ensure that citizens of different states receive equal levels of service B) they are easier to administer than categorical grants are C) they protect taxpayers by ensuring greater accountability for how money is spent D) they allow states to coordinate their efforts to combat national problem
B) they are easier to administer than categorical grants are
Q?? One probable reason that the constitutions framers included very strong wording protecting private property and contracts was ___. A) such protection was necessary for the promotion of a strong central government B) they were interested in protecting their own wealth C) language was a carryover from the articles of Confederation D) they were trying to promote economic equality for all citizens
B) they were interested in protecting their own wealth
Legislative Referendum
Ballot measure aimed at securing voter approval for some legislative acts, such as changes to a state's constitution.
federalism (traditional meaning): Barron v Baltimore decision
Barron's wharf was now worthless bc Baltimore was dumping in his wharf, didn't get $ bc nat gov didn't destroy his prop, the city gov did (bill of rights protects individuals against bad actions of the nat government, not state gov)
Civil Liberties
Basic freedoms that are guaranteed under the constitution. Such as freedom of speech and religion. -Protection from the gov't
Preamble tot he US constitution
Beginning of the United States constitution. Outlines major purpose of government
Pluralist vieaw
Belief that competition among affected interests shapes public policy
congress, Main roles of Congress
Bicameral legislature 1. Lawmaking 2. Representing the people 3. Performing oversight 4. Helping Constituents 5. Educating the public
Federal grants to the states to be used for general activities
Block grants
Q?? Colors of flag represent?
Blue- loyalty white- liberty Red- courage
Social Capital
Bonds of trust and reciprocity between citizens that form the glue that holds modern societies together.
Judicial
Branch of government explained in article III
How are amendments proposed
By a vote of at least 2/3 of both houses in congress
enumerated powers
C
Q?? One of the main reasons that direct democracy is impossible at the national level in the United States is the ___. A) diversity of interests B) lack of technology to count every vote C) Number of people who live in the United States D) belief that people would not participate in government
C) Number of people who live in the United States
Q?? One critical aspect of New Federalism was___. A) the elimination of all federal grants-in-aid B) the push to decentralize federal authority C) a reduction in the number of categorical grants to states D) the rise of unfunded mandates
C) a reduction in the number of categorical grants to states
Q?? Constitutionalism is rooted in the belief that citizens need to be protected from __. A) The unchecked growth of government B) powerful centralized governments C) arbitrary decisions by political elites D) excessive taxation
C) arbitrary decisions by political elites
Q?? Why might a proponent of a strong national gov still be against federal mandates? A) forcing a state to carry out a mandate is too costly for the federal gov B) a state's own laws may make it impossible for it to carry out a federal mandate C) bc some federal mandates are unfounded, the financial burden is transferred to the states D) fed gov has no effective means to enforce a federal mandate
C) bc some federal mandates are unfounded, the financial burden is transferred to the states
Q?? American federalism can be seen as a response to the ____. A) desire of the founders to establish a system of government responsive to the will of the people B) popularity of the British federal system in the colonies C) concerns about the potential abuses by a strong central government D) weakness of state governments under the Articles of Confederation
C) concerns about the potential abuses by a strong central government
Q?? Since the ratification of the Constitution, American federalism has gradually changed from ___. A) A unitary system to a federal system B) cooperative to dual federalism C) dual to cooperative federalism D) A federal system to a unitary system
C) dual to cooperative federalism
Q?? Which of the following is the most likely casual explanation for the American revolution? A) economic events produced the ideas about self government B) ideas about self-government preceded the events of revolution C) economic and political events mutually reinforced one another, resulting in revolution D) political events preceded the ideas about self government
C) economic and political events mutually reinforced one another, resulting in revolution
Q?? What mechanism forces leaders to be responsive to the peoples' wishes and to be responsible to them for their actions? A) social contract B) majority rule C) elections D) representative government
C) elections
Q?? The United States is generally thought of as a representative democracy, but some elements of direct democracy appear as well. Which is the best example of a feature of the American system that allows direct involvement of citizens? A) News programs that inform citizens about issues B) lawsuits brought by individuals in federal courts C) initiative process at the state level D) political advertisements directed at individual states
C) initiative process at the state level
Q?? In what way was the declaration of independence contradictory and what it said about individual rights and equality and how it treated certain groups? A) It gave equal rights to all men but did not provide any rights for women B) it said that free blacks have more rights than slaves C) it said that all men are created equal but it did not give slaves the same rights as white men D) it said that married women have the same rights as men but unmarried women had no rights
C) it said that all men are created equal but it did not give slaves the same rights as white men
Q?? The federal government's role in financing the interstate highway system is essential because__. A) funding transportation projects is a federal responsibility B) The highway system was organized as a massive employment program C) no private company could have undertaken such a long-term project D) State governments do not work together on multistate projects
C) no private company could have undertaken such a long-term project
Q?? The full faith and credit clause ____. A) prevents states from showing preferential treatment of their citizens over citizens of other states B) requires states to follow national laws when they're in conflict with state laws C) requires states to honor each other's official acts D) regulate commerce between states
C) requires states to honor each other's official acts
Q?? Which of the following was a concern held by the attendees of the Constitutional convention in 1787? A) that war was going to break out between the United States and France over the northern territories B) that there was too little democracy practiced in the states C) that there was a great risk to private property ownership in the United States D) that elites were corrupting government
C) that there was a great risk to private property ownership in the United States
Q?? A linkage institution is an entity that connects the people to their government and transmits their concerns to policymakers. Political parties and interest groups are such institutions. They connect people to government by __. A) voting in elections B) passing laws in state governments C) working to ensure that policymakers pay attention to their members' voices D) investigating and informing the public about social issues
C) working to ensure that policymakers pay attention to their members' voices
What was common sense about
Called reconciliation of a dream and urged colonists to rebel
tracking polls
Campaign polls that measure candidates' relative strength on a daily basis.
push poll
Campaign tactic that attacks an opponent while pretending to be a poll.
Federal aid to states and localities clearly specifying what the money can be used for
Categorical grants
Dep. of war
Changed to defense
Q?? Which best describes these characteristics: -No chief executive or national courts -Congress has power to declare war and make treaties -Laws need approval of nine of thirteen states
Characteristics of the Articles of Confederation
Give each branch some scrutiny control over the other branches
Checks and balances
social contract theory is best reflected when students
Choose representatives to serve on a school dress code committee
Q?? What is the most significant role a political party plays in the process of electing the president?
Choosing a candidate
Indirect Initiative
Citizen-initiated procedure for placing proposals on the ballot, requiring legislative action before submission to voters.
government, Why do the purposes of gov sometimes conflict? differences can be understood in terms of ____
Citizens disagree which functions are most important and which should be most vigorously enforced, political ideologies
democracy, Which scenario best describes a representative democracy?
Citizens elect a group to make policy for the community
Q?? Which of these is a feature of both representative democracy and direct democracy?
Citizens have political powers
Direct democracy
Citizens themselves make the laws of the state by a direct vote
Q?? · voting · volunteering · paying taxes
Civic responsibilities
15th Amendment
Civil War amendment that extended suffrage to former male slaves. "Gave black males the right to vote"
14th Amendment
Civil War amendment that provided all persons with the privileges and immunities of national citizenship; the guarantee of equal protection of the laws by an state; and the safeguard of due process to protect one's life, liberty, and property from state government interference. "addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws"
13th Amendment
Civil War amendment that specifically prohibited slavery in the United States. "Banned Slavery"
Guarantees by the government of equal citizenship to all social groups
Civil rights
Power of state gov and examples
Coercive powers (to define and maintain public order thru laws and regulations) (criminal codes, health and safety codes, marriage and divorce, power to define private prop, etc.)
Political ideology
Coherent set of beliefs about how policies affect society and which policies are desirable
Unicameral
Composed of a single body.
Bicameral
Composed of two houses.
Federal grants w provisions requiring that state and local govs follow certain policies in order to obtain funds
Conditional grants
Loose association of states or territorial divisions in which v lil power or no power at all is lodged in a central gov
Confederation
Every dollar that the federal government spends must be approved by
Congress
Power to declare war
Congress approves president
Government (3), divisions of
Congress, president, courts
Social contract theory is derived from the assumption that gov is based on the ____ of the governed
Consent
political ideology, 4 political ideologies in U.S.
Conservative, liberal, libertarian, populist
political ideology (4), How does each compare on control/freedom of social and economic issues *think chart*
Conservative: social control and economic freedom, liberal: social freedom and economic control, libertarian: social freedom and economic freedom, populist: social control and economic control
A document that specifies the basic structure of gov
Constitution
Q?? The people govern themselves, but they do so indirectly and through a system that disperses power among many competing interests
Constitution as a gatekeeper: why does it both allow for and limit power?
Q?? Why did the anti-Federalists object to the Federalist papers
Constitution did not contain a list of rights and liberties to protect against a powerful central gov
Q?? Some felt it was anti-religious, they Thought it would result in "bad" leaders, Too much national power, & Founders overstepped authority to fix articles (Why should a select few decide for all?)
Constitutional Cons
Judicial Power
Constitutional authority, in courts and judges to hear and decide justifiable cases.
Privileges and Immunities
Constitutional phrase interpreted to refer to fundamental rights, such as freedom to make a living, and access to the political and legal processes of the state.
Full Faith and Credit
Constitutional provision requiring each state to recognize legal transactions authorized in other states.
Interstate Compacts
Cooperative agreements made between states, subject to congressional approval, to address mutual problems.
Federalism in which the powers and responsibilities of the states and nat gov are intertwined and in which they work together to solve common probs; said to have characterized the 60s and 70s
Cooperative federalism
Writs of assistance
Court orders for officials do a general search of your premises for contraband, esp angered colonists
Civil suit
Crime looking for ministry payment
Q?? The 3/5 compromise involved slavery and apportioning representation in Congress. Which of the following is the best explanation of the southern position in the debate? A) The South preferred that only 3/5 of all slaves should be allowed to vote in elections for the House of Representatives B) South for for that slaves not be counted for the purposes of representation because slaves were considered to be property C) South preferred that slaves not count as people for purposes of representation in the house or for voting in elections D) South preferred that each slave count as a person for purposes of representation in the House, but not voting in election
D) South preferred that each slave count as a person for purposes of representation in the House, but not voting in election
Q?? How did the different philosophies of the Federalists and anti-Federalists change the constitution? A) The anti-federalist would agree to the constitution only if it included an anti-slavery amendment. The federalists agreed to pass this amendment immediately after ratification B) anti-Federalist refused to ratify the constitution unless it included the supremacy clause, so Federalists agreed to include it C) The federalists added the bill of what rights as amendments after that the ratification because I did not think the anti-federalists would support the constitution of it included the Bill of Rights D) The anti-Federalist insistence on specific mention of individual rights forced the federalists to promise to amend the constitution with the Bill of Rights
D) The anti-Federalist insistence on specific mention of individual rights forced the federalists to promise to amend the constitution with the Bill of Rights
Q?? The separation of powers in the national government outlined in the Constitution is a foundation of our government. It mandates separate legislative, executive and judicial branches. Which of the following is an essential characteristic that makes the system effective? A) executive branch controls the staff that handles the work for all the branches B) legislative branch, which is closest to the citizens, is the most important branch C) each branch has specific functions that do not overlap with the functions of the other branches D) The branches are constitutionally equal and independent
D) The branches are constitutionally equal and independent
Q?? Which of the following people is more likely to support the nationalist position, which calls for a more unified country under a federal government? A) a conservative member of Congress B) a homeowner C) a Tea Party activist D) a Democratic president
D) a democratic president
Q?? Which of the following is an example of preemption? A) a state declares a national law null and void B) The Supreme Court finds that a state law is unconstitutional C) A national law contradicts a section of a state's constitution, and the law is struck down D) a state passes a law that contradicts an existing national law, and the state law is struck down
D) a state passes a law that contradicts an existing national law, and the state law is struck down
Q?? Which of the following is generally true about the effect of constitutional amendments on the American political system? A) amendments have reinforced the power of elites over most governmental institutions B) amendments have sometimes restricted individual rights and reinforced tyranny of the minority C) amendments have dramatically expanded the power of the states over the national government D) amendments have made the country more democratic and expanded rights to excluded groups
D) amendments have made the country more democratic and expanded rights to excluded groups
Q?? The constitution gave Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce, coin money and regulate its value, and establish bankruptcy and patent laws. These steps encouraged ____. A) States to impose taxes on other states' exports B) States to establish their own form of currency that would be used in place of the national currency C) states to help debtors by making laws to forget their debts D) emergence of a national free enterprise economy
D) emergence of a national free enterprise economy
Q?? Which of the following insures popular sovereignty in the United States? A) checks and balances B) military C) The Supreme Court D) free and fair elections
D) free and fair elections
Q?? A man who has committed murder cannot escape punishment by entering another state. What principle is at stake? A) extradition B) complete credence C) full respect and adherence D) full faith and credit
D) full faith and credit
Q?? According to John Locke, the absence of a respected social contract is one of the hallmarks of a society lacking in ____. A) codified laws B) an engaged citizenry C) effective political leadership D) fundamental freedoms
D) fundamental freedoms
Q?? The Constitution has much language that is big and often hard to interpret for exact meaning. The problems created by such language have been solved by the application of which practice? A) Congress immediately amending the Constitution to clarify discrepancies in language B) States dealing with the issues through action by there own legislatures C) attorney General making a ruling about the language D) issues created by the vague language being processed through state and federal courts and being settled by judicial interpretation
D) issues created by the vague language being processed through state and federal courts and being settled by judicial interpretation
Q?? National parks, highways, and sewage disposal plants are considered ____ goods. A) expendable B) private C) marketable D) public
D) public
Q?? Which of the following best contrasts structure with government in the taxonomy of political life? A) structure is what links government to the ones of the people. Government is the foundation on which all the other factors are based. B) structure is a principle of government requiring laws and policies to be written and executed in a particular format. Government is the basis on which structure is built. C) structure is the foundation of government. Government is the action this structure takes when acting or executing laws. D) structure is the foundation on which everything else is built, and it is the slowest to change. Government encompasses all the institutions and public officials that have legal responsibilities for forming public policies.
D) structure is the foundation on which everything else is built, and it is the slowest to change. Government encompasses all the institutions and public officials that have legal responsibilities for forming public policies.
Q?? The Constitution gives the national government significant control over interstate commerce. Which of the following is the most likely reason the framers did this? A) They wanted a steady source of tax income for the national government B) they wanted to make the states more subservient to the national government C) they wanted to get the national government control over major industries D) such regulation would decrease competition between states and foster economic growth
D) such regulation would decrease competition between states and foster economic growth
Q?? The US Constitution specifically lists ___. A) the divisions within state governments B) what citizens can do C) what the Supreme Court can do D) what the national government can do
D) what the national government can do
Politics
Deciding who gets to run the government and makes its laws
issue networks
Decision-making structures consisting of policy experts, including lobbyists, members of Congress, bureaucrats, and policy specialists from think tanks and universities.
political culture
Deep seated beliefs of a particular people (eg Americans) about government and politics.
Delegates vs. trustees
Delegates do what the people want while trustees do what they think is best
System of gov in which the people rule, rule by many
Democracy
Petit Jury
Determines guilt blame in a case
Grand jury
Determines if there's enough evidence in a case
Popular Referendum
Device that allows citizens to approve or repeal measures already acted on by legislative bodies.
Delegation of power over and responsibilities for federal programs to state and/or local govs
Devolution
Q?? Expanded. The Johnson administration gave money to the states for its programs through categorical grants—money for the states to use on what the national government wanted.
Did the Great Society Program expand or reduce national power? How?
Q?? Diffusion of innovation theory- 1 state passes law, other states observe, if it works, other states will adopt it. Example: Lottery- Ok. Didn't have it, people drove to Kansas to play, Easy revenue, so Ok adopted laws for lottery. (Marijuana)
Diffusion of Innovation theory: including example
A form of political decision making in which policies are decided by the people themselves, rather than by their representatives, acting either in small f2f assemblies or through the electoral process as in initiatives and referenda in the American states
Direct democracy
Flag codes
Displayed with other nations it should be the same height.
Nullification
Doctrine that asserted the right of states to disregard federal actions with which they disagreed.
14th amendment section that prohibits states from depriving anyone of life, liberty or property without due process of law, a guarantee against arbitrary or unfair gov action
Due process clause
Due process clause
Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the due process clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the Government outside the sanction of law.
political equality
Each person carries the same weight in voting and other pol decision making
Q?? How were the rights of smaller states addressed at the Constitutional Convention?
Each state has two senators.
q7) democracy requirements: gov polices are ___
Effective
Gives congress the authority to make whatever laws are necessary and proper to carry out its enumerated powers and other of its powers vested in the constitution
Elastic clause/ necessary and proper clause
q2) democracy requirements: gov leaders are ___
Elected
Majoritarian politics
Elected officials are the delegates of the people, acting as the people would act were the matter put to popular vote
In what ways is our present gov undemocratic
Electoral college, Supreme Court justices are appointed and for life
Electoral college aystem
Elects a president and Vice President ever 4 yrs
Major jobs of the speaker of the house
Enforce rules to order, deciding where bills go to which committee
enumerated powers are powers the national government has control over while reserve powers are what the police have control over
Enumerated powers vs. reserve powers: understand the differences
14th amendment section requiring states to provide equal treatment to all people within their boundaries
Equal protection clause
strict scrutiny test
Equal protection test used by the Supreme Court that places the greatest burden of proof on the government to prove that classifications such as age, gender, or race are the least restrictive means to achieve a compelling government goal. "Applied whenever a "fundamental right" is being threatened by a law, like the right to marriage."
rational basis test
Equal protection test used by the Supreme Court that requires a complainant to prove that the use of a classification such as age, gender, or race is not a reasonable means of achieving a legitimate government objective. "The government has no legitimate interest in the law or policy"
intermediate scrutiny test
Equal protection test used by the Supreme Court that requires the government to prove that the use of classification such as age, gender, or race is substantially related to an important government objective. "Typically used in gender specific cases"
free exercise clause
Establishes that all people are free to follow the religious practices of their choice. If a person's religion conflicts with law, the law must prevail
Q?? Which statement best summarizes the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in McCullough v Maryland?
Establishing a national bank is an implied power of the federal government
dual federalism, Which statement BEST describes the doctrine of "Dual Federalism"?
Even though the national government has ultimate supremacy, states are also "supreme" in their own powers
8th amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
Sovereignty
Exclusive and independent control over a certain defined territory
Policies (4)
Expenditures, regulations, taxes, non-decisions
Court Packing Plan? Why did FDR attempt to pack the SC?
FDR wanted to pack court to get legislation passed quicker bc most of his proposed stuff was getting struck down-actually helped in long run bc SC started to rule okay on nationally funded stuff
block grant
Federal grants-in-aid that permit state and local officials to decide how the money will be spent within a general area, such as education or health.
categorical grant
Federal grants-in-aid to states and localities that can be used only for designated projects.
supremacy clause of the United States Constitution relate to government laws?
Federal laws are superior to state laws
1965, Voting Rights Act of 1965
Federal legislation that outlawed literacy tests and empowered federal officials to enter southern states to register African American voters; the act dismantled the most significant barriers to African Americans' suffrage rights. "Prohibits racial discrimination in voting"
Block Grants
Federal programs that provide funds for broad categories of assistance such as welfare or law enforcement.
Categorical Grants
Federal programs that provide funds for specific programs such as flood assistance.
Federal Mandates
Federal requirements imposed on state and local governments, often as a condition for receiving grants.
Cooperative Federalism
Federal-state relationship characteristic of the post-New Deal era that stressed state and federal partnership in addressing social problems.
Creative Federalism
Federal-state relationship that sought to involve local populations and cities directly in addressing urban problems during the 1960s and 1970s.
Division of sovereignty and hence power among two or more governments, ours are derived from the people who are the ultimate sovereign
Federalism
System under which significant gov powers are divided b/n the central gov and smaller units, each w some room for independent action
Federalism
Group favoring the ratification of the Constitution
Federalist
Q?? Individual states were vulnerable, Competition between states could escalate, The bigger & more diverse the country, the better (Smaller society = more oppression)
Federalist Paper Pros
american government
Field of political science
What are the three parts of the Lemon Test?
First, the statute must have a secular legislative purpose; second, its principal or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion; finally, the statute must not foster an excessive government entanglement with religion.
Aspect of federalism having to do w federal grants to the states
Fiscal federalism
Direct Democracy
Form of government in which decisions about public policy extend to the entire citizenry.
Representative Democracy
Form of government in which popular decision making is restricted to the electing or appointing the public officials who make public policy.
Democracy
Form of government in which supreme power is from the people.
Unitary Government
Form of government when all powers (provincial and local) are specified by a single national government
Dissenting opinion
Formal statement of the views of justices that disagree with major decisions
Q?? Why does the Constitution allow for and limit power?
Founders realized we needed a strong enough government to rule but not strong enough to take away rights (set up checks and balances and separation of powers)
An economic system characterized by competitive markets and private ownership of a society's productive assets, a form of capitalism
Free enterprise
q3) democracy requirements: elections are ___ and ___
Free, fair
political liberty
Freedoms of speech, press, assembly etc.
Constitution
Fundamental policies in which a nation, state, corporation, ect is governed.
Public Policies
Fundamental policy in which laws rest.
19th amendment
Gave women right to vote
Q?? Our state legislature is known as?
General assembly
Federal aid to the states without any conditions on how the money is to be spent
General revenue sharing
Q?? Social class that dominated the constitutional convention
Gentleman class
Q?? Who kept the Constitutional Convention of 1787 from falling apart bc of his character and authority?
George Washington
Delegates powers
Given only to the federal government. Ex) printing money
Self-incrimination
Giving testimony in a trial or other legal proceeding that could subject one to criminal prosecution
collective goods
Goods that are not owned privately but benefit all citizens equally, such as clean air.
Principle of separation of church and state
Government cannot establish a state sponsored religion
Autocracy
Government in which one person has unlimited power over others.
Oligarchy
Government in which power is vested by a few people
Communist theory
Government is necessary to oppress a lower class
Bicameral legislature
Government made of two houses; Senate and House of Representatives
Due process
Government must respect the legal rights owed to each individual
Federal Government
Government system that divided the power between a strong national government and local governments.
grant
Grant or denial of power? Central Government coins money and regulates the value thereof.
denial
Grant or denial of power? Central Government has ex post facto laws.
Grant
Grant or denial of power? Central Government lays an collect taxes?
grant
Grant or denial of power? Central Government provides for the national defense and makes regulations for the military?
grant
Grant or denial of power? Central Government regulates commerce with forging nations, among the states, and with Indian tribes.
denial
Grant or denial of power? Central Government- "habeas corpus"
Funds from the nat gov to state and local govs to help pay for the programs created by the nat gov
Grants-in-aid
Q?? New Jersey and Virginia couldn't agree on whether the number of representatives should be based on population. Representatives campaign within a districted and get voted in while senators campaign within a state and get elected.
Great Compromise: why did this come about and how do we get representatives in the House and Senate?
Factions
Groups - most often driven by economic motives - that place their own good above the good of the nation as a whole.
advocacy groups
Groups organized around broad public goals but without local chapters and often without formal membership.
Civil Rights
Guarantees of equal rights and equal treatment under the law -NOT protections from gov't abuse -Rights that gov't must provide
Establishment Clause
Guarantees the separation of church and state.
Q?? "Government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."- Abraham Lincoln
He supported a republic
District court
Hear civil and criminal cases
Congressional Elections
Held even numbered years between presidential elections
Dep. of energy
Helps reduce Americans dependence on foreign oil
1964, Civil Rights Act 1964
Historical legislation that prohibited racial segregation in public accommodations and racial discrimination in employment, education and voting. "Legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
cabinet, Most recent department to be added to the cabinet
Homeland security
Tie in the electoral college
House of reps vote
Q?? Implementation & Enforcement
How can states get around the Supremacy Clause? 2 ways
Ideology
Ideas, values, and beliefs about how governments should operate.
Liberal Democracy
Ideology stressing individual rights and expressing faith in popular control of government.
Balances budget
If at the end of the fiscal year, all the money collected pays off its expenses
Private property
If proven in court the state can force the sale
How can congress check the misuse of power by president
Impeachment process
In both 18th c republicanism and the democratic ideal, gov safeguards rights and liberties but what differed about this safeguard
In 18th c republicanism, it placed a special emphasis on property rights
plaintiff
In a civil trial the person bringing the lawsuit to court
Secretary of state
In charge of foreign affairs
Difference between majority rule in 18th c republicanism and the democratic ideal
In republicanism, barriers to majority rule exist while in the democratic ideal, majority rules
Sovereign
Independent.
Dual citizenship
Individual rights depend upon capacity in which those rights are asserted- as a citizen of a state or nat gov
political entrepenuers
Individual who develops support for latent causes or projects that have not yet gained widespread popularity.
elites
Individuals in a position of authority, often those with a higher level of education than the population at large.
q5) democracy requirements: High quality ___ is available
Information
Q?? The functions of the major parties in US politics include which of these
Insuring the good performance of their elected candidates
Different institutions/processes in people stage (3)
Interests, problems, concerns
Agreements among states to cooperate on solving mutual problems; requires approval by Congress
Interstate compacts
exit poll
Interview of voters as they leave the polling place.
Civic Engagement
Involvement in any activity aimed at influencing the collective well-being of the community.
homophobia
Irrational fear and hatred directed toward persons who are homosexuals.
Q?? What issue did the Great (Connecticut) Compromise resolve?
Issue of representation in the legislature: house of reps based on pop, each state gets 2 senators
Emancipation Proclamation?
Issued by President Abraham Lincoln and declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."
What is equality of outcome?
It describes a state in which people have approximately the same material wealth or in which the general economic conditions of their lives are similar.
Q?? Why is the organization of vaccine distribution a responsibility of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention?
It is the job of the government to promote the general welfare of its citizens.
democracy, Which statement best explains why direct democracy is rarely used at the national level?
It would be inefficient and time-consuming to have citizens vote on issues in order to make a decision
Term for the system of legally sanction racial segregation that existed in the American South until mid of 20th c
Jim Crow
social contract theory, example
John Locke's suggestion that people create authority to serve their interests
Q?? Which example best reflects the principle of social contract theory?
John Locke's suggestion that people create authority to serve their interests.
Power of the Supreme Court to declare actions of the other branches and levels of gov unconstitutional
Judicial review
Q?? How is a civic action such as voting different from serving on a jury?
Jury service is considered a civic duty while voting is a responsibility
Q?? The MAIN reason citizens have rights and responsibilities is to
Keep the power of the country with its citizens
Q?? Which best describes these characteristics? (PS 2a) - Freedom of speech - Two-term limit for the presidency - Right to a speedy trial - Voting age eligibility set to eighteen
Key changes from Constitutional Amendments
Office of management and budget
Largest cabinet level office. Helps president prepare the federal budget
Supremacy clause
Laws made by nat gov are superior to state laws
civil union
Legal recognition by a state of a gay or lesbian relationship; allows gay and lesbian couples to receive the same state benefits as heterosexual married couples.
Jim Crow Laws
Legislation in the South that mandated racial segregation in public facilities such as restaurants and restrooms. "mandated racial segregation in public facilities"
Article 1
Legislative article, sect. 8 states enumerated powers
What is the process of proposing amendments?
Legislative route- 2/3 of Congress support National Convention- 3/4 of the States support
Representative dem characterized by pop sovereignty, liberty and pol equality
Liberal democracy
Q?? Core ideals of american political culture
Liberty Unity Diversity Induvidulism Equality
Democratic Party
Likely minorities, females, less affluent.
Republican party
Likely white, male, affluent
Q?? A wise frugal Government, which shall restrain men from injuring one another, shall leave them otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement, and shall not take from the mouth of labor the bread it has earned. This is the sum of good government." - Thomas Jefferson
Limited
government, The writers of the constitution believed in what type of government
Limited
Q?? Why 3rd party candidates have little success in general elections?
Limited budget to run large scale campaigns
special interest groups, Critics have frequently tried to reduce their influence on elections by
Limiting the number of wealthy candidates for office
Q?? Which activity of an interest group for teachers would have the most significant political impact?
Lobbying elected officials to enact new education laws
republic, example
Local community residents elect members to the school board
Person Responsible for a cynical view of humans
Machiavelli
Q?? Limitation of royal power and consent to taxation were first included in the
Magna Carta
q6) democracy requirements: the ___ rules
Majority
Form of political decision making in which policies are decided on the basis of what a majority of people want
Majority rule
Suppression of right and liberties of a minority by the majority
Majority tyranny
Q?? Why are potential jurors carefully questioned by attorneys for both sides in a trial?
Makes sure there is no bias in case
A formal order from the national gov that the states carry out certain policies
Mandate
Q?? Percentage of Eligible Voters Who Cast a Ballot in the 2000 Presidential Election 18-24 year old - 29% All voters- 55%
Many young people neglected their civic responsibilities
McCulloch v Maryland
Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law.
democracy, which era of american democracy had the highest voter turn out?
Mass Democracy
Q?? Reasons why people are not allowed to vote
Mentally incarcerated
Moderate position
Middle position between liberals and conservatives
mobilizing the grass tops
Mining databases for high-status community leaders for purposes of contacting legislators in key districts regarding the sponsoring group's position.
Minority party
Minor party is a political party that plays a smaller (in some cases much smaller) role than a major party in a country's politics and elections.
Missouri Compromise?
Missouri's 1819 request for admission to the Union as a slave state, which threatened to upset the delicate balance between slave states and free states. To keep the peace, Congress orchestrated a two-part compromise, granting Missouri's request but also admitting Maine as a free state.
Rule by one, such as where power rests in the hands of a king or queen
Monarchy
government, pure types of government?
Monarchy, Aristocracy, Politity (democratic-republic)
Person Responsible for separation of powers
Montesquieu
Dual powers
Nat and state govs have separate and distinct powers
federalism (modern understanding): -___ gov has gained a great deal of power -____ began to change its understanding of how our federalist system protected rights and liberties
National, Supreme Court
federalism (American view) that holds that the Const created a system in which the nat government is supreme relative to the states, and that it granted that gov a broad range of powers and responsibilities
Nationalist position
president, Requirements to become president
Natural born citizen, 35 years old, US citizen for 14 years
elastic clause (another name)
Necessary and proper clause
federalism, new federalism and what president was its primary advocate?
New federalism is a political philosophy of devolution, or the transfer of certain powers from the United States federal government back to the states. Ronald Reagan was its primary advocate.
Is the Dec of Independence a constitution
No
Goal of creating separate powers of the federal government among three branches
No branch will be more powerful than the others
Anarchism
No government whatsoever.
Ex post facto
No laws enforced
Q?? Why were the Articles of Confederation a failure
None of the more important powers could be exercised unless 9 states agreed. Even when a decision was reached, there was no method of enforcing those decisions.
Is social contract theory normative or empirical
Normative: people agree to give up some of their liberty and in exchange the gov guarantees to protect natural rights
Q?? Why was the North opposed to counting slaves in the south? What was the decision they came to?
North opposed bc it would give south more representation in Congress- ultimate decision in 1808, NW territory slaves would be returned but slavery was illegal, and slaves would count as three-fifths of one person
An attempt by states to declare national laws or actions null and void
Nullification
Rule by the few, where a minority holds power over a majority, as in an aristocracy or clerical establishment
Oligarchy
Dictatorship
One person has absolute power
ideologue
One who thinks about politics almost exclusively through the prism of his or her ideological perspective.
preamble
Opening statement to the United States Constitution. Explains the reasons why the Framers of the Constitution made our government a republic.
public opinion
Opinions held by private individuals that governments find it prudent to heed.
Antifederalists
Opponents of the ratification of the Constitution.
Q?? Stacy is very upset about the way the street in front of her school is always full of litter. Which would be the best, most civilly responsible way to address the issue?
Organize a weekend group to clean up the stretch of road
political actions committees (PACs)
Organized financial arms of interest groups used to collect and distribute money to candidates for elective office.
Party Platform
Outlines the party's position on important issues and their policies
Q?? Why were Britain and France at war
Over control of North America. British repelled French but were broke
Supreme courts miranda decision
Overturned the conviction
Quartering act
Parliament implemented acts to order local governments of the American colonies to provide the British soldiers with any needed accommodations or housing.
q4) democracy requirements: people should ___ in political process
Participate
Civic Life
Participation in the collective life of the community.
A bill becomes a law when it is?
Passes through both houses and approves by president
democracy requirements: define 1) popular sovereignty
People are the ultimate source of public authority
Who runs school districts
People elected onto school boards
How did the definition of people in 18th c republicanism differ from the democratic ideal
People was narrowly defined (by education, property-holding, and social standing) rather than broadly defined
President Bush's Approval Ratings, 2002 Issue Approval Health Care 36% Social Security 35% Terrorism 70% Political Scandals 40% Even though approval ratings for President Bush were low in many areas, why might you infer he was reelected in 2004?
People were concerned with terrorism more than any other issue
policy process (6 stages)
People, linkage processes, linkage institutions, governmental agendas, government, policies
Naturalized american
Person born in another country that becomes a US citizen
Elite
Persons who possess a disproportionate share of some valued resource (political power)
Leadership PACs
Political action committees set up by political leaders as a means to finance the campaigns of political allies whom they believe will reciprocate with support for their own political ambitions.
Legitimacy
Political authority conferred by law or by state or national constitutional
Government
Political direction and control over inhabitants, members, or citizens of communities, societies, and states. (Political administration)
Principle that each person carries equal weight in the conduct of the public business
Political equality
Principle that citizens in a democracy are protected from gov interference in the exercise of a range of basic freedoms such as speech, association and conscience
Political liberty
Linkage institutions (3)
Political parties, interest groups, media
populist
Political philosophy expressing support for greater economic equality and for traditional social values.
liberalism
Political philosophy that combines a belief in personal freedoms with the belief that the government should intervene in the economy to promote greater equality.
libertarianism
Political philosophy that espouses strong support for individual liberty in both social and economic areas of life.
conservatism
Political philosophy that rests on belief in traditional institutions and a minimal role for government in economic activity.
Basic principle of democracy that the people are the ultimate source of gov authority and of the policies that gov leaders make
Popular sovereignty
The analytical framework the book uses is based on questions about which 3 things
Popular sovereignty, political equality and political liberty
Amendments
Portion of article added to a document. After written and accepted
Q?? Senate: Should every state get two Senators? (NO. People could control the government.) House: More competitive elections through term limits.
Possible Congressional changes to the Constitution:
Q?? One 6 year term? Allow those who are not "natural-born" citizens to run?
Possible Presidential changes to the Constitution:
Q?? Are lifetime appointments the right choice?
Possible Supreme Court changes to the Constitution:
Problems that face our country today
Poverieighty, disease, terroism
Q?? Examples of creating a more powerful nat gov in constitution
Power of congress to coin money, regulate treaties w foreign nations, power to declare war, established strong executive, strong judiciary superior to state courts, supremacy clause
Judicial Review
Power of the U.S. Supreme Court to review the acts of other political institutions and declare them unconstitutional.
Federalism
Power-sharing arrangement between the national and state governments in which some powers are granted to the national government alone, some powers are reserved to the states, some powers are held concurrently, and other powers are prohibited to either or both levels of government.
Reserved Powers
Powers constitutionally allocated to the states.
Prohibited Powers
Powers denied one or both levels of government.
Implied Powers
Powers necessary to carry out constitutional enumerated functions of the government.
Concurrent Powers
Powers shared by both state and national governments.
Enumerated Powers
Powers specifically allocated to the national government alone by the Constitution.
Concurrent powers
Powers under the Const that are shared by the fed gov and the states
opposition research
Practice of searching for events in candidates' records or personal lives that can be used to attack them during elections.
Exclusion of the states from actions that might interfere w federal authority or statutes
Preemption
Q?? Who Has the power to appoint Supreme Court justices
President
Q?? Who does cabinet advisory help?
President
Division of Power
Principle that sovereign powers be divided between federal government and local government.
Direct Initiative
Procedure that enables citizens to place proposals for laws and amendments directly on the ballot for voter approval.
Recall
Procedure whereby citizens can remove and replace a public official before the end of term.
direct mobilization
Process by which citizens are contacted personally by candidate and party organizations to take part in political activities.
indirect mobilization
Process by which political leaders use networks of friends and acquaintances to activate political participation.
political mobilization
Process whereby citizens are alerted to participatory opportunities and encouraged to become involved.
Intergovernmental Lobbies
Professional advocacy groups representing various state and local governing bodies.
affirmation action
Programs that attempt to provide members of disadvantaged groups with enhanced opportunities to secure jobs , promotions and admission to educational institutions.
delegates
Progressive era "representatives should be ________ - not trustees"
Q?? Chief source of revenue for most counties in the US is the?
Property tax
Main purpose of government in Declaration of Independence
Protect people's rights
civil rights
Protection of historically disadvantaged groups from infringement of their equality by discriminatory action. "The rights of personal liberty guaranteed to United States citizens by the 13th and 14th amendments"
Minority rights
Protections beyond the reach of majority control guaranteed to all citizens.
Elastic Clause
Provision of Article I of the Constitution authorizing Congress to make those laws necessary and proper for carrying out the other laws it passes.
Supremacy Clause
Provision of Article VI stipulating that the federal government, in exercising any of the powers enumerated in the Constitution, must prevail over conflicting or inconsistent state exercise of power.
political engagement
Psychological predisposition toward or interest in policies.
Eminent domain
Public necessity
What are the Judicial Standards of Review for Civil Rights cases?
Rational Basis review is generally used when in cases where no fundamental rights or suspect classifications are at issue. Intermediate scrutiny is a test used in some contexts to determine a law's constitutionality. To pass intermediate scrutiny, the challenged law must further an important government interest by means that are substantially related to that interest. Strict scrutiny is the most stringent standard of judicial review used by United States courts. It is part of the hierarchy of standards that courts use to weigh the government's interest against a constitutional right or principle.
Q?? Was national power expanded or reduced under these people/ events? How? Reagan Clinton 9/11
Reagan: reduced- cut back on categorical grants, limited aid to state and local governments, but did sign drinking age order Clinton: started out trying to expand but met with hesitation he worked to limit unfunded mandates, overhauled welfare system=no more money for poor with children, said no to national speed limits 9/11: expanded- put security and standards on drivers licenses, monitor digital technology, Bush implemented No Child Left Behind, nation desired strong government that would protect them
Veto methods
Regular, line item, amendatory
Indirect democracy, in which the people rule the elected representatives
Representative democracy
Q?? Examples of acquiring popular consent for the new gov
Reps chosen directly by people
trustee
Republic "a representative is a ________ - not delegates"
Form of gov in which power resides in the people and is exercised by their elected reps
Republicanism
Unfunded Mandates
Requirements imposed on state and local governments for which the federal government provides no funds for compliance.
Another name for 10th amendment
Reservation clause
Home rule
Right of local government to make some of its own laws rather than follow state refulations
Judicial review
Right of the Supreme Court to review any laws passed by congress
Natural rights
Right to life and private property
Miranda Warnings
Rights that a person who is being arrested must be informed of, such as the right to remain silent or the right to have legal counsel
What effect did the Great Depression have on federalism in the United States?
Roosevelt implemented the New Deal, a series of programs and policies that attempted to revive the economy and prevent further depression. The New Deal included increased regulation of banking and commerce and programs to alleviate poverty, including the formation of the Works Progress Administration and a social security plan. In order to implement these programs, the national government had to grow dramatically, which consequently took power away from the states.
de jure segregation
Segregation mandated by law or decreed by government officials. "Segregation by law"
de facto segregation
Segregation that occurs because of past economic and social conditions such as residential racial patterns. "Segregation by practice"
Am impeachment trial who acts as the hurt
Senate
checks and balances, Which headline best illustrates an example of checks and balances?
Senate Confirms New Chief Justice"
Q?? Examples of preventing an excess of dem in constitution
Senate not elected directly by people but thru legislature and by staggered terms, pres elected through electoral college, judges of supreme ct appointed for life
Q?? Efforts by Congress to restrict the president's authority reflect the changing role of which constitutional principle?
Separation of powers
The assignment of law-making, law-enforcing and law-interpreting functions to separate and independent legislative executive and judicial branches of government
Separation of powers
Federalist Papers
Series of newspaper articles written by supporters of the constitution
president, powers of the president
Serve as commander in chief of the armed forces Commission officers of the armed forces Grant reprieves and pardons for federal offenses (except impeachment) Convene Congress in special sessions Receive ambassadors Take care that the laws be faithfully executed Wield the "executive power" Appoint officials to lesser offices
Senior members of congress
Served over 3 years
Q?? Citizen's Rights Citizen's Responsibilities Freedom of Assembly Voting Freedom of Speech Obeying laws Freedom of Religion ? Which of these BEST completes the Chart?
Serving on Juries
Q?? A message was sent to the government that they were vulnerable to attack. So, they reevaluated the Articles.
Significance of Shays' Rebellion: what message was sent?
Q?? Political experience and civil obedience
Significance of the Mayflower Compact
Doc sometimes issued by the pres in connection w the signing of a bill from congress that sets out the president's understanding of the new law and how executive branch officials should carry it out
Signing statement
Q?? The North didn't have slaves, so if they counted, the South would have had more political power. They came up with the 3/5ths Compromise, 5 slaves counted as 3.
Slavery and the Constitution: why was the North opposed to counting slaves in the South? What was the decision they came to?
Dec of Independence is an example of _____ theory
Social contract
government, Which origin of government theory did the US adapt?
Social contract theory
Q?? Dictatorship, Totalitarianism, and Absolute Monarchy best describe what leadership style?
Socialist
tactics
Specific actions that groups take to implement strategies.
Q?? Laboratories of Democracy- States can pass laws that tend to their problems Example: Oregon; Death with Dignity (morals)
States as laboratories of democracy: including example
federalism (American view) that holds that the constitution created a system of dual sovereignty in which the nat gov and the state govs are sovereign in their own spheres
States' rights position
Laws forbidding farm foreclosures for nonpayment of debts
Stay acts
weakness
Strength or weakness? The Articles allowed for a great amount of debt.
weakness
Strength or weakness? The Articles allowed states to claim territory out west.
strength
Strength or weakness? The Articles gave authority to independently use and raise armies.
strength
Strength or weakness? The Articles gave the country unity.
weakness
Strength or weakness? The Articles had a lack of common currency between states
Federalists
Supporters of the Constitution and its strong central government.
What are the terms of office for the Courts?
Supreme Court justices have life tenure (serve until they die in office, resign, retire, or are impeached)
Government
System for managing a community or a nation and the leaders or lawmakers who control that system
federalism
System of government in which the power is divided between the federal and state government
gender gap
Systematic variation in political opinions that exists between males and females.
lobbying
Tactic for influencing public decisions for private purposes, usually employing personal contact with elected officials.
Political Participation
Taking part in activities aimed at influencing the policies or leadership of government, like voting or running for office.
Stamp Act
Tax imposed on colonists, stamp duty on newspapers and legal and commercial docs
Q?? 527 groups
Tax-exempt organizations set up by interest groups to engage in political activities.
Boston tea party purpose
Tea was #1 beverage at time and British East India Co had a monopoly on it, wanted Britain to react harshly so that more people would want to rebel
simple random sampling
Technique of drawing a sample for interview in which all members of the targeted population have the same probability of being selected for interview.
Select committee
Temporary committees created to investigate special problems
revolving door
Term referring to the back-and-forth movement of individuals between government and interest-group employment.
Horizontal federalism
Term used to refer to the relationships among the states
State
Territory owned by the government
Articles of Confederation?
The 13 states pre-Constitution with their own governments. Served as the United States first constitution. There weren't any diversified economies. The tariffs proposed problems. Ended up being an ineffective form of government because they didn't work together.
Korematsu vs United States
The 1944 Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of the U.S. government's interment of more than a hundred thousand Americans of Japanese descent during World War II. "case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps"
Regents of the University of California vs Blake
The 1978 Supreme Court case that declared unconstitutional the racial quotas to achieve a diverse student body but allowed the use of race as one of many factors in admissions decisions.
How did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 put a stop to Jim Crow laws in the American South?
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin making Jim Crow Laws illegal. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibited racial discrimination in voting.
Necessary and Proper Clause?
The Congress shall have Power ... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
Q?? During and after the Constitutional Convention, some critics believed that the document would lead to a tyrannical national government. Which of the following statements best describes the critics concern?
The Constitution lacked a Bill of Rights to protect individual liberties.
electoral college
The Electoral College consists of 538 electors. A majority of 270 electoral votes is required to elect the President. Your state's entitled allotment of electors equals the number of members in its Congressional delegation: one for each member in the House of Representatives plus two for your Senators.
Free exercise clause
The Free Exercise Clause reserves the right of American citizens to accept any religious belief and engage in religious rituals.
checks and balances, Which historical event best describes checks and balances?
The Senate confirmed Clarence Thomas as a Supreme Court justice
What is the significance of the Miranda vs. Arizona case?
The Supreme Court ruled that detained criminal suspects, prior to police questioning, must be informed of their constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination.
13th, 14th, 15th Civil war amendments
The Thirteenth Amendment ended slavery in the United States. The Fourteenth Amendment allowed Blacks to have the same rights as Whites. The Fifteenth Amendment allowed Blacks to vote.
Q?? Which scenario best describes an interest group's ability to affect policy?
The United States Border Alliance influences enactment of new immigration laws
Articles of Confederation and what was the problem with it?
The United States first constitution. The problem with the A of C was that there were no diversified economies, and there were tariffs on imported goods. The thirteen states didn't work together.
Power
The ability of one person to get another person to act in accordance with the first person's intentions
Political Power
The ability to get things done by controlling or influencing the institutions of government.
Legislative Power
The ability to make laws
North-South compromise
The agreement that congress cannot tax exports from the South.
3/5s compromise
The agreement that slaves counted as 3/5s of a human being and that slave trade would be stopped in 1808.
Article V of the constitution outlines what
The amendment process
stability
The attribute of an individual's opinion measures how consistently it is held.
salience
The attribute of an individual's opinion that indicates how central it is to her or his daily concerns.
informational support
The attribute of an individual's opinion that measures his or her amount of knowledge concerning the issue.
intensity
The attribute of an individual's opinion that measures how strongly it is held.
direction
The attribute of individual's opinion that indicates a preference for or against a particular issue.
political efficacy
The belief that an individual's actions can have an impact on the political process.
Government
The body (or bodies) charged with making official policies for citizens.
Civil Society
The broad array of voluntary associations that bring citizens together to deal with community and social issues of common concern.
strength of part identification
The degree of loyalty that an individual feels toward a particular political party.
Q?? Before 1970, interest groups devoted most of their efforts to three categories: business, labor and agriculture.
The diversity of interest groups had broadly expanded over the past few decades.
political culture
The dominant values and beliefs of a political community.
Flag codes
The flag should be flown only daylight unless lit
Q?? The Electoral College, and the Bicameral Congress.
The founders did not trust the people to make all of the decisions about who should serve in office. What are the two ways the founders limited the voting influence of the people?
Declaration of Independence
The fundamental document establishing the United States as a nation, adopted on July 4, 1776. The declaration was ordered and approved by the Continental Congress and written largely by Thomas Jefferson.
Social contract theory/why we have government
The idea that there is a general agreement b/n people and gov; w/o gov we would have to exist in a "state of nature" (solitary, brutal world)
life cycle effects
The impact of age-related factors in the formation of political attitudes, opinions, and beliefs.
generational effects
The impact of events experienced by a generational cohort on the formation of common political orientations.
sample
The individuals whose opinions are actually measured.
Preamble
The introduction to the constitution
civil rights movement
The litigation and mobilization activities of African Americans in the second half of the twentieth century that led to a greater realization of equality for all disadvantaged groups.
sampling error
The measure of the degree of accuracy of a poll based on the size of the sample.
Amendments of constitution
The modification of the constitution of a nation or state. In many jurisdictions the text of the constitution itself is altered; in others the text is not changed, but the amendments change its effect. There are 27
comparable worth
The notion that individuals performing different jobs that require the same amount of knowledge, effort, skill, responsibility, and working conditions should receive equal compensation; the proposal would elevate the pay structure of many jobs traditionally performed by women.
In social contract theory, what happens if one side doesn't hold up to their end of the deal?
The other side can take matters into their own hands
Elastic clause
The passing laws
population
The people whose opinions are being estimated through interviews with samples of group members.
Social Class
The perceived combination of wealth, income, education, and occupation that contribute to one's status and power in society.
reserved powers
The powers granted to the states under the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution.
consumer activism
The practice of making a political or social statement with one's buying power.
microtargeting
The practice of mining databases containing information about consumer interests and behaviors to design personal appeals to voters.
grassroots mobilization
The practice of organizing citizens support for a group's policy or candidate preferences.
sexual harassement
The practice of wanting jobs or job benefits in exchange for sexual favors, or the creation of a hostile work or education environment by unwarranted sexual advances or sexual conversation.
Speaker of the house
The presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives.
public socialization
The process by which individuals come to adopt the attitudes, values, beliefs, and opinions of their political culture. "Guided Tour"
Politics
The process by which we choose government officials and make decisions about public policy.
Equal Rights Amendment
The proposed constitutional amendment that would have prohibited national and state government from denying equal rights on the basis of sex.
Majority Rule
The requirement that electoral majorities determine who is elected to office and that majorities in power determine our laws and how they are administered.
Formal authority
The right to exercise power is vested in a government official
Authority
The right to use power
Q?? Which description has been the main outcome of amendments to the Constitution?
The rights of individuals have expanded
Democracy
The rule of the many
constitutionalism
The set of arrangements, including checks and balances, federalism, separation of powers, rule of law, due process, and a bill of rights, that requires our leaders to listen, think, bargain, and explain before they act or make laws. We then hold them politically and legally accountable for how they exercise their powers.
Policy Diffusion
The spread of policy innovation across jurisdictions.
political science
The systematic study of government and politics.
rational actor theory
The theory that choices are based on our individual assessment of costs and benefits.
political cynicism
The view that government officials look out mostly for themselves.
Q?? Which statement best explains why presidential candidates often avoid campaigning to certain states?
Their political parties are weak in those states
cohort
Them members of one's own generation.
Black codes
These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.
What is the difference between elected representatives in 18th c republicanism and elected representatives in the democratic ideal?
They act as trustees in 18th c republicanism instead of as delegates
Q?? Magna Carta, Articles of Confederation, and Bill of Rights are similar because
They limited the power of the government
Q?? The Populist, Bull Moose, and Green Party are examples of what?
Third parties
Bureaucratic rule
This theory of power is where bureaucratic officials are experts in the field and the power of policy decision exceed elected officials.
pluralism
This theory of power is where policies are decided through power wielded by many individuals.
Elitism
This theory of power is where power is wielded by a small number of well-off individuals.
Majoritarianism
This theory of power is where the majority prevails
authoritarianism
This type of government asserts power but not over all institutions.
Libertarianism
This type of government plays only a protective role in the lives of the individuals under its power.
liberalism
This type of government should assure individual liberty and equality - separation of powers system (Locke)
Great Compromise
This was the decision to have a bicameral legislature for the Senate and the House.
Author of common sense
Thomas Paine
public interest groups
Those advocating policies they believe promote the good of all americans and not merely the economic or ideological interests of a few.
10th amendment
Those powers not given to the fed gov and not prohibited to the states by the Const are reserved for the states and the people
free riders
Those who enjoy the benefits from activities without paying the costs of participation.
What are the limitations on free speech?
To incite actions that would harm others (e.g., "[S]hout[ing] 'fire' in a crowded theater.", To make or distribute obscene materials, To burn draft cards as an anti-war protest, To permit students to print articles in a school newspaper over the objections of the school administration, Of students to make an obscene speech at a school-sponsored event, Of students to advocate illegal drug use at a school-sponsored event.
Power of national gov and examples
To promote commerce (coining money, building post offices, roads RRs, protecting inventions w patents)
Q?? Why does the Constitution put limits on majority rule?
To protect minority rights
Filibuster
To speak continuously
Articles of Confederation
Together, they work to establish the branches of the federal government and describe what powers they have. There are 7 of them. Core components the framers wanted our country to be based on. * Were eventually deemed unsuccessful and changed.
How are seats in the House of Representatives apportiones
Total allowed: 435 For every 30,000 people you get one representative
lobbyist role is to
Try to influence government policy ... a lobbyist is A person acting for a special-interest group, who tries to impact the voting on legislation or the decisions of government administrators / puts pressure on lawmakers, attempting to affect public policy
Abuse of the inalienable rights of citizens by gov
Tyranny
government, corrupt types of government?
Tyranny, Oligarchy, Democracy
Q?? To overcome the denial of equality of educational opportunity by the states and to improve the quality of education.
Understand the two major reasons why the federal government decided to intervene in public education.
A legislative body w a single chamber
Unicameral
governments, What are the differences between a unitary, confederal and federal government?
Unitary government is a system of political organization with a central supreme government which holds the authority over and makes the decisions for subordinate local governments. Confederal government also known as a confederation is a union of political units for common action in relation to other units. Usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution, confederations tend to be established for dealing with critical issues (such as defense, foreign affairs, or a common currency), with the central government being required to provide support for all members. The United States Federal government is the republic of fifty states that constitute the United States, as well as one capital district, and several other territories. The federal government is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive and judicial,
Brown vs. board of education
United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.
astroturf lobbying
Using deceptive practices and lack of transparency to manufacture grassroots support for an issue important to a particular set of unidentified interests.
BUYcotting
Using purchasing decisions to support the products and policies of businesses.
Hashtag Activism
Using social media to dray attention to a cause.
Virginia and New Jersey Plans
VA: a proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch NJ: a proposal providing for a single legislative house with equal representation for each state.
Side president/ head of senate
Vice president
political disadvantage thoery
View positing that groups are likely to seek remedies in courts if they do not succeed in the electoral process.
Pluralism
View posting that carious groups and coalitions constantly vie for government favor and the ability to exercise political power but none enjoys long-term dominance.
Ruling Elite Theory
View posting that wealthy and well-educated citizens exercise a disproportionate amount of influence over political decision making.
Biased Pluralism
View that holds power and public policies tilt largely in the direction of the well off.
Power elite view
View that the government is dominated by a few top leaders, most of whom are outside of government
Bureaucratic view
View that the government is dominated by appointed officials
Class view
View that the government is dominated by capitalists
Virginia plan vs New Jersey plan
Virginia plan called for both the house of representation and senate to have reps proportional to population, favoring populous states. New Jersey plan called for a single chamber legislature where each state was equally represented. Also Virginia plan called for a one person executive while the New Jersey plan wanted a multi-person executive.
prospective voting
Voting choice made on the basis of anticipated results if the candidate of choice is elected.
retrospective voting
Voting on the basis of the candidate's or party's record in office.
presidential succession
Vp - speaker of the House- press. pro tempore of senate
Abolitionist movement
Was An Attempt To Get Slavery Abolished.
Empirical statement
Way things actually are
Normative statement
Way things ought to be
Q?? The lack of media attention
What could be causing a barrier to education policy getting onto the policy agenda?
Q?? They gain the authority to exercise their power.
What does our government gain when we view it as being legitimate?
Q?? The rights every man deserves, England wasn't giving them so they called for freedom.
What is called for in the Declaration of Independence?
Q?? An oligarchy and democracy are different because oligarchy gives the power to govern to a few powerful, wealthy individuals while democracy gives the power to the people. A monarchy, on the other hand, assigns power to 1 person who rules till death. While autocracy gives the power to an individual ruler
What is the difference between a monarchy/autocracy/oligarchy and a democracy?
Q?? President Franklin Roosevelt's proposal to add new justices to the Supreme Court so he could pack the court with his own appointees so that the Court would uphold his policies.
What was the Court Packing Plan? Why did Roosevelt attempt to pack the Supreme Court?
Q?? Some of the people think it's wrong, so Thomas Paine says it is okay to want to be free from an oppressive government.
What was the significance of Common Sense?
Q?? People expected amended articles (Articles of Confederation), Debate over national vs. state power, Bill of Rights - James Madison's idea. No rights guaranteed in the constitution to begin with so he came up with the Bill of Rights which is the first 10 amendments, Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
What were the major themes in the debate over ratification?
Q?? Separation of Powers, Checks and Balances, and the Bill of Rights
What works in the Constitution today?
Republicism
What: A form of government in which power resides in the people and is exercised by their elected representatives.
Equality
What: State of being equal, especially in status, rights and opportunities.
Separation of Powers
What: The assignment of lawmaking, law-enforcing, and law-interpreting functions to separate branches of government. When: 1748
Grants- in- aid
What: amount of money given to a local government, institution or a particular scholar.
Freedom
What: freedom to do something When: Aug. 4th 1735 Where: First amendment
Order
What:Established ways of social behavior ( how to dress in school, how to behave) Where: preamble of the constitution
25th amendments
When a disabled president can't perform his/her duties
Congress
Who approves the budget?
Senators
Who approves the presidential appointments?
President
Who can appoint justices and ambassadors?
Justices
Who can be impeached (other than the president)?
Supreme court
Who can declare an action unlawful?
Congress
Who can impeach the president?
Congress
Who can legislate?
Congress
Who can rewrite legislation?
President
Who can veto?
Congress
Who establishes the size of a court system?
John Locke
Who: What: Helped find the "founding fathers" of govt., founder of classical liberal ideology When: 1632-1703 Where: United Kingdom
The wealth of nations
Who: Adam Smith What: "invisible hand" - market, supply and demand When: 1776
Laissez- Faire Economics "leave alone"
Who: Adam Smith What:less govt is involved the better off business will be When: 18th century Where:
Classical Liberalism
Who: Adam Smith & John Locke What: Political ideology that values the freedom of individuals When: developed in 18th century Where: Europe and US
Dual federalism
Who: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, George Washington What: Division of power between federal and state governments When: 1789
Federalism
Who: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, George Washington What: Division of power between national and state government When: 1776-1997
Cooperative Federalism
Who: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, George Washington What: National , state and local governments solve common problems. (welfare, education) When: 930-1970
U.S. Constitution
Who: George Washington What: Established government and fundamental laws & guaranteed certain basic rights for citizens When: September 17, 1787 Where: Philadelphia
Elastic Clause
Who: George Washington What: Grants congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated list of powers. When: September 17, 1787 Where:Philadelphia
Federalist Papers No. 10
Who: James Madison What: Addresses threat of factions, - vulnerability of democracy to the violence of factions. When: 1787
Federalist Papers No.51
Who: James Madison What: Argues that the system created by the constitution will control the government ( separation of powers) When: February 1788
Bill of Rights
Who: James Madison What: First 10 amendments of the constitution - prevents the government from tampering with the fundamental rights. When:December 15, 1791 Where: New York City - Federal Hall
Articles of Confederation
Who: John Dickinson What: Compact among the 13 original states that established in the 1st government of the US When: adopted: November 15, 1777- Ratified March 1, 1781 Where: Maryland
2 treatises of government
Who: John Locke What: Favored limited govt. preserve rights to life, liberty and property When: 1690
Tabula Rasa
Who: John Locke What: Individuals mind has a clean slate - essay about human understanding
Great Compromise
Who: Roger Sherman What: Agreement between large and small states that defined the legislative structure & representation each state has. - 3 branches of govt. When: 1787
Adam Smith
Who: Scottish economist, Philosopher What: Promoted Lassiez Faire economics, "hands off". influenced the "founding fathers" Where: United Kingdom When: 1723-1790 18th century
McCullough Vs. Maryland
Who: State of Maryland What: Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the second bank of the U.S. by imposing tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. Where: Maryland When: 1819
Democracy
Who: The people of the United States What: System of government in which people rule, either directly or indirectly
Declaration of Independence
Who: Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin et al What: Formal document declaring freedom of the 13 American colonies from Great Britain When: July 4, 1776 Where: Philadelphia- Pennsylvania State House
Government
Who: legislative (House of reps), executive (president) and judicial (Courts) What: Group of people that is authorized to use force to control human behavior. When:
Checks and Balances
Who:James Madison What: Government structure that gives each branch some scrutiny of and control over the other branches When: September 1787
Salutary Neglect
Who:Walpole What: Avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws- meant to keep America obedient to England. When: March 22, 1775 Where:
John Locke
Whose philosophy stated that mankind was altogether "rational, social, and cooperative" and the government should expand talents, provide public goods, and be limited so the people can self govern to some extent?
Thomas Hobbs
Whose philosophy stated that mankind was altogether "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" and the government should only be a protective, social contract to protect individuals from one another?
Q?? To gain things and to ensure protection of our rights
Why do we agree to a social contract?
Q?? State of lawlessness, Conflict resolution, nd to provide us with the things we cant provide ourselves.
Why do we need government?
Q?? because we were conditioned at a young age, it is better than no government, history, we are ignorant, and they havent ruined everything.
Why do we view our government as being legitimate?
Q?? With education among the reserved powers left to the states, state and local governments developed the responsibility for educating the populace. Originally, states set education policy that local communities then implemented through locally elected school boards.
Why doesn't the federal government spend more on elementary/secondary education?
Q?? The rights weren't guaranteed in the constitution
Why were the Bill of Rights added?
Q?? They were being taxed without representation.
Why were the colonists upset about being taxed by the British?
supreme court, what determines what cases the supreme court hears
Writ of certiorari. The party that lost in a lower court explains to the supreme court why they should review the case. 4 of the 9 Justices must approve the for the case to be heard.
Shays's Rebellion
a 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes
Enfranchisement
a : to admit to the privileges of a citizen and especially to the right of suffrage. b : to admit (a municipality) to political privileges or rights.
Bicameral legislature
a Congress composed of two separate chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives.
orthodox
a belief that morality and religion ought to be of decisive importance
civic competence
a belief that one can affect government politics
civic duty
a belief that one has an obligation to participate in civic and political affairs
progressive
a belief that personal freedom and solving social problems are more important than religion
class consciousness
a belief that you are a member of an economic group whose interests are opposed to people in other such groups
Natural law
a body of unchanging moral principles regarded as a basis for all human conduct.
Test cases
a case that sets a precedent for other cases involving the same question of law.
Earmarks
a congressional directive that funds should be spent on a specific project.
Veto
a constitutional right to reject a decision or proposal made by a law-making body.
2nd continental congress
a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting in the summer of 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, soon after warfare in the American Revolutionary War had begun.
waiver
a decision by an administrative agency granting come other part permission to violate a law or rule that would otherwise apply to it
Dual federalism
a doctrine based on the idea that a precise separation of national power and state power is both possible and desirable.
Bill
a draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion. "a debate over the civil rights bill"
Q?? A government in which powers are divided between a national government and state governments with the national government being supreme is called
a federal government
Equal employment opportunity commission
a federal law enforcement agency that enforces laws against workplace discrimination.
democracy
a form of government in which the people govern, either directly or through elected representatives
oligarchy
a form of government ruled by a small group of individuals (Royalty, corporate, military)
Monarchy
a form of government with a monarch at the head.
republic
a government in which elected representatives make the decisions
What is limited government?
a government outline where any more than minimal governmental intervention in personal liberties and the economy is not allowed by law
Federalism
a government system in which authority is divided between two sovereign levels of government: National and regional.
confederacy
a governmental system in which sovereignty is vested entirely in the subnational (state) governments.
unitary system
a governmental system in which the national government alone has sovereign (ultimate) authority.
Anti-federalists
a group of diverse individuals that formed to oppose the passage of the new federal Constitution
faction
a group with a distinct political interest
President pro tempore
a high-ranking senator of the majority party who presides over the US Senate in the absence of the vice president.
Inalienable
a human right based on nature or God
bill of attainder
a law that declares a person, without a trial, to be guilty of a crime
ex post facto law
a law that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed
What is the exclusionary rule?
a legal principle in the United States, under constitutional law, which holds that evidence collected or analyzed in violation of the defendant's constitutional rights is sometimes inadmissible for a criminal prosecution in a court of law.
Enumerated (Expressed) Powers?
a list of items found in Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution that set forth the authority of Congress. In summary, Congress may exercise the powers that the Constitution grants it, subject to the individual rights listed in the Bill of Rights.
Constitutional Convention
a meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution
republic
a nation in which supreme power rests with the citizens and is exercised by their elected representatives
political culture
a patterned and sustained way of thinking about how political and economic life ought to be carried out
Socialism
a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
Q?? "The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge, natural to party dissension [disagreement], which in different ages and countries has perpetrated the most horrid enormities is itself a frightful despotism [tyranny]. -George Washington, 1796 Based on the quotation, Washington believed that
a political parties were potentially damaging
Communism
a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
Voir dire
a preliminary examination to determine the competency of a witness or juror
Double jeopardy rule
a procedural defence that forbids a defendant from being tried again on the same (or similar) charges following a legitimate acquittal or conviction.
Double Jeopardy?
a procedural defense that forbids a defendant from being tried again on the same charges following a legitimate acquittal or conviction.
Libel
a published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation; a written defamation.
What is equality of opportunity?
a right supposedly guaranteed by both federal and many state laws against any discrimination in employment, education, housing or credit rights due to a person's race, color, sex (or sometimes sexual orientation), religion, national origin, age or handicap. A person who believes he/she has not been granted equal opportunity or has been outright sexually harassed or discriminated against may bring a lawsuit under federal and most state laws, or file a complaint with the federal Equal Opportunity Employment Commission or a state equal opportunity agency.
Political Culture?
a set of attitudes and practices held by a people that shapes their political behavior. It includes moral judgments, political myths, beliefs, and ideas about what makes for a good society.
Oligarchy
a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.
Republic
a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.
privileges and immunities clause
a state must grant non residents the same privileges as residents
Q?? Which part of the Connecticut (or Great) Compromise benefits states with larger populations?
a state's population determines how many members it has in the House of Representatives
Federalist
a supporter of federal government; especially a supporter of the U.S. Constitution
Democracy
a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.
checks and balances
a system of government in which each branch of government can limit the power of the other branches
anti-federalists
a term used to describe opponents of the constitution during the debate over ratification.
federalists
a term used to describe the supporters of the Constitution during the debate over ratification.
Articles of Confederation
a weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War
checks and balances of the constitution was mainly the result of
abuses of powers by the British king during colonial times
unfunded mandate
actions imposed by the federal or state government on lower levels of government which are not accompanied by the money needed to fund the action required.
symbolic speech?
actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it.
Full faith and credit clause
addresses the duties that states within the United States have to respect the "public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state."
full Faith and Credit Clause?
addresses the duties that states within the United States have to respect the "public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state."
15th
african Americans are allowed to vote
popular vote
aggregate of all voters from all states in America.
easton's system theory of government
all governments share one particular model. can explain any governmental system through this model. How much demand and support of the citizens.
laissez-faire leadership style, example
allowing inflation to rise without political intervention
Elastic clause
allows for a "loose' interpretation of the constitution
senate
allows for unlimited debate and is less formal chamber of congress
federalism, Arguments for federalism
allows people quicker/easier access to government, promotes competition among states, grooms leaders, allows for laboratories of success, states create laws good for own state's success
article 5
amendment article
9th Amendment
amendment protects natural rights of people
14th
amendment that all people born in the us are citizens
10th Amendment
amendment that established federalism and limits the federal government
4th Amendment
amendment that protects from unreasonable search and seizures
6th Amendment
amendment that protects person's right to an attorney
2nd Amendment
amendment that protects the right to bear arms
3rd Amendment
amendment that seems unusual but plays role in protecting privacy
8th Amendment
amendments that protects from cruel and unusual punishment
2/3 vote
amount of votes need in house and senate for amendment to be proposed
Separation of powers
an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.
Filibuster
an action such as a prolonged speech that obstructs progress in a legislative assembly while not technically contravening the required procedures.
coalition
an alliance of factions
10th amendment
an amendment guaranteeing to the states and the people those rights that are not delegated to the federal government by the Constitution.
What are grants-in-aid? How do they fit in the practice of coercive/creative federalism?
an amount of money given to a local government, an institution, or a particular scholar. Grants in aid fit in the practice of creative federalism because the grants are "categorical" since these are specified by the federal government; states and local governments had to use money for such specific purposes
Proportional representation
an electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them.
line-item veto
an executive's ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by legislature
Pocket veto
an indirect veto of a legislative bill by the president or a governor by retaining the bill unsigned until it is too late for it to be dealt with during the legislative session.
habeas corpus
an order to produce an arrested person before a judge
public goods?
anyone can use them, provided by the government, beneficial to all
constitution, What are possible changes to the Constitution for the Supreme Court?
are lifetime appointments of judges the best? they don't have to worry about reelection, but personal opinions can influence and maybe no new ideas, they also get lots of experience with lifetime appointments
Q?? The government structure can be found in which section of the Constitution?
articles
checks and balances
authority shared by three branches of government
Q?? Why did the founders make the Constitution reflect their view of political parties?
because they considered parties objectionable, they ignored their role in the new political system
Merchantilism
belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.
Legislative
branch of government explained in article I
Executive Branch
branch of government explained in article II
Q?? What is called for in the Declaration of Independence?
called for freedom from British rule, lists grievances against King (stuff he has wronged them), people has unalienable rights that weren't being upheld, colonists felt they had the right to get rid of gov that wasn't serving them correctly, called for equality, human rights, and public participation in gov
Great Compromise come about why and how do we get representatives in the House and Senate?
came about from New Jersey and Virginia Plans- had arguments with state vs. national, north vs. south, and big vs. small states; allowed everyone to be happy bc house would be representative based and senate would be equal voting
Q?? Minor political parties have MOST often contributed to US politics by
causing major parties to adopt their ideas
Constitution works how today?
checks and balances, separation powers, bill of rights (founders did the best they could the time)
ordinances
city laws
Building blocks of government
coercion and revenue
expressed power - given to the national government in the Constitution, example
coinage of money
shay's rebellion
colonists protesting the taxes made by british
Q?? Why were the colonists upset about being taxed by the British?
colonists were not being represented in British parliament and therefore felt they didn't need to be taxed because their voices weren't being heard, no taxation without representation
select
committee created for a short period to investigate a specific issue
Connecticut compromise
compromise provided representation for large and small states in the constitution
Majority leader
confirms appointment of judges and ambassadors
Mayflower Compact principle
consent of the governed
2 popular political labels in the united states
conservative, liberal
political ideology
consistent set of values and beliefs about the proper course and scope of government.
separation of powers
constitutional authority is shared by three different branches of government
Checks and balances
counterbalancing influences by which an organization or system is regulated, typically those ensuring that political power is not concentrated in the hands of individuals or groups.
habeas corpus
court order to release a person after being illegally detained
articles of confederation
created by 2nd continental congress, 1776-dec. of independence
Bill of Rights
created in order for anti-feds to agree with federalists. it was to protect people from the fed gov.
Articles of Confederation change to the Constitution was
creating three branches of government
political thinking
critical thinking focused on what can reasonably be believed and then using that information to make political judgements.
interstate compacts
deals between states
connecticut (great) compromise
decided each state would have 2 representatives in the senate and amt of representatives in house depended on population
biased pluralism
decisions are made in favor of the wealthy
Q?? If every citizen votes on every law, they have a ______ form of government
democracy
Q?? Multiple political parties, free and open elections, and majority rule, are describing which type of government?
democracy
What is the Lemon Test?
determines when a law has the effect of establishing religion.
knowledge gap
difference between the public's knowledge and the truth of the matter
apportionment
distribute representatives based on population. census every 10 years. We could suddenly lose or gain a representative or another state could.
Redistricting
divide or organize (an area) into new political or school districts
separation of powers
dividing federal power between the 3 branches
comitteees
do the detail daily work of considering proposed legislation
dual federalism
doctrine holding that the national government is supreme in its sphere, the states are supreme in theirs, and the two spheres should be kept separate
What are the periods of federalism in United States history?
dual federalism, cooperative federalism, creative federalism, new federalism
Judicial federalism
dual nature of the federal courts; Marbury v. Madison (judicial review); McCulloch v. Maryland (supremacy of national law); Gibbons v. Ogden (no interstate taxes)
5th amendment guarantees the right to
due process of law
Q?? Which part of the Great Compromise benefits small population states?
each state has two representatives in the Senate
Traditional economies
economic system in which decisions about what to produce and how are made on the basis of customs, beliefs, and tradition
mixed economies
economic system that falls somewhere in between the other three. Blends reliance on market forces with some government involvement in the workplace.
market economies
economic system that relies mainly on markets to determine what goods and services are to be produced and how to produce them.
command economy
economic system that relies mainly on the central government to determine what goods and services to produce and how to produce them.
parliamentary system and a presidential system of government, the people
elect their own representatives
parliamentary System of government, the people
elect their representatives, but the majority party selects the leader
constitution, What parts of the Constitution do many people believe are outdates and should be re-considered? (3)
electoral college (orignal intent was to help aid in judgement of citizens) 2nd amendment (original intent was for protection against British), age restriction for running for office (guy running country needs more experience than 35 years can give)
Q?? What are two ways the founders limited the voting influence of the people?
electoral college and state legislature appointment of senators
direct democracy means that citizens
elects representatives to make laws
Q?? Enlightenment-era political philosophers such as Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Montesquieu
emphasized governmental structures based on reason and social progress
executive branch
enforce laws, make appointments
executive branch, role of executive branch
enforce the law
selective incorporation?
ensures states cannot enact laws that take away the constitutional rights of American citizens that are enshrined in the Bill of Rights.
checks and balances, The principle
ensures that no one branch of government becomes too powerful
Q?? Why doesn't the federal government spend more money on elementary/secondary education?
essentially in state's jurisdiction to regulate curriculum for education, gov has gotten involved with setting up programs and funding
Marbury v. Madison
established judicial review, gave the courts that right to determine whether something was constitutional or not
Supremacy Clause?
establishes the United States Constitution, federal statutes, and treaties as "the supreme law of the land."
Supremacy clause
establishes the United States Constitution, federal statutes, and treaties as "the supreme law of the land."
Shay's Rebellion
event that lead to the colonist meeting to revise the articles
equality
every American should have an equal vote and opportunity to succeed
Article 2
executive branch article
Q?? The Fifteenth, Nineteenth, and Twenty-Sixth Amendments to the Constitution
expanded the voting rights of citizens
Great Society Program expand or reduce national power? How?
expanded under Lyndon B. Johnson- gave federal aid to public schools, set up health care for poor (Medicaid) and elderly (Medicare), gave categorical grants, Civil Rights Act (ruled segregation and job discrimination illegal), Voting Rights Act (no one denied right to vote if over 18 years old)
james madison
father of the constitution
expressed powers
federal government powers expressed in Article 1 section 8 of constitution
categorical grants
federal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport
1964, The civil rights act of 1964
federal law that authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment.
Q?? McCulloch vs. Maryland dealt with what constitutional principle?
federalism
Q?? Mexico's system of government divides power between the national government and each state. This best describes which system of government
federalism
Q?? "Let our Government be like that of the solar system--let the General Government be the Sun and States the Planets, repelled yet attracted, and the whole moving harmoniously in their several orbits"-John Dickinson, Delaware delegate, 1787 Based on this quotation, John Dickinson most likely would have agreed that
federalism is necessary to the goals of the United States government
bill of rights
first 10 amendments
Bill of rights
first 1o amendments of the constitution that lists limits on government power. Original intentions were a response to a call by certain states that the constitution needed protection for civil liberties.
Bill of Rights
first ten Amendments to the Constitution
capitalism
focus on money, economic and political controlled by private owners
indictment
formal accusation by grand jury
What are the terms of office for the President?
four-year term, with a limit of two terms
1st amendment, What are the five liberties guaranteed by the 1st Amendment?
freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of religion, freedom of petition, and freedom of assembly
values of government
freedom, order, equality. it is not possible to pursue all three values in equal measure.
3/5 Three-Fifths Compromise
gave a disproportionate representation of slave states in the House of Representatives relative to the voters in the North
Q?? What is the significance of the Mayflower Compact? (2 reasons)
gave colonists political experience, established order which would be needed
Federal judiciary act of 1789
gave congress power to create court system
Formally established way of making and carrying out political decisions
government
democracy
government accountable to the people
federalism
government authority shared by a national and local governments
collecting revenue
governments need money to provide security and pay for public goods. EX: taxes
judicial review
grants the supreme court the power to declare acts of Congress, the executive branch, and the states unconstitutional.
pluralism
groups compete for power but dont want long term dominance
Q?? How is the face of american citizenry changing?
growing older growing diverse growing apart
19th Amendment say?
guarantees all American women the right to vote
rules comittee
has the power to move house bills ahead quickly or stop them completly
Q?? Why do we need government? (3 reasons)
have a state of lawlessness without it (we need/want order), gov acts as conflict resolution and settles disputes, gov provides things we can't provide for ourselves (roads, safety, emergency services?
bicameral
having 2 chambers, legislative branch, house of reps and senate
Podcast overview
highlighted the problems with federalism and who actually has the power in certain situations (crazy lady who tried to poison BF=Missouri attorney general duck hunting) brings about question if national government has unlimited power: creating of treaties is something everyone has to abide by
Exclusionary rule
holds that evidence collected or analyzed in violation of the defendant's constitutional rights is sometimes inadmissible for a criminal prosecution in a court of law.
virginia plan
idea of bicameralism proposed by james madison
mercantilism
idea that strongest country is best, going to foreign countries to take resources
constitutional convention problems
ideological (federalists vs democrat), large vs small states, north vs south
checks and balances, Which check by Congress on the president has been most rarely used?
impeachment trials
supremacy clause, How can states get around the Supremacy Clause? (2)
implementation: fail to provide funding or workforce for national law they might now like enforcement: someone has to challenge the law in court of law, it can ruin reputation and some don't have money)
Implied Powers?
in the Necessary and Proper Clause, powers that are granted to Congress that are not explicitly named in the Constitution but are assumed to exist
individual responsibility
individuals are responsible for their own actions and well-being
federalism, Arguments against federalism
inequality among states still (healthcare, education, teen pregnancy, incarceration), states can interfere with national goals and plans
government
institutions and officials organized to establish and carry out public policy
judicial branch
interpret laws, original and appellate jurisdiction of the supreme court
Q?? Which is NOT a purpose of a political party?
investigate consumer fraud
Totalitarianism
is a political system in which the state holds total authority over the society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life wherever possible.
Ancient greek theory
it is human nature to form and live under a government
Q?? A national political party convention is most significant because
it nominates a candidate for the presidential elections
interpret laws
job of the legislative branch
Q?? Arguments against raising the minimum wage.
jobs (small businesses) paying minimum wage can't afford it without making cuts, foreign trade market is too competitive to raise standard, fear that employers wouldn't hire as many workers
article 3
judicial branch article
Q?? "Thus, the particular phraseology [wording] of the Constitution of the United States confirms and strengthens the principle, supposed to be essential to all written constitutions, that a law repugnant [offensive] to the Constitution is void, and that courts, as well as other departments, are bound by that instrument." - Chief Justice John Marshall
judicial review
Q?? Power of the supreme court to declare laws unconstitutional
judicial review
Hold
keep or detain (someone).
elastic
know as "necessary and proper" clause
Q?? What would be causing a barrier to education policy getting onto the policy agenda?
lack of media attention and therefore lack of public attention
bills of attainder
laws that punish people without trail
Dual federalism
layer-cake federalism; clear division between sections of the government; 1930s
4 political theories
least gov ---> anarchism, libertarianism, liberalism, totalitarianism ---> most gov
3 economic theories
least gov ---> laissez faire, capitalism, socialism ---> most gov
9th amendment is significant because it
led to greater participation in the electoral process
full faith and credit clause
legal acts and judicial proceedings in 1 state are valid in all states. ex. marriage
Bicameralism?
legislative power is vested in two chambers, the upper house and the lower house (Senate and House)
Q?? Speaker: "Government powers should avoid hindering our personal liberties and equality under the law." Which principle of government does the speaker's quotation illustrate?
limited government
Enumerated powers
list of items found in the U.S. Constitution that set forth the authoritative capacity of Congress
federal regime
local units of government have a specially protect existence; can make final decisions over some governmental activities occasionally
ex post facto laws
makes a crime of an act legal when it was committed
Q?? How do interest groups try to influence public policy?
making financial contributions to political candidates
Cooperative federalism
marble-cake federalism; national and state governments mixed together; 1930-1960
Whips
member of a political party in a legislature whose task is to ensure that members of the party attend and vote as the party leadership desires
results of federalism
minimum wage, social security, collective bargaining, FDIC
Q?? The student council is considering having a dance. Several students suggest dates. A vote is taken and date is chosen. After the vote, several members of the council are unhappy with the decision. They cannot go to the dance on that night because of a scheduled soccer game. A second vote is taken to choose a new date so all can attend.
minority rights
Q?? Which principle of government was violated by poll taxes and grandfather clauses that prevented people from voting?
minority rights
grants-in-aid
money given by the national government to the states
Social contract theory
more advantages with government
reasonable scope of search/seizure
much search inside scope of warrant. Ex: in plain view vs. not. Reasonable to look their or not
city
municipal corporation or municipality chartered by a state to exercise certain powers and provide specific surfaces
Q?? What was lacking in colonial america
national courts
Enumerated powers
national powers: right to tax, spend/borrow money, make post offices, raise army/navy, establish rules for citizenship, regulate commerce, make money, necessary and proper clause
article 6
national supremacy: anytime a federal law and state law conflict the national law is supreme bans religious testing to hold office swears to defend and protect constitution
social contract
nobody gets rights from the government/king
Articles of Confederation effective? Why or why not?
not really- required unanimous voting for amending (rarely happened) Congress could only request taxes, which means that the confederation as a whole wasn't monetarily doing good, no supreme law over all, no funding to raise army, established individual states that governed themselves-->states taxed each other trying to make income but actually sent all into debt
218
number needed for a quorum in house
435
number of house represenatives
Checks and balances, examples
o President vetoes spending bill. o Supreme Court declares law unconstitutional. o Congress removes judges from office.
Q?? What is legally required of every adult citizen?
obey the law
What was the significance for Marbury vs. Madison?
on, arguably the most important case in Supreme Court history, was the first U.S. Supreme Court case to apply the principle of "judicial review" -- the power of federal courts to void acts of Congress in conflict with the Constitution.
monarchy?
one ruler that governs over all, rule passed through family after death usually, undemocratic
constitution, What are possible changes to the Constitution for Presidential changes?
one six year term to allow president to settle and then work instead of having to worry about reelection, allow those that aren't "natural born" to run
Diffusion of Innovation theory: what is is and example?
one state passes law and states around it watch to see if law is positive or negative and then will work to make it law in their state (lottery in Kansas now in Oklahoma)
anti-federalists
oppose a strong federal gov and constitution
due process
part of the 5th amendment that says police, judges juries, etc must follow the rules and regulations established by the government
Equal Protection Clause?
part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The clause, which took effect in 1868, provides that no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction "the equal protection of the laws.
defendant
party accused of committing a crime
Fiscal federalism
patterns of spending, taxing, and grants
social contract theory, application
paying taxes in order to fund a police force
Q?? What were the major themes of debate over ratification? (Articles, State vs. National power, Bill of Rights)
people expected amended articles of confederation but new constitution came out of it, people still fears a big central government bc of prior experience, and people wanted bill of rights bc states had them in each constitution (Federalists vs. Anti-federalists)
Q?? Which of these would be a violation of the US Constitution if it was written into a state constitution?
people of specific races are not allowed to have driver's licenses
civil liberties?
personal guarantees and freedoms that the government cannot abridge, either by law or by judicial interpretation without due process.
Creative federalism
picket-fence federalism; federal mandates and the national government require certain policies of the states; 1960-1980
Great Compromise
plan to have a popularly elected House based on state population and a state-selected Senate with two members from each state
Iron triangle
policy-making relationship among the congressional committees, the bureaucracy, and interest groups.
1963 March on Washington
political demonstration held in Washington, D.C., in 1963 by civil rights leaders to protest racial discrimination and to show support for major civil rights legislation that was pending in Congress.
Competition to shape government's impact of society's problems and goals
politics
oligarchy?
power lies in hands of single few who share common characteristic such as wealth or military background
reserve power?
power that may be exercised by the head of state without the approval of another branch of the government
Gibbons v. Ogden
power to tax is concurrent; not interstate taxes
concurrent powers
powers given to both state and federal governments
implied powers
powers given to fed gov not specifically listed in the constitution
enumerated powers
powers given to the national government alone (print money, declare war, make treaties, conduct foreign affairs, regulate commerce)
reserved powers
powers given to the state governments alone (issue licenses, regulate commerce within the state)
implied
powers granted to congress
article 4
powers granted to states.
concurrent
powers held by both state and federal governament
10th amendment
powers not delegated are reserved to the states and people
concurrent powers
powers shared by the national and state governments (collecting taxes, building roads, borrowing money, having courts)
expressed
powers stated directly in the constitution
concurrent power?
powers that are shared by both the State and the federal government. These powers may be exercised simultaneously within the same territory and in relation to the same body of citizens. These concurrent powers including regulating elections, taxing, borrowing money and establishing courts.
prosecutor
presents evidence of crime on behalf of the people
Prior restraint
prior restraint prohibits government from banning expression of ideas prior to their publication.
referendum
procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature
recall
procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office
Ratification
process by which proposed laws, treaties, and agreements are officially confirmed
How an amendment is made
process if difficult and long. 4 ways to do it. The 2/3 vote in congress way is used almost exclusively
Reappointment
process in which the government recalculates the number of house seats
initiative
process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot
13th Amendment is best described as
prohibited slavery
Title VII
prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex and national origin
Establishment clause
prohibits the government from making any law "respecting an establishment of religion." This clause not only forbids the government from establishing an official religion, but also prohibits government actions that unduly favor one religion over another.
Virginia Plan
proposal to create a strong national government (better for big states)
New Jersey Plan
proposal to create a weak national government (better for small states)
3/5 Compromise?
proposed by James Madison, a way to determine a state's representation in the U.S. House of Representatives, The agreement that slaves counted as 3/5s of a human being and that slave trade would be stopped in 1808.
New Jersey Plan?
proposed by William Patterson for a unicameral legislative branch in which all states would have an equal number of votes
Virginia Plan?
proposed by the Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch. Drafted by James Madison.
Bill
proposed legislation... does not become law until passes by legislature
Q?? The main principle of limited government is to
protect individual liberties
limited government, main principle
protect individual liberties
civil rights?
protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations and private individuals, and which ensure one's ability to participate in the civil and political life of the society and state without discrimination or repression.
Q?? The most important feature of limited government is
protecting the rights of citizens
4th amendment prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures
protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures by the government
Jim Crow laws
racial segregation state and local laws mandating racial segregation in all public facilities in Southern U.S. states
article 7
ratification article, 9/13 states
Great Compromise?
reached during the Constitutional Convention, bicameral legislature, along with proportional representation in the lower house but required the upper house to be weighted between the states
probable cause
reasonable suspicion of criminal behavior. Higher than reasonable suspicion
Q?? Which responsibility applies ONLY to men?
registering for select services
Bush federalism
regulated federalism; national government monitors that states; NCLB, Hurricane Katrina, 9/11; George W. Bush Era
Q?? We may define a republic to be. . . a government which derives all its powers directly or indirectly from the great body of the people, and is administered by persons holding their offices during pleasure, for a limited period, or during good behavior. It is ESSENTIAL to such a government that it be derived from the great body of society, not from an inconsiderable proportion or a favored class of it; otherwise a handful of tyrannical nobles, exercising their oppressions by a delegation of their powers, might aspire to the rank of republicans, and claim for their government the honorable title of republic." -James Madison, Federalist No. 39
represent a large segment of the population to prevent autocracy
Q?? in a country, only a small number of people make decisions about the laws. These people were chosen by their home state to make decisions in the best interest of the state. The decision-makers are very diverse in their religion, wealth, and military experience. Which type of governmental system is described?
representative democracy
full faith and credit
respecting laws of another state
legitimacy
right to rule; divine right: church/king rule
Q?? No freeman shall be taken, or imprisoned...or in any way harmed...save by the lawful judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land...To none will we sell, to none deny or delay, right or justice" - Magna Carta, 1215 This quote best reflects what constitutional guarantee.
rights of the accused
autocracy?
rule by single person that has absolute power over all and doesn't care about people's needs, oppressive
$174000
salary of a congressional member
"necessary and proper" clause
section of the Constitution allowing Congress to pass laws "necessary and proper" to its duties and which has permitted Congress to exercise powers no specifically given to it in the Constitution (Article One, Section Eight, Clause Eighteen)
de jure segregation?
segregation enforced by law
de facto segregation?
segregation that occurs when widespread individual preferences, sometimes backed up with private pressure, lead to separation.
Q?? The United States Constitution has influenced the political systems in other nations mainly through its emphasis on
separation of governmental powers
What are the terms of office for Congress?
serve two-year terms and are up for reelection every even year
McCullough Vs Maryland
set the precedent to make implied powers okay and necessary and proper cause legal
Committees of Correspondence
shadow governments organized by the Patriot leaders of the Thirteen Colonies on the eve of the American Revolution
constitution, What are possible changes to the Constitution for Congressional changes?
should every state receive two votes in senate? make house term limit for more competitive elections
Q?? What was the significance of Shays Rebellion? What message did it send?
showed that US didn't have enough order and had too much freedom, national gov was weak- Shays took over courthouse bc he was mad about jailing of debtors
Plessy vs. ferguson
since overturned by Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which upheld the constitutionality of "separate, but equal facilities" based on race.
Constitutional Cons (Anti-feds)
some believed it to anti-religious and that is would produce bad and immoral leaders, gave too much national power, founders overstepped boundary of original intent of amending articles
federal system
sovereignty is shared; the national government is supreme in some matters, the states in others
unitary system
sovereignty is wholly in the hands of the national government
What was the significance of Brown vs. Board of Education?
start of the civil rights movement and the fall of segregation
What is the process of ratifying amendments?
state legislature- 3/4 of state legislature support state ratifying conventions
police power
state power to enact laws promoting health, safety, and morals
reserved powers
state powers listed in 10th amendment
Reserve powers
state powers: right to tax, protect the health and safety of state's citizens, regulate marriage and divorce
Q?? Who received increased authority under the reserved powers clause of the Constitution?
states
McCulloch v. Maryland
states cannot tax a federal bank; reaffirms national supremacy; broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause
nine states
states needed to ratify the constitution
States as laboratories of democracy: what is it and example?
states pass law that works for them and work to solve its issues that national government might not want to have say in (Oregon and Death with Dignity)
select comittiees
study one issue and report their findings
federalists
support strong federal gov and constitution
Anti-federalists
supported liberty
federalists
supported order
sovereignty
supreme or ultimate political authority
democracy?
supreme power lies in hands of people, people either rule directly or through elected representatives speaking for them
conditions of aid
terms set by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds
mandates
terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants
checks and balances
the 3 branches power to override/check the other branches
Interstate Commerce Clause?
the United States Congress shall have power "To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes."
Slander
the action or crime of making a false spoken statement damaging to a person's reputation.
Sovereignty
the authority of a state to govern itself or another state.
nullification
the doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution
Judicial Review?
the doctrine under which legislative and executive actions are subject to review by the judiciary. A court with judicial review power may invalidate laws and decisions that are incompatible with a higher authority, such as the terms of a written constitution.
8th Amendment states, "excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted." Based on this excerpt, the Eight Amendment places limits on the power of
the executive branch
Implied powers
the federal government's constitutional authority (through the "necessary and proper" clause) to take action that is not expressly authorized by the Constitution but that supports actions that are so authorized.
Federalism
the federal principle of government.
Bill of Rights?
the first ten amendments of the US Constitution
Bill of rights
the first ten amendments to the US Constitution
Incumbency
the holding of an office or the period during which one is held.
Separation of powers
the idea that the powers of a government should be split between two or more strongly independent branches to prevent any one person or group from gaining too much power
counties
the largest territorial units between a state and a city
due process?
the legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person. Due process balances the power of law of the land and protects the individual person from it.
Q?? Which statement best explains the principle of majority rule and minority rights?
the majority rules while respecting the rights of the minority
politics
the means in which society settles its conflicts and the resulting benefits and costs.
Federalists
the name given to those who favored strong state governments during the debate over ratifying the Constitution
Articles of confederation
the original constitution of the US, which failed and was replaced
republic, What does it mean for a government to be a republic?
the people elect representatives to act on their behalf
Affirmative Action mean?
the policy of favoring members of a disadvantaged group who suffer from discrimination within a culture.
Line-item veto
the power of a president, governor, or other elected executive to reject individual provisions of a bill.
judicial review
the power of the courts to declare laws and executive acts unconstitutional
judicial review
the power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional
Implied powers
the powers exercised by Congress which are not explicitly given by the Constitution itself but necessary and proper to execute the powers which are.
exclusionary rule
the principle that illegally seized evidence cannot be used in a court of law
due process
the principle that no person can be deprived of life. liberty, or property without fair legal procedures and safeguards
Majority rule
the principle that the greater number should exercise greater power.
popular sovereignty
the principle that the people are the ultimate source of the authority and legitimacy of government
due process, procedural due process
the principle that the procedures followed by the government in enforcing the law must not violate constitutional rights and liberties
due process, substantive due process
the principle that the substance of the laws enforced by the government must not violate constitutional rights and liberties
politics
the process and method of making decisions for groups, generally applied to governments though also seen in other human interactions
What is eminent domain?
the right of a government or its agent to expropriate private property for public use, with payment of compensation.
Where is the right to privacy found in the Constitution? How did it apply to Roe vs. Wade?
the right to privacy is not mentioned in the Constitution, but the Supreme Court has said that several of the amendments create this right. It applied to Roe vs. Wade because that case legalized abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy.
Suffrage
the right to vote in political elections.
Civil rights
the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.
Enumerated powers
the seventeen powers granted to the national government under Article I, section 8 of the constitution. These powers include taxation and the regulation of commerce as well as the authority to provide for the national defense.
cooperative federalism
the situation in which the national, state, and local levels work together to solve problems.
Civil liberties
the state of being subject only to laws established for the good of the community, especially with regard to freedom of action and speech.
confederal system
the states are sovereign and the national government is allowed to do only that which the states permit
oligarchy
the supreme court, rule by few (5/9)
Social contract theory
the view that persons' moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live.
electoral vote
the vote cast in the electoral college of the U.S. by the representatives of each state in a presidential election.
Q?? Which statement about interest groups is most accurate?
they often influence public opinion
totalitarianism
this type of government advocates complete dominance over individuals (North Korea and Saudi Arabia)
Federalists
those forces in favor of the ratification of the Constitution (text) and were typified by: A desire to establish a strong central government (unlike that which existed under the Articles of Confederation) A corresponding desire for weaker state governments.
Federalists
those who favored a strong national government
Antifederalists
those who favored a weaker national government
Government?
to coordinate individual behaviors, to facilitate collectively desirable outcomes
Q?? Why did the colonists create a list of grievances against the king in the Declaration of Independence?
to explain the need for separation from England
bill of rights added why?
to get Anti-feds to ratify the constitution
Q?? Why is it important for the public to know who is paying professional lobbyists?
to learn whose money might be influencing their legislators
bicameral
translates to 2 parts
Q?? Third parties in the United States political contests
typically advocate a particular issue
Q?? What was the significant of Common Sense?
united colonists thoughts about being free from tyrannical British rule, done so in common language that everyone could understand
Federalist Paper Pros
uniting would give states more protection as bigger entity (more money, stronger army, gave national identity), friendly competition between states would help economic situation, bigger and more diverse=new ideas to help country grow
What was the significance of Plessy vs. Ferguson?
upheld the constitutionality of segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine
Federal system
used to describe a system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units (such as states or provinces).
coercion
various ways in which government can use its power to force citizens to behave in certain ways EX: police, courts
civil society
voluntary action that makes cooperation easier
Q?? Since the bill of rights, most amendments deal with
voting
Q?? Which civil right has been most protected and expanded by constitutional amendments?
voting
Q?? Which action is a civic responsibility of U.S. Citizens
voting during local elections
Q?? The most common form of political participation in the United States
voting in Presidential elections
direct democracy in the United States, example
voting on an initiative petition
Mayflower Compact was significant because it
was the first written agreement of self-government in the colonies
(types of) economic systems
way of organizing the production and consumption of goods and services.
Q?? Why do we view government as being legitimate?
we are conditioned at a young age to view it as such, it's better than no gov, it's historical influence and might (been around forever), people are ignorant of wanting to change it (don't have time, energy to research), gov hasn't ruined everything
Q?? What do we agree to a social contract?
we give up some of our rights to in turn be protected by government; agree to give up rights to live by gov rules
ruling elite theory
wealthy and well-educated citizens have most of the influence on political decision making
Q?? Electoral College, Age Restrictions, Second Amendment
what parts of the Constitution do many people believe are outdated and should be re-considered?
cooperative federalism
when the federal and state governments work together to provide services to the american people through societal changes, interpretation, and crisis(great depression)
Q?? The federal government has tried to pressure states into accepting national speed limits and national drinking ages by
withholding highway funding
1787
year of the constitutional convention
2
years a member of house serves
6
years a senators serves
26th Amendment reflected the growing role in government played by
young people
Q?? EXPANDED. Bush signed the USA PATRIOT Act, which granted the federal government increased powers over financial transactions, immigration, and domestic criminal activity.
• New Federalism: 9/11; was national power expanded or reduced under this events? How?
Q?? Reduced. it limited unfunded mandates—legal requirements Congress imposes on the states (for example, to provide clean air, disability access, or health benefits to poor people under Medicaid) without supplying the resources to accomplish those activities. Congress did not eliminate such mandates, but it did make them harder to impose. Second, Clinton and Congress overhauled the federal welfare system, ending the federal guarantee of welfare to poor families with children, leaving final say on welfare spending with the states. Third, Congress abandoned national speed limits that had been established at the time of the 1973 Arab oil embargo and allowed states to set whatever speed limits they desired.
• New Federalism: Clinton, was national power expanded or reduced under him? How?
Q?? Reduced. He thus cut back on categorical grants, replacing them with fewer, more flexible block grants, which set fewer restrictions on how the money could be spent. He also eliminated federal aid to state and local governments
• New Federalism: Reagan, was national power expanded or reduced under him? How?