American Sports History Chapters 1-4

Self-restraint

restraint imposed by oneself on one's own actions

Puritans

- didn't like sports - strict observation of the Sabbath - people who migrated to the new world - wanted to purify the church

Which of the following did Luther Halsey Gulick NOT have any association?

Playground Movement

Collegiate Way

it was the belief that students would learn better in supervised environments far away from the city and evil temptations

Kloven

A game introduced to the New York colony by the Dutch. It most closely resembles the modern game of golf.

Quarter Horses

A new breed of horse in the colonies that was much smaller than the British thoroughbreds with larder hindquarters bred to race shorter distances of a quarter mile or less

Lawful Sport

Activities allowed by Puritan society which were designed to refresh the mind and body of the participant while being completely disassociated from Britain's Festive Culture

Needful Recreation

Activities deemed to be appropriate in Pennsylvania. Similar to Puritan Lawful sport, was allowed if it benefited the individual through exercise of providing food.

Reserve Clause

Allowed clubs to reserve the rights of players for their careers. It left players with very little power when negotiating contracts and controlling their futures

Playground Movement

Also designed to keep children out of trouble it began in Chicago in 1903 and was responsible for the jump of cities with supervised playgrounds from 41 to 504 in a little more than a decade

Barn Ball

An early incarnation of baseball that included bouncing a ball off the side of a barn and allowing another participant to hit it with a stick

Separate Spheres

As part of the Victorian middle class, there was a separation of sexes. The public sphere (business, politics) was the domain of men and the private sphere (the home, family) was the domain of women. Rarely did the two mix

Alexander Joy Cartwright

Bank clerk and volunteer firefighter who helped form the Knickerbocker base ball club and devised the games' first rules

Primogeniture

British cultural tradition of the first-born son inheriting the family fortune

Leonard Jerome

Builds Jerome park, no alcohol, no fixed races, shortens the races • Yearly stakes races- Belmont Stakes 1870s Horse Races

Paper Chases

Called "hare and hound" races in England they were essentially cross-country races in which torn up paper would mark the courses

Michael "King" Kelly

Colorful player who started his career in Chicago but was famously sold to Boston for $10,000 in 1887

Mills Commission

Committee that decided Abner Doubleday was the inventor of baseball based on the testimony of one man

Race of the Century

Considered by many the first major sporting event that received national attention and promotion in newspapers-- it pitted a northern horse Eclipse vs. southern horse Sir Henry in a sectional battle at Union race tract on Long Island

Backcountry

Considered the frontier to the west of the original colonies settled primarily by Scots-Irish from the borderlands of Britain. It was the last area of North American Colonization. Sports- had to be good with a rifle, boxers, fighters

"Hound and Hares" and "Paper Chases" were early versions of which sport?

Cross Country

Where was the YMCA founded?

England

T/F Harvard and Yale refused to ever race against any other schools in crew

F

T/F Luther Halsey Gulick actually designed the YMCA logo

F

T/F The Knickerbocker BB Club never lost a game they played

F

T/F The Mills Commission had irrefutable proof that Abner Doubleday invented baseball

F

T/F The Reserve Clause was popular with the players

F

T/F The playground movement began in New York and spread West

F

T/F According to the Knickerbocker Rules, the bases were 45 paces apart

False

T/F In the first ever intercollegiate baseball game, Williams college and Amherst agreed to use the old Knickerbocker rule of being able to record an out after catching a batted ball after one bounce

False

T/F Players could bat in any order they wanted and could change that order in the middle of the game

False

T/F Players could throw at runners to get them out as long as they hit them below the neck

False

T/F Sports have never been considered part of the "Collegiate way"

False

T/F The Public Schools Athletic League was first formed in Chicago but eventually spread to NY and other major cities

False

James Gordon Bennett

First generation Scottish immigrant who inherited the New York Herald newspaper

Walking City

First of three stages of development of urban areas in which the edge of town was no more than two miles from the center of the city

Cincinnati Red Stockings

First recognized all-salary team in baseball. In their inaugural season of 1869 they won 57 while losing none and tying one.

William Cammeyer

First to charge admission for baseball games. --Enclose his baseball field in Brooklyn, 1862, with a fence and charged admission, in 1876 he was president of Brooklyn mutuals who voted to make the league a charter member and set a fixed rate of 50cents/game

What was NOT a change to the rules of baseball implemented in the 1880s?

First two fouls balls counted as strikes

Folk Games

Foot races, quibits, skittles, etc..

Henry Chadwick

Former British cricket player who embraced the game of baseball and became a sportswriter for the New York Clipper writing about the game. He was credited with inventing the batting average and box score and eventually became known as "Father Baseball"

Harry Wright

Former cricket player who switched to baseball and was one of the best of the early players. he was the player-manager of the Cincinnati Red Stockings

AG Spalding (Albert C.)

Former star pitcher for the Chicago White Stockings who would go on to become a sporting goods magnate. he wanted to prove baseball was a uniquely American sport.

Toli

Game of stickball played by Native Americans most closely resembling lacrosse

Britain's Festive Culture

Games played in conjunction with the gathering of large groups of people in British society celebrating religious or pagan holidays or simply celebrating life

Book of Sports

King James' 1618 declaration of what sports were and were not allowed to be played on the Sabbath. The declaration came in response to the growing influence of the Puritans

Moses Fleetwood Walker

Known as the last black player to compete in the major leagues before the color barrier set in during the late 1880s

Sabbatarian Laws

Laws passed in the colonies to restrict recreation on the Sabbath

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the Parliamentary forces during the British Civil War. Was the titular ruler of Great Britain after the Civil War when there was no monarch.

Victorian Counterculture

Made up mainly of working-class men from the new industrial economy of the 19th century who were no longer taking pride in their work. Immigrants also made up a large part of this group along with members of the upper class. They were rebelling against the restrain of the Victorian middle class in many ways including competitive sports.

Enlightenment

Movement away from religion and superstition and an embrace of science and reason. It began in Europe

Middle Class Victorianism

Named for the longest-serving monarch in British history (Victoria) it was a time period in which there was a belief that there was commonality between the middle class of the western industrialized world. The common themes included evangelical Protestantism, self-restraint and hard work

What was a requirement for a team to join the national league of professional baseball clubs?

New teams must be approved by existing teams

One Old Cat

Next incarnation of the game that replaced the barn with a base

Beer and Whiskey League

Officially called the American Association, it was an early rival to the National League. It received its nickname by serving alcohol at games (something the National League did not do)

Town Ball

Once three more bases were added the game was first called Four Old Cat and eventually this. It most closely resembles the modern game of baseball and the name derived from towns fielding teams to play the game.

Cap Anson (Adrian C.)

One of the earliest superstar players in baseball. He played first base for he White Sox for 22 seasons finishing with a career average of .333 and 3,418 hits

Public Schools Athletic League

Organized in New York City by Luther Gulick in the early 20th century to put on competitions between schools and also to keep youth (especially immigrant youth) out of trouble after school

One the eve of WW1 how many playgrounds has been produced by the Playground Movement?

Over 500

What rule of baseball similar to today's game was NOT employed by the NY Knickerbockers baseball club in the 1840s?

Overhand Pitching

Rough and Tumble

Popular violent sport with no rules in the Backcountry usually contested when there was a real or perceived slight to one's manhood. The ultimate goal of the sport was to gouge the eyes out of your opponent.

Elysian Fields

Portion of John Cox Stevens' property in Hoboken, New Jersey, that was donated for use as cricket fields and the NY Yacht Club

William Hulbert

President of the Chicago White Stockings who formed the National League in 1876

What American school was not founded by the 1730s?

Princeton

What was NOT a reason John Montgomery Ward and the Players' Union decided to form their own league in 1890?

Problems with the 1880s rules changes

Knickerbockers

Recognized by many as the earliest organized baseball club. The club was reserved or gentleman and was more interested in the social aspect of the club than the competitiveness of the games. They played the first organized games in Hoboken, NJ, at the Elysian Fields in 1845

Rational Recreation

Recreation that was deemed appropriate by the Victorian middle class including reading newspapers, books, and playing musical instruments. Some sports were allowed but always under the umbrella of non-competitiveness

2nd Great Awakening

Religious revival movement of the 18th century that was more widespread and longer-lasting than the movement of the previous century

Muscular Christianity

Second half of the 19th Century movement that stressed a balance of physical and spiritual exercise. Writer Thomas Wentworth Higgenson was a leading proponent of the movement.

Pageant of Misrule

Someone unmarried makes fun of the upper class and the married

Player's League

Started by Ward and the Brothers to get new rights for them, did well at first but three leagues was too many, ended by the end of the 1890 season

IC4A- Intercollegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America

Stepped in to oversee the running of track and field events for American Colleges

Sporting Fraternities

Subcultures created by the counterculture for those who were interested in specific sports. It was also a place where men can find a surrogate brotherhood

T/F The Cincinnati Red Stockings was believed to be the first all-salaried baseball team

T

T/F William Hulbert was the founder of the National League

T

YMCA- Young Men's Christian Association

This was one place the Strenuous Life could be practiced. Initially when it was founded in England in 1851 if focused more on the Christian part of its name but by the end of the 19th Century is had become synonymous with exercise and sports.

T/F It is believed the first ever national and international collegiate sporting events were crew matches

True

T/F Non-members of the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club were allowed to play if there were not enough members present

True

T/F The Intercollegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America (IC4A) was formed primarily to host tract and field events

True

T/F a player was considered out if he hit a ball that was either caught on the fly or after one bounce

True

Southern Gentry

Usually sons of wealthy men in England. The oldest son gets everything. The second son has to fend for himself; usually those go to New England and live extravagant lives., (Landed Gentry)? -- leaders in the south colonies, lead the cause in breaking away from Britain in the next century, built large mansions in Virginia and Southern colonies

Southern Colonies

Virginia, Maryland 1600s Came to make money and get land Primogeniture- first born son gets inheritance Landed gentry- families like royalty Had indentured servants

Luther Halsey Gulick

Was an instructor at the YMCA's headquarters in Springfield, MA, and believed in the importance of balancing physical and mental conditioning

Quakers

William Penn, wouldn't fight anyone

Which 19th Century baseball star's contract was sold for the record sum of $10,000 in 1887? a. Mike "King" Kelly b. Cap Anson c. Harry Wright

a. Mike "King" Kelly

New England colony

based on the Puritans

Royal Sports

o Jousting- tiltyard or divider so the horses don't crash together -Henry 8 was a jouster o Tennis- started in France, Tenez -Scoring is related to gambling with crowns

Players League

o Ny giants 2nd baseman, denounced the reserve clause o Brotherhood of Pro. Baseball Players- founded by Ward, players first attempt to organize, wanted to abolish the reserve clause o New League (Players League)- started by Ward and the Brothers to get new rights for them, did well at first but three leagues was too many, players league ended by the end of the 1890 season

Violent Games

o To let off steam, wrestling etc.. o Mainly a male thing, cock fighting, bull baiting

College Crew

o was popular in England o William Wood- was for Yale, considered first intercollegiate coach, trainer, wanted the team to become better to beat Harvard o William Blaikie- member of the Harvard team, team captain, studied what they did in England and brought it back to Harvard o Yale-Harvard Rivalry: Yale got sick of losing to Harvard eventually, Harvard opened up the races to anyone who wanted to join, held Regattas, Harvard was beat a few times, Yale came back, Yale and Harvard decided not to race other teams due to them being beat, Yale and Harvard only race each other after that

National League

- clubs Couldn't be owned by players City had to have 75,000 people Had to have approval of other teams No alcohol at games, no games on Sunday, .50c a game

Many Victorian counterculture members joined sporting fraternities. The most popular was the baseball fraternity. - First, explain how and where the baseball fraternity began and how it grew in popularity (also include the differences in the game compared to today). - Second, explain how and why the fraternity would dissipate and become more and more a business. - Finally, briefly explain how that business evolved as the century ended

...1. The baseball fraternity began to emerge in the middle part of the century. It grew partially because people wanted to be a part of the fraternities or they wanted to watch them play. Alexander Cartwright started the Knickerbocker club around 1845 and other clubs took off according to their example. The Knickerbockers later came out with a set of rules, many close to our rules today. Similar rules included the diamond field, the positions, and the distance between bases. Different rules included tossing the ball underhand and the importance of the umpire. 2. Soon games started to become a business and teams saw this and began charging for admission. More spectators and fans were coming to the games so it was logical to make money off of them. The business continued to evolve and grow after the Knickerbockers but slowly waned for a small period of time. Baseball clubs were slowly saved after an 1857 meeting and the National Association of Baseball Players was established to bring players and teams together.

Most of the 19th Century was dominated by the cultural phenomenon known as Victorianism. Not everyone in the 19th Century was a member of respectable Victorian culture, there was an oppositional culture (counterculture) as well. - First, explain what Victorianism was and it's attitude toward sports and games. - Second, explain what (and who) the counterculture was and it's attitude toward sports and games. - Be sure to include places where members of the counterculture could be found and examples of counterculture sports

...1. Victorianism is the time period in which there was a belief that there was a commonality between the middle class of the western industrialized world. They were not fond of sports and they valued self-restraint and hard work. 2. The Victorian counterculture was middle working class men from the new industrial economy who no longer took pride in tier work because it was often assembly line work. They liked competitive sports and often created sporting fraternities. They played sports like baseball and started volunteer fire departments. The counterculture included people from the working class and the upper class, also a few from the middle class.

Great Awakening

A revivalist (back to the bible) movement that began in the 1730s that emphasized a closer relationship with god

Sporting Spectacles

Games set up by fraternities to showcase their sports and their best competitors. Victorians were against them because of the competitiveness and the gambling and money paid to the participants went against their basic beliefs.

John Cox Stevens

Heir to a steamboat fortune, used his wealth to stage and promote sporting events (particularly races) involving horses, yachts, and people

T/F The IC4A was formed to primarily regulate Track and Field

T

Caledonian Clubs

The Roman name for Scotland and these clubs revolved around racing and track and field. They sprang up in America in the 1850s by Scottish immigrants and were responsible for setting up races all over the country

Republicanism

The belief during the American Revolution that everything done by the colonists should be separate from Europe. The people in this new republic would have to be virtuous and idle recreation had no part in this society

Middle Colonies

The colonies of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. The area was settled for varying reasons.

Positive Sports Ideology

The idea that sports and athletics are a positive alternative to the more negative aspects of city life

Why was the Cincinnati club removed from the National League?

They refused to stop serving alcohol at games

Moses Fleetwood Walker was the last black man to play in major league baseball until Jackie Robinson. What town did he play for? a. Toledo b. Cincinnati c. Chicago

a. Toledo

What book contributed to the rising popularity of track and field in both Britain and the U.S.? a. Tom Brown's Schooldays b. the Paper chase c. Calodonian Clubs

a. Tom Brown's Schooldays

Which of the following sport was the first-ever international collegiate sporting event? a. Cricket b. Rowing (crew) c. Baseball

b. Rowing (crew)

Who was the founder of the the Knickerbockers BB Club? a. John Cox Stevens b. Henry Chadwick c. Alaxander Joy Cartwright

c. Alaxender Joy Cartwright

Which college did the Cincinnati Red Stockings almost lose to in 1870? a. Yale b. Princeton c. Harvard

c. Harvard

What is the baseball's "Beer and Whiskey League's" official name? a. The National League b. The American League c. The American Association

c. the American Association

Which of the following was NOT a part of the "Collegiate Way" a. Colleges located in rural, pastoral settings b. religious teachings c. Colleges located in cities

d. Colleges located in cities

Baseball Fraternity

o Alexander J. Cartwright- founds the club o Knickerbocker baseball club Similar- played on a diamond field, 3 outs per inning Different- how they pitched the ball, didn't use gloves, umpires barely involved, could catch the ball on the bounce, went to 21 Boston Game- could throw the ball at players to get them out

Tavern Pastimes

o Drank a lot because often the water wasn't pure o Seasoned drinkers- didn't see a lot of drunk people because of their "high tolerance" o They played cards, billiards, etc.. o Regulating taverns William Penn didn't like taverns Regulations were put on people, how much they could drink Backcountry didn't really look at the regulations The other Folkways followed the regulations