American Lit Midterm

What is the one feature that Thoreau most wants out of life? love fame truth money

truth

How long is Rip asleep in the woods? fifty years one hundred years twenty years eighty years

twenty years

What payment must Smith make to the Native Americans for his freedom? two cannons and a grindstone three bags of corn and a musket five swords and seven deer two bags of beads and a bolt of cloth

two cannons and a grindstone

How long did Henry David Thoreau live at Walden Pond? six months two years and two months ten years five years and six months

two years and two months

As stated in the textbook, Rowlandson's closing reflections include some of the most moving passages about grief and acceptance in American literature. Cite a passage in the story about her acceptance of the terrible capture that happened to her and how she reconciles it according to her Christian beliefs.

"That we must rely on God Himself, and our whole dependance must be upon Him. If trouble from smaller matters begin to arise in me, I have something at hand to check myself with, and say, why am I troubled? It was but the other day that if I had had the world, I would have given it for my freedom, or to have been a servant to a Christian. I have learned to look beyond present and smaller troubles, and to be quieted under them. As Moses said, "Stand still and see the salvation of the Lord" (Exodus 14.13)"

In a paragraph of 4-5 sentences, explain who Tecumseh was and his significance in early American history.

"The most extraordinary Indian that has appeared in history" is famously recognized as Tecumseh. He was firm in his hatred and hostile towards those that relentlessly stole from his people, the Shawnees. Due to the Treaty of Fort Wayne in 1809, the Shawnees relinquished large areas of land to the U.S. despite Tecumseh and his brother, Tenkswata, opposing. Tecumseh responded to this by trying to create a multi-tribal resistance. This all came to an end around 1811 when future President William H. Harrison defeated this resistance at Tippecanoe. This dejected his followers, and in the end, Tecumseh died during the Battle of the Thames fighting on the British side during the War of 1812.

What were John Smith's main arguments (reasons) for encouraging the Pilgrims to settle in the "New World"? List and number at least 3 found in the Introduction information.

1. There was a lot of land that could be used for Plantation. 2. The land could be purchased for very cheap. 3. They would be wronging their country and religion if they did not take control of the land first. John Smith persuaded the Pilgrims to settle in the new world with the promise of plenty of land. Secondly, this land was sold for cheap. Lastly, Smith spoke about religion and how God made the land to inhabit and to have his word to be heard through the nation.

In what year did Christopher Columbus set sail for the voyage to the "New World"?

1492

In The Wonders of the Invisible World [A People of God in the Devil's Territories], how many confessed to signing the devil's book to agree to be used for his witchcraft purposes? 10 12 13 21

21

How long will God's wrath last? until the end of the Earth an undetermined amount of time for eternity until a person leaves purgatory

for eternity

How many colonists died in the summer of 1607? 10 150 100 50

50

Which of the following best describes the production of the text printed in The Norton Anthology of American Literature as "The Iroquois Creation Story"?

A transcription of a centuries-old document written in Kanienkahaka that was then translated into Algonquin. A transcription and translation of an oral tale, written down by a twenty-first century student of Iroquois history and culture. An amalgamation of multiple traditional creation stories, compiled by contemporary editors. Correct! A transcription and translation of an oral tale, written down by a nineteenth-century member of the Tuscarora tribe.*

For what reason(s) has it been said that Freneau failed at almost everything he attempted to accomplish in his life? The printing market in the United States had not matured enough to be a booming business yet. His writing style includes conflicting political agendas, subjects, and traditions. Both of these are true. Neither of these.

Both of these are true.

Explain how Abigail Adams helped to bring awareness to women's rights and equality.

Abigail Adams was not only the wife of John Adams but also an activist for women equality in an era where that was only a dream. She wrote about expanding the knowledge of all young ladies, so their education can mold them into fine, intellectual women. Her work influenced others, "Enlightenment ideals of reason and equality, women such as Annis Boudinot Stockton Judith Sargent Murray, Susanna Rowson, and Hannah Webster Foster wrote works exploring women's rights as citizens." (Beginnings to 1820). Adams helped spread the awareness that women have the right to do all a male could do in their time. From a political sense to an equal stance next to their male counterpart, Abigail Adams helped pave the wave to a different mindset.

What explicit assumption of Americans is this poem working actively to dispel? Africans cannot write poetry Africans are not intelligent. Women cannot write poetry. Africans cannot be Christians.

Africans cannot be Christians.

Module 3- Explain Franklin's overall thought relayed to Samuel Mather, Cotton Mather's son, concerning his earlier visit to Cotton Mather (referring to "stoop" comment). Be sure to consider the parties at play at the time, as well as the religious thoughts and feelings of the time for both men in your post. Franklin wrote to Samuel Mather: "I often think of it when I see pride mortified, and misfortunes brought upon people by their carrying their heads too high."

After reading the article and finding out Mather had warned Franklin from injuring himself, I was shocked, to say the least. Franklin had previously attacked Cotton and his father through his essays, plenty of times. Franklin being a rebel and libertine, Cotton and his father being both puritan men related to the Church. Though, through it all, Franklin had respect for the Mathers. The stoop comment Franklin speaks about, referrers back to the time he had visited Cotton Mather's Library. After enjoying their love for books, while leaving, Mather began to warn Franklin of the upcoming stoop in his path. Confused as to why he was yelling "stoop!" Franklin couldn't help but hit his head on the low beam. This is where the "stoop" comment comes in play, "I often think of it when I see pride mortified, and misfortunes brought upon people by their carrying their heads too high". What I take from this, those who are obnoxiously prideful are the ones with an unfortunate life. They are too arrogant that they either ignore the danger in front of them or too ignorant to see.

In The Wonders of the Invisible World [The Trial of Martha Carrier], who was Allin Toothaker?

Allin Toothaker was another of Martha Carrier's victims but also her son, Richard, seemed to be involved. It was claimed Richard pulled down by Allin's hair, trying to fight back, he was pulled back down and was not able to lift his limbs. Ultimately, he was not able to fight back. Though, when he raised back up Martha herself rose from his breasts.

Why were American authors undervalued by literary critics in the early twentieth century? American literature had not developed any lasting traditions. American literature was not taught at the university level. American authors were generally amateur and not professional writers. American authors had not published work of literary merit.

American literature was not taught at the university level.

Module 5- "The Forgotten Founding Father - Chief Canassatego." What new facts did you learn about the Native American influence on our "Founding Fathers" as they are typically referred (the European ones)? How were they influenced by the Native Americans? What interesting fact might you have learned about our American currency? Discuss the information that was presented in this video. Include your personal thoughts about why this may/may not have been taught to you throughout your earlier education (K-12). Also, include your personal thoughts about the validity of this information.

An interesting fact I learned was just how involved the Native Americans, specifically the Iroquois tribe, were in writing the Declaration of Independence and the creation of our current government. There is a missing 'founding father', Canasatego, who was also a chief and spokesman for the Iroquois confederacy. He was the one who informed the early founding fathers of just how disorganized our country was at the time. He encouraged them to take on the Iroquois model of organization, or their form of government, which was an egalitarian federalist republic. This would indeed be the government they chose to pursue. During the meeting between the Iroquois and founding father council members, Canasatego gave Benjamin Franklin one arrow as a gift. Benjamin accepted the gift, but Canasatgeo snatched it back and proceeded to break it over his knee. He then reached behind him and gave Bejanmin a bundle of thirteen arrows, which could not be broken. This was to symbolize the 13 colonies and how they would be united and, in turn, less likely to break under the pressure of the British. So, Native Americans played a huge role in the deciding of our government that we still use today, with our founding fathers taking inspiration from the Iroquois. An interesting fact about our American currency is the presence of the bundle of thirteen arrows on every dollar. The arrows appear in the Eagle's right claw, paying homage to the famous meeting that led to the establishing of the Declaration of Independence. Now the validity of this information can, of course, be questioned since all we have are reports of the situations and drawings. No one will ever know specifically and with a hundred percent certainty just what happened at this time. We have to have faith in our ancestors that what they have written is accurate.

After reading Anne Bradstreet's biographical information in the textbook, explain why her poem "Before the Birth of One of Her Children" seems rather melancholy in tone, rather than what would normally be a joyous occasion. Be sure to include one or two specific references of this melancholy tone in the poem.

Anne Bradstreet believed she was to die during childbirth, "And when thou feel'st no grief, as I no harms, Yet love thy dead, who long lay in thine arms. And when thy loss shall be repaid with gains Look to my little babes, my dear remains" (Before the Birth of One of Her Children. 19-22). She wrote this poem ready for those around her so when she passed they would have this for acceptance and closure. When writing the poem Bradstreet was convinced she was to die and was getting prepared, "But with death's parting blow is sure to meet. The sentence past is most irrevocable, A common thing, yet oh, inevitable" (Before the Birth of One of Her Children. 4-6).

In lines 21-36 in the poem, "Here Follows Some Verses upon the Burning of Our House, July 10th, 1666," Bradstreet seems to be walking by the ruins at some later point after the fire has consumed her house. How does Bradstreet feel as she walks by? What material items does she miss in particular? Do you recognize the Biblical allusion in the phrase "all's vanity"? What does that mean? Be sure to address each question.

Anne Bradstreet feels sorrow and sadness as she walks through the ruins of her home. She speaks of her trunk and chest which held her valuables, missing them the most. She introduces " Adieu, Adieu, all's vanity" in line 36, meaning however valuable it was to her it was all material. At the end of the day, all that mattered was her and her family and their faith in God.

Module 2- Both Anne Bradstreet and Mary Rowlandson were pious Puritan women (wives and mothers). Both women also went through trials in their lives as seen through the readings in this module. What do you interpret to be the purpose and value of their suffering, as seen through the mind of a Puritan woman? Discuss one or both and her suffering situation as stated in the literature selection, and expound on what the Puritan ideas are related to the purpose and value of suffering.

Anne Bradstreet suffered tremendously from childhood to adulthood, from disease to her house burning down. Her suffering made her realize that the all mighty God placed her in that path, her divine plan. The poet's belief in God allowed her to fully heartedly put her faith in him, even of her past doubt. It was her own miracle as she survived rheumatic fever as a kid, and the burning of her house with her own family. No matter how hard the situations she went through, God was there to give her strength and rid her of her sorrow.

In a paragraph of 4-5 sentences, explain who Logan was and his significance in early American history.

Chief Logan was thought to be mysterious as his origins were unknown, a Mingo for either Oneida or Cayuga background. It all began by a brief war provoked by Lord Dunmore to seize Native Lands. This ultimately led to the Yellow Creek Massacre which ended with nine scalped Indians and his pregnant sister being mutilated. Logan had sent a message through John Gibson after being invited to attend a treaty meeting with Dunmore himself. This message eventually transformed into a speech, "Logan's Lament", which is known as a famous illustration of Indian Oratory.

What term does Emerson use to describe man's creation of beauty? Art Philosophy Sprit Nature

Art

What personal challenges did Anne Bradstreet endure during her young adulthood? Include at least three in your answer.

As a child, Anne Bradstreet fell sick with rheumatic fever which affected her life with severe periods of fatigue and joint pain. Marrying young she had to deal with the constant separation of her and her husband as his work involved him to travel. Lastly, in 1666 Bradstreet's home caught fire which left her and her family with little to nothing as all her meaningful possession were all gone. Though she left all her hurt and faith with God.

Who was responsible for helping Wheatley begin her education? What was Wheatley's early home life like? Include details about her early life as is stated in the textbook.

As a young girl, Philis Wheatley was brought on a slave ship to Boston, Massachusetts. There she was purchased by her future owner, John Wheatley, to be a personal servant for his wife. Susanna Wheatley, the wife, began to teach Philis to read and write eventually learning Latin writings and more. Mrs. Wheatley knew at the time her servant was highly intelligent. Philis was eventually introduced to a circle of enlightened Boston Christians, where the idea of keeping slaves was incompatible with the Christian life.

Read Thomas Paine's biographical information on pages 337-339. In a good paragraph of at least 5 sentences, explain Thomas Paine's influence in the American Revolution and ultimately America's independence.

As a young man Thomas Paine has always supported the Revolution who ultimately became an influential 18th-century writer. Although quite brilliant, growing up he had limited resources mainly due to his society. This caused him to create a mindset of a new social order to arise. Paine began to attempt to organize labor many times, though, failed tremendously. Eventually, he became a journalist and anonymously wrote his greatest work, Common Sense, after previous unsuccessful publishing's. In his writing, he urged freedom and complete independence from Britain. Common sense had a great impact due to it creating an uproar of emotions, to separate from the mother country.

Although the Pilgrims were religiously motivated to relocate to the "New World," discuss why this was not the only factor involved in their decision to set sail.

As pilgrims set sail to a new beginning, it was known they were religiously motivated to leave the motherland. To practice religious freedom was their main interest. However, English investors also knew their migration was not only spiritual but also commercial.

Where did Columbus initially believe he'd landed when he first sighted what is now modern-day Cuba? Virginia China India Brazil

China

Who is the explicit audience of this short poem? African Americans Christians Americans Wheatley's father

Christians

Possibly, the biggest introduction of slavery was begun by Columbus when he first decided to capture Natives upon landing in the "New World" for the first time. According to the "Introduction" in the textbook, what is the origination of the word "slave"? In addition, how did this first act of Columbus' decision to enslave Natives result in future instances of race-based slavery? Write 3-4 sentences explaining this historical evolution of slavery in your own words.

As the textbook states, "The word "slave" derives from "Slav," which refers to speakers of Slavic languages, in central and eastern Europe; many Slavs were taken as property by Spanish Muslims in the ninth century." (Beginnings to 1820). Columbus first chose to enslave the Natives found in the New World. As he brought them back to start a slave market many of the slaves began to die due to their weak immune systems. It was then that the transportation of African slaves became popular as they could withstand the new environments they were forced into. Race-based slavery began as African slaves were favored over Native slaves.

At what point in the poem does Bradstreet introduce spiritual concerns and ideas about the afterlife? What is the relationship between her passion for her husband and her commitment to a Puritan ideal of a union with God?

At the end of her poem, Bradstreet speaks about their death and hopes even after dying their love for each other will still exist. There is a strong division between her husband and God as marriage ends at death. "Thy love is such I can no way repay; The heavens reward thee manifold, I pray." (To My Dear and Loving Husband. 9, 10). She did, however, follow a wife's role of being subordinate to her husband.

Where is it understood that Christopher Columbus first landed in 1492?

Bahamas

In The Wonders of the Invisible World [The Trial of Martha Carrier], who were Benjamin and Sarah Abbot?

Benjamin Abbot was a victim that Martha Carrier cursed seeing as he laid land next to her husband's. Carrier was angered and then Mr. Abbott turned ill, near death's door he began to heal once Carrier was arrested. His wife, Sarah Abbott, claimed the witch also killed their cattle as it was the only "rational" excuse as to why they died.

Which of the following people joined Jefferson on the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence? George Washington Benjamin Franklin Samuel Prescott James Monroe

Benjamin Franklin

As the textbook states, what was Benjamin Franklin's experience with slavery?

Benjamin Franklin believed in personal experience and was not only known for his ambitions but also for his open mindset. There were plenty of views concerning slavery, the production side of things or if it was just downright inhumane. A large number of white men, or anybody who could afford them, owned slaves. Benjamin Franklin was one of those men for part of his life. That is until he embraced antislavery views "'and in 1787 became the president of the first abolitionist organization in the United States." (Beginnings to 1820).

Which city does Thomas Paine use as an example of the grievous harm the British have already inflicted on the colonies? Boston New York Philadelphia Charleston

Boston

Since Anne Bradstreet is known to have been a pious Puritan, why is the poem "A Letter to her Husband, Absent upon Public Employment" unlike one that would be expected from a Puritan wife and mother? What lines include some "worldly" or intimate details that might not be expected?

Bradstreet first started the poem as she did "To My Dear Loving Husband" meaning she and her husband are one. Though further along, she speaks of his physical touch as he no longer warms her cold limbs. "Whom whilst I 'joy'd, nor storms, nor frosts I felt, His warmth such frigid colds did cause to melt. My chilled limbs now nummed lye forlorn;.." (A Letter to her Husband, absent upon Publick employment. 9-11). She also speaks of their children that she 'bore' from his 'heat',"In this dead time, alas, what can I more Then view those fruits which through thy heat I bore?" (A Letter to her Husband, absent upon Publick employment. 13, 14). This was unusual as copulation between husband and wife is natural, though speaking about it was unexpected.

How does the speaker describe her relationship with her husband? What aspects of her feelings does she seem to emphasize?

Bradstreet speaks only of love in this poem, either from her husband to her, vice versa, or their love together. Due to their marriage, they become one as a whole as stated in "If ever two were one, then surely we. If ever man were loved by wife, then thee. If ever wife was happy in a man.." (To My Dear and Loving Husband, Bradstreet). She's a happy wife and he a happy husband.

Explain how Anne Bradstreet uses references to the sun, seasons, and the zodiac signs to represent her feelings about her husband's extended absence as written in her poem, "A Letter to her Husband, Absent upon Public Employment." Be sure to include specific references to the poem and explain those references in your own words.

Bradstreet utilizes the sun, seasons, and zodiac as a concept of time while seasons pass and they are apart from each other. She also compares the sun to her husband, as he is the light and warmth to her world. "I like the earth this season, mourn in black, My Sun is gone so far in's Zodiack, Whom whilst I 'joy'd, nor storms, nor frosts I felt, His warmth such frigid colds did cause to melt" (A Letter to her Husband, absent upon Publick employment. 7-10). While he is gone "so far" in the "Zodiack" so is her happiness as she loves her husband dearly.

In Paine's Common Sense, which of the following is NOT a reason provided by the proponents of a union between England and America? England has protected America as one of her colonies. America must rely on Great Britain for future happiness. Britain is America's sole ally on the European continent. Britain is the parent of the America and unites the colonies.

Britain is America's sole ally on the European continent.

How did the lives of Native Americans change in the nineteenth century after the American Revolution? Also, who was Tecumseh, and what role did he play?

By the nineteenth century, Native American affairs worsened as several eastern tribes sided with the British. After their loss in the Revolution, tension between the natives and the Americans were at high stakes for 'the betrayal'. Tribes were forced into reservations. Tired of the pressure the Americans placed on them Shawnee leader, Tecumseh, allied with the British in the war of 1812 that ultimately lead to his death by American forces. Indian removal was debated, though, never fell through.

Wheatley makes one allusion to the Old Testament in the poem. To whom in the Old Testament does Wheatley refer? Cain Ruth Moses Adam

Cain

In The Wonders of the Invisible World [The Trial of Martha Carrier], what did John Rogger and Samuel Preston accuse Carrier of doing wrong?

Carrier had apparently used threatening words against John Rogger, once this occurred his cattle were unexpectedly bewitched. The same with Samuel Preston saying about two years before, after an encounter with Martha, he lost his cattle in a peculiar manner. A month later, another encounter with Carrier it was said she spoke of the last cow he lost and it would not be long until he lost another. It was strange to him as his cow was healthy, though it unexpectedly died.

According to Emerson, all of the uses of the world can be divided into which four categories? Spirit, Wisdom, Intelligence, and Beauty Nature, Soul, Beauty, and Art Commodity, Beauty, Language, and Discipline Philosophy, Beauty, Idealism, and Faith

Commodity, Beauty, Language, and Discipline

How did the native populations of the Caribbean islands first react to Columbus and his fellow sailors? They screamed along the beach hoping to scare the Europeans away. They attacked the ships with bows and arrows from their canoes. They fled and hid so Columbus could not make contact with them. They set fire to their villages so the Europeans could not raid them.

Correct! They fled and hid so Columbus could not make contact with them.*

Identify Cotton Mather's grandfathers (2), and his father, and why each man was important. How did their success affect Cotton Mather's life, career, and livelihood?

Cotton Mather's father was Increase Mather, a prominent minister and president of Harvard College from 1685 to 1701. His grandfathers were John Cotton and Richard Mather, leading ministers in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. They both published consistently in many categories like theology, church polity, history, and natural sciences. Due to their inspiring works and impressive resumes, it was hard for Cotton Mather to live up to their accomplishments growing up and continue their legacy. Due to all this pressure, he suffered from nervous disorders his whole life which would lead to the occasional chaotic behavior. Though he may have not worked in most of the subjects the other males did, he excelled in science and writing.

In the Introduction of the textbook, what are some positive and negative insights J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur provides concerning the new America in his 1782 book Letters from an American Farmer? Write your answer in 2-3 sentences.

Crevecoeur's work, Letters from an American Farmer, gave great insight in the way that the new America was a melting pot of many ethnicities and cultures compared to the old world. Many fled to begin a new start as the strict motherland oppressed their beliefs. His description of what an American was given a positive way to describe what a blank slate settlers had, to create a better lifestyle.

How did Emerson view slavery and women's rights? How did he seek to make his views known?

Emerson detested slavery, in 1855 he attacked slavery at Boston's Tremont Temple. As for women's rights, he was in favor of women's equality so they could be free like a man. Emerson deeply supported this movement, he spoke at a convention for women's rights to vote and hold property like men. And to also enter schools as freely as a church.

For what reason did Emerson write Nature? What was its premise?

Emerson felt that nature had a deep influence on humans, the poem was written to describe its effect on us. He writes of nature being unappreciated even though it offers plenty to humanity. He considers we are too distracted by insignificant matters to truly give nature the time of day it deserves. Emerson believes to truly understand the total impact nature has, and to appreciate it, we must separate ourselves from distractions in our world.

Who were the "Transcendentalists," and for what reason/purpose did they create this group?

Emerson himself was friends with the Transcendentalists, a group of people that met up in his library. These people, mostly ministers, shared a similar belief as they rejected the views of John Locke. This philosopher believed that the mind was a merely passive receptor of sense impressions. This created an alternative concept of thought in Samuel Coleridge and other Romantic's, that the mind itself was intensely intuitive and creative. The Transcendentalists themself even created a journal, "The Dial", edited by Emerson and two other members Fuller, and Thoreau. The group consisted of Bronson Alcott, Orestes A. Brownson, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, Margaret Fuller, Theodore Parker, and Henry David Thoreau.

According to Thoreau's philosophy, why is it a misfortune for a man to become a farmer or to inherit a farm? Farming requires too much work, so man is unable to have enough time to think and develop his mind. Farms are worth only the land on which they are located, so farmers are often cash-poor and struggle to survive. Farming is an unreliable occupation, so there is much uncertainty surrounding a farmer's income. Farms are located in rural areas, so farmers do not have access to the culture that a city can provide.

Farming requires too much work, so man is unable to have enough time to think and develop his mind.

In The Wonders of the Invisible World [The Trial of Martha Carrier], who were other possible witches and what did these ladies claim about Carrier?

Foster confessed she also partook in witchcraft and she had seen the prisoner at some of their witch-meetings. She claimed Carrier persuaded her to become a witch. Two women named Lacy also confessed to engaging in witchcraft, partaking in witch-meetings in Salem Village. The first Lacy enticed by the snare of the Devil.

How does Franklin become the sole owner of his own printing press? Franklin's brother, James, dies and leaves his business to Benjamin. Governor Keith personally grants Franklin the funds to start the business. His father relents and loans Franklin the money to start his business. Franklin buys out his printing partner who wants to return to farming.

Franklin buys out his printing partner who wants to return to farming.

Why does Franklin submit his first articles for his brother's newspaper anonymously? Franklin is too embarrassed to ask his brother to print the articles. Franklin knows his brother will think he is too young to write well. Franklin doesn't want Bostonians to know he is writing the articles. Franklin thinks asking his brother to print the articles is nepotism.

Franklin knows his brother will think he is too young to write well.

What happens to Franklin's relationship with Miss Read? She marries someone else and has seven children; they remain friends. They part bitterly when he sails for England, and he never sees her again. Franklin marries her after she has been separated from her first husband. She contracts smallpox and dies while Franklin is working in England.

Franklin marries her after she has been separated from her first husband.

After two years working for the family business as a candle- and soap-maker, Franklin is apprenticed to his older brother James as a printer. Why does Franklin's father apprentice him to the printing trade? Since Franklin's brother was a printer, it was an inexpensive option. It is a more financially reliable option than candle-making It is a more professional option than soap-making. Franklin shows a great aptitude for reading.

Franklin shows a great aptitude for reading

What did Winthrop believe would happen if the Puritan community in America failed to live up to its ideals? God would insist the community return to England. God would send them another savior for guidance. God would send them to a new land to try again. God would punish them harshly for their failure.

God would punish them harshly for their failure.

In the poem "On the Religion of Nature," what evidence do you see of Freneau's religious beliefs? Include at least one example as evidence in your answer.

Freneau believes religion is not based on God and the Church, but in nature itself. This could be supported by, ``That power of nature, ever blessed, Bestowed religion with the rest" (On the Religion of Nature. 5,6). He points out there is no mystery or special revelation in nature, unlike the Church. Freneau also determines heaven is not an ethereal place where God resides, but the tangible nature on Earth itself, "And from this source would nations know all that can make their heaven below" (On the Religion of Nature. 17,18).

In the poem "The Indian Burying Ground," how does Freneau characterize the difference between how Indians and Europeans are buried? How does this relate to each group's (stereotypical) beliefs about the afterlife? *Be sure to read the footnote in the text before answering.

Freneau brings light to the traditional customs most North American Indians partake in once they lose one of their own. It is said the Indians bury their dead in a seated position, compared to the Europeans who lay their dead to rest for eternal sleep. The former culture also adorns the body and its grave with whatever their position was while alive. For example, a fallen warrior would be furnished with bows, arrows, and other weapons. Although Freneau did not believe in the afterlife, the natives did as they prepared the dead to reunite with nature. All in all, Freneau believed, despite the differences, the Native American culture and beliefs should still be respected.

In the poem "On the Religion of Nature," who are the "Sophists" and what does Freneau think of them? Why?

Freneau thought of the sophists, the religious denominations with many classifications, to be narcissistic. As teachers of philosophy, they believed in heaven and other beliefs were flawed. This opposed Freneau's belief entirely as he thought heaven was not a transcendental realm, but found on Earth.

What was Freneau's vision that appeared throughout many of his writings?

Freneau was extremely supportive of the American Revolution, known as "the poet of the American Revolution". He and another, Brackenridge, composed, "On the Rising Glory of America", which was read at the commencement. This allows the insight of Freneau's vision, an excellent future where America could succeed in its dream of becoming its own and bettering itself for the people.

What was Sagoyewathe's (Red Jacket's) Native perspective on the colonization efforts of Europeans as stated in 1805? Explain in your own words in a good paragraph of 4+ sentences.

From a native perspective, Seneca orator Sagoyewatha gave his address to missionary Jacob Cram. He spoke of his forefathers who were first to own 'the great land', the great spirit had made seats only for them as "their seats extended from the rising to the setting sun" (Beginnings to 1820). Red Jacket then spoke of the arrival of Cram's forefather, as they came to pursue and enjoy their religion freely and from fear of their mainland. The natives took pity on them and helped them survive and live on their lands. It wasn't until the foreigners decided to take more of their lands and introduced them to alcohol were it became a negative impact. Sagoyewatha also decided to speak of religion, from the forcing of Christianity on the natives to the many types of Christianity the Europeans had.

According to Bradford, what did the Pilgrims use to sustain them in their trials upon their arrival on Cape Cod? fresh water and a safe harbor God and His abundant grace thousands of wild turkeys memories of family in Holland

God and His abundant grace

If He is so wrathful, why doesn't God smite the wicked now instead of waiting? God is waiting for some sign that people believe in Christ, but he is ever ready to smite those who turn out not to believe. God has a particular date in mind for everyone, and won't move it forward or backward because of any of people's actions. Most wicked have not yet crossed the threshold of grievances that God tallies up before deciding whom to smite and whom to spare. God is essentially patient and kind, and does not smite just anybody without good reason determined at the end of one's life.

God is waiting for some sign that people believe in Christ, but he is ever ready to smite those who turn out not to believe.

What is the only alleviation in God's anger that people can expect? God's wrath will be lessened for all Christians. God's wrath will be mitigated by people's prayer. God's wrath will end when the world ends. God's wrath will only be what justice requires.

God's wrath will only be what justice requires.

Why is Edwards giving this sermon, if everyone is in such mortal peril from God's wrath? He has diagnosed our peril and wants to prepare us for what is coming in hell. He believes we must make monetary offerings in the form of tithing to appease God's wrath. He believes if we journey westward into the wilderness, we can escape God's wrath. He believes we must be awoken to our peril so that we may experience conversion.

He believes we must be awoken to our peril so that we may experience conversion.

What point did Jefferson make about slavery in his first draft of the Declaration? He claimed that British authorities were hampering the American economy by restricting the slave trade. He insisted that slavery would be central to the economy of any independent American government. He clarified that he did not intend to include African Americans in the statement "all men are created equal." He complained that the king had imposed the slave system on American colonists against their wishes.

He complained that the king had imposed the slave system on American colonists against their wishes.

After building his house and cultivating a few crops, why does Thoreau ultimately leave Walden Pond? The land on which he is squatting was sold. He is offered a professorship at Harvard. He decides it is time to lead other lives. He is placed in jail for failing to pay his taxes.

He decides it is time to lead other lives.

How does John Smith avoid execution when he's first captured by the Native Americans? He impresses the natives with his ability to use a compass to describe the world. He distracts the natives with the weapons in his canoe and thereby escapes undetected. He informs the natives that they will be decimated by the settlers if he is murdered. He offers his captors beads and swords which he had brought for trading.

He impresses the natives with his ability to use a compass to describe the world.

What does the narrator of "Rip Van Winkle" describe as "the great error in Rip's composition"? He enjoys gossiping with other townspeople. He loves liquor and is frequently drunk. He is unwilling to work for monetary profit. He is subservient to his wife, Dame Van Winkle.

He is unwilling to work for monetary profit.

How did Franklin learn to write well? He read the Spectator. He read the Bible in two languages. His writing improved through peer review. He first learned French, Latin, and Greek.

He read the Spectator.

How does Thomas Paine refute the idea that there is more materially to be gained by staying with Britain than by revolting against it? He shows how British wars with other European countries hurt American trade in Europe. He predicts that the British will destroy the American economic infrastructure as revenge. He points out how much British laws have stifled American agricultural trade in Europe. He decries how American currency is based on Britain's currency, which causes inflation.

He shows how British wars with other European countries hurt American trade in Europe.

What does Crèvecoeur's narrator do when he encounters a slave being tortured? He reports it as a crime. He walks away. He helps the slave escape. He kills the slave.

He walks away.

How was Columbus able to take possession of the islands he encountered on his first voyage to the Western Hemisphere?

He wrote a charter that stated the islands belonged to Spain and forced the island's rulers to sign it. He sent a platoon of armed sailors to force the islanders into submission to the Spanish crown. He bartered with the islanders with beads and mirrors in exchange for rights to the islands' lands. Correct! He found no opposition from the islanders upon his landings, so he simply claimed the islands for Spain.*

Once Rip tells the townspeople what happened to him, they consult old Peter Vanderdonk, who confirms that the Kaatskills are haunted. Whom does Peter name as the Dutch explorer who periodically appears in the mountains? Hendrick Hudson Peter Minuit Petrus Stuyvesant Willem Verhulst

Hendrick Hudson

Did Anne Bradstreet conform to her Puritan faith wholly? Why or why not? Explain Bradstreet's thoughts about the Puritan religion and her faith.

Her faith was not always wholly as she did have times of doubt. Thought, she confirmed her beliefs wholeheartedly the moment her house burned down. She allowed God to take her entirely to remove the sorrow and was grateful for all he's given her as it was all a 'divine plan'.

According to Smith, what did President Edward Maria Wingfield, the first leader of the Jamestown colony, do with the food supply for the settlers? Offer the supplies to the native population as gifts Hoard most of the supplies for his personal use Distribute all supplies equally to the colonists Return the supplies to England because they had spoiled

Hoard most of the supplies for his personal use

Why does humanity need Nature, according to Thoreau? Nature provides the raw materials needed to live in civilization. Nature present scientific and medical breakthroughs to sustain humanity. With the expansion of population, people will need more land to cultivate. Humanity must be refreshed and renewed by the sights in nature.

Humanity must be refreshed and renewed by the sights in nature.

In your own words, summarize Anne Bradstreet's feelings about her husband in her poem, "To My Dear Loving Husband." Be sure to use specific references to the poem in your answer.

I do believe Anne Bradstreet deeply loved her husband, as she said: "My love is such that rivers cannot quench, Nor ought but love from thee give recompense" (To My Dear and Loving Husband, Bradstreet). This poem was dedicated to him which went deep in her feelings about how dear he was to her. She compares his love to her to "whole mines of gold, Or all the riches that the East doth hold", meaning between all the money of the world, she will always choose his love (To My Dear and Loving Husband, Bradstreet).

How was Cotton Mather involved in the natural sciences?

In 1713, Mather earned the election of London's prestigious Royal Society, an organization founded to promote scientific investigation of the natural world. His later works dealt with a medical digest, taking a public stand in advocating vaccination during Boston's smallpox epidemic from 1721-1722.

What was the main reason that Cotton Mather remained in his father's shadow for much of his adult life? Why was not well suited to follow in his father's footsteps as a Puritan minister? As a result, what did he do instead?

In connection to the previous discussion, Cotton Mather suffered from a stutter which prevented him to excel in certain positions his father held. His father alone had such an impressive life with a large number of accomplishments, which in the long run strained his relationship with his own son. Despite Cotton's efforts, he wasn't as well known in politics like his father. He instead turned his attention to science and medicine, which became his own grand feat. Though later on, he did become his father's assistant pastor at Boston's Second Church.

In Bradstreet's poem, "Here Follows Some Verses upon the Burning of Our House, July 10th, 1666," contrast her first reaction (lines 7-10) and her second reaction (lines 11-15) concerning the burning of her house. How were her two reactions different?

In her first reaction in lines 7-10, her heart cried out to God and asked for strength in her time of distress. And to aid in her new journey now that all she's had is gone before her eyes. In her second reaction, she blessed his name as God was the one that gave her everything she ever had to begin with. At first, she was devastated that all her things were gone but Bradstreet remembered who let this happen and it was part of her journey. God is the only one that can give and take.

Does the poem successfully balance Bradstreet's love for her husband and her love of God? Can you see her struggle to do so?

In this poem, Bradstreet only spoke of God as she hoped he would reward her husband for his love to her, "Thy love is such I can no way repay; The heavens reward thee manifold, I pray." (To My Dear and Loving Husband. 9, 10). She spoke little of her love of God, as her focal point was her love for her husband. There was a struggle to introduce her love of God in her poem, though it was dedicated to her husband and their love.

How did Columbus finally learn that he'd landed on an island instead of in China? Columbus sails around the entire coastline of Juana and realizes it is an island. One of the Catayo natives rows out to Columbus's ship to tell him where he is. Islanders from other Caribbean islands inform him of the geography of the area. Columbus is able to find the island listed under a different name in the ship's atlas.

Islanders from other Caribbean islands inform him of the geography of the area.

Which of the following is NOT a reason Franklin became a vegetarian? He could save money on groceries and board in rented residences. Eating vegetables helped him to think more clearly and effectively. It allowed him to avoid family arguments about his diet. It was quicker than preparing meats and he could eat quickly.

It allowed him to avoid family arguments about his diet.

According to Edwards, what is the pace of redemption during the Great Awakening? The pace of redemption is the same across all time It is about the same as the Pilgrims' era. It is slowing down and losing momentum. It is accelerating and nearing its end

It is accelerating and nearing its end

Emerson is largely known for his works entitled Nature and "Self-Reliance." Based on these writings, what fact is interesting regarding his father's career, as well as his own matching career for a short time? Be sure to include specifics about the careers, as well as the contrasting ideas of these two major works of literature. Also, what caused the contrasting ideas? Be sure to write a good, detailed paragraph of 5-6 sentences.

It is known, transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson was briefly a paster, later on becoming ordained. His father was a unitarian minister, though never strayed from his path like his son. Emerson gradually changed his beliefs during a spiritual crisis after his wife's death, soon resigning from his pastoral position. His poem, "Nature", is dedicated to the importance of spiritually being connected with nature itself. This is vastly different from his past career, as one is dealing with spiritually being connected to something other than a religion. His essay, "Self- Reliance", is also drastically distinct as he promotes self-individuality and evading conformity. Both of his pieces both contradict his previous beliefs as they elude praising something other than God's word, or to believe in our own thoughts. To oppose other people's views and to not assimilate into society. "Nature" implores 'becoming one with nature' and that all should do this, to appreciate its beauty. However "Self- Reliance" speaks of individualism and to follow our own thoughts and ideas.

Which of the following descriptions best describes de Crèvecoeur's attitude toward slavery? It is repugnant but necessary institution since it creates great wealth in the southern colonies. It is a regrettable practice that should be ended by Great Britain because it is ineffective and expensive. It is a benign practice that provides white slaveholders with labor and slaves with religion and protection. It is unnatural and cruel to remove people from their homes and enslave them with violence.

It is unnatural and cruel to remove people from their homes and enslave them with violence.

Which of the following best describes Transcendentalism as a literary movement? It was a shared interest among a group of writers in reaffirming traditional Christian beliefs through careful examination of the Bible. It was a loose affiliation of writers interested in promoting American industrial growth and territorial expansion through unfettered capitalism. It was a shared belief among a group of writers in the creative powers of the individual mind and the need to question established institutions and traditions. It was a unified movement of writers committed to reviving British literary traditions, particularly neoclassical poetic forms and Shakespearian plays.

It was a shared belief among a group of writers in the creative powers of the individual mind and the need to question established institutions and traditions.

According to the narrator, where was the manuscript of "Rip Van Winkle" discovered? It was discovered in the posthumous papers of Diedrich Knickerbocker. It was discovered in an eighteenth-century student's copybook. It was discovered in a letter sent by Dame Van Winkle to her son. It was discovered in the New York City Library's attic.

It was discovered in the posthumous papers of Diedrich Knickerbocker.

In The Wonders of the Invisible World [The Trial of Martha Carrier], what offenses did the alleged "victims" say that Martha Carrier committed upon them?

It was said, Martha Carrier bit, pinched, pocked or choked her victims. That her shape committed witchcraft by torturing these people. Once she stood in front of them she tormented them bad enough they anticipated their death. She was also accused of twisting their neck nearly all the way around.

How did the influential twentieth-century literary critic F. O. Matthiessen characterize the writing of American authors from the 1830s to the 1850s? It was seen as a literary Renaissance It was seen as an intellectual Civil War. It was seen as a cultural Trojan Horse. It was seen as an American Waterloo.

It was seen as a literary Renaissance

How did most American literary nationalists of the mid-nineteenth century characterize the relationship between American and British literature? It was seen as an isolationist relationship, in which both forms of literature focused only on themselves and ignored the other one. It was seen as an adversarial relationship, in which both literary cultures were in competition with one another. It was seen as a sibling relationship, in which both forms of literature informed and influenced each other. It was seen as a hierarchical relationship, in which British literature set standards that American literature attempted to achieve.

It was seen as a sibling relationship, in which both forms of literature informed and influenced each other.

Which of the following does Crèvecoeur's narrator NOT name in his accounting of "all nations" that are "melted into a new race of men" in America? French Irish Italian Dutch

Italian

What United States president was Freneau's college roommate and friend? George Washington Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson James Madison

James Madison

What purpose does language have in relation to Nature, according to Emerson in Chapter IV? Language, like art, is a creation of the soul to represent nature. Language is the vehicle by which nature is symbolized in words to reveal the spirit. Language is the part of the soul that describes nature in a physical form. Language exists somewhere between the soul and nature but cannot be defined.

Language is the vehicle by which nature is symbolized in words to reveal the spirit.

Compare the last two stanzas of Freneau's "On the Religion of Nature" to Jonathan Edwards' "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God." What stark contrast is revealed between the two schools of thought?

Jonathan Edwards' "Sinner in the Hands of an Angry God" is based on a sermon during the Great Awakening. He believes to be saved and live an eternal life one must believe in God. Also, Edwards deems "all should fear His wrath and judgment", as they should worship the Lord and not to succumb to the devils wishes. This contrasts with the belief Freneau thinks strongly of, that having faith in God or having no religion does not cause one to be damned. He believes nothing dooms mankind to "hell" and the truth could be found in nature as a religion.

According to Jefferson, who is primarily responsible for the wrongs and injustices the American colonists were experiencing in the 1770s? King George III of England King Louis XVI of France the British Parliament the British judiciary system

King George III of England

As Thoreau describes his process of building his house, he makes several comparisons between the shelters built by civilized society and the shelters built by primitive societies. In Thoreau's estimation, what is the most surprising factor about shelters in civilized society? Builders in civilized societies add more decorative elements to their homes. The homes in civilized society are larger than those in a primitive society. Less than half of the families in a civilized society own their own home. Homeowners in a civilized society are less mobile than their primitive counterparts.

Less than half of the families in a civilized society own their own home.

What was the name of the major literary work written by Washington Irving that included tales such as "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow"?

Letters from an American Farmer Notes on the State of Virginia Correct! The Sketch Book* Tales of a Traveller

Why were passages censuring English citizens omitted from the final draft of the Declaration? The Congress wanted to focus on the king. English citizens had not committed any crimes. Many colonists still had English friends. The document needed to be shortened.

Many colonists still had English friends.

Although Cotton Mather wrote over 400 works, what did some of the more engaging writings concern? Why were they more popular and engaging for that time period? Explain what was going on at that time with the Puritans.

Mather's more engaging writings dealt with the Salem witchcraft trials, a high topic at this point in time. His work was popular due to his writing exemplifying the central tensions between the Puritan worldview and a quick emerging, science-based modern order.

Module 4- What is Monticello? Use these two websites (or other credible websites that you might find interesting) and explain to your classmates what Monticello is and what figure in American history is tied to this historic landmark.

Monticello is a historical landmark, a plantation, which belonged to the one and only Thomas Jefferson. Interestingly enough I have visited this site on a school trip. I can personally say not only is it massive, but also a remarkable place as it is filled with so much history. Everything in the land is refurbished to give the feel of what it was like in its former days. Monticello was Jefferson's pride in which he took his time to create a unique location to spend his days.

Which was the last colony to approve the Declaration? New York Massachusetts New Hampshire Connecticut

New York

According to Emerson, how does a person find solitude for reflection? One finds solitude by attending church. One finds solitude by going out into nature. One finds solitude by retreating to the library. One finds solitude by daydreaming.

One finds solitude by going out into nature.

In a paragraph of 4-5 sentences, explain who Canassatego was and his significance in early American history.

Onondago Indian, Canassatego, was not linked to the hereditary sachems. Though around 1740, he became a prominent negotiator of plenty of crucial treaties between the Iroquois and the English Colonies. It is said he achieved his high status due to his skills as an orator and a political tactician. With many accomplishments, Canassatego was mainly significant due to his role in negotiations with the Pennsylvania government over compensations of land in 1742. In 1744 he had a larger role in the Lancaster treaty proceedings, and at meetings in Albany and Philadelphia.

Why, according to Edwards, is God wrathful toward the Puritan people of New England? Although generally good, many of them are complacent sinners. The good people among them have been corrupted by the wicked ones. People are wicked sinners, and God's wrath is absolute and arbitrary. God is infinitely powerful, but not infinitely patient with the Puritans.

People are wicked sinners, and God's wrath is absolute and arbitrary.

In The Wonders of the Invisible World [The Trial of Martha Carrier], what strange occurrence did Phebe Chandler relay to the trial attendees?

Phebe Chandler claimed a voice she thought was Martha's declared Phebe will be poisoned in 2-3 days. Between the time period, her face and one-half of her hands became swollen and painful. Even her legs suffered, along with breast pain. She also stated whenever Martha's son, Richard, would look at her, her hand would hurt more and her stomach had a burning sensation.

For what reason did Phillis Wheatley find herself as the object of considerable public attention in her early adulthood?

Philis Wheatley could be found in the public eye as a young adult due to her poems. Her writings consisted of assorted topics, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, was published in 1773. As a child prodigy not only was she a woman and an African American, but she was also a slave. This was completely unheard of for this time.

Who did Phillis Wheatley marry, and why did the Wheatleys not like him? In addition, add in your answer how she died.

Philis Wheatly married freedman John Peters around 1778. The reason the Wheatleys opposed of the marriage was due to John petitioning for a license to sell liquor in 1784. It is said her husband could have possibly been in prison when she died as a result of debt. Philis herself perished due to illness, her ill infant son soon after.

What is the name of the first long-lived American settlement in the New World?

Plimoth Plantation Correct! Jamestown* Plymoth Rock New England

When Smith sends several native messengers to Jamestown while he is being held captive, the messengers are amazed that what Smith foretells them will happen does in fact occur. How do the messengers think Smith is able to know that will happen in the future? The paper upon which Smith writes can speak. The people of Jamestown know Smith's mind. Smith makes a fortuitous guess at circumstances. Smith is able to converse with the gods.

The paper upon which Smith writes can speak.

While Rip Van Winkle was asleep, what happened to his wife, Dame Van Winkle? She rebuilt the family farm and its fortune. She moved to New York City. She remarried one of the villagers. She died shortly before Rip awoke.

She died shortly before Rip awoke.

In a paragraph of 4-5 sentences, explain who Pontiac was and his significance in early American history.

Pontiac was born near present-day Detroit, between lakes Erie and Huron, around 1720- 1769 as an Ottawa Indian. On April 27, 1763, He gave a speech to an assembly of Ottawa, Huron, and Pottawatomie leaders. Pontiac endorsed Delaware prophet's, Neolin, vision to abandon European customs and return to traditional Native customs. This led him to organize a "conspiracy" towards the British as he ultimately gave a speech to persuade other tribes to join the resistance movement.

The invention of the ___________________ became a major driving force in leading the European expansion in the Americas.

Printing- press

Why were there few professional American writers before the Civil War? Readers were more interested in reading British and European texts, so there was no market for American writers. Writing was not considered a prestigious career and women were especially discouraged from becoming authors. American authors preferred to write as a hobby, rather than as a contracted professional, to preserve their artistic integrity. Publishers were reluctant to pay American writers when they could publish pirated European texts more cheaply.

Publishers were reluctant to pay American writers when they could publish pirated European texts more cheaply.

In The Wonders of the Invisible World [The Trial of Martha Carrier], who was Martha Carrier?

Puritan woman, Martha Carrier, was indicted for bewitching a certain amount of people and pleaded not guilty during her trial. Though her own children convicted her of being a witch, as she taught them her way. The devil had promised her she would be the Queen of Hebrews. She was later executed by hanging as she was declared a witch.

How is Dame Van Winkle characterized by the narrator? She is a helpmate. She is a nag. She is a victim. She is an angel.

She is a nag.

What happens shortly after the Englishman Mr. John Hoar invites the Sagamores to dinner? They let Rowlandson leave. They scalp and kill him. They bow before him. They steal from him.

They steal from him.

Which of the following best describes the narrator's sense of the role religion plays in America? America is a land of atheists, hostile to religious sects of any type. Religious indifference is prevalent, created by diffusion of congregants. Religion contributes to homogeneity among American citizens. Religious disputes continually mar the peaceful lives of Americans.

Religious indifference is prevalent, created by diffusion of congregants.

What happens to Rowlandson's eldest sister? She is captured and sold to Indians in Rhode Island. She is shot and killed during the raid on the village. She escapes from the burning house undetected. She is captured and sold to Indians in Rhode Island.

She is shot and killed during the raid on the village.

At one point during his description of God's wrath, Edwards quotes and then interprets Isaiah 63.3: "I will tread them in mine anger, and will trample them in my fury, and their blood shall be sprinkled upon my garments, and I will stain all my raiment." Which of the following is NOT one of the responses that people can expect from God according to this passage? ferocity hatred pity

pity

After returning to Spain, where does Columbus state that he intends to travel? Paris London Rome Moscow

Rome

In The Wonders of the Invisible World [The Trial of Martha Carrier], what did the devil promise to Martha Carrier? She could control the entire Puritan colony. She could be the Queen of Hebrews. She could be freed from the execution and would not die. She could rule the world along with him.

She could be the Queen of Hebrews.

Which of the following descriptions most closely characterizes Thoreau's view of solitude? Solitude is a friend. Solitude is a burden. Solitude is a teacher. Solitude is a balm for the soul.

Solitude is a friend.

Why was the contractual agreement known as the Mayflower Compact necessary? Some members of the company sought to take advantage of the fact that their charter had been for Virginia, and the ship had landed outside of that jurisdiction. Most of the Mayflower's passengers were not Pilgrims, and months of shipboard life had convinced them to seek an amendment to their previous charter. The previous charter was immediately recognized as woefully inadequate for the harsh environment and conditions of New England. The colonial governor, Winthrop Smith, had died aboard ship, and the old charter had specifically required him to be in charge.

Some members of the company sought to take advantage of the fact that their charter had been for Virginia, and the ship had landed outside of that jurisdiction.

If the colonists agree that common sense makes independence inevitable, what last argument does Thomas Paine provide why they should revolt and form a constitution immediately rather than waiting? Britain will gather her forces and crush the rebellion if they delay any longer. Public opinion in America may be forever divided without a constitution. The French might be tempted to attack the colonies if they appear vulnerable. Some unsavory or uneducated person might seize power if they do not act.

Some unsavory or uneducated person might seize power if they do not act.

How did the settlers who survived the first summer in Jamestown avoid starvation in the fall of 1607? They were given ample provisions by the local native population. They were able to harvest enough of their own food for sustenance. They received another shipment of supplies from England in the fall. They had sufficient provisions due to the reduced population.

They were given ample provisions by the local native population.

In The Wonders of the Invisible World [The Trial of Martha Carrier], who was Susanna Sheldon?

Susan Sheldon was at one of the trials when her hands were suddenly tied together with a wheelband so quickly it could not be loosened without cutting it. She claimed Carrier had done it.

What is the "Junto"? The "Junto" refers to friends of Franklin's who meet to discuss intellectual matters. The "Junto" refers to the circle of admirers who surround Governor Keith. The "Junto" refers to a group of colonial military officers who capture Pittsburg. The "Junto" refers to Franklin's fellow apprentices at the printing press.

The "Junto" refers to friends of Franklin's who meet to discuss intellectual matters.

Why did the Pilgrims originally break away from the Church of England according to William Bradford? The Church of England had become corrupt and the ministers held too much power. The Pilgrims ceased believing in Christian principles and made their own Biblical translation. The Church of England would not accept the reforms proposed by the Pilgrims. The Pilgrims did not want to live in England any longer due to its harsh climate.

The Church of England had become corrupt and the ministers held too much power.

After the American Revolution, the United States established itself through the Declaration of Independence has having independence and freedom. What contradiction to this fact existed in the American society in the late 1700s?

The Declaration of Independence spoke of equality and freedom. Although enticing, those who were white and male only had those opportunities. Society back then had women as submissive housewives. African Americans were slaves, and native Americans were seen as savages and pushed around.

What happens to the body of her six-year-old daughter Sarah after she dies of wounds and malnourishment? Rowlandson buries her by herself and is chastised for her action. Rowlandson and the Indians bury her together in a Christian ceremony. The Indians bury her in a sacred Indian burial ceremony. The Indians bury her without Rowlandson's knowledge and show her the grave.

The Indians bury her without Rowlandson's knowledge and show her the grave.

Why does Rowlandson leave the house in which she was hiding during the Indian raid? The Indians set the house on fire. She tries to escape to the forest. She joins the village's counterattack. Her husband is hiding in the barn.

The Indians set the house on fire

What happened the first time the Pilgrims' search parties, who were seeking suitable land and a harbor for settlement, saw Native Americans? The Native Americans attacked the search party with hatchets. The Native Americans conducted them to a safe harbor. The Native Americans ran and hid from the search parties. The Native Americans offered the search parties baskets of corn.

The Native Americans ran and hid from the search parties.

In the chapter on spirit, Emerson explains how the world differs from the physical body in one important respect. What is this essential difference? The body is subjected to human will, but the world is not. The body is mortal, but the world is immortal. The body is part of nature, but the world is part of God. The body is finite, but the world is infinite.

The body is subjected to human will, but the world is not.

How did the events related to the Salem witch trials of the late 1600s seem to be tied to (and maybe even influence?) some of the social and economic changes during the late colonial period?

The Salem witch trials, although horrendous, proved to influence and change the economic and social life of the late colonial period. Due to the dramatic events by the early eighteenth century, many began to rethink the beliefs of the previous century itself. With an open-mind, Many intellectuals now embraced the power of the human mind to comprehend the universe as never before." (Beginning to 1820). The modern era was a time to challenge beliefs and expand one's thoughts as they became enlightened with new points of view.

As described in William Bradford's biographical information in the textbook, who were the "Separatists" and what was their belief?

The Separatists were similar yet drastically different compared to the Puritans. They both believed the Church became corrupt, so the separation was required to keep a holy faith. However, the Puritans desired to purify the Church. The Separatists wished to sever all ties with the Church as they longer accepted it as a 'true church'.

What was the Young Ladies' Academy, and why was it such a profound establishment at that time in America's history?

The Young Ladies' Academy was founded in 1787 which attracted a great deal of attention of leaders from their nation's capital of their time. This academy brought plenty of opportunities after the revolutionary war towards intellectual ladies.

How long did Columbus's first voyage take from the Canary Islands in Europe to his initial landing in the Americas?

six weeks forty days Correct! thirty-three days* two weeks

Which of the following was NOT a reason Jamestown settlers fall ill during their first summer in Virginia. There is a lack of suitable housing for colonists. The pioneers are unused to the heat of Virginia. The settlers must toil long and hard hours. The colonizers contract malaria from the marshes.

The colonizers contract malaria from the marshes.

According to Cotton Mather in The Wonders of the Invisible World [A People of God in the Devil's Territories], what was the devil's reaction when "a people of God [the Puritans] settled in those, which were once the devil's territories [New England]"?

The devil was disturbed and irritated when he found out the people of God settled on his land. He tried every sort of method to rid them of the land and overturn the plantation. Satanic tactics were used to try and make them unsettle from the property.

Explain the events that took place that led up to the drafting of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Be sure to include the names of the major figures that helped to bring about this historical occasion.

The drafting of the Declaration of Independence began due to the unjust taxing Britain placed on the colonies. To pay for their war debt from the French and Indian War in 1763. Both battles of Lexington and Concord ultimately led to the American Revolutionary War against Britain. By June 7, 1776 representatives from the American colonies, Richard Henry Lee of Virginia revived the passion to completely separate from the motherland. He stated, "these united colonies are, and of a right ought to be, free and independent states." (Beginning to 1820). Thomas Jefferson led a committee that included John Adams and Benjamin Franklin that drafted a Declaration of Independence, issued on July 4.

Despite apprenticing Benjamin Franklin to the printing trade, Franklin's father refuses to finance his son's printing shop. For what reason does the elder Franklin refuse to pay for the establishment of his son's business? The elder Franklin believes Benjamin is too young to start a printing business of his own. The elder Franklin has no money to support his son's printing business. The elder Franklin is angry because Benjamin left his brother's printing business clandestinely. No answer text provided.

The elder Franklin believes Benjamin is too young to start a printing business of his own.

List and discuss some ideals of the Enlightenment period. Include names of influential leaders during this time as well.

The enlightenment period was popularly known as the Modern era, an era where intellectual life started to transform into several ideas. Science and philosophy developed increasingly over time. Isaac Newton separated the ideas between the divine and pure science did not belong. John Locke, amongst many other enlightened scientists and philosophers, aided in the development of Deism. A view in where, "God worked in reasonable, not necessarily mysterious ways" (Beginning of 1820).

What is "Self-Reliance," and why did Emerson write it?

The notable essay, "Self- Reliance", was written by Emerson in 1841. It's famously known for promoting trusting one's own instincts, to believe in our thoughts, and elude conformity. This influential piece inspires the idea of being brave in ourselves, and encourage creativity. He also promotes the thought of ignoring other's opinions, to do whatever makes us happy.

In Thomas Paine's refutation to the claim that all Americans are descended from the English, why does he say the same logic of this argument would lead to England being ruled by a French king? France united as a country before England did. The English seek to emulate French style and culture. The English court modeled itself on the French one. The first English king was of French origin.

The first English king was of French origin.

Explain/List some differences between the Pilgrims and the Puritans of this time in the early 1600s. List and number at least 4 in your answer.

The first difference between the pilgrims and the puritans deals with their different settlements as the puritans settled in Massachusetts while the pilgrims settled in Plymouth. Second, the puritans were very well educated while the pilgrims were not and third the pilgrims were lower class. Finally, the puritans decided to spread their religion towards the natives.

In a paragraph of 4-5 sentences, briefly explain who the Cherokee women were, and include an explanation of the Cherokee Women's Council's letter to then Governor Benjamin Franklin and its significance in early American history.

The honorable Cherokee were highly respected to hold authority and become diplomatic marshals for peaceful and friendly relations. They also held power within their families, supervised land usage amongst other things. Motherhood was the sentiment that grounded women's claim to power, to focus on the bonds between mothers and children. On September 8, 1787, council representatives of the Cherokee Women addressed Benjamin Franklin to ask congress to sensibly pay attention to their desire for peace

What is one ironic fact concerning Jefferson's legacy that caused tension related to slavery?

The irony of it all was related to the fact that Jefferson himself owned a sum of two hundred slaves or so. It is said some of these slaves were his children birthed by enslaved Sally Hemings, who was also owned by Thomas Jefferson. This was largely controversial as Jefferson was known to be an advocate for equality and liberty.

In his chapter on idealism, Emerson describes how feelings of the sublime result from a recognition of the difference "between man and nature." When he continues by discussing the activities and abilities of the poet, how does he express the function of the poet? The poet mirrors nature as a moral requirement, setting things down as they are. The poet uses reason to explain the role of nature to the everyday man. The poet indulges his imagination to present nature in a new perspective to man. The poet describes things not as they appear, but rather in their ideal state of nature.

The poet indulges his imagination to present nature in a new perspective to man.

How do you understand the final two lines of the poem? What do you think Bradstreet means when she enjoins her husband to "persever" in love so that they "may live ever"?

The poetic speaks of her undying love, as she wants them to maintain their love and keep it pure. I took the final lines of the poem as their love would be eternal if they stay true to each other while they live.

How does Puritan doctrine view marriage and romantic love?

The puritans married for true love and the only way to be wed was by publishing wedding Banns. Marriage was not a religious sacrament, but a civil matter regulated by the state. Divorce was only prohibited if any duties were neglected along with adultery and desertion. Love was considered a duty required by God for all that entered a marriage covenant.

When Columbus later returns to the Western Hemisphere, in what condition does he discover the new Spanish settlements? The settlements are profitable communities. The settlements are weak and ruined. The settlements are centers of Catholicism. The settlers are fully adapted to island living.

The settlements are weak and ruined.

In the 1820s, why was there a spike in the number of (and the urgency of) Native American speeches given?

The spike in the number of Native American speeches given was all due to the debates over Indian removal. Added urgency to the Native resistance was expressed by Native orators by their circulating works.

Which of the following was a common belief among white Americans in the antebellum period about the plight of Native Americans? The vanishing of Native American populations was a divinely ordered extinction to fulfill the destiny of European settlers. Native Americans were happy and content with their relationship with the U.S. government. Native American would eventually assimilate to Anglo-European culture and flourish in the new country. The U.S. government should honor its treaties with Native American tribes and respect Native American sovereignty.

The vanishing of Native American populations was a divinely ordered extinction to fulfill the destiny of European settlers.

What lesson from the Bible does Wheatley say she has learned? The twelve tribes of Judea are God's chosen people. Religious observance will lead to salvation. There is a Christian God and Savior. Christians believe in equality and mercy.

There is a Christian God and Savior.

In The Wonders of the Invisible World [The Trial of Martha Carrier], how did her children react during the trial? They cried uncontrollably with sorrow and concern. They were embarrassed and hid their faces. They agreed that she was a witch. They didn't come to the trial at all.

They agreed that she was a witch.

At the end of Nature, how does Emerson compare the prospects of Adam and Caesar to those of the common man? They are equally good, since for the common man, just as it was for Caesar, nature is always available and ready to be shaped for whatever end he wishes. They are equally good, since in the end, we all begin with and eventually return to nature after our souls depart to become one with the spirit. They are different, since Caesar and Adam had stronger wills and wisdom of mind; this was what allowed them to master nature and become great. They are different, since Caesar and Adam shared a greater destiny and had more access to and control over nature than common men can dream of attaining.

They are equally good, since for the common man, just as it was for Caesar, nature is always available and ready to be shaped for whatever end he wishes.

When Smith and his colleagues undertake their first trading expedition with the Native Americans, what do the Kecoughtans, the first tribe they encounter, initially assume about the Englishmen? They are "white devils" who will destroy them. They are gods sent from Heaven to meet them. They are miserable beggars who need to be fed. They are curiosities to be observed but then ignored.

They are miserable beggars who need to be fed.

What happened after the Pilgrims discovered that they had landed on Cape Cod? They attempted sailing to the Hudson River, but were blocked by rocks and rough seas. They sailed south toward Virginia where they had originally intended to land. They rejoiced and immediately settled where they landed in New England. They attempted sailing to the Hudson River, but were blocked by rocks and rough seas.

They attempted sailing to the Hudson River, but were blocked by rocks and rough seas.

Why were American authors trying to create "American works" of literature? They wanted to found a new course of study in universities. They believed that a great nation deserved great literature. They wanted to earn fame as pioneering authors. They wanted to compete against the interest shown in the sciences.

They believed that a great nation deserved great literature.

At the beginning of Edwards' sermon, he compares his congregation to the Israelites whose "foot shall slide in due time." Which of the following is NOT among the things that Edwards lists as things that can happen to people who walk in "slippery places." Destruction could strike people unexpectedly. They can catch themselves on nearby rocks. They are liable to fall on their own accord. They are always exposed to destruction.

They can catch themselves on nearby rocks.

How did antebellum writers create an American literary tradition? They experimented with multiple forms of perspective. They claimed colonial literature as American literature. They adapted Native American oral traditions. They renounced European literary influences entirely

They claimed colonial literature as American literature.

Which of the following WAS NOT a shortcoming of F. O. Matthiessen's and his fellow critics' assessment of antebellum American literature? They devalued the language and literary techniques employed by authors. They disregarded the importance of political and social issues in literature. They ignored contributions by women and minority writers. They were uninterested in writing produced outside New York and Massachusetts.

They devalued the language and literary techniques employed by authors.

Which of the following was one of the most substantive changes the Continental Congress made to Jefferson's draft of the Declaration? They added a section articulating support for women's rights. They substituted the word "God" for "Christian deity." They removed references to Native Americans as "savages." They removed his denunciation of the slave trade.

They removed his denunciation of the slave trade.

In lines 43-50 in the poem, "Here Follows Some Verses upon the Burning of Our House, July 10th, 1666," Bradstreet refers to another house that she hopes to inhabit one day. Where is this house? Who is the "Mighty Architect" who designed it? Who "purchased and paid for" this house? What was the price? Be sure to explain each question.

This house Bradstreet speaks about is her ethereal home in Heaven. The "Mighty Architect" is God himself as he designs homes for all those worthy, destined for the promised land. Jesus purchased and paid for this land by sacrificing himself as he died for everyone's sins.

In Wheatley's "To the Right Honourable William, Earl of Dartmouth," what great comparison is made between two unlikely entities? Give some examples of this comparison and explain the meaning.

This poem was written in appreciation to the Earl for liberating the Colonies from Britain. The two entities compared in her poems are between Freedom and tyranny. The first letters in "Goddess" and "Tyranny" are both capitalized to show their weight and importance. Freedom is referred to a "Goddess" in lines, "She shines supreme, while hated faction dies: Soon as appear'd the Goddess long desir'd, Sick at the view, she languish'd and expir'd;" (To the Right Honourable William, Earl of Dartmouth. 10-12). This implies the "Goodess" finally freed the people from the anguish they endured. Tyranny could be found in lines, "Of wrongs, and grievance unredress'd complain, No longer shalt thou dread the iron chain, Which wanton Tyranny with lawless hand Had made, and with it meant t' enslave the land." To the Right Honourable William, Earl of Dartmouth. 17-19). Tyranny is represented by an "iron chain" as the people are being forced and bounded.

What was Thomas Jefferson's role in "The Declaration of Independence"? How and why was he chosen for this role?

Thomas Jefferson was selected to lead the committee accountable for the drafting "The Declaration of Independence". A large reason as to why he was appointed would be due to John Adams. Talented Jefferson had earlier written, "A Summary Review of the Right of British America". This pamphlet contested against parliamentary authority over America, declaring the ties to British monarchy were volunteering not irreversible.

Which person established a settlement of "mad Bacchinalians" at Merrymount that disgusted Bradford with its lewd and shiftless behavior? John Carver John Winthrop Thomas Morton Myles Standish

Thomas Morton

Who was Thomas Morton of Merrymount?

Thomas Morton of Merrymount was a colonist that founded the colony of Merrymount. He was also known as a lawyer, writer, social reformer and known for his studies concerning Native American Culture.

Explain what occurred in Cotton Mather's home life concerning his immediate family situation. On top of that tragic situation, what responsibilities did he incur from his extended family? Did he "cave" under this pressure or thrive despite it?

Throughout his life, Cotton Mather was sadly widowed twice and his third wife became mentally ill. Fifteen children from all three marriages would have been much, though due to mainly disease only 6 lived through adulthood and 2 lived until his own death. On top of all the tragedy, his own family pressured him with high demands on his financial resources. Though despite it all, Cotton Mather thrived through his responsibilities. He was committed to organizing societies to build churches, support schools for slave children, and establish funds for indigent clergy.

After reading "The Wild Honey Suckle," explain the ways that Freneau compares the honey suckle plant to a life cycle. Be sure to include specific references from the poem.

Throughout the poem, "The Wild Honey Suckle", Freneau references the flower aging through its existence. He speaks of its life, death, and honest beauty. This also alludes to humankind, as well. The idea that life is short and inevitable is reinforced in the poem. In the first stanza, "Hid in this silent, dull retreat, Untouched thy honied blossoms blow, Unseen thy little branches greet..." (The Wild Honey Suckle. 2-4) speaks of the newborn flower (infancy) and its innocence. Though in stanza three it speaks of the ultimate aging of the flower, and its death is fated, "Smit with those charms, that must decay, I grieve to see your future doom.." (The Wild Honey Suckle. 13, 14).

In his own opinion, what was the first great mistake of Franklin's life? Running away from his Boston apprenticeship Writing too many inflammatory articles on politics Using money entrusted to his care for personal purposes. Not setting up his printing business sooner

Using money entrusted to his care for personal purposes.

How did the outcome of the Civil War and the aborted attempt at Reconstruction in the South affect American writers? Authors resented the upstaging of the new emerging American literary tradition by political and social events. Writers were energized by the new events unfolding around them that were unparalleled in American history. Authors discovered new themes for their stories in Southern settings that were now accessible to them. Writers became disillusioned with the ferocity of war and the failure to fulfill promises towards the freed slaves.

Writers became disillusioned with the ferocity of war and the failure to fulfill promises towards the freed slaves.

Which of the following most closely resembles the meaning of Emerson's call "to look at the world with new eyes"? We must reject what we see in nature and live in the imagination. We must forget what we thought we knew and approach nature as children. We must allow ourselves to become passive and let nature influence us. We must recognize the miracles of spirit in the smallest details of nature.

We must recognize the miracles of spirit in the smallest details of nature.

How would you describe the tone of the poem "On Being Brought from Africa to America"? Grateful? Rebellious? Measured? Humble? Outraged? Apologetic? A mixture of these? Explain your answer with references to the literature to support your claim.

Wheatley was grateful she learned of God and found salvation when she was shipped to America. This could be supported by, "'Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land, Taught my benighted soul to understand That there's a God, that there's a Saviour too..." (On Being Brought From Africa to America. 1-3). She wants others to understand, no matter the color of someone's skin or race, one can always be Christian. Found in the lines, "Remember, Christians, Negros, black as Cain, May be refin'd, and join th' angelic train." (On Brought From Africa to America. 7,8).

What evidence does Wheatley provide that Africans may be redeemed? Wheatley's father's conversion to Christianity Wheatley's statement that many Africans want to be Christian Wheatley's own conversion to Christianity Wheatley's years working as a missionary in Africa

Wheatley's own conversion to Christianity

"To His Excellency General Washington" Why did Wheatley address a poem specifically to George Washington in October of 1775? After reading the poem, what was Washington's response to her in early 1776? What turning point in American history occurred later that same year (1776)? *NOTE: Be sure to read the footnote 1 at the bottom of the text on page 429. Also, refer back to Wheatley's biographical information on page 421 to complete your answer.

Wheatley's poem, "To His Excellency General Washington", was to celebrate President Washington and to promote the cause of American independence. It was also first published in the Pennsylvania Magazine. She hoped her writing would encourage Washington to further support African American rights. Subsequently, President Washington soon invited the poet to meet him in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Later in the year, the "Declaration of Independence" was signed and the United States was officially its own nation.

When is John Smith taken prisoner by the Native Americans? When fighting the Algonquians for control of northern Virginia When he is exploring the southern sections of the James River When he is searching for the source of the Chickahominy River When he is hunting for deer in the files south of the settlement

When he is searching for the source of the Chickahominy River

When Rip returns from the forest, no one seems to recognize him. When he describes himself as "a loyal subject of the King, God bless him!" he sends the town into an uproar. Why is his self-proclaimed loyalty a problem? While Rip was asleep, the United States had been established, and the town wondered whether he was a spy sent from England. While Rip was asleep, the French and Indian War broke out, and the townspeople didn't know if he meant the French or the British king. While Rip was asleep, the Revolutionary War had broken out, and the British were about to occupy the town. While Rip was asleep, the king had increased the colonial tax on tea, and the townspeople were upset and thirsty.

While Rip was asleep, the United States had been established, and the town wondered whether he was a spy sent from England.

What kind of figurative language does Bradstreet use to describe her feelings for her husband?

With the use of metaphors and similes, Anne Bradstreet composes this poem for her husband. She compares her love to a river that cannot satisfy her thirst for his love, that only he could fulfill it, "My love is such that rivers cannot quench, Nor ought but love from thee , give recompense" (To My Dear and Loving Husband. 7, 8). Bradstreet yearns for his love that the only thing that could please her heavy, deep love is her husband. She even involves money into the picture, as she will treasure his love more than she will ever cherish any amount of money, "I prize thy love more than whole mines of gold, Or all the riches that the East doth hold" (To My Dear and Loving Husband, 5, 6).

Which of the following descriptions best explains women's roles in the literary marketplace during the antebellum period? Women were systematically excluded from publication, and their writings circulated mainly as private letters and manuscripts exchanged between friends. Women found success publishing long scholarly studies and religious tracts but were largely excluded from the vibrant magazine and newspaper culture of the period. Women were very active in the antebellum literary marketplace, particularly through publication in newspapers and magazines. Very few women in the period were educated or even literate, so their contributions to the literary marketplace were necessarily extremely minimal.

Women were very active in the antebellum literary marketplace, particularly through publication in newspapers and magazines.

What comfort does Rowlandson have during her time in captivity? a fur blanket a Bible a sack of flour a cloth coat

a Bible

What metaphor does Winthrop employ to impress upon the Puritans the public nature of their mission and the extent to which the world would be watching the success or failure of their venture? an insect under a microscope a candle in a window a face in a looking glass a city upon a hill

a city upon a hill

According to Thomas Paine, how will the fate of America be decided? political decree vigorous debate armed combat grassroots activism

armed combat

Which of the following committees was NOT formed by the Continental Congress in June 1776? a committee to create the tenets for forming a colonial confederation a committee to draft an American Declaration of Independence a committee to determine the guidelines for engaging in warfare a committee to establish the rules for forming foreign alliances

a committee to determine the guidelines for engaging in warfare

Winthrop uses what legal term to describe the Puritans' relationship with God? a covenant a deed a compact a lease

a covenant

When Rip Van Winkle reaches the glen in the Kaatskills with the mysterious person whom he assists, what mysterious sight greets him? a raucous party with men and women dancing around a Maypole a religious revival meeting where the congregation is singing hymns a group of young children learning the history of New York state a group of solemn men playing nine-pens in total silence

a group of solemn men playing nine-pens in total silence

When describing the ideal Christian community, Winthrop makes extensive use of what metaphor? a mirror a human body a machine a tree

a human body

Which of the following images does Edwards NOT use to portray God's wrath. a bow and arrow a bursting dam a tightrope walker a spider over a fire

a tightrope walker

How are Jefferson's claims about natural rights—the idea "that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights"—are presented in the Declaration? as divisive and controversial positions that were only embraced by radical colonists as radical new ideas proposed by anarchists who sought to overthrow monarchies as commonsense concepts that were already well-established and widely accepted as tenets created during the Englightenment and borrowed from the French philosophers

as commonsense concepts that were already well-established and widely accepted

Which of the following does de Crèvecoeur NOT list as a characteristic of an American? working for self-interest abandoning prior prejudices being of European descent being well-educated and studious

being well-educated and studious

What profession does Franklin's father originally intend for him to pursue? printer candle-maker diplomat clergyman

clergyman

Which of the following adjectives best describes the relationship among writers in the antebellum era? isolationist competitive arrogant collegial

collegial

Those who view Negroes with a "scornful eye" see their skin color by what adjective? dusky foreign black diabolic

diabolic

Why did the Native Americans die in large numbers after Europeans arrived in the Americas?

due to diseases such as smallpox, measles, and typhus due to the consequences of war between them due to enslavement, brutal mistreatment, and despair Correct! all of the above*

After establishing their colony at Plymouth, the Pilgrims faced a difficult first winter. How many of the approximately one hundred people who landed survived this first season? fifty eighty seventy-five twenty-four

fifty

How long was Rowlandson a captive? two weeks five years eleven weeks six months

eleven weeks

Which the following reform movements WAS NOT influential in American antebellum literature? women's rights antislavery environmental protection nativist anti-Catholicism

environmental protection

Which of the following does de Crèvecoeur's narrator, "Farmer James," NOT claim immigrants will enjoy in America? religious freedom fair laws equality fantastic wealth

fantastic wealth

Which occupation does the narrator claim is most conducive to virtue? shopkeeping farming hunting sailing

farming

How does Columbus characterize Española in his letter to Luis de Santangel? inhospitable and rainy barren and rocky fertile and beautiful humid and expansive

fertile and beautiful

With which New Englander was Rowlandson in most regular contact during her captivity? her husband Governor Winthrop her son John Hoar

her son

To whom does Franklin address Part I of his autobiography? Londoners his son his wife Philadelphians

his son

In The Wonders of the Invisible World [A People of God in the Devil's Territories], what does Cotton Mather state as his role in the Salem witch trials? judge prosecutor defense historian

historian

According to Winthrop, when is it permissible to lend money to another person? if the person receiving the loan offers collateral for the loan if the person receiving the loan stipulates the terms of the loan if the person receiving the loan signs a promissory note if the person receiving the loan will be able to repay it

if the person receiving the loan will be able to repay it

In the early years of contact, Europeans were ________________ by Native American orators. coerced dishonored horrified impressed

impressed

Which of the of the following DID NOT contribute to the growth of the American publishing industry in the mid-nineteenth century? increasing numbers of American writers growth of urban centers improved printing technology expansion of transportation networks

increasing numbers of American writers

According to Winthrop, what forms the central connection that knits together the ideal Christian community? love religion money family

love

What is defined as "the bond of perfection" in Winthrop's sermon? compassion love justice mercy

love

According to Wheatley, what brought her out of Africa? mercy God slavery providence

mercy

In The Wonders of the Invisible World [A People of God in the Devil's Territories], how many of the Salem witch trials did Cotton Mather state that he attended? all of the trials none of the trials some of the trials half of the trials

none of the trials

In his Common Sense introduction, what does Thomas Paine state he has studiously avoided? any irrational sentiments personal details and concerns attacking his Loyalist opponents offending the British officers

personal details and concerns

Which of the following is NOT one of types of people Thomas Paine names who might espouse the doctrine of reconciliation? moderates who think better of Europe than it deserves weak or prejudiced men who cannot see prisoners of the British who long for a return to normalcy complicit individuals who are not the be trusted

prisoners of the British who long for a return to normalcy

In Common Sense, which of the following does Thomas Paine claim NOT to use in his pamphlet? private opinion common sense plain arguments simple facts

private opinion

What formal structure does Winthrop employ in the first part of his sermon? iambic pentameter a bulleted list question-and-answer couplets and quatrains

question-and-answer

What structural units does Rowlandson use to divide her captivity narrative into chronological sequence? removes weeks chapters months

removes

What are the guidelines Winthrop provides in the first section of his sermon guidelines for? caring for children and the elderly administering capital punishment sharing resources and lending money tending livestock and harvesting fields

sharing resources and lending money

While avoiding the terrors of Dame Van Winkle one day in the Kaatskills, Rip hears a sound that begins his odd adventure. Which of the following best describes the sound? someone crying his name the cry of a wolf the caw of a crow the sudden rumble of thunder

someone crying his name

In the introduction to Nature, Emerson divides the universe into which two components? art and nature world and nature soul and nature body and nature

soul and nature

At the end of the narrative, who gives Rowlandson and her family a place to live? the South Church in Boston her former master Governor Winthrop King Philip

the South Church in Boston

Which of the following is NOT a grievance listed in the Declaration? the compulsion of colonists to join the Anglican Church the imposition of taxes without colonial consent the dissolution of colonial legislative bodies the incitement of Native American warfare against the colonies

the compulsion of colonists to join the Anglican Church

What causes Rip Van Winkle to fall asleep? the liquor he drank from the flagon fairy dust that is sprinkled into his eyes a noxious odor from the flowers in the glen a spell chanted by the men in the glen

the liquor he drank from the flagon

Emerson states that one class of person is best able to see the "integrity of impression" made by the land. Who is this person? the poet the farmer the dreamer the priest

the poet

What phrase does Edwards use to describe the force that stays God's hand from smiting us in his wrath? the arbitrary mystery of God the sovereign pleasure of God the burning brimstone of God the awesome wrath of God

the sovereign pleasure of God

According to John Winthrop, there are a number of reasons God created both wealthy and impoverished classes. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons? to have more opportunity to show the work of the Holy Spirit through man to demonstrate the compassion of Christians to non-Christians in New England to earn more glory through man's transmission of gifts to his fellow man to have all people in society feel more interconnected with one another

to demonstrate the compassion of Christians to non-Christians in New England

Why do the Native Americans hold a three-day ceremony involving both dancing and chanting around John Smith? to adopt him as a son of Powhatan after Pocahontas saves him to demonstrate that they have accepted him as an equal to them to determine what Smith's intentions are towards them to decide whether to spare Smith's life of execute him

to determine what Smith's intentions are towards them

What favor did Columbus initially ask of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella on an earlier expedition prior to his letter concerning his fourth voyage? to send several garrisons of soldiers to protect the Spanish communities to give him additional supplies to bring to the Spanish settlements to raise his pay so that he could afford to buy his own ship for exploration to grant him the authority of both admiral and governor of the islands

to grant him the authority of both admiral and governor of the islands

According to Thoreau, what is the goal of life? to live a life of familial affection to live an intellectual life to live life freely and uncommitted to live a life of religious reflection

to live life freely and uncommitted

According to Thoreau, what is the best method for students to learn about life? to study life under learned professors to live life from beginning to end to learn about life from their elders to read about life in classic literature

to live life from beginning to end

To what cause does Bradford attribute the weakening of the Plymouth community, starting about 1632? too much prosperity the idlers of Merrymount the great famine of 1632 war with the Pequots

too much prosperity

Territorial expansion to the West and the increasing accessibility of the West through the development of roads, canals, and railroads sparked the popularity of what literary genre? Native American stories travel writing natural history patriotic poetry

travel writing

What charge was levied against Columbus when he was imprisoned on the island of Hispañola? treason profiteering piracy homicide

treason

Thoreau examines the essential components for life as he details the simplified life he constructs for himself at Walden Pond. According to his list, what is the most requisite element man needs to survive? warmth water oxygen money

warmth

According to the Declaration, when do citizens have the right to abolish their government? when the government ceases to provide economic stability when the government no longer protects people's rights when the government assumes too much foreign debt when the government's officials have become corrupt

when the government no longer protects people's rights

In The Wonders of the Invisible World [A People of God in the Devil's Territories], the devil decided to make a most surprising and snarled attempt at ruling over the territories once again by introducing what sin into the Puritan colony? drunkenness immoral sexual behavior witchcraft murder

witchcraft