American History 2 Unit 3: The Progressive Era and US Imperialism

Jacob Riis

A name we've seen before in Unit II, Jacob Riis was a crime photographer who published a photo journal called How the Other Half Lives in 1890. This exposed conditions in slums and dumbbell tenements, which brought attention to the issue.

Queen Liliuokalani

By 1893, US businesses had invested billions of dollars in Hawaii for fruit and sugar plantations (Stanford Dole). This gave US businesses a large amount of influence in Hawaii's affairs. Queen Liliuokalani came to power and tried to decrease the influence of foreign businesses. The US business owners and troops successfully overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy. President Grover Cleveland did not authorize the revolt, but was unable to restore her power. The US formally annexed Hawaii in 1898 following the Spanish American War.

Describe how Hawaii transitioned from a monarchy to a U.S. territory.

Hawaii used to be a monarchy, but an unauthorized revolt from business owners and troops successfully overthrew the Queen. President Cleveland was unable to restore her power and so Hawaii was annexed into the US as a state.

Tuskegee Institute

The Tuskegee Institute, created in 1881, founded African American schools that taught technical and trade skills, meaning that they were able to move up in the working class.

Wilmington Race Riots

With the increased integration of society came segregation, and with segregation came violence. The Wilmington Race Riots were caused by the Election of 1898, where Redeemer Democrats won back control of the government and terrorized the African American citizens of Wilmington. There was a loss of life, property, safety, political power and more for African Americans.

Yellow Journalism

William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer were newspaper owners. They used "yellow journalism", sensationalized headlines and exaggerated the facts, to sell more newspapers. "Remember the Maine" became a rallying cry. Historians now agree that it was not sabotage that sunk the Maine, but an accident in the boiler room. Events like the USS Maine and De Lôme Letter angered Americans and they demanded war.

Cultural causes of imperialism

"Anglo Saxon Superiority" The US began to use racist ideals to justify their way of "civilizing" other races. People like Josiah Strong and Rudyard Kipling were essential to this.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

(1909) Under the Taft Administration, there were two main events that divided the Republican party. The first is the Payne-Aldrich Tariff. Taft stated that it would save Americans a lot of money to raise certain tariffs on goods entering the united states, but the bill fails and he loses the public's support.

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

(1912) The second Republican-dividing event of the Taft Administration is the Ballinger-Pinchot Affair. Roosevelt had appointed Gifford Pinchot in his passion to preserve America's natural reserves and forests as the head of the US Forest Service. However, Pinchot accused Richard Ballinger (Taft's secretary of the Interior) of corruption. Taft fired Pinchot because he felt that he was being indirectly accused of being corrupt. However, since this was Roosevelt's man, the actions between the two administrations did not work as cohesively as everyone expected. The party is now split in between Taft, the conservative group, and Roosevelt, the progressive group.

Anglo-Saxon Superiority

A cultural cause of imperialism was the Anglo-Saxon Superiority. Many in the US began to embody their racist ideals as justification for destroying other cultures. Many believed that the white race (Anglo) was superior to other races and had superior ideas, values, and customs. Since it was "superior" it was the duty of the white race to "civilize" other races.

18th amendment

As a result of Temperance Movement efforts (Carrie Nation and the Women's Christian Temperance Union), the 18th amendment was created. Ratified in 1919, it prohibited the brewing, selling, and consumption of alcoholic beverages in the United States.

Northern Securities v. U.S.

After Roosevelt's Sherman Antitrust Act wasn't enforced, the results of US v. EC Knight allowed for monopolies to be protected against the government. The Northern Securities v. US supreme court case in 1904 ruled that the monopoly Northern Securities monopoly must be broken up. This gained Roosevelt the nickname "trustbuster," though a more accurate nickname would have been "trust regulator" because he only wanted to regulate trusts and only break up those that are harmful to the economy.

How was the Boxer Rebellion connected to Open Door Policy?

After the Open Door Policy was proposed, it inspired an uprising in China against the European influences. The native population of China rebelled against the Christians and foreigners.

Open Door policy, 1899

After the Spheres of Influence, Secretary of state John Hay proposed that China should be able to control its own trade policies.

Initiative

An initiative is where the citizens create their own proposals to be placed on ballot during the Progressive Era. As American Politics became more democratic in the 19th/20th centuries, this became an increasingly common tool used by citizens to exercise their political voice. Essentially this gave the people the right to propose a new law.

Underwood Tariff

Another Wilson Administration reform through the New Freedom domestic policy was the tariff reform. Underwood Tariff, also known as the Revenue Act of 1913, cut tariffs substantially for the first time since the Civil War. This was much more effective and popular than the Payne-Aldrich Tariff. This re-imposed the federal income tax after the ratification of the sixteenth amendment, lowering basic tariff rates by 17%.

Mann-Elkins & Hepburn Acts

Another part of Economic Reform was the increased regulation on business. The Mann-Elkins & Hepburn Acts of 1910 gave more power to the ICC to regulate railroads, eventually used to regulate them through telephone and telegraph. This act, along with the Pure Food & Drug Act, the Clayton Antitrust Act, and the Meat Inspection Act were the main regulation changes on businesses.

Susan B. Anthony

Anthony founded the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) in 1888 and led the group until 1900.

Eugene Debs

As another voice in the reform of the government during the Progressive Era, Eugene Debs advocated for socialist reforms to improve the lives of average people in the US. He was known for strikes like the Pullman Company Strike in 1894, where he fought for wages and working conditions with the workers. He believed the government should provide a basic level of support to its citizens and regulate businesses. His ideas became popular because of the extreme disparity of wealth and large wage gap of the time.

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

As part of Big Stick Diplomacy, the Roosevelt Corollary was where the US would act as a police power in the Western Hemisphere. In addition to the Monroe Doctrine, this is a specific idea/policy that justifies Roosevelt's Big Stick Diplomacy.

New Freedom

As part of the Wilson Administration, Wilson created a new domestic policy based on three areas of reform: Banks, Tariffs, and trusts.

Secret Ballot

Because of the establishment of secret ballots in the late 1800's, the voting rights of citizens were better protected. Since they are the only ones to see their ballots, their votes could not be bought or intimidated.

19th Amendment

Because of the suffrage efforts of Susan B Anthony, Alice Paul, Carrie Chapman Catt, the National American Woman Suffrage Association, and the National Woman's Party, this amendment was created. It was ratified in 1920, granting women the right to vote in national elections!

Child Labor

Before the Progressive Movement, 1.7 million children worked in factories. They had 12- to 18-hour days of manual labor on six days out of the week. They worked all of this just to earn $1 a day. These were dangerous jobs unjamming machines. There were high rates of injuries and losing fingers. By 1899, 28 states had passed laws which established a minimum age to work. National reform will fail until 1938, when the Fair Labor Standards Act was passed.

Booker T. Washington Booker

Booker T. Washington was a noteworthy African American Leader of the turn of the century. One of his main ideas included the Gradualist approach to civil rights. In his Atlanta Compromise Speech, he expressed that the best way to change society was not to create a systematic plan, beginning at the top or the bottom, but to start making changes with the opportunities presented in the now. Another of his big ideas was that African Americans should be able to improve their economic status first. His ideas here connected with the purposes of the Tuskegee institute

Conflict in Cuba

By 1900, Cuba is one of Spain's few remaining colonies. Spain controls Cuba with intimidation and force. The US had about 50 million dollars invested in Cuba at the time. In 1880, 6% of Cuban exports went to Spain and 86% of Cuban exports went to the US. By 1894, less than 20% of Cuban sugar mills were owned by Cubans and 95% of Cuban sugar exports went to the US. US businesses were fearful of what conflict could mean for their investments.

Carrie Chapman Catt

Catt was the president of NAWSA after Anthony' term ended in 1900. She increased the pressure on President Wilson to support suffrage.

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

Chinese nationalists, known as the Boxers, wanted European influence out of China. They believed that mysticism and other martial arts made them invulnerable to bullets, so they in turn engaged in murder and assault against Christians and foreigners. The rebellion was ultimately unsuccessful but did allow the Us to begin trading with China. Foreign powers occupied China's capital for other a year, during which they engaged in pillaging and murder.

Teller Amendment (1898)

Congress declared war on Spain in April 1898. The Teller Amendment started that the US would not claim any new territory. The US was promising that the war was specifically about helping Cuba gain independence from Spain, but some Cubans were skeptical.

Explain the difference between De Jure and De Facto segregation by providing an example of each.

De Jure Segregation was in the south and included enforcement of segregation by the law, like with the Jim Crow Laws. De Facto Segregation was found in the North and West, where traditional customs enforced segregation, like the use of redlining in neighborhoods.

Why were the politics of Eugene Debs so divisive?

Debs' politics were very radical for the early years of his efforts. He advocated for the abolition of child labor, the rights of women to vote, unemployment compensation, graduated income tax, better wages and working conditions for the laborers in cities, etc. These are all things that came with time but were almost unheard of when he first started striking for them. Some more than others—like the abolition of child labor—were even infuriating to the people he was fighting for. The children worked in factories because their families needed the money and strikes could get people arrested, provoke violence, and put people out of work. It caused quite a bit of dispute until the Progressive Era really got on its feet.

Dept peonage

Debt peonage was predominately in the West where discrimination was strong. This bound laborers to their employers in slavery until their debt was paid in full. This was later ruled unconstitutional in 1911.

W.E.B. DuBois

DuBois was another African American leader. He had two main ideas. Because he believed in civil rights and the necessity of immediate equality, he co-founded the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) in 1909. This group called for legislation, organized grassroots campaigns, and fought in the courts. His other main idea was liberal arts education. This idea led to the Niagara Movement, where people believed that African Americans needed a liberal arts education so that the black community would have well-educated leaders.

Dollar Diplomacy (Taft)

During his administration, William Taft had Dollar Diplomacy. The US businesses should invest money in Latin American countries, which would give the US more influence and power in those countries. For example, the US intervention in the Dominican Republic.

Moral Diplomacy (Wilson)

During his administration, Woodrow Wilson had Moral Diplomacy. This is where the US should deny recognition to, and refuse to work with, any country that engages in oppressive or undemocratic activities. Before, the US would recognize any government that controlled regardless of that nation's actions and policies. For example, the US involvement in the Mexican Revolution in the 1910's.

Sherman Antitrust Act

During the Roosevelt Administration, controlling corporations was a big priority in domestic policy. The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1894 was meant to stop monopolies and trusts, but unfortunately it was not enforced and thus, was not very successful.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Emilio Aguinaldo was a Filipino rebel that helped the US in its war efforts. Aguinaldo was promised that the Philippines would receive independence after the war, but the US made the decision to maintain control of the Philippines. This lead to the Philippine-American War.

The Dominican Republic

European countries threatened to invade the Dominican Republic because of massive debt. However, before they can, Roosevelt intervened. He agreed to take on the debts of the Dominican Republic if they allow US economic influence. This is an excellent example of the Roosevelt Corollary because the US will intervene in Latin American and South American countries to protect US's economic interests. In his administration, Taft continued intervention through US business investment to influence the Dominican Republic's economy. This is an example of Dollar Diplomacy.

William Howard Taft (R)

Following Teddy Roosevelt, Taft's administration lasted from 1909 to 1913. Taft was a friend of Roosevelt's and had served as the secretary of war during the Roosevelt administration. Roosevelt supported Taft in his 1908 election with the expectation that Taft would continue his policies. However, Taft was not the same kind of politician as Roosevelt and instead of actively seeking presidency, he wanted to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He accepted the Republic nomination because of his friendship with Roosevelt. Under the Taft Administration, the biggest change is the disagreements that divided the Republican Party.

Frederick Jackson Turner

Frederick Jackson Turner wrote the Turner Thesis, in which he argued that if the Us wants to expand into a global power, it must continue expanding into new frontiers and territories overseas.

Ida B. Wells

From 1882 to 1892, more than 1400 African Americans were executed by trial, sometimes for simply challenging the racial etiquette. Ida B. Wells wrote "Southern Horrors"1in 1892 and "The Red Road" in 1895 with details of life in the south, documenting it for history and later, as an exposing persuasion in the civil rights movement.

Teddy Roosevelt (R)

From 1901 to 1909, the Roosevelt Administration made a difference in the Progressive Era. Roosevelt became president after William McKinley was assassinated. Some highlights of his presidency were the Bully Pulpit, Square Deal, Controlling Corporations, Consumer Protection, and Conservation.

Marcus Garvey

Garvey is another noteworthy African American leader. He led an organization called The Back to Africa Movement. He was the founder of the UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) in 1914. He stressed racial pride and self-improvement, very similar to the ideals of Booker T. Washington, but believed in creating a separate society for Black Americans. It is arguable that this part of his philosophy stunted the progress of integrating races in society. He advocated for a return to the homelands of African American ancestors. Followers of his movement were faced with discrimination no matter where they were in the US, north or south. Marcus Garvey was later jailed and deported back to Jamaica because of mail fraud. He had been selling stock in Black Star Line, the failed company he created to send African Americans back to Africa.

Geographic Causes of imperialism

Geographic causes are most defined by manifest destiny. In 1890, the US' western frontier was declared closed. However, Frederick Jackson Turner wrote the Turner Thesis, in which he argued that if the US wants to expand into a global power, it must continue expanding into new frontiers and territories overseas.

What did John Hay nickname the war and why? How did America's global position change after the war?

Hay nicknamed the war the "Splendid Little War" because it emphasized America's power, their sized and global outreach, their ability to dominate other territories. America now had possession of Cuba, Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico and the US was truly living up to it's reputation.

How did yellow journalism and the competition between William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer contribute to the beginning of the Spanish-American War?

Hearst and Pulitzer were both owners of newspapers. In the effort to outsell the competitors and each other, they both began to exaggerate facts and sensationalize headings. Since the newspapers were the main source of information to the masses, the yellow journalism tactics brought the war to everyone's attention, making it more dramatic and involved than the truth.

Philippine-American War (1899-1902)

Here is where the US maintained control over the Philippines until after WWII (1899-1902). It costed approximately 250,000 Filipino lives (military and civilian), and approximately 6,000 American soldier's lives, Americans atrocities/war crimes. The US committed many war crimes during the conflict (similar to Spain's treatment of its colonies). This included water torture, mass killings, and the killing of women and children.

Imperialism

Imperialism is a stronger country controlling a weaker country through direct or indirect influence. Types of imperialism include militarily, culturally, economically, and politically.

Ida Tarbell

In 1863, Ida Tarbell published The History of the Standard Oil Co. as a way to expose corruption in businesses that were monopolies, trusts, etc. This was a detailed account of Rockefeller's ruthless and sometimes illegal business tactics. Tarbell's book helped to increase support for antitrust reforms.

Seward's Folly

In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought territory from Russia for 7 million dollars—the Alaskan territory. "Seward's Folly" refers to how he was criticized by the media and Congress for this mistake. Eventually, however, gold, oil, and other resources were discovered making the purchase a success. In 1959, Alaska would become a US state.

Atlanta Compromise Speech

In 1895, Booker T. Washington's Atlanta Compromise Speech, he said "It is at the bottom of life we must begin, and not at the top. Nor should we permit our grievances to overshadow our opportunities" and "The wisest among my race understand that the agitation of questions of social equality is the extremist folly, and [it] must be the result of severe and constant struggle rather than of artificial forcing." This meant that he thought there was no good place to begin except in the now. The organization of the movement would stunt progress, but to make changes now naturally would propel progress way more than a "forced" change to society.

White Man's Burden

In 1899, Rudyard Kipling, who wrote the Jungle Book, wrote a poem called "White Man's Burden". The poem was used as justification for the white race taking steps to "civilize" other countries

Upton Sinclair

In 1906, Upton Sinclair published a book called The Jungle, which included graphic detail about the meatpacking industry. This inspired the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act that were created under President Roosevelt's Square Deal domestic policy platform. Sinclair's book was intended to expose the working conditions, but the public was much more interested in the unsanitary conditions in which their food was being produced. Sinclair said that "I aimed for the public's heart, but I hit it in the stomach."

Big Stick Diplomacy

In Teddy Roosevelt's foreign policy, he had what he called "Big Stick Diplomacy". This is where the US will intervene to protect interests in Latin America and the Caribbean. The idea was to embody the phrase "Speak softly and carry a big stick". And example of this is the Panama Canal.

Explain the differences between an initiative and a referendum.

In an initiative, citizens are able to propose and initiate their own statutes of constitutional amendments to be put on a ballot. A referendum process allows citizens to refer a statute passed by legislature to the ballot so that voters can enact or repeal the measure. Initiatives are essentially additive whereas referendums are mostly subtractive or just involved in approval.

Rough Riders

In the Battle of San Juan Hill, the bloodiest and most famous battle of the war, were what were called the "Rough Riders". The Rough Riders and Teddy Roosevelt (volunteer cavalry) were credited for winning this battle. In reality, the US 9th and 10th cavalries (all black regiments) were the major driving forces behind the US's victory in this battle. Spain surrenders a little over 2 weeks later.

U.S. v. E.C. Knight

In the Roosevelt Administration, where controlling corporations was a focus of domestic policy, the US. V. EC Knight supreme court case in 1895 was a key obstacle. The Sherman Antitrust Act was not enforced, so the monopolies and trusts continued with their power. In this Supreme Court decision, the judges ruled that the monopoly could not be broken up by the government. EC Knight owned 98% of US Sugar!

What did Frederick Jackson Turner argue in the Turner Thesis?

In the Turner Thesis (1893), Turner argued that American democracy was formed by the American frontier. In order to continue growing, they had to continue expanding the frontier through other countries overseas. He stressed the process of moving the frontier line and the impact it had on pioneers going through the process.

Federal Reserve System

In the Wilson Administration, the New Freedom domestic policy had a focus on Financial (bank) reform. The result of this is the Federal Reserve System. This system created a twelve-district system of "Banker's banks" across the country. Banker's banks are financial institutions that provide financial services to community banks in the country. It raised and lowered interest rates to try and stabilize the economy. Higher interest rates would discourage borrowing and spending and take money out of the economy, whereas lower interest rates would encourage borrowing and spending, and put more money into the economy. This was much more successful than the previous system and in fact, it is still in use today.

Progressive (Bull Moose) Party

In the election of 1912, there were three noteworthy candidates. There was a Taft, from his Republican Party, Roosevelt, from his Progressive "Bull Moose" (Roosevelt often said he felt "strong as a bull moose") Party, and Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic party candidate. The Republican vote is split between Roosevelt and Taft, so Woodrow Wilson wins easily. Roosevelt gained the most votes of any third-party candidate in American history! He ended up with 88 electoral votes, compared to Taft's 8, and over 4 million popular votes.

Economic Causes

Industrialization was the main cause of American Imperialism. More goods were produced in the US during this period. New markets were needed to sell these goods. More money is made by selling these goods. More money meant that the US is a more powerful and more influential country.

Alfred T. Mahan

Influence of Sea Power Upon History was written by Alfred T Mahan, which argued that the US needed to build a large, modern navy in order to establish itself as a world power and protect the new markets.

Lewis Hine

Lewis Hine, an American sociologist and photographer, photographed the working condition and exposed the child labor issues. In 1909, Hine published Child Labor, and these photo stories showed children as young as eight years old working long hours in dangerous conditions.

What do the reform efforts of Robert La Follette & Lincoln Steffens have in common?

Lincoln Steffens and Robert La Folette both had ideas about the government reforms that were necessary during the Progressive Era. Steffens published The Shame of Cities in 1904, exposing the workings of many political machines in US cities. He believed that citizens could use their votes to fight political corruption. Follette worked a little bit differently. Though he also supported the elimination of political machines, he created an idea called the "Wisconsin Idea" as a philosophy of sorts to institute local government reforms. Where Steffens focused on the large cities, Follette proposed the idea that if intellectuals and the poor could work together to reform local governments, then those reforms would spread to neighboring cities.

Lincoln Steffens

Lincoln Steffens published books and reports on government corruption, mainly at the local level. One of his most noteworthy publications was The Shame of the Cities, published in 1904. It was a collection of articles that reported on the workings of corrupt political machines in several major US cities. His works were proponent of citizens using their votes to fight political corruption, creating a "call to action" to his audience of every day working class laborers.

How were the efforts of Marti and Aguinaldo comparable in the fight against Spanish rule?

Marti was a Cuban rebel leader that started the "Cuba Libre" movement, something that inspired the troops and citizens to fight for Cuban independence. Similarly, Aguinaldo was a Filipino rebel and was helping the US in its war efforts because it was supposed to lead to Philippines independence. Both of these figureheads inspired the independence movements, both not knowing that the US was planning to imperialize instead of help them.

What was Wilson's initial reaction to the instability in Mexico?

Mexico was undergoing a revolution and a civil war in the early 1900's. The new leader, Huerta, did not support the US involvement in Mexico. President Wilson did not want to take sides, but did publicly denounce Huerta's regime.

2. How did African Americans, and other minorities, face discrimination in regions of the U.S. besides the South?

Most African Americans didn't have any power or will to defy the de facto segregation. They could not fight for themselves because the segregation in place was not technically against the law, just patterns of illegal actions performed by everyday white people. Many followed along, obeying the racial etiquette and keeping their heads down. However, some like Marcus Garvey and WEB DuBois stuck their neck out and formed powerful organizations to fight for African American rights and citizens were able to begin joining those and fight for themselves.

Muckrakers

Muckrakers Journalists during the Progressive Era that exposed the corruption in government and in business were known as Muckrakers. This group included many reformers like Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, Jacob Riis, Lincoln Steffens, and more.

Military Causes

Naval Superiority is the main component of military causes. Since the US was trying to secure more markets for the goods that were being sold, it became necessary to have a way to protect those markets and ensure continued access. The writings of Alfred T Mahan were a big influence of this reason for imperialism.

Robert La Follette

Part of the Progressive Era's changes included Government Reform. Robert "Fighting Bob" La Follette was a Governor and Senator from Wisconsin who made a change in this area of the movement. He created the Wisconsin Idea to institute local government reforms, which would then spread to other states.

Alice Paul

Paul founded National Woman's Party in 1916, which was more radical than the National American Woman Suffrage Association. They used hunger strikes and round-the-clock protests. They even organized a round-the-clock picket line around the White House.

William McKinley (1897-1901)

President of the US during the wars against Spain in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. He was the 25th president and was most known for acquiring a global empire through American imperialism.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Race Relations in the south were not well maintained in the turn of the 20th century. From De Jure Segregation, segregation that is enforced by the law like Jim Crow laws, came the Plessy v. Ferguson case in 1896. This case upheld segregation in public facilities with the claim that "Separate but equal" is not discriminatory and this phrase soon became a law of the land.

Redlining

Race relations in the North and West were not based on De Jure Segregation but on De Facto Segregation, where segregation was enforced by traditional customs rather than the law. Redlining was part of this process and still is used today. Redlining kept African American people out of predominantly white neighborhoods through intimidation, denial of loans, or denial of other services.

Race Relations in the North and West

Race relations in the North and West were not based on De Jure Segregation but on De Facto Segregation, where segregation was enforced by traditional customs rather than the law. This included redlining and employment complications. Unions discouraged African American membership and competition between African American and white workers resulted in race riots in many northern cities. There was also harsher discrimination in the west. Mexican workers were forced into debt peonage. The Chinese Exclusion Act prevented new immigrants from China from entering the US unless they were a merchant, student, diplomat, etc. The US v. Wong Kim Ark court case ruled that individuals born in the US could not be denied entry into the US under this act. Native Americans, of course, continued to be pushed onto reservations and were not considered citizens. Most people supported forced assimilation through boarding schools.

"Racial Etiquette"

Racial Etiquette is a set of customs and traditions that are enforced by white society to ensure a second-class status for African Americans in their daily lives. Because of this, African Americans and whites could not shake hands, African Americans had to yield the sidewalk to white people, and African American men always had to remove their hats when white people passed by.

17th amendment

Ratified in 1913, the 17th amendment allowed for direct election of senators by the voters. This was a huge success that was wanted by the populist party before it disbanded. Before this amendment was ratified, the senators were chosen by state legislatures and didn't allow for citizen's voices to be heard.

Referendum

Referendums were used in the 19th and 20th centuries as a way for citizens to exercise their political voices. There were two kinds of Referendums. In a legislative referendum, citizens vote on measures proposed by legislature. In a popular referendum, citizens would petition to vote on a law passed by the legislature. Essentially this allowed the people to be referenced for approval/veto of laws being passed.

Consumer Protection under Roosevelt Administration

Roosevelt began to support laws that would protect consumers and public health as part of his focus in domestic policy. The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 required that meat packing facilities must follow cleanliness guidelines and submit to federal inspections. The Pure Food and Drug Act, also in 1906, did a few key things. It prohibited the sale of contaminated or unsafe goods. It also required all products to have truthful and accurate labelling. Progressives believed that this wouldn't deal with all of the issues with harmful products, but if given the right information people would make the wise decision.

Conservation under Roosevelt Administration

Roosevelt had a passion for preserving the US's natural resources, like reserves and forests, for the use and enjoyment of future generations. He designed over 200 million acres of national forests, mineral reserves, and national parks. He also created the US Forest Service and named Gifford Pinchot (a conservation advocate) to lead it.

What was Teddy Roosevelt's policy towards trusts?

Roosevelt was very passionate about the factors of his domestic policy, one of those including controlling corporations. He did not like trusts or monopolies and used the Sherman Antitrust Act as a way to stop monopolies and trusts. Unfortunately, this was not heavily enforced and the US v. EC Knight case made the situation worse by allowing protection from the government to monopolies. However, the Northern Securities v. US case took a turn. It created a new precedent of government's power to break up monopolies.

Bully Pulpit

Roosevelt would use the presidency and his forceful personality to speak out on important issues. Roosevelt became extremely popular among the American people. He was one of the first "celebrity presidents." Reporters and photographers followed the first family everywhere. Teddy Roosevelt puts himself in the public eye constantly to make his "bully pulpit" effective and increase his influence.

Square Deal

Roosevelt's Administration from 1901 to 1909 had a domestic policy based on the "three C's". Roosevelt focused on consumer protection, conservation, and controlling corporations.

De Jure Segregation

Segregation found mostly in the south that is enforced by the law, like Jim Crow Laws. Plessy v. Ferguson is under this category.

How did the Roosevelt Corollary expand on the ideas of the Monroe Doctrine?

Since 1823, the Monroe Doctrine was a US policy of opposing European colonialism in the Americas. The Roosevelt Corollary was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine after the Venezuela Crisis of 1902/1903. It stated that the Us would act as a police power in the Western Hemisphere, giving a specific policy just to justify Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy.

Josiah Strong

Strong was a Christian minister, missionary, and a strong supporter of Anglo-Saxon Superiority.

Name 3 women associated with the Women's Suffrage Movement and their contributions.

Susan B. Anthony founded the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Alice Paul founded the National Women's party. Carrie Chapman Catt was the president of NAWSA after Anthony.

16th amendment

The 16th Amendment was a huge part of Economic Reform. Ratified in 1913, this amendment allowed for Congress to impose a federal income tax. This was the first income tax to have access to a more reliable source of funding. It ended, for the most part, the practice of passing tariffs and excise taxes.

Describe the effect of the Ballinger-Pinchot Affair on the Republican Party and the Election of 1912.

The Ballinger-Pinchot Affair happened in 1912 under the Taft Administration. Taft fired Pinchot, a man appointed by his friend and previous president, Teddy Roosevelt, because he felt he was being unjustly accused of corruption. This was a dividing factor for the Republican party as people began to align with either Roosevelt's or Taft's politics. These two were both candidates for reelection in the 1912 election, but because of the split party, the democratic vote won and Woodrow Wilson was elected president.

Which two battles had the largest impact on the U.S. victory in the Spanish-American War?

The Battle of Manila Bay lasted less than a month. This battle was where the US went from helping the Philippines to gain independence to taking them over completely. It was an important success point in the US side of the Spanish-American war. The Battle of San Juan Hill was the bloodiest battle of the whole war. The US's prized Rough Riders were credited to winning the battle, promoting the US war efforts and hiding the involvement of black regiments in the success. This battle was a final hit for Spain and they surrendered just 2 weeks afterward.

U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 prevented new immigrants from China from entering the US unless they were a merchant, student, diplomat, etc. The US v. Wong Kim Ark court case ruled that individuals born in the US could not be denied entry into the US under this act.

How was the Great White Fleet representative of Roosevelt's foreign policy beliefs?

The Great White Fleet was where Roosevelt sent the US's new, modern navy on a tour around the world to protect the country's military might. It went along with the idea of "speak softly and carry a big stick" because he was flaunting and intimidating with his navy, making a challenge to their strength seem like a losing battle.

How did Wilson's "New Freedom" address issues with banking, tariffs, and trusts?

The New Freedom domestic policy under the Wilson Administration focused on financial, tariff, and business reforms. For financial reforms, the Federal Reserve system allowed for easier loans, bringing in more money to the economy. For the tariff reform, the Underwood Tariff cut tariffs for the first time since the Civil War and brought forth the re-instatement of the 16th amendment. For business reforms, the Clayton Antitrust Act and Federal Trade Commission helped to prevent monopolies and trusts as well as make it more difficult for companies to become or stay corrupt as they had to report their finances.

Platt Amendment (1901)

The Platt Amendment (1901) basically ignores the Teller Amendment. It stated multiple conditions for the withdrawal of US troops in Cuba at the end of the Spanish-American war. It gave the US the authority to override Cuban government and build a naval base at Guantanamo Bay. In the end, over 2,000 Americans died due to diseases such as Malaria and yellow fever. 385 died in combat. This was the last war in which more soldiers died from disease rather than combat.

What connections did the Progressive movement have to earlier reform efforts?

The Progressive Era was a period of widespread social activism, something that had been starting up for years before it began in the 1890's. The efforts of those like Thomas Nast, Unions, Jane Adams, Jacob Riis, and other activists were able to spark up the movement in their exposure of the problems with child labor, unsafe working conditions, unsafe living conditions, immigrant discrimination, and more political issues of the time. If it had not been for the efforts of these people fighting tirelessly and fearlessly for the rights and lives of others around them, then the Progressive Movement would not have come to be.

Spheres of Influence

The Quin Dynasty was weak because of war and foreign intervention, which allowed European nations to gain influence in China. The "Spheres of Influence" refers to when European nations divided China into regions, controlled trade and built naval bases in their region, and then the US was (for the most part) not allowed to trade within China.

De Lôme Letter (1898)

The Spanish Ambassador de Lôme angered the American people by calling McKinley a weak leader.

Describe the difference between the Teller Amendment and the Platt Amendment.

The Teller Amendment was towards the beginning of the war. It stated that the US was only involving itself in order to help Cuba gain independence from Spain. However, at the end of the war, the Platt Amendment completely contradicted this statement. It stated conditions in order for the withdrawal of troops in Cuba, including giving the US power over Cuban government and to build a naval base in Guantanamo Bay.

Explain the connection between the following 3 terms: Carrie Nation, Women's Christian Temperance Movement and the 18th Amendment

The Temperance Movement was a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Some activists of the Temperance movement, like Carrie A. Nation took the opposition of alcohol into their own hands. Nation took her hatchet into bars and saloons to smash the liquor bottles she found. The fact that she was six feet tall, that her husband was a lawyer, meant that she was usually successful and got away with it. The Women's Christian Temperance Union took a different route to fight the consumption of alcohol. They organized protests involving singing hymns, praying, and calling out people who came in or out of the bar. This Union had over 700,000 members in the 1920's and was also involved with other issues, like women's suffrage, the eight-hour work day, and wage cuts. Because of the efforts of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, Carrie Nation, and those like them, the 18th amendment was created. Ratified in 1919, the 18th amendment prohibited alcoholic beverages in the US.

What were the differences between the main goals of the NAACP, Tuskegee Institute, and Niagara movements?

The Tuskegee Institute wanted to educate the African Americans in technical and trade skills so that they were able to advance themselves socially and economically in the workforce. The Niagara movements were more aimed at politics, effecting that African Americans deserved a liberal arts education so that their leaders could be well educated. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People called for the security of political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights for African Americans in order to eliminate discrimination and ensure the health and wellbeing of all people. The NAACP essentially agreed with the Niagara movements and Tuskegee Institute but wanted more than just education.

Jones Act (1917)

The US gained control of Puerto Rico after the Spanish American War. The American public viewed Puerto Ricans as superior to the people of other territories because they didn't resist American intervention in their country. The US appointed government in Puerto Rico worked to control diseases that were spreading (malaria, yellow fever, etc.), and sponsored projects to build harbors, roads, and irrigation systems. In 1917, Jones Act granted citizenship to Puerto Ricans. By the 1950's, US businesses dominated and exploited the Puerto Rico economy because it was a source of cheap labor. By 1930, American investors owned 60% of public utilities and the banking industry, 80% of tobacco plants, 60% of the sugar industry, and 100% of overseas shipping.

Why was the American government so concerned about problems between Cuba and Spain?

The US had a lot riding on Cuba. Many of Cuban exports were heavily aiding the American economy, specifically sugar. The American businesses were afraid of what conflict between Cuba and Spain would mean for their investments and the future of their economic standing.

Pancho Villa's raid, 1916

The US originally supported this Mexican revolutionary general of the Mexican revolution, but the US eventually gave its support to Villa's rival, Carranza. Because of this, Pancho Villa raids the US-Mexico border, killing dozens of Americans. President Wilson sent General John Pershing to capture Villa, but he was unsuccessful. The US troops were recalled from Mexico when the US entered WWI.

Why did the U.S. become involved in Panama? What actions did Roosevelt take?

The US wanted to build a canal through Panama to make trade faster but the Colombian government didn't want the US involved. So the US helped Panama gain its independence from Colombia. Finally, the US builds the canal & increased its power in Latin America. This is an example of Big Stick Diplomacy because the US used its military and influence in the region to move events to its advantage when diplomacy failed.

The U.S.S. Maine

The USS Maine was sent to Cuba to protect economic interests by President McKinley. It explodes in Havana Harbor and Spain is blamed (really unknown at the time).

Woodrow Wilson (D)

The Wilson Administration lasted from 1913 to 1921. Important factors of his presidency include the "New Freedom" domestic policy, the Financial reform (banks), the tariff reform, and business reforms (trusts).

How did the federal government ensure the safety of consumer goods at the turn of the 20th century?

The biggest changes in ensuring the safety of consumer goods came under the Roosevelt Administration. Because of his square deal domestic policy platform, he focused on the protection of consumers. The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 required that meat packing facilities must follow cleanliness guidelines and submit to federal inspections. The Pure Food and Drug Act, also in 1906 prohibited the sale of contaminated or unsafe goods. It also required all products to have truthful and accurate labelling.

Treaty of Paris, 1898

The end of the Spanish-American war was marked officially by the Treaty of Paris in 1898. It was nicknamed the "Splendid Little War" by the US Secretary of State John Hay. The US easily gained new territories of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Jose Marti (1853-1895)

The imperialism didn't stop at the Philippines. There was also a war against Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam. Marti was a Cuban rebel leader who became a symbol of Cuban resistance against Spain after his death in 1895. "Cuba Libre" was the name for the independence movement created by Marti. It became a rallying cry for Cuban and American troops.

What was the overall goal of the muckrakers?

The overall goal of muckrakers wasn't to fix the problems in corruption of government and businesses, but to expose and promote awareness to these problems. Each of the muckrakers were only one person, to little to make a huge difference all by themselves. Instead, by inspiring the Progressive Era reforms and supporting ideals like protection of consumers and defeating political machines, the country was able to start moving in the right direction.

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

The second part of the business reforms under the Wilson Administration's New Freedom domestic policy is the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) founded in 1914. This is a federal agency that investigates business corruption and requires companies to submit financial reports. This would help to stop pyramid and ponzi schemes as well as keep companies accountable for what they were doing.

Clayton Antitrust Act

The third part of the New Freedom domestic policy under the Wilson Administration was the trust/business reform. There are two main changes under this reform, the first being the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914. This was much stronger than the Sherman Antitrust Act because it got more government power. Companies could not buy stock in another company if that would create a monopoly. Labor groups also had a right to exist now.

What policy was used to increase American influence in the Dominican Republic?

The use of the Roosevelt Corollary meant that the US would intervene in Latin and South American countries to protect the US's economic interest. This included taking on the DR's debts and in return, the US got to influence their economy. Later, Taft used the Dollar Diplomacy through business investments to continue intervention.

What are the reasons behind U.S. imperialism? What specific ideas were used to justify it?

There are several reasons/causes behind imperialism. Geographic causes focused on manifest destiny. Cultural causes focused on Anglo-Saxon superiority. Economic causes were focused on industrialization. Military causes were focused on naval superiority.

George Dewey (1837-1917)

There was a war in the Philippines. George Dewey is sent to the Philippines, which was also a Spanish territory, by the then Assistance Secretary of the Navy, Teddy Roosevelt. Roosevelt wanted US troops in the Philippines in the event that war broke out. The Battle of Manila Bay was where US won control of the Philippines in less than a month.

How did the writings of Alfred Mahan and Rudyard Kipling help to promote imperialism in the United States?

They both supported Anglo-Saxon superiority and Naval Superiority, influencing both the masses and political figureheads of the time.

How did European countries increase their influence in China?

They used the "spheres of influence" where they split up regions of China, doled out the regions among themselves, and dominated the markets of those regions with naval forces. This meant that America got very little to no trade with China and forced their influence instead.

What were the "3 C's" on which Roosevelt's Square Deal was based?

They were based on controlling corporations, consumer protection, and conservation.

Wisconsin Idea

This idea was created by Robert La Follette as a way to promote government reform during the Progressive Era. Follette's idea suggested that only intellectuals and experts and the poor could work together to create a more meaningful and authentic reform to change society.

Recall

This is another way that citizens were able to have a voice in government in the 19th and 20th centuries. In a Recall, citizens can petition and vote to remove elected officials from office.

Direct Primaries

This is where voters can choose the candidates running for office in the Progressive Era

De Facto Segregation

This type of segregation is enforced by tradition or custom. For example, minority groups were prevented from living in white neighborhoods and because of this, the schools became segregated. "Racial etiquette" is part of this type of segregation.

US acts on Cuban conflict

US demanded that Spain stop the violence and end the human rights abuse. Valeriano Weyler, the Spanish governor of Cuba, continued efforts to subdue the Cuban independence movement by putting Cuba's rural population into concentration camps (Reconcentration Policy) and if they resisted they were shot. There were reports of 400,000 Cubans killed by Spanish authorities.

Compare and Contrast the ideas of Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. DuBois, and Marcus Garvey.

Washington believed that reform needed to start now in any way that it could because an artificial force of it in a systematic way would be unsuccessful. He also believed that African Americans had a right to improve their economic status through education. DuBois also wanted immediate equality in the civil rights and thought a Liberal arts education was very important to all African Americans so that the leaders of their rights movement could be well educated. Garvey's ideas were much more extreme and difficult to swallow. He wanted to move all of the African Americans out of America and back to the ancestry roots of Africa. He did promote racial pride and self-improvement like Washington, but in a more unrealistic way.

Women's Rights

Women's work was limited and varied by region in the early 20th century and late 19th century. For example, in the South and West, women would be involved in farming. In the North, they were mostly working as low-paid unskilled laborers. A few skilled jobs were only available to women with a high school diploma, like teaching, nursing, and secretary jobs. By the 1890's, business schools did begin to offer women classes on bookkeeping, typing, and stenography (process of writing in shorthand or taking dictation).

Muckraker Name: Jacob Riis

Work Best Known For: How the Other Half Lives. This exposed conditions in slums and dumbbell tenements, which brought attention to the issue.

Muckraker Name: Upton Sinclair

Work Best Known For: The Jungle This included graphic detail about the meatpacking industry. This inspired the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act that were created under President Roosevelt's Square Deal domestic policy platform. Sinclair's book was intended to expose the working conditions, but the public was much more interested in the unsanitary conditions in which their food was being produced.

Muckraker Name: Ida Tarbell

Work Best Known for: The History of Standard Oil Co. Tarbell's publications were used to expose corruption in businesses that were monopolies, trusts, etc. This was a detailed account of Rockefeller's ruthless and sometimes illegal business tactics. Tarbell's book helped to increase support for antitrust reforms.

Muckraker Name: Lincoln Steffens

Work Best Known for: The Shame of Cities It was a collection of articles that reported on the workings of corrupt political machines in several major US cities. His works were proponent of citizens using their votes to fight political corruption, creating a "call to action" to his audience of every day working class laborers.