American History through Baseball - Exam 1 (BEST)
Vin Scully
"Three and two to Mookie Wilson. Little roller up along first, behind the bag. It gets through Buckner. Here comes Knight and the Mets win it."
Andy Cohen
- "The Great Jewish Hope"/ "Tuscaloosa Terror". - Jewish baseball player who was from Texas, went to school at Alabama.
New Woman
- A time where "Ladies Days" were created at baseball games where woman would get in for free to promote the sport to women.
American League
- Baseball league created in 1901 after the fallout of the American Association. - Rival league to national league, Started by Ban Johnson
Isoo Abe
- Japanese baseball player - Waseda College - Significance: Created the foundation of baseball, also known as the "father of baseball" in Japan.
The Dowd Report
- Players "permanently ineligible" from HOF for gambling
Kid Gleason
- William Jethro "Kid" Gleason was an American Major League Baseball player and manager of white stockings from 1919-1923.
Bobby Jones
-Golfer, lawyer -Created gold course in August, GA -Created Masters tournament in midst of Great depression -saw it as a way to stimulate the economy and grow interest in sports
Eiji Sawamura
-Japan pitcher 1934 -struck out All star Americans -very anti American
Jerry Coleman
-NY Yankees -Rookie of the Year -WW2, Marine Corps Pilot
Ted Williams
-Red Sox, -Missed 5 years of baseball to war, marine combat aviator -3 years WW2, 2 years Korean War -Had he not gone to war he would have been homer king -Feuded w press and fans -Presidential Medal of Freedom -Family had his brain frozen
Stan Musial (stan the man)
-St. Louis Cardinals, Outfielder -Works in factory until drafted to Navy special services -First foreigner to win Poland's highest sports award, awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom
Murderers Row
-The baseball teams of the New York Yankees in the 1920s -considered one of the best teams in history -
Hugh Mulcahy
-american pitcher -very first major leaguer to be drafted into us military for WW2
Bill Veeck Jr
-bought the miluwalkee brewers -creative in the way he made money aka gave away live animals, staged weddings on home plate -signed larry doby( first AA) to the american league -sent a midget up to bat
Bureau of Indian Affairs
1934 *Led by commissioner John Collier *Returned ownership of certain lands to tribes, established tribal governments, and provided economic relief *Created a program of work projects for reservations
Lou Perini
A construction magnate that bought the team in 1945 for $500,000 He refused to televise games in Milwaukee and on road He sold the team in 1961 for $5.5 million Boston couldn't support two teams so he moved his Boston Braves team to Milwaukee 1953. (Big-Time for Bushville = "Greatest Thing Since Beer").
Pacific Coast League
AAA League in CA. CA wanted Major League Baseball but MLB Commissioner believed that CA Cities like SF, SD, LA, ANA would never be big successful cities that could support a team.
Gentleman's Clubs
Amateur clubs, a group of men gathering to play baseball( usually wealthy men ) Was usually formed from within different stores and shops - Did not allow blacks - Knickerbockers 1842 - Gentleman's clubs founded the brand of bat-and-ball game often called "town ball" or "round ball," but in New York more usually "base ball," somewhat similar to but not identical to the English sport of rounders
Rickey Henderson
Baseball's all-time leader in stolen bases
1934 Tour of Japan
Beginning and introduction of japan (see Lefty O'Doul) - significance - played a big role in modernizing Japan and introducing baseball in 1872
Ted Turner
Cable TV pioneer and CNN founder, launched first 24 hour cable news channel. at one point in time owned the Atlanta braves.
Coors Field
Colorado Rockies
Walter O'Malley
Dodger Owner, wanted a new stadium, NY architects started to make designs for the new stadium but then the city said that they pay to build schools not sports stadiums he found himself stuck with the old stadium. Looks at the NY Giants that just move to CA and started thinking about moving to CA also. Bought territory in LA (Wrigley Field minor league team stadium, sold stadium in NY and sold Montreal ______, to finance the LA Dodgers. City council had land, didn't want to put housing there, so made a deal with the city to get the land for Dodger Stadium on the condition that O'Malley would completely finance the construction of the stadium. O'Malley agreed. John Smith (owner of SD Padres) challenged the council and made a ballot referendum to vote not to allow the council to let the Dodgers into LA. African American vote won it for the Dodgers (Probably thanks to Jackie Robinson's history with the team.)
United Airlines
Fly the friendly skies
Jack Dempsey
Heavyweight champion til mid 1920s
Astrodome
Houston Colt 45s is made, Stadium "Astrodome" named after an astroturf company, (why?), and the name of the team ended up getting changed to Astros. New team made (like many others in this time) to claim all potential expansion spots because MLB feared the Continental League that just started up. Made teams like this to destroy the new rival league.
Levittown
In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in surburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII.
Louis Armstrong
Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.
Sunbelt
Moving to California, Business moving there because of non unionized labor, The two NY teams moved to CA, CA was bellwether of American economy, Moving to the west to expand
Horace Stoneham
NY Giants to San Francisco, 1958
Jazz Age
Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime
Candlestick Point
New state-of-the-art Stadium made for the Giants to lure them from NY.
Charlie Finley
Owned Oakland A's, Signed a contract with catfish hunter, Called for half of his salary to be payed upfront and have to be paid throughout but finely realized he would lose money, The contract expired, and arbitrators ruled that hunter was entitled to his deferred money but Finley refused to pay him the deferred money, Yankees sign him for 5 years and $3.75 mil, CA supreme court upholds the arbitration
Bill Veeck, Jr.
Owned STK Browns (minor-league Brewers), Yankees refuse his revenue pool
Interstate Highway system
Paid for by a gas tax, East to west are even numbers, North to south are odd numbers, Around cities are 3 digits, Allows people to move out of cities into suburbs
Curt Flood
Played for Cardinals for a long time at centerfield, then fought back on his request to be traded to Philadelphia. 1st player to fight back against the reserve clause. This battle went beyond race. His case went to the supreme court in 1972, but he lost due to the lack of support from other active players. He made white players also think they were slaves with the reserve clause-new perspective on sports, even for white players
War on Poverty
President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly Poor families forced out of their homes so that Dodger Stadium could be zoned and built.
Franklin D Roosevelt
President of the US during Great Depression and World War II -new deal programs
Roberto Clemente
Puerto Rican baseball player
suburbs
Residential areas surrounding a city. Shops and businesses moved to suburbia as well as people. Baby-boom, By the late 1950's, 1/3 of LA was paved, CA had 3 times are many cars as in Latin America, PTA, Little league, bowling leagues, golf, This was basically only good for white families
Harry Truman
The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery.
Baby boomers
The 78 million people born during the baby boom, following World War II and lasting until the early 1960s
Hank Aaron
This MLB player broke Babe Ruth's homerun record when he hit his 755th homerun in 1974.
Joseph McCarthy
US senator; claimed that their were Soviet spies and Communists within the government but had no evidence; discredited by the US senate
Flappers -- Baseball ones too
Women who like to have fun -dressed and showed legs, smoked, took BC, go to college - very distinctive look -womens liberation -staple of the jazz age and symbolized the value of fun
Grantland Rice
________________ set the agenda culture, was known for famous leads, captivating weary public and contributed to ascent of sport's popularity and journalist's coverage.
vertical mobility
a change upward or downward in occupational status or social class
Frank McNamara
began the credit card in 1950
Bud Selig
brought the brewers back to mke- owned them for a while... Was also the commissioner. find more
Fenway Park, home of the Boston Red Sox
home field for the Boston Red Sox; oldest ballpark in the MLB
Diner's Club
introduced the plastic credit card in 1949
Larry MacPhail
lots of innovations in baseball such as night baseball, batting helmets, airplane travel -regular broadcasted for Dodgers -
Red Barber
sportscaster
Lou Gehrig
tough baseball player, the Iron Horse, who died from ALS
Douglas MacArthur
(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman. Fired by president because he wanted to use nuclear weapons
Yogi Berra
(1925- ) was notorious for swinging at bad pitches, but his bat collided with them often enough to hit a catcher's record 306 home-runs that lasted for more than thirty years. His hitting, fielding, and ability to lead the Yankee pitching staff earned him 3 MVP awards ('51, '54, '55). He also stared in the World Series, collecting 71 hits while playing on 10 championship teams, both records. Hired as Yankee manager in 1964, he lead the Yanks to the pennant but was fired following their Series loss to the Cardinals. His 1973 pennant with the Mets made him the only manager besides Joe McCarthy to take home the flag in both leagues. Like Casey Stengel, he was famous for his quotes, including "It aint' over 'til it's over," "It's deja vu all over again," and "Little League baseball is a very good thing because it keeps the parents off the streets."
Whitey Ford
(1926- ) was called "The Chairman of the Board" because of the cool, corporate-like efficiency of his pitching style. His 236 wins against 106 defeats yields a .690 winning percentage, third best, first for a pitcher with 200 or more victories. In the 1960, '61, and '62 Series, he pitched 33 consecutive scoreless innings, breaking Babe Ruth's World Series record of 29-2/3 innings of shutout ball. His other World Series records include wins (10), losses (8), innings pitched (146), hits (132), bases on balls (34), and strikeouts (94). Under Casey Stengel he was commonly rested against poor teams so that he could be used against contenders (or in relief), making his 2.75 career ERA even more impressive. Cy Young award in 1961.
Connie Mack
(Philadelphia Athletics, 1901-54) part-owner of the Philadelphia Athletics. He was Ban Johnson's idea of the perfect manager for the American League-he was sober, well dressed, and never argued with the umpires. His teams would embody the first dynasty of the American League.
Martin Dihigo
- "El Inmortal". 1923-50, played in the Negro, Mexican and Caribbean leagues. - Considered to be one of the greatest to ever play the game. (Good one for essay 2 and 6 maybe even first one) - Significance: Proof that baseball, much like America, was globalizing.
Palmer Raids
- A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities - A series of raids conducted during the First Red Scare by the United States Department of Justice under the administration of President Woodrow Wilson. - Particularly targeted Italian immigrants and Eastern European Jewish immigrants with suspected radical leftist ties. - The raids and arrests occurred under the leadership of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer.
Teapot Dome Scandal
- A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921
Cuban Giants
- An exhibition team made up of black players that traveled the country - The Cuban Giants were the first African-American professional baseball club. - The team was originally formed in 1885 at the Argyle Hotel, a summer resort in Babylon, New York. - Significance: Obviously African Americans gained more freedom in America after the Civil War, this showed early in the world of professional baseball.
Pete Rose
- Cincinnati Reds; Rose played in Major League Baseball from 1963 to 1986, and managed from 1984 to 1989.August 1989, three years after he retired as an active player, Rose agreed to permanent ineligibility from baseball amidst accusations that he gambled on baseball games while playing for and managing the Reds, including claims that he bet on his own team
Estaban Bellan
- Cuban-American professional baseball player who played as a third baseman for six seasons in the United States - Three in the National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) and three in the National Association of Professional BaseBall Players (NAPBBP) - Significance: He is credited as the first Latin American born individual to play professional baseball in the USA.
Chavez Ravine
- Example of terrible spatial damage inflicted upon the Mexican community - 7,500 mostly Mexican families were evicted from this 300-acre community - the city of Los Angeles seized Chavez Ravine, destroying the previously self-sufficient community - the entire area was given to Walter O'Malley, who owned the Brooklyn Dodger's baseball team, as an inducement for him to move the franchise to LA - it would take three generations for just a fraction of the displaced families to regain a comparable economic level - this is part of an overwhelming universal strategy for class and racial advantage
Dolf Luque
- First Latin American Pitcher. - Played in Boston Braves and Cincinnati Reds 1914-35
Hal Chase
- First baseman and manager in Major League Baseball, widely viewed as the best fielder at his position. - Bribed other players - Significance - Gambling and fixing games in order to get money. Tells us that gambling was a rampart part of American society and especially in sports
Albert Fall
- He was United States Senator from New Mexico and Secretary of the Interior under President Warren G. Harding, and was a scheming anticonservationist. He was convicted of leasing naval oil reserves and collecting bribes, which was called the Tea Pot Dome scandal. - Significance: Caught in teapot dome scandal; first person in pres' cabinet to go to jail
Arnold Rothstein
- Jewish mobster involved in fixing the 1919 World Series - "the Brain" was a Jewish-American racketeer, businessman and gambler - Became a kingpin of the Jewish mob in New York City. Rothstein - Widely reputed to have organized corruption in professional athletics, including conspiring to fix the 1919 World Series. - Significance - Prime example of the power held by wealthy individuals in the Progressive Era
Barnstorming
- Putting all the best players on one team in order to purposely defeat teams by large margins. - The U.S. did this when they went to Japan to play and had a team with famous baseball stars from different leagues. - Significance: Symbolized how America wanted to prove to the rest of the world that baseball showed America's globalization and how nobody can beat them at baseball ("America's game") Illuminated the idea that America wanted to prove to the rest of the world that it was rising to the top in more ways than one (economically, socially, etc.)
Grahm McNamee
- Radio "sportscaster" -radio stimulated imagination -used radio when it was a new media -known for play by play
Silver Age of Baseball
- The beginning of the 20th century (1900-1920) where progressivism was very popular and prevalent. - Under the presidencies of Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson there were many "trust busting" antics in affect to clean up the "dirty politics" of the times. - Significance: Progressive Regulators were focused on the concept that a smart government would help reform the country. With baseball, fan base skyrocketed because of the changes. There would be no Sunday baseball in order to keep holy the sabbath day, they provided "homes" for the young players who were often troubled or wild.. They also wanted to completely get rid of monopolies in the sport.
Kenesaw Mountain Landis
- The first baseball commissioner, he was a federal judge known for honesty and toughness. He said that no player who even thought about throwing a game would ever be able to play pro baseball. He banned several White Sox players, including "Shoeless" Joe Jackson, from ever being inducted into the Hall of Fame. His words and tough actions led to people having confidence in their heroes once again. He and Babe Ruth together brought back baseball's popularity.
Passing
- presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group you belong to
Polo Grounds
- where the NY Giants played, another big park
Clark Griffith
-"the old fox" -pitcher, manager and team owner -
Scopes Trial
-1925 -"monkey Trial" -scopes was a teacher of science and evolution -state of tennessse brought him up on charges; said that theres no evolution god made this world -scope last the trial; seen as triumph for religious family values
Charles Lindbergh
-1927 -isolationist -american pilot who made the first non-stop flight across the atlantic ocean -americas hero
Great Depression
-1929-1939 -dramatic decline in the world's economy due to the United State's stock market crash of 1929 -Mass unemployment and paycuts
Joe DiMaggio
-1936-51 -Yankees, "Yankee Clipper" -USAAF as PE instructor, 1943-45 -His parents were classified as enemy aliens --> he was italian-american -Participated in marketing/promotion during GD, wheaties
Sam Lacy
-1948 -Journalist (black/native american) during post war era -constantly wrote about the need for intergration and how baseball can be that catalyst for integration in america
Pete Rose
-1989 most recent investigation - all time leader in hits and game played -Rumors of him gambling on baseball - rumors were true and he was made ineligible from baseball after investigation
Rationing
-Americans were told they need to conserve to go into war effort -idea that we shouldn't waste money and other things and make sacrifices for out soldiers -Gas rationing( given a certain number of slips to use at gas station to conserve gas)
Rube Foster
-Entrepreneur- wanted to tap into black market and monopolize -creator of negro leagues -didnt want white people involved in the league -wanted to be self sufficent and separate
Crosley Field
-cincinatti, Ohio -first field to hold night games
Bob Feller
-clevland Indians -One of the fastest fastballs in history
Cool Papa Bell
-fastest man to ever play -played in Mexico and Cuba leagues
Cuban Giants
-first African American professional baseball club -"world colored champions" - named cuban giants because they would often play in Cuba in leagues
Elmer Gedeon
-killed during WW II -was in the air force -played professional baseball before drafted into the war
'Greenlight' Letter
-landis asked FDR if they should continue training the baseball players or if they will be drafted into the war 1942 -FDR responded that it would be best for baseball to continue
Gene Bearden
-left handed pitcher mid 1900s -led Indians to the World Series
Hank Greenberg
-regarded as one of the best hitters ever -brought into military service -dealt with anti Semitic slurs
Larry Doby
-signed in 1947 making him the first african american to play in the American league -first player to go straight from negro leagues to major league -second player to break color barrier in major league organized baseball -second african american to manage a major league when he took over the chicago white sox, coached in mob too
Sandy Koufax
1955-1966 Youngest ever player inducted into Hall of Fame, Dodgers Pitcher Sat out of World Series game for Yom Kippur -Jewish Player. No control to his pitches in his first few years but towards the end of his career he was one of the best pitchers
Chris Berman
1979 entertainment and sports programming network (ESPN)
Willie Mays
1st black National League baseball player to hit 600 home runs NY/SF Giants , 1951-1973, "The Catch" , His god son is Barry Bonds, Birmingham black barons, 24 time all star, Hall of fame 1979
Mordecai Three Fingers Brown
Pitcher in the hall of fame that only had three fingers, lost fingers in farming accident.
Ebbets Field
- Where the Brooklyn Dodgers played baseball
W.A.S.P.
- White Anglo-Saxon Protestant - The people who came on the Mayflower, original white settlers
National Commission
• Commission recognizes AL territory in NYC • Reserve clause and player contracts • Dispersal of money • Appointing of umpires • Expansion of Leagues
La soule
a game founded in Norway, it's known for being baseballs "doppelganger" -the ball was typically around the size of a baseball, or perhaps slightly larger. -There were also bases -they also used stick but its not clear if they used more like baseball or field hockey
Panama Canal
- Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915.
Shibe Park
- A concrete baseball stadium in Philadelphia, Penn. that was funded and constructed by Ben Shibe and Connie Mack. - Due to the rise in the popularity of baseball and transportation advancements. The ornate structures were intended to symbolize economic, political and cultural power. - Significance: He wanted all classes of people to attend. Saw it as a form of civic patronage since he funded 100% of the construction. This will be reversed later with the building of the L.A. Colosseum
Christy Mathewson
- "Christian Gentleman", college educated - One of the greatest pitchers ever NY Giants - Significance - Had success during baseball's deadball era: 373 wins as a team and pitched for 22 wins. He enlisted in military at a young age and died from a gas mask accident
Babe Ruth
- "Home Run King" in baseball, provided an idol for young people and a figurehead for America
Abner Doubleday
- "Invented" baseball in Cooper's Town, NY - Abner Doubleday Union general in the American Civil War. - Directed the first return of fire at Fort Sumter at the beginning of the Civil War. (He was a general) -Was said to have shot the first shot to start the civil war fort sumpter. - Significance: Origin myth revolves around his creation of Baseball in Cooperstown. -He had diary and nothing was ever mentioned about baseball in it nor was it mentioned at his funeral. -One person that said they played with him, but at the time that game was played that person would have been 4 years old so it wasn't a reliable source
Lipman Pike
- 1st ever Jewish Major league player in 1858
Grover Cleveland
- 22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes - Hosted the world tour of baseball in 1889 - Significance: -reversed a depression in 1893 - fought corruption, high tariffs, imperialism-stood for progressive era and fight monopolies
William McKinley
- 25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist (launched us into foreign affairs). - Went to war in the Philippines, defeats Spanish fleet and takes over Puerto Rico and Cuba. - Significance: Projected us into U.S Imperialism in that we were trying to expand so much to make American a strong force and ally.
Theodore Roosevelt
- 26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War - President during the Progressive Era and baseball's Silver Age - Imperialist who was a "trust buster" and wanted to clean up dirty politics to globalize America Significance: Thought baseball was not a good thing for Americans, but believed that individual outdoorsy activities were most beneficial to the people
William H. Taft
- 27th US president, took over presidency after Theodore Roosevelt, strengthened ICC, trust buster (1909 to 1913) - Also held Chief Justice office (only to do so) - Significance: Aided in America acting as world police in Latin america, big antitrust, heavy foreign policy all over the world,
Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)
- 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission - also an imperialist who was apart of trust busting
Erie Canal
- A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. - Transport and Land: Erie Canal (1825), Roads, Railroads, expansion of America just before baseball was played
Reserve Clause
- A clause in a player's standard contract that gives a team the option to renew the player for the following season. - Would allow teams to reserve players for each season, unless a player opted out of his contract and did not play in the league for a year. - Significance: The league took advantage by expanding control of contracts of virtually the entire pool of professional baseball players. Being able to dictate not only how and where professional players could move between major league clubs represented how magnates in America had low concern for player/workers rights -This caused the formation of the Players League and AL and the MLB as we know it
Cornelius Vanderbilt
- A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical. - American business magnate and philanthropist, built his wealth in railroads and shipping. - monopolized transport - Significance: Major contributor to the uneven distribution of power in progressive era America.
Pullman Strike (1894)
- A staged walkout strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened because it was interfering with mail delivery and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's continuing willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages. - Luxury Railroad Service (Pullman) owned an entire city for people to live in - The Pullman Strike was a nationwide railroad strike in the United States that lasted from May 11 to July 20, 1894, and a major turning point for US labor laws. - 30 strikers killed, 57 wounded
A.G. Spalding
- Albert Goodwill Spalding was an American pitcher, manager and executive in the early years of professional baseball, and the co-founder of A.G. Spalding sporting goods company. A.G Spalding Company started in Chicago where it later expanded and became a monopoly from where you would buy all your baseball gear - Significance: the innovative marketing schemes that he implemented into the game of baseball during the progressive era were a symbol of America's growing economy and shows how well the mindset of a monopolist transformed the game and America simultaneously -Pushed really hard for people to perceive America as the home of baseball.
Spalding World Tour
- Albert Spalding took his Chicago White Stockings on a tour of four continents to play a team of all stars. - First effort to push America's power and perception of global involvement. 6 month tour - Significance: Globalization, reflects American push economically. -Took a world tour and introduced baseball.
National Agreement of 1891
- All leagues agreed to respect each others player contract. - allowed for multiple organizations to co-exist. - First national agreement was in 1883 between the National League and the American Association
Jim Creighton
- American baseball player during the game's amateur era - Is considered by historians to be its first superstar. - Played for the Excelsior of Brooklyn. - Significance: first professional and star, 1860, made way for many more professionals and legends was the greatest pitcher of his day. Famous principally for his exploits on behalf of the champion Excelsiors of Brooklyn in the years 1860 to 1862, he possessed an unprecedented combination of speed, spin, and command that virtually defined the position for all those who followed.
Brotherhood War (Brotherhood of Professional Baseball Players)
- Association concerned with helping players in trouble and improving relations between management and players. - Provided a base for player resistance when club owners tried to impose a stiff set of salary limits upon the players. - Significance: This is similar to the first formation of a workers union, which fought for workers rights in their respective work environments. Aimed to combat the reserve clause.
Grover Cleveland Alexander
- Baseball player named after the president - significance: famous baseball player in the hall of fame for pitching He played from 1911 through 1930 for the Philadelphia Phillies, Chicago Cubs, and St. Louis Cardinals. He was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1938.
Sunday Blue Laws
- Blue laws are laws designed to enforce religious standards. - Many states prohibit selling alcoholic beverages for on- and off-premises sales in one form or another on Sundays at some restricted time. Can't play Baseball games on Sundays
Golden Spike
- Ceremonial final spike driven to join the rails of the First Transcontinental Railroad across the United States - Connected the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads. - Significance: It provided industry titans with more power and control, it also gave teams the opportunity to travel and spread Baseball. -this was huge!!! It helped expand the US market nationwide! Things could be transported from the west to the east and vice versa, allowing to connect the US, but threatened to put Western farmers out of business.
Ned Hanlon
- Created 'modern baseball', science/dirty ball→ baltimore chop, bunting, and strategic moves - From 1883 and 1887, Williamson held the single-season record for both doubles and home runs. - Significance: Although his record for doubles was surpassed in 1887, he held the home run record until 1919, when it was topped by Babe Ruth of the Boston Red Sox. Statistically, he was one of the best fielders of his era
John D. Rockefeller
- Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history - American oil industry business magnate, industrialist, and philanthropist. - Widely considered the wealthiest American of all time - Significance: Helped to shape the progressive era prior to the Great Depression, one of the main reasons American Gov. intervened with corporate America.
Business monopoly or trust
- Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices. (establishing a monopoly) - There are antitrust laws to prevent these monopolies. - NL considered to have a monopoly of Baseball from 1892-1901 until the formation of the american league - Significance: Caused a massive imbalance of power amongst US citizens.
Brooklyn Excelsiors
- Formed in 1854, gent's club -The Brooklyn Excelsiors were an amateur baseball team that played in Brooklyn, New York. Formed in 1854, the Excelsior ballclub featured stars such as Jim Creighton, Asa Brainard, and Candy Cummings. The team is known for originating the "Brooklyn-style" baseball cap, precursor to the modern cap. -The game was interrupted over a call dispute, and was eventually called by umpires.
Magnates
- Wealthy business owners of the baseball teams and corporations in America. - Significance: Held more power in America than any other citizens.
Henry Chadwick
- Former British cricket player who embraced the game of baseball and became a sportswriter for the New York Clipper writing about the game. He was credited with inventing the batting average and box score and eventually became known as "Father Baseball" - Wrote about the game starting in 1870's Significance: covered international matches and urged the ruled committee to make adjustments to increase the number of fans at the game. Wrote about the tour and the power of imperial magnates -created much of the sport lingo-'K', ERA, created the statistics, and other lingo
Players Fraternity
- Fraternity's 17 Demands to NL/AL Limit on reserve Clause (10 yr/15 players free to go) - Owner pay for uniforms and travel expenses Owners justify fines and suspensions 5 day severance pay (David Fultz founded it and represented players) - Significance: Wins 11 of 17 demands, modifies 3 Fails on sharing film profits from world series.
Ty Cobb
- Georgia native who spent 20 years w/ the Detroit Tigers, holds record of highest career batting average & batting title - father wanted him to be a lawyer, military, doctor, - played baseball in Detroit tigers most of his career. - mother shot father → Ty channeled his anger about life on the field, and was very aggressive - gambler, racist, wife beater, womanizer, nasty - Significance: May 15, 1912; Best hitter; Cobb was heckled by a disabled man at New York's Highlander Park; called Cobb the N word and Cobb climbed into the stand and beat him severely; Cobb was banned indefinitely; his teammates went on strike in protest of the ban; Cobb urged the team to return and Johnson reduced the ban to ten games.
John McGraw
- Hard-nosed former player for the Baltimore Orioles who took over as manager of the NY Giants in 1902 where he remained for 30 years. - Significance: His grudge against Johnson in the American League made him skip the Championship against Boston in 1904. He agreed to play Philly the next year so his players could get the bonus. They won 4 games to 1. Drank a lot, talked trash.
Harry Pulliam
- Harry Pulliam and NL-AL merger 1903: Part of National commission (of league presidents, not owners) Commission recognizes: AL territory in NYC, Reserve clause and player contracts, Dispersal of money, - Significance: Expansion of Leagues World Series Is cancelled Harry Clay Pulliam (February 9, 1869 - July 29, 1909) was an American baseball executive who served as the sixth President of the National League.
Ban Johnson
- He created the American League in 1900 when the National League baseball owners refused to merge with his new teams - more than 100 of the National League's players joined his new league - President of the Western Association - Wanted the AL to be the second league in organized baseball alongside the NL. - Significance: Western League was re-named to American League. Worked with Charles Comiskey to create new teams in the East, often in the same cities as NL teams (This is how the Chicago White Sox were created). The NL hated this league and fought against it. Johnson ended up organizing teams with rich businessmen who can help with the costs. They ended up signing over 100 + NL players. Johnson's triumph marked a turning point in baseball history, cementing the modern two-league system and setting the stage for the unparalleled financial successes of the coming years.
Lefty O'Doul
- Helped in the start up of major league teams in Japan. - Yomiuri/Tokyo Giants, 1934. Significance: More proof that baseball was moving towards globalization.
Elysian Fields
- Hoboken, New Jersey - believed to be the site of the first organized baseball game. - Significance: Gives Hoboken a strong claim to be the birthplace of baseball. In 1845, Knickerbocker Club of New York City began using Elysian Fields to play baseball By the 1850s, several Manhattan-based member clubs of the National Association of Base Ball Players were using the grounds as their home field.
Spanish-American War
- In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence - - War between the U.S and Spain over the control of Cuba, Puerto Rico and other Latin American territories. - U.S sinks Spain's fleet and gains control over those countries. The war was fought in the Phillipenes. - Significance: Launched us into american imperialism, foreign affairs and expansionism. Under William McKinley's presidency
Yankee Stadium
- In 1923 Yankee Stadium, "The House that Ruth Built," is constructed in the Bronx, New York. - First "stadium" that was modern and massive, most beautiful stadium and players loved to play there
Griffith Stadium
- In Washington D.C. from 1911 to 1965; that was the nationals home field, a fire burned the wooden stadium down so they rebuilt the structure with steel and concrete. - Owner: Clark Griffith. was demolished in 1965 and Howard University now occupies the site.
Jim Crow
- Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites
Andrew Freedman
- Monopolist - Was Jewish and caused fights with everyone. Willingly let his star pitcher ( Amos Rusie) sit out because he wouldn't pay him more. - Significance: Bought the NY Giants and moved the baseball "capital" from Chicago to New York (1895-1902).
Baltimore Orioles
- NL pennant champs from 1894-96. - Led by "Foxy" Ned Hannan. - Significance: They were the main part of inside/dirty baseball. The team was made up of working class, rough and tough men.
Knickerbockers
- NY Knickerbockers (Alexander Cartwright) 1842 - Gentleman's Club. Created before national league. Had to pay in order to play, was no drinking or gambling - Significance: Said to be one of the first teams to play in a recorded game.
James Madison Toy
- Native American - Played in the American Association from 1887-1890, suffered indignities such as being called "chief" - Significance: First Native American, Professional Baseball player. -a short two-year career with the Cleveland Blues of the American Association and the Brooklyn Gladiators of the Players' League.
Cooperstown
- New York baseball hall of fame building. - Town really had nothing to do with baseball. - Significance: The Origin myth of baseball.
Cap Anson
- One of the earliest superstar players of baseball. He played first base for the Chicago White Stockings for 22 seasons finishing with a career average of .333 and 3,418 hits - leader and an innovator in outfielder positions, the concept of spring training, base coaches and pitcher rotations. - Racist - Significance: The "Father of Segregated Baseball". Cap Anson refused to take the field anytime blacks were included on the opposing roster. Owners obliged his demands, and within 10 years baseball's "gentlemen's agreement" would be in place. Highlights the issue of segregation in baseball and America during his time (1887).
Charles Comiskey
- Owner of the Chicago White Sox who was reported to have been extremely stingy with his players. This was one of the reasons given for eight of his players to throw the 1919 World Series for money. - St. Louis Browns 1st baseman, then manager. The players hated him for being so cheap. - Stingy, but knew that the power was with the journalists and fans. - His motto was that all he needed was good press. - Significance: Invented the first press room. Spent a lot of money on recruiting good players. Made players pay to wash their own uniforms.
Honus Wagner
- Pittsburgh Pirates shortstop who is considered the first star player of the 20th century. He was a great hitter but also an excellent fielder and could play any position. - 101 hr in dead ball era - "The Flying Dutchman" due to his superb speed and German heritage - Significance: played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates. Wagner won eight batting titles, tied for the most in National League history with Tony Gwynn. He also led the league in slugging six times, and in stolen bases five times.
John Montgomery Ward
- Played for NY Giants, only man in major league w/ 100 wins and 2000 hits, lawyer and educated man, part of Baseball Brotherhood (union of payers) - An American Major league pitcher, shortstop, and second basemen from NY Giants, lawyer and the manager of the National League team. Also led the Brotherhood's union which advocated for players' rights and fought against the reserve clause that A.G Spalding established. Captained one of the teams on Spalding's world tour - published an article in The Cosmopolitan discussing the sport's appeal but also noting the labor struggles as baseball marketed itself a worthy pastime. He joined the world tour due to Spalding recruiting him, Spalding likely did this wishing to move the union's (Brotherhood union) "ringmaster" out of the country to prevent him from organizing a protest or strike. - Significance: He complained and advocated for fixing the problem of the reserve clause and fought against the tight grip that owners had on baseball players' paychecks and freedom.
David Fultz
- Players Fraternity (1912-15) - American football and baseball player and coach - Significance: Fought for better rights for the baseball players, much like a union does for workers.
Billy Sunday
- Preacher and Former Pro Baseball Player- Key figure in the prohibition movement - baseball player for the National League - Significance: Became an influential evangelist in the 20th century and was a huge supporter of prohibition. His sermons and preaching played a sig. role in the passing of the 18th
William Hulbert
- President of the Chicago White Stockings who formed the National League in 1876 - One of the founders of the National League, recognized as baseball's first major league. - Thought the National Association would kick him out for stealing all of the good players so he created his own league. - Significance: He's a reflection of the stereotypical monopolist of that time, making their own rules, more powerful than the majority of his peers on the field.
Federal League (1914-15)
- The 1922 Supreme Court Decision concerning Major League Baseball was the culmination of a lawsuit initiated by whom? - Took NL to supreme court and Supreme Court ruled that the national league was not a baseball monopoly (1922)
World Series
- The championship games of Major League Baseball - Baseball's World Series is broadcast on radio for the first time (1921); - The New York Giants defeat the New York Yankees, five games to three. First one was in 1903 Significance: Opportunity for Americans to come together over the game that they "Invented".
National League
- The first professional baseball league, begun in 1876 with eight teams - Organization of clubs - $100 entry fee - Made teams in cities with population of more than 75,000 - Significance: all player contracts were written and adhered to by players. Morals- no Sunday games, no alcohol, no gambling (British bookmaking 1877), no players fraternization with fans, unruly fans ejected
inside baseball
- The intricate knowledge of a process not normally known to the public and only of interest to insiders. William Safire: "From its sports context comes its political or professional denotation: minutiae savored by the cognoscenti, delicious details, nuances discussed and dissected by aficionados. - Bunting down to get the ball down, "Inside" the ballpark
Progressivism
- The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution. - A philosophy of political reform based on the goodness and wisdom of the individual citizen as opposed to special interests and political institutions
Cy Young
- This MLB pitcher & Hall of Famer holds the record for most career wins as a pitcher at 511. - Cy Young to AL's Boston,1890-1911, Cy Young award - American Major League Baseball pitcher. During his 22-season baseball career, he pitched for five different teams. significance - Young established numerous pitching records, some of which have stood for a century.
Assimilation
- This was a time where many Jews, especially in the lower east side of NY, were living in the city. They didn't believe in sports and many of their parents and family were strictly in favor of getting an education and creating a good work ethic. There were very few Jews playing the sport and during this time were still people who were anti-semitic. Many people who wanted to play had similar or the same last names (Cohen), so they had their names changed to basic non-jewish common last names in order to not receive criticism and ridicule.
Warren Harding (1921-1923)
- U.S. president aka "President of the fans" - Prohibition bribery & financer - Teapot Dome (Wyoming) scandal 1922 - Significance: Fought against idea of US as world police, against treaty of versailles, gov should have control in business (vs Laissez-faire)
Wee Willie Keeler
- Was a great bunter, 5'4 140 lbs, fast - Baltimore Orioles
1896 election
- William Jennings Bryan lost to McKinley w/ the "silver issue" dominating the campaign; McKinley won, the Populists disappeared, the GOP became the party who represented the interests of the corporations and the wealthy, and a realignment occurred - William McKinley tried to make baseball a monopoly, capitalism and corporations won - half decade before brotherhood lost
Laissez-faire
- a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering. - Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs. -Adam Smith came up with the idea of this int he 18th century
Gospel of Wealth
- article written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich
Mike "King" Kelly
- extremely popular player for Chicago White Stockings, "win at all costs" mentality, Irish, big drinker, sold for $10,000 to Boston Beaneaters, casey at the bat character -Irish-Catholic great, sliding, tricks, always drunk on the field - Known for his base running, chant "slide Kelly slide" - Played every position in his career but pitcher - Significance: He invented first base interfering (getting in their base path, etc.), innovator.
Walter Johnson
- given the nickname "Big Train" because his pitch was so fast -All star pitcher for the washington senators. -Held many records for pitching, including the all time leader in shutouts and second place in wins -known as having great sportsmanship and was a friendly competitor, and was one of the first five inductees into the Baseball Hall of Fame.
Trust Busting
- government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies (especially under the United States antitrust laws) - term used in the Progressive Era - Presidents and other imperialists were working to clean up the "dirty politics" like monopolies. - Significance: Similar to the efforts of the Brotherhood in trying to unite professional baseball players to fight against corrupt corporations.
Connie Mack
- part-owner of the Philadelphia Athletics. He was Ban Johnson's idea of the perfect manager for the American League-he was sober, well dressed, and never argued with the umpires. His teams would embody the first dynasty of the American League. - Part of construction of Shibe Park - Significance: His teams would embody the first dynasty of the American League.
Fleet Walker
- played for american association's mud hens - SIGNIFICANCE: first known black player in major leagues. First to be open about his black heritage, and to face the racial bigotry so prevalent in the late 19th century United States -Walker played in the minor leagues until 1889, and was the last African-American to participate on the major league level before Jackie Robinson broke baseball's color line in 1947. After his baseball career, he became a successful businessman and inventor.
Alexander Cartwright
- recognized as the father of organized baseball - a founding member of the New York Knickerbockers Baseball Club - An inductee of the Baseball Hall of Fame and sometimes referred to as a "father of baseball" - Significance: Created the rules most similar to those we see applied in professional baseball today. -Took off for the gold rush in 1849 -Credited first baseball game in June of 1846. -credited for creating some of the key rules of base ball, like runners not being able to score on the third out and the idea of bases and their distance from eachother
Forbes Field
- steel and concrete so it wouldn't burn, called the People's because it was publicly owned by the city and built for the fans after the original stadium (Griffith stadium) burn down
John Brush
- successful retail magnate who owned the New York Giants from 1903 until his death in 1912 - Significance -Though the Giants became the most valuable franchise in professional sports during his tenure, & the most influential magnate in the National League's executive sessions, Brush was not well-liked by players or the press.
Jack Norworth
- wrote "Take Me Out To the Ballgame"
National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP)
-Established in 1858 - First organization governing American baseball. - The first convention of sixteen New York City area clubs - Significance: The Cincinnati Red Stockings were the first team to declare their intention to become fully professional. Other teams quickly followed suit. This is similar to how many corporations in America would use monopolistic methods to make it a success. -Spalding came up with the idea of having fans and having them pay for seats to watch.
Cincinnati Red Stockings
-First entirely professional baseball team in 1869 (all players recruited and paid). This is important because their financial success promoted other organizations to start going professional- and ultimately help led to the empire we have today. - Significance: Showed that baseball is not just a game, but can be a business and occupation
Alexis de Tocqueville
-French Diplomat and Political thinker who came to the US pre-industrial revolution to study the prison system. He wrote the book "Democracy in America" after being blown away by the equality of our society. His book raved about American democracy, which helped spread democracy across the world. - best known for his works "Democracy in America" and "The Old Regime and the Revolution". In both of these works, he analyzed the rising living standards and social conditions of individuals and their relationship to the market and state in Western societies. - "Democracy In America" was published after his travels in the United States. - Significance: Tocqueville's work remains a valuable explanation of America to Europeans and of Americans to themselves.
George/Harry Wright
-George Wright was the Babe Ruth of his day in the 1860s and '70s, and he went on to become arguably the most versatile sportsman in American history. His brother Harry managed the 1869 Red Stockings to an undefeated 57-0 season (you read that right) while inventing much of the baseball strategy we see today. Topping off this treat like a cherry atop a hot fudge sundae, the Red Stockings were one of the first, and certainly the most proudly open and influential professional team of all time. Their sesquicentennial is being celebrated as we speak. -their baseball influence came from cricket - Fielding tips: backup other fielders, throw ahead of the runner
Mills Commission
1907 A.G. Mills - Became the president of the national league of baseball - Doubleday was published as the inventor for baseball even though he wasn't - Mills commission used this to sell Baseball as America's Founder - Committee that decided Abner Doubleday was the inventor of baseball based on the testimony of one man. The man that made the testimony was 4 years old a that time that first game was played. He said he played with double day. - Significance: Baseball pioneer Abraham Gilbert Mills is remembered for heading the "Mills Commission" which concluded that the game of baseball was invented in America by Civil War General Abner Doubleday
Jane Austen
who - A british writer in the early 19th century what - Wrote the first novel to ever mention baseball in her novel Nothanger Abbey that was published after her death where - significance: The game is listed as base ball instead of baseball but was writen decades before the abner doubleday was given credit of the creation of baseball