American History to 1865 Second Exam Identification Terms

Embargo Act

1807 act which ended all of America's importation and exportation. Jefferson hoped the act would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. Really, however, just hurt Americans and our economy and got repealed in 1809.

Dorothea Dix

A Massachusetts schoolteacher who was the leading advocate of more humane treatment of the insane. This woman proved the leading reformer in the treatment of the insane. With the support of Horace Mann and Boston reformer Samuel G. Howe, she encouraged legislatures to build insane asylums. She labored for her cause for more than 30 years. By 1860, she had convinced 20 states to follow her advice. Shows the rise of public women in this time period.

Dred Scott

A black slave, had lived who belonged to an army surgeon, Dr. John Emerson. In 1834, Emerson carried _____ into Illinois and, later, the Wisconsin Territory. Ultimately, Dr. Emerson returned with __________ to the slave state of Missouri. In 1843, Emerson died and __________ attempted to purchase his freedom—but without success. Backed by interested abolitionists and with the assistance of white friends, he sued for his freedom on the grounds that his residence in free territory had freed him. The ruling on the case (___________ v. Sandford) was that He was a black slave and not a citizen, so he had no rights to file suit in a United States court. This decision was a landmark case in that showed government view of slavery, and further inflamed passions surrounding an already divisive topic within American politics. Southern slave owners, as well as supporters of slavery, saw the _________ case as a crucial precedent.It gave them a sense of legal standing to be able to say that the supreme law of the land had not only upheld the idea of slavery, but also dealt a crushing blow to the wildly unpopular Missouri Compromise.

Last of the Mohicans

A historical novel by James Fenimore Cooper.This was part of a series of novels known as the Leatherstocking Tales. Cooper was the first American writer to feature uniquely American characters. _______________ is set in 1757, during the French and Indian War (the Seven Years' War), when France and Great Britain battled for control of North America.

Fort McHenry

After the British burned much of Washington D.C. in August 1814 and a tornado hit, American defenders withstood an all-night bombarded by the British fleet and frustrated a planned British assault on Baltimore.

Frederick Douglass

American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of _______________, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Thomas Cole

American artist from the Romantic period. One the men who helped found the Hudson River School of American Art. His notable works include "The Titan's Goblet" and "The Voyage of Life."

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815). His steamboat was called the Clermont which went up the Hudson River.

women's rights

Antebellum reform led by Mott and Stanton leads to Seneca Falls Convention. Opposed the idea of the Cult of Domesticity (women should be housewives).

Crockett Almanacs

Appealed to western readers. Offered a mix of humorous stories and tall tales attributed to Davy Crockett.

Compromise of 1850

Proposed by Henry Clay it forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession (Utah and New Mexico). The compromise increased tensions, led to less rights of African Americans, some free African Americans were captured and put into slavery just because of skin color, and it led to increased racism. It led to the Nashville convention which was a meeting of representatives of nine southern states to monitor the negotiation of the compromise. The convention accepted the Compromise but laid the groundwork for a southern confederacy in 1860-1861.

Moby-Dick

Story of Captain Ahab's obsessive quest to kill Moby Dick, a whale that represents pure, demonic evil. His quest eventually destroys his ship and crew.

McCulloch v. Maryland

The Marshall Court issued its most important interpretation of the American constitutional system. The Court ruled that Congress possessed the constitutional authority to charter a national bank and that states lacked the constitutional authority to tax institutions created by Congress.

nonconformity

The Transcendentalists, especially Henry David Thoreau, appalled conforming to society merely for the purpose of "fitting in". They advocated that society corrupted a persons inner goodwill. They believed that by remaining outside of society's influences a person could transcend the evils society tempted them with and achieve true peace. In his essay Civil Disobedience, Thoreau supported violating the laws set forth by the government if one felt that they were harmful. Thoreau practiced as he preached and refused to submit to the concept that slavery was morally acceptable. The definition of _____________ is considered a failure to conform. However, Thoreau saw it not as a failure, but as a success.

Free Soil Party

The _____________ was organized by anti-slavery men in the north, democrats who were resentful at Polk's actions, and some conscience Whigs. The were northerners who did not demand the end of slavery. instead, they sought to keep the West a land of opportunity for whites only so that the white majority would not have to compete with the labor of slaves or free blacks. They also advocated federal aid for internal improvements, favored abolition in Washington DC, supported the Wilmot Proviso, homestead laws (public land grants to small farmers) to provide free land for western settlers, and high tariffs to protect industry. This _____________ foreshadowed the emergence of the Republican party.

Battle of New Orleans

The greatest American victory of the War of 1812. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost. Ironically, it came after the Treaty of Ghent had already been signed. The outcome of the battle however, insured rapid ratification of the peace treaty by the British and inspired American nationalism.

Francis Scott Key

The heroism of Fort McHenry and its defenders inspired this individual to pen the poem "Star Spangled Banner." Years later the poem was set to the music of an old British drinking tune.

abolitionism

The militant effort to do away with slavery. It began in the north in the 1700's. Becoming a major issue in the 1830's, it dominated politics by the 1840's. Congress became a battle ground between the pro and anti slavery forces

Alamo

The mission in San Antonio where in 1836 Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and massacred American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico

Herman Melville

This man was one of America's greatest writers and shared Hawthorne's concern with excessive individualism. He experienced early success, but watched his literary career suffer rapid decline "as the mass of American readers declined to follow him into the dark and dangerous realms of individualism gone mad." His first two novels Typee and Omoo proved extremely successful. His great novel, Moby Dick, is the story of Captain Ahab's obsessive quest to kill Moby Dick, a whale that represents pure, demonic evil. His quest eventually destroys his ship and crew.

Edgar Allan Poe

This man was the most important American writer of the time in terms of the critical esteem of Europeans. He experienced success on many fronts. As a critic, he argued that the object of poetry was beauty—not truth—and that the writer should calculate the effect on the reader with precision. He favored relatively short poems and stories in the belief that works which could be read in one sitting were most likely to have the desired effect on the reader. As a poet he applied his ideas with great effect in works such as "The Raven," "Bells," "The City Beneath the Sea," and "Annabel Lee." He mastered the techniques of gothic horror in his short stories. Best known of these are "The Pit and the Pendulum," "The Fall of the House of Usher," and "The Tell-Tale Heart." He virtually invented the detective story and its major conventions in "The Purloined Letter." Tragically, he was too much addicted to alcohol and drugs and simply to erratic a character to enjoy his talent. He died at the age of forty.

George Fitzhugh

This man, of Virginia, wrote Sociology for the South; or the Failure of a Free Society (1854) and Cannibals All! or, Slaves without Masters! (1857). In these works, he denounced the evils of industrial capitalism. The factory system had brought with it abuses and neglect far worse than those of slavery. Slavery represented the truest form of socialism, for it provided security for the workers in sickness and old age, whereas workers in the North were exploited for profit and then cast aside without compunction. He declared that men were not equal. He also argued that "the Negro is but a grown up child" who needs the economic and social protections of slavery. He went as far as to say that black slaves were in a much better situation than poor, freed blacks.

nativism

This movement was based on hostility to immigrants; motivated by ethnic tensions and religious bias; considered immigrants as despots overthrowing the American republic. It has caused fears of anti-Catholic riots and competition from low-paid immigrant workers.

Election of 1860

Turning point in America that would lead us into Civil War. Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.Lincoln won despite not receiving a single vote in 10 slave states, or earning the popular vote. He and Douglas were the two candidates from the North, and Breckinridge & Bell were the two Southern candidates.

Davy Crockett

United States frontiersman and Tennessee politician who died at the siege of the Alamo.

Song of Myself

Walt Whitman changes topics very often but declares that he is celebrating himself. Whitman finds it important to learn through experience rather than books or teachers. Main topic and theme is "Self" and finding identity, he uses free verse. The tone of the poem is positive the whole way through even when talking about slavery and death.

Mexican War

War declared in 1846 after Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande into Texas. Mexico doesn't recognize Texas' independence, so the U.S. declares war on Mexico. Thus, Polk sends troops to Veracruz with the expressed intent on marching to the capital and capturing it. Polk captures Mexico City. Was ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which fixed the border at the Rio Grande and extended the United States to the Pacific coast, annexing more than a half-million square miles of Mexican territory (Texas, New Mexico, and California) in exchange for $15 million to Mexico.

Natty Bumppo

______________ was the protagonist of The Leatherstocking Tales. He was born to white parents but raised by Native Americans. He uses his knowledge of nature to save the day, showing America's look Westward and towards the frontier.

Embargo

an official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country.

asylum movement

before 19th century, these institutions were viewed as public institutions of last resort. They now emerged as preferred solution to poverty, crime, delinquency and insanity.

millenialism

emerged from the religious fervor that swept across the Burned-Over District in the 1840s. "William Miller" became convicned that the "Second Advent of Christ" lay close at hand. He called 1843 the last "sure year of time." His followers settled on Oct 22, 1844 as the end. In 1845, they formed the "Advent Christian Association." In 1846, a splinter group formed the "Seventh Day Adventists." (Worship on the Jewish Sabbath rather than Sunday.)

domesticity

home or family life

utopias

Communities based on a vision of a perfect society

transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

William Lloyd Garrison

A prominent abolitionist of the nineteenth century. In his newspaper, The Liberator he rejected the moderation of gradualism and demanded immediate emancipation of all slaves and for the end of all political ties between the northern and southern states. He believed in the truly radical notion that blacks should enjoy civil (or legal) equality with whites. __________ founded the New England Anti-Slavery Society in 1831 they rejected colonization as a racist scheme and opposed the use of violence to end slavery. He was blamed for uprisings such as Nat Turners Rebellion.

Pottawatomie massacre

A rabid antislavery man named John Brown waged a retaliatory attack on a proslavery settlement at this location. He and his sons butchered five men in cold blood. A guerilla war followed which, by the end of 1856, had cost 200 lives and $2 million in property destroyed.

Black Republicanism

A racist word of disapproval that Democrats used to suggest that Republicans were dangerous radicals who favored abolition and racial equality. White southerners were not happy because blacks were moving into their positions

Second Party System

A system whereby the older Federalist and Democratic Republican Parties had been replaced by the new Democratic and Whig Parties. This party system period ran from about 1824 to 1860 during which the major political parties included Jacksonian Democrats, Clay's Whig Party, Anti-Masonic Party, Liberty Party, and Free Soil Party; spanned the Jacksonian era and began with Monroe's era of Good Feeling; change from low voter turnout to high voter turnout; emergence of National Presidential Nominating Conventions, expanding electoral efforts of parties, and spoils system; slavery creates divisions in Whigs and Democrats. For the first time two-party politics was extended to the South and West (which had been one-party regions). The System brought forth a new, popular campaign style. Close elections brought out the voters (not charismatic candidates or particular issues).

Tecumseh

A talented Shawnee Indian leader who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. He believed that all of the tribes west of the Appalachia should form a confederation strong enough to resist further American encroachments into their territories. In 1811, he made a tour of the southern tribes—Creeks, Cherokees, Choctaws, and Chickasaws—seeking their participation in his planned confederacy. During _______________'s tour, General William Harrison collected an army and marched against _____________'s capital (Prophet's Town) on the Tippecanoe River. Despite ____________'s instructions that he should avoid battle, Tenskwatawa attacked Harrison's forces. Harrison's men suffered nearly 25% casualties, but inflicted a disastrous defeat on _______________'s followers. Following the disruption of his plans, ____________________ continued his struggle against the Americans until he fell in the Battle of the Thames, which also witnessed the death of Tecumseh..

War of 1812

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by violation of neutral rights and American outrage over the impressment. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry. After the war of 1812, many Americans felt that the nation had survived a "Second War for Independence." After forty years of its existence, the rest of the world sensed that the new republic might be a permanent fixture on the world stage.

Southwestern Humor

Besides Poe and Simms, the South also produced a group of writers known collectively as these. This group included Davy Cockett, George Washington Harris, Johnson Jones Hooper, and August Baldwin Longstreet. These writers dealt with the "low-lifes" of the backwoods in a humorous or satirical fashion. Critics at this time generally dismissed their work as mere amusement. Mark Twain later lifted this genre to the level of high art in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

romanticism

By the 1780s, a reaction had already emerged in Europe against the well-ordered world embraced by the Enlightenment. Intellectuals increasingly stressed that much in life cannot be explained by reason and logic.This movement placed great emphasis on individualism—an emphasis that held great appeal to Americans. It also stressed: (1) the virtues of the common man, (2) the idea of original or creative genius, and (3) great interest in the Middle Ages as exemplified by Sir Walter Scott's Ivanhoe.

Slave Power

Defined by James Birney. The antislavery forces of the Unites States bitterly called annexation by this name. This was a key concept in abolitionist and northern antislavery propaganda that depicted southern slave holders as the driving force in a political conspiracy to promote slavery at the expense of white liberties. and thus to destroy the openness of northern capitalism and replace it with the closed, aristocratic system of the south, and the only solution was to fight the spread of slavery and extend the nation's democratic ideals to all sections of the country. Further increased tensions between regions. They felt that annexation was aimed at expanding slavery rather than protect national interests. These accusations—combined with fears that annexation would result in war with Mexico—led northern Senators to reject the annexation treaty of 1843.

James Madison

Democratic-Republican who was the president during the War of 1812. He also let the charter of the First Bank of the United States expire, but realized it was difficult to finance a war without the bank, so he chartered the 2nd Bank of the United States

lower south

Due to decline of the tobacco economy in the upper South and the competition/limits of sugar, rice, and long-staple cotton economies _____________, short staple cotton expanded. In the 1820s and 1830s the demand of cotton increased with textile industry in Britain. By the 1850s cotton was the south's economy (overall continuous growth, 2/3 total exports of U.S.); increasing the need for slavery for a higher output. Cotton really boomed especially in "___________" (aka Deep South), more migration to _____________ and slavery transition/expansion (selling of slaves was important to upper South economy).

perfectionism

Due to the new liberal movements and religious fervor, many Americans believed that perfection was attainable. Therefore, a series of movements took place to perfect society, such as prison reform, temperance, etc.

fugitive slave law

Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850. This legislation placed the entire matter of runaway slaves placed under federal jurisdiction; denied a jury trial to accused fugitive slaves and ordered for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad. It also represented the South's only clear victory in the Compromise of 1850, but it proved an empty one. The law outraged the North.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ended Mexican-American War. Acting without President Polk's permission, Nicholas Trist negotiated this treaty with Mexico after the war. The treaty forced Mexico to: accept the Rio Grande as its northern border; and cede New Mexico, upper California, Utah, Nevada, and parts of Kansas, Colorado, Arizona, and Wyoming for $15 million + $3.25 million debt to the United States. In return, the US promised to assume any financial claims its new citizens had against Mexico and to pay the Mexicans $15 million. Polk fired Trist, but he could not afford to risk prolonging a war that enjoyed less and less popular support. He accepted the treaty, as did the Senate.This was opposed by antislavery supporters because possibility of slave states. Oregon became the first focus in the struggle between North and South over slavery. Congress allowed Oregon to organize without slavery but reached no agreement on the future of this area ceded to US in _______________ in 1848. Oregon was north of 36-30 line.

"The American Scholar"

Essay published in 1837 by Ralph Waldo Emerson. He summarized the ideas of his first book, Nature. In it, he urged Americans to put aside their awe of European culture and explore their own New World. This work has also been described as America's intellectual Declaration of Independence.

Charles Finney

Father of Modern Revivalism, converted people to Christ, held meeting, encouraged women to participate, prayed for sinners in order for millennium in 3 years (evangelical revivals). This individual is credited with starting professional revivalism in the "Burned-Over District" of western New York in the 1820s. He claimed that souls did not require miracles to be saved, only careful planning. He felt no qualms in comparing his methods to those of politicians who relied upon advertising and showmanship to get attention. Ultimately he carried the methods of frontier revivalism to the Eastern cities and even Great Britain. His most successful rival occurred in Rochester, New York. He had the greatest appeal to America's emerging business elite and middle classes who his message congenial to their own pragmatic values of discipline and hard work. (His ideas never exerted as strong appeal to their poor as they did other business class.)

Hudson River School

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S. The artists primarily painted scenes of the region around the Hudson River, a waterway that Americans compared in majesty to the Rhine; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition.

Knickerbocker Group

Group in New York that wrote literature and enabled America to boast for the first time of a literature that matched its magnificent landscapes

"Civil Disobedience"

In Henry David Thoreau's essay, "________________," he inspired social and political reformers because he had refused to pay a poll tax in protest of slavery and the Mexican-American War, and had spent a night in jail. He was an extreme individualist and advised people to protest by not obeying laws (passive resistance). He argued that individuals have a moral responsibility to oppose unjust laws and unjust actions by government, which influenced Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.

The Scarlet Letter

Hawthorne brilliantly explored the theme of excessive individualism as well as issuing powerful warnings that unfettered egoism could destroy individuals and those around them in this novel. The two main characters, Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale, blatantly challenge their seventeenth century New England community by committing adultery and producing a child.

Walden

Henry David Thoreau; The novel espoused transcendentalism—that is, truth through inner reflection and exposure to nature. It recorded Thoreau's thoughts concerning the value of a life of simplicity and contemplation. A collection of Essays that Thoreau wrote while living alone in a hut in the woods near Walden pond.

Erie Canal

In 1817, the New York legislature adopted legislation calling for this inland waterway between the Hudson River and Lake Erie. By 1825, the ____ _____ opened for its entire 350 mile length from Albany to Buffalo. Branch canals soon brought much the upper Ohio Valley into New York's economic sphere and diverted much traffic away from New Orleans. No subsequent canal ever rivaled the success of this one, which rendered the entire Great lakes region an economic tributary to the port of New York. Allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. Helped create a boom where flatboats were invented and shipping became a lot easier for farmers. Cut transport costs and caused a massive population surge in western New York. Contributed to decline of agriculture in New England.

gag rule

In 1836, the House responded to the abolitionist strategy by adopting a rule to lay automatically all abolitionist petitions on the table - in effect ignoring them. Adams ("Old Man Eloquent") bitterly denounced this policy as a violation of the first Amendment. He hounded its supporters until finally winning repeal in 1844.

Lake Champlain

In one of the most important battles of the war, American naval forces, under the command of Commodore Thomas MacDonough, defeated a British fleet on _____________. The American naval victory forces the British to withdraw and retreat to Canada, and thus ends the British invasion (abandon their plans to invade New York and New England). The British began to decide that the war was to costly. Considered as turning point for the Americans in the War of 1812.

Whigs

In the mid 1830s, the ___________ Party opposed Jackson's strong-armed leadership style and policies. The ___________ promoted protective tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, supported the bank, and other measures that strengthened the central government. Reaching its height of popularity in the 1830s, the __________ disappeared from the national political scene by the 1850s. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Included Clay and Webster. The Republican Party was formed in 1854 in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act; it combined remnants of _____________, Free Soil, and Know-Nothing Parties as well as disgruntled Democrats. Although not abolitionist, it sought to block the spread of slavery in the territories. It also favored tariffs, homesteads, and a transcontinental railroad.

Leather-Stocking Tales

James Fenimore Cooper's novel which explored the American frontiersman's experience with Indians, pioneers, violence, and the law. It celebrated American spirit and landscape while expressing ideals of independent individual with inner goodness.

Harper's Ferry

John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Law sponsored by Illinois senator Stephen A. Douglas to allow settler in newly organized territories north of the Missouri border whether a territory allowed slavery. In the _________________, this would decide whether a territory allowed slavery. According to the Missouri Compromise (1820), slavery was forbidden in the Louisiana territory north of the a certain latitude. This was nullified by _________________. Following the passage of the ______________, pro-slavery forces from Missouri, known as the Border Ruffians, crossed the border into Kansas and terrorized and murdered antislavery settlers. Antislavery sympathizers from Kansas carried out reprisal attacks, the most notorious of which was John Brown's 1856 attack on the settlement at Pottawatomie Creek. The war continued for four years before the antislavery forces won. ; fury over the resulting repeal of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 led to violence in Kansas and to the formation of the Republican Party. The violence it generated helped precipitate the Civil War.

modernization

Process that transforms localized subsistence economy into nationally integrated market. Take an economy dominated by localized, subsistence farming that is people growing food for their own consumption to nationally integrated market that is you are trading massively amounts of goods faraway.

Nauvoo

Model town split by Mormon civil dispute

Emily Dickinson

One of the most original and creative writers of the period, gained no public recognition during her lifetime. Of her nearly 2,000 poems, only two were published during her lifetime—both anonymously. Most of her poems were not even discovered until after her death. Her poems were uniformly short, usually consisting of line stanzas. The poems are written in a terse style. Like Hawthorne and Melville, her work reflected doubts about the virtues of unrestrained individualism.

Missouri Compromise

Proposed by Henry Clay. In 1820 Missouri wanted to enter the Union as a slave state. Unfortunately, if they did so, it would unbalance the Union by having more slave states than free states. Prior to 1819, there were eleven free states and eleven slave states. As a result the ____________ allowed Maine and Missouri to enter the Union at the same time, Missouri as a slave state, and Maine as a free one. Although Missouri lay entirely north of the 36-30' Line it could remain a slave state. All future states carved the huge territory north of the line would be closed to slavery; states carved south of the line would be open to slavery. By the late 1840s President James K. Polk took the lead in the effort to extend the 36-30' Line from the crest of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean.

I Hear America Singing

Published in Walt Whitman's edition of his epic collection Leaves of Grass, "______________" is all about this American pride. And it's specifically about pride in work. In the poem, Whitman describes the voices of working Americans toiling away at their jobs; he details the carpenter and boatman, the hatter and the mason, the mother and the seamstress alike. And by imagining that they are all singing, he celebrates them and their hard work, and also creates a vision of an America unified by song and hard work.

John Brown

Radical abolitionist who attempted to attack Harpers Fary on a proslavery settlement at Pottawatomie Creekarsenal in order to arm slaves and lead them to freedom. Attack is a failure, he is tried for treason and hung. The attack is a catalyst for the election conflict and the war. First armed attempt at fighting slavery that eventually led to "Bleeding Kansas". Also, blacks and whites were fighting together. Often referred to as god's angry man.

temperance

Represented perhaps the most widespread of all the reform movements. This social movement urged personal moderation in the consumption of alcoholic beverage.- lead to prohibition -believed drinking was socially and morally evil and led to poverty, etc. The US possessed a hard-drinking population, so much so in fact that one historian called it an "alcohol republic." This movement led to the passage of the 18th Amendment in 1920.

Clermont

Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston sent the ____________ up the Hudson River to Albany in 1807, thus launching the first commercially successful steamboat service.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory ( present day Oklahoma). More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and exhaustion.

Gibbons v. Ogden

The Marshall Court issued its last important decision, which said only congress may regulate interstate commerce, including navigation

Know Nothings

The new immigrants in the U.S. began to pose a threat to the "natives" because of their unknown languages and cultures. Some feared that the foreigners would outnumber them and eventually overrun the country. This hostility rekindled the spirit of European religious wars, resulting in clashes between the Protestants and Catholics. Some nativities formed this party in New York called the "Order of the Star Spangled Banner". It was originally called the American Party, but when any affiliates of the party were asked what were they doing, refused to identify themselves and would say, "I know nothing," which caused their opponents to label them as the ___________ Party. Its members pledged to never vote for a Catholic or foreign candidate. Immigrants were helping to form the U.S. into one of the most ethnically and racially diverse societies in the history of the world. The ____________ won a number of state and local elections in 1854, and it seemed they might even become dominant in New England and several other states. The movement fell apart, however, when it proved incapable of producing a position on slavery that was satisfactory to its members. The ______________ demanded the exclusion of immigrants and Catholics from public office and extension of the period of naturalization from five to twenty-one year.

Seneca Falls Convention

The pinnacle of the antebellum movement for women's right in _______________________ that led Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. The ___________'s Declaration of Sentiments, modeled on the Declaration of Independence, began with the assertion that "all men and women are created equal" and "was single most important factor in spreading news of the women's rights movement around the country in 1848 and into the future." By 1851, the leaders of the women's rights movement concluded that winning the right to vote must be the primary objective of their struggle. The convention passed twelve resolutions, and only one, a call for the right of women to vote, failed to pass unanimously; but it did pass. Ironically, after the Civil War, the call for woman suffrage became the main demand of women's rights advocates for the rest of the century.

internal improvements

The program for building roads, canals, bridges, and railroads in and between the states. There was a dispute over whether the federal government should fund ________________, since it was not specifically given that power by the Constitution.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

The publication of this novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe's heightened northern outrage over the Fugitive Slave Law. It also outraged southerners with its misrepresentations of the peculiar institution. Northern antislavery forces were further incensed by events in the Caribbean and Central America. Though, it was widely popular, it puts forth the idea that slavery is corrosive to the family. Said that all Americans were indicted of slavery, everyone played a role. Heightened tension between the north and the south. Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel, accounting the life of Josiah Henson. It depicted slaves at the mercy of their owners and was a huge antislavery work of literature for abolitionists. At first, Josiah (the slave) had a benign master. However, his master was hit with hard times, so he had to sell a lot of his slaves. Josiah ended up with another master that was horrible and cruel. This shows that even benign masters can end up corrupted by slavery. "Uncle Tom's Cabin" represents an enemy image that the North had of the South due to slavery.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States, who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans. He ran for president on no platform, save his record as a war hero. He scrupulously avoided all issues during the campaign. Secretary of War John C. Calhoun ordered this individual to secure the border between the United States and Spanish Florida. Calhoun issued strict orders, however, that ____________ not attack any Spanish installations. __________, chafing under these restrictions, appealed directly to Monroe for permission to pursue a more aggressive policy. Congressman John Rhea of Tennessee apparently led __________ to believe that the president had given him a free had. In the Spring of 1818, ___________ launched an unauthorized invasion of Spanish Florida. It proved a complete success. He seized the major forts and towns, destroyed several Seminole villages, and captured two British traders. ____________'s career was now on the line. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, however, endorsed ____________'s activities. As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Henry David Thoreau

This American transcendentalist practiced the self-reliance (in a backyard camp-out kind of way) that Emerson preached. and shared Emerson's intellectual pursuit. However, ___________ was more of a doer than Emerson was. At one point he went to jail rather than pay his poll tax. This revenue, he knew, would support the war with Mexico, which he viewed as part of a southern conspiracy to extend slavery. The experience led ___________ to write "Civil Disobedience" (1849), in which he defended a citizen's right to disobjey unjust laws. He also wrote Walden where he argued that he (and by implication, others) could satisfy material wants with only a few week's work each year and thereby leave more time for reexamining life's purpose. The problem with Americans, he said, was that they turned themselves into "mere machines" to acquire wealth without asking why. He urged an escape from the restraints imposed by commercialism and industrialization.

Charles Sumner

This abolitionist senator _____________'s "Crime Against Kansas" speech to the Senate where he insulted Andrew Butler spewed forth a vicious attack on slavery, the South, and the proslavery cause in Kansas. He also made an insulting and cowardly verbal attack on an elderly Senator from South Carolina, A.P. Butler. Brooks beat ____________ over the head with his cane, severely crippling him.

Roger B. Taney

This attorney general carried out Jackson's programs without hesitation and thereafter, the government placed its deposits in various state banks. He was also the Chief Justice who presided over Dred Scott v. Sandford. Seven of the nine justices agreed that Scott remained a slave. This individual wrote the majority of opinion for the court. He ruled that: Scott lacked standing in court because he lacked citizenship. Citizenship, he avowed, derived either from birth or naturalization. Slaves could meet neither requirement. African-Americans, he said, "had for more than a century been regarded as...so far inferior, that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect." _____ could have stopped here, but he sought to lay the issue of government and slavery to rest. He went on. He declared that: residency in a free state (Illinois) had not freed Scott; residency in a free territory (Wisconsin) had not freed Scott. Also, the Missouri Compromise had deprived settlers of property in slaves, an action, "not warranted by the Constitution." He strongly implied, but did not expressly state, that the compromise had violated the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment—the same argument which Calhoun had espoused for many years prior to death. Rather than resolving conflict.

the rise of the middle class

This class grew rapidly in size and importance. Mechanics found their skills in high demand and wages rising. The railroad essentially created the ___________ working __________ because it required enormous amounts of capital and the jobs needed to make the parts alone were given to the growing middle class. it transforms how business transactions are made and leads to standardizations of track widths and eventually time zones. the railroad becomes increasingly important after 1865, and creates many jobs because of the spin offs of other industries.

Manifest Destiny

This idea from John Louis O' Sullivan. This was the belief widely held by Americans in the 19th century that the United States was destined to expand across the continent. This attitude prevalent during the 19th century period of American expansion that the United States not only could, but was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean . This attitude helped fuel western settlement, Native American removal and war with Mexico. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory . The phrase itself meant many different things to many different people. The unity of the definitions ended at "expansion, prearranged by Heaven". Mid-19th-century politicians would use it to explain the need for expansion beyond the Louisiana Territory.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

This individual became known as the "High Priest of Transcendentalism." He, more than any other person, spread the Transcendentalist gospel across the country. He contended that our ideas of God and freedom are inborn; knowledge resembles sight - an instantaneous and direct perception of truth. He was initially a Unitarian minister; in his public lectures he preached optimism, self-reliance, man's unlimited potential, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was also against slavery. His most important writings included: "The American Scholar" (1837), "The Oversoul," and "Self-Reliance" (1841).

Stephen A. Douglas

This individual broke the "Omnibus Bill" down into five separate bills,reasoning that he could put together different coalitions to secure their passage. His strategy worked. An Illinois Senator who ran against Lincoln, Bell, and Breckenridge in the 1860 presidential election on a popular sovereignty platform for slavery, Douglas also authored the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and heightened the slavery debate.

cotton gin

This invention by Eli Whitney established the foundation for the South's entire "cotton kingdom." It facilitated the separation of seeds from cotton fiber. Between 1803 and 1830 cotton increased from 22% of all American exports to more than 50%. Cotton production soared. Slavery, which had been in decline, found a new and profitable use as cotton rapidly emerged as a major export commodity.

Leaves of Grass

This is a poetry collection by Walt Whitman. The poems are Whitman's celebration of his philosophy of life and humanity. However, much like Emerson, Whitman does not diminish the role of the mind or the spirit; rather, he elevates the human form and the human mind, deeming both worthy of poetic praise. ___________ was highly controversial during its time for its explicit sexual imagery. However, over time, the collection has infiltrated popular culture and been recognized as one of the central works of American poetry.

I Sing the Body Electric

This is another of the poems from the original 1855 edition of Leaves of Grass. Walt Whitman here explores the physical body at length. He celebrates the primacy of the body and its importance in forging connections between people.

James Fenimore Cooper

This man began writing novels as a bet with his wife; had a lifelong fascination with human relationship to nature and with the challenges of America's expansion westward. After publishing Precaution and The Spy—he produced the first successful romances of frontier life in his Leather-Stocking Tales (The Pioneers, The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Prairie, The Pathfinder). His most important novels: among them The Last of the Mohicans (1826) and The Deerslayer (1841), examined experience of rugged white frontiersmen with Indians, pioneers, violence, and the law These novels provided the basis for future western novels and movies. This author also virtually created the sea novel with The Pilot (1823).

Eli Whitney

This man invented the cotton gin in 1793 which quickly and easily separates cotton from seeds. The cotton gin made it possible for mass production: 55 lbs/day compared to hours spent on 1 lb. There were also interchangeable parts to make repair and production easier. Textiles industry then became the first major industry. Cotton was shipped to Northeastern textiles to produce cloth. Women were also employed. This Massachusetts Yankee's invention established the foundation for the South's entire "cotton kingdom" and the revival of slavery.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

This man proved the supreme artist of the New England authors. He shared neither the optimism of Emerson and Thoreau, nor their faith in reform. Influenced by the "knowledge of sin bequeathed him by his Puritan forebears", his primary literary themes focused on the examination of "sin and its consequences, pride and selfishness, secret guilt, selfish egotism, and the impossibility of rooting sin out of the human soul." His major works included Twice Told Tales, The Scarlet Letter and The House of the Seven Gables.

Bank War

This name is given to Andrew Jackson's attack on the Second Bank of the United States during the early years of his presidency. In 1791 the Bank of the United States was established with a 20 year charter, when the charter was up, they did not renew it but instead replaced it with the Second Bank of the United States in 1816. There were already many banks in the US which used paper money that had no standard value. Andrew Jackson viewed the Bank of the United States as a monopoly. The Bank of the United States was a private institution managed by a board of directors. Its president, Nicholas Biddle, exercised vast influence in the nation's financial affairs, Jackson was determined to destroy the Bank of the United States because he thought it was too powerful--denouncing it as the "monster" He felt the Bank was unconstitutional and only benefited the rich. The paper money with no standard value and the hard currency along with the end of the National bank led to the Panic of 1837.

Walt Whitman

This native of Brooklyn received almost no public attention until the publication of the first edition of Leaves of Grass (1855). He took Emerson's emphasis on individualism with much greater enthusiasm than either Hawthorne or Melville, his poem ignored every rule of traditional poetry and most rules of "respectable taste." He celebrated both democracy and individuality, he saw the individual as divine. He infused democracy with divinity and rendered organized religion irrelevant. He shocked Victorians with his frank sexuality and references to the "body electric" (which included homoerotic overtones). He dedicated much of his career after 1855 to enlarging and reshaping Leaves of Grass in its successive additions. During the Civil War, he worked as an attendant and a nurse in the hospitals around Washington. Out of his experiences came a collection of poems Drumtapes (1865), which contained a beautiful elegy on the death of Lincoln. In his prose writing this author expended much effort in arguing the cause of democracy. In Democratic Vistas (1871) he summoned Americans to seek higher goals than mere materialism.

lyceum movement

This proved the most widespread and effective agency for popular education. This movement aimed to disseminate knowledge through public lectures. Professional agencies provided speakers and performers of all kinds in literature, science, music, humor, travel, and other fields. Most of the major intellectual and cultural leaders of the period traveled the lecture circuit: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Herman Melville, Lyman Beecher, Daniel Webster, and Harriet Beecher Stowe.

Auburn (NY) system

This system allowed inmates some social contacts and religious instruction, but also forced them to perform hard physical labor and subjected them to harsh corporal punishment.

Philadelphia System

This system kept inmates in strict solitary confinement to give them time to contemplate the error of their ways. Many inmates also went insane.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

This woman proved the most successful women novelist of the age. Her Uncle Tom's Cabin, which sold 350,000 copies during the first year, served as more than an antislavery novel. It also represented an extended discussion of the role of women and the family. In instance after instance, the novel depicts women and little girls as morally more sensitive and superior to the men around them. In this portrayal of slave society, women provide the best hope of eventual freedom for the slaves and of salvation for both African-Americans and whites. Home and family held deeply religious meanings for this writer.

Lucretia Mott

This woman was an American Quaker, abolitionist, a women's rights activist, and a social reformer who was involved in the Seneca Falls Convention and the Declaration of Sentiment.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

This woman was an American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of early women's rights movement. She was the organizer along with Susan B. Anthony, of the Seneca Falls Convention and was the co-founder of the National Woman Suffrage Association. Her Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the first women's rights convention held in 1848, is often credited with initiating the first organized women's rights and suffrage movements in the United States.

Susan B. Anthony

This woman was the daughter of a Quaker abolitionists in New York he worked for the temperance abolitionist movement and advocated for women's rights; helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association.