AMSCO APUSH comprehensive

New Laws of 1542

Bartolome de Las Casas convinced the King of Spain to institute these laws, which ended American Indian slavery, ended forced Indian labor, and began the process of ending the encomienda systems. (p. 11)

Captain John Smith

Because of his forceful leadership, Jamestown barely survived its first five years. (p. 25)

Statue of Liberty

Began in the 1870's, by the French sculptor Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi. It opened in New York Harbor, in 1886. (p. 362)

Deism

Believe that God established natural laws in creating the universe, but that the role of divine intervention in human affairs was minimal. (p. 77)

Navigation Acts

Between 1650 and 1673 England passed a series of acts which establish rules for colonial trade. * Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English or colonial-built ships, which could be operated only by English or colonial crews. * All goods imported in the colonies, except some perishables, had to pass through the ports in England. * Specified goods from the colonies could be exported only to England. (p. 35)

common man

Between 1824 and 1840, the middle and lower classes became more involved in politics. Several factors contributed to this including new suffrage laws, changes in political parties and campaigns, improved education, and increased newspaper circulation. (p. 192)

baby boom

Between 1945 and 1960, 50 million babies were born. This generation would profoundly affect the nation's social institutions and economic life. (p. 558)

Anti-Crime Bill

Bill Clinton's bill that provided $30 billion in funding for more police protection and crime prevention programs, also banned the sale of most assault rifles. (p. 666)

role of cities, "Nature's Metropolis"

Book written by William Cronon, it argued that the frontier and cities grew up together, they were dependent on each other. (p. 353)

economic cooperation

Booker T. Washington's National Negro Business League emphasized racial harmony and economic cooperation. (p. 350)

Russia Republic, CIS

Boris Yeltsin, joined with nine former Soviet republics to form a loose confederation, The Common Wealth of Independent States. (p. 663)

Harriet Tubman

Born a slave, she escaped to the North and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom. (p. 250)

packaged foods

Brand name foods created by Kellogg and Post became common items in American homes. (p. 326)

propaganda

Britain controlled the daily war news that was cabled to the United States. They supplied the American press with many stories of German soldier committing atrocities. (p. 457)

John Maynard Keynes

British economist, whose theory said that in difficult times government needed to spend well above its tax revenues in order to stimulate economic growth. After the 1937 recession, Roosevelt adopted this strategy, which was successful. (p. 511)

Samuel Slater

British-born textile producer and one of the first industrialists in America. In 1791, he helped establish the nation's first factory using cotton spinning machine technology. (p. 162)

Lancaster Turnpike

Built in the 1790s, this first highway was developed in response to the ineffectiveness of slow water transportation and uncertain road transportation. It stretched from Philadelphia to Lancaster and inspired many other turnpike projects. (p. 161)

overproduction

Business growth, aided by increased productivity and use of credit, had produced a volume of goods that workers with stagnant wages could not continue to purchase. (p. 498)

horizontal integration

Buying companies out and combining the former competitors under one organization. This strategy was used by John D. Rockefeller to build Standard Oil Trust. (p. 323)

American Indian removal

By 1850, most American Indians were living west of the Mississippi River. The Great Plains provide temporary relief from white settlers encroaching on their territory. (p. 181)

Free African Americans

By 1860 as many as 250,000 African Americans in the South were free citizens. Most of them lived in the cities where they could own property. However, they were not allowed to vote or work in most skilled professions. (p. 179)

redeemers

By 1877, these Southern conservatives had taken control of state governments in the South. Their foundation rested on states rights, reduced taxes, reduced social programs, and white supremacy. (p. 302)

women and children factory workers

By 1900, 20 percent of adult woman working for wages in the labor force. Most were young and single women, only 5 percent of married women worked outside the home. (p. 327)

steel and steam navy

By 1900, The United States had the third largest navy in the world. (p. 411)

residential suburbs

By 1900, suburbs had grown up around every major U.S. city. the United States became the world's first suburban nation. (p. 364)

leading industrial power

By 1900, the United States was the leading industrial power in the world, manufacturing more than an of its rivals, Great Britain, France, or Germany. (p. 319)

factory wage earners

By 1900, two-thirds of all working Americans worked for wages, usually at jobs that required them to work ten hours a day, six days a week.(p. 327)

Henry Ford

By 1914, he had perfected a system for manufacturing automobiles using an assembly line. (p. 478)

state Prohibition laws

By 1915, two-thirds of the states had passed these laws which prohibited the sale of alcohol. (p 437)

northern migration

By 1930, almost 20 percent of African Americans out of the Southern United States to the North. (p. 482)

unemployment

By 1933 25% of the workforce, not including farmers, did not have employment. (p. 498)

military advisors

By 1963, the United States was becoming more involved in helping South Vietnam. President Kennedy provided military advisors and 16,000 support troops, but not combat troops. (p. 613)

King Cotton

By the 1850s, this agricultural product was by far the South's most important economic force. (p. 177)

Ladies Home Journal

By the 1880s, advertising and new printing technology lead to this magazine which sold for only 10 cents. (p. 371)

concentration of wealth

By the 1890s, the richest 10 percent of the U.S. population controlled 90 percent of the nation's wealth. (p. 326)

gay liberation movement

By the mid 1970s, homosexuality was no longer classified as a mental illness and the federal Civil Service ended its ban on unemployment of homosexuals. (p. 639)

division of Vietnam

By the terms of the Geneva Convention, Vietnam would be temporarily divided at the 17 parallel until a general election could be held. A prolonged war (1954-1975) occurred between the Communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States. (p. 583)

gold rush

California's population soared from 14,000 in 1848 to 380,000 in 1860, primarily because of this event. (p. 237)

popular campaigning

Campaigns of the 1830s and 1840s featured parades and large rallies with free food and drink. (p. 193)

Department of the Interior

Carl Schurz, as Secretary of the Interior in the 1880s, advocated the creation of a forest reserves and a federal forest service to protect federal lands from exploitation. (p. 347)

industrialization

Caused a shift from farming economy to using manufacturing machines in a factory economy. (p. 164)

Communist satellites

Central and Eastern European nations ruled by Communist dictators, most of them loyal to the Soviet Union. They included: Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, and others. (p. 562)

Frederick Church

Central figure in the Hudson River School and pupil of Thomas Cole. He is known for his landscapes and for painting colossal views of exotic places. (p. 211)

Warren Commission

Chief Justice Earl Warren headed this commission which concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone assassin in President Kennedy's murder. Many unanswered questions lead to various theories about the assassination. For many Americans, this marked the beginning of the loss of credibility in government. (p. 604)

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835. A Federalist, whose decisions favored the central government and the rights of property against advocates of state's rights. Several of his decisions became landmark ruling that defined the relationship between the central government and the states. (p. 153)

Earl Warren

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, who presided over the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case, which overturned Plessy v. Ferguson. (p. 588)

established church

Churches that were financed by the government. (p. 49)

municipal reform

City bosses and their corrupt alliance with local businesses such as trolley lines and utility companies were targeted for reform by Progressives. (p. 436)

Manhattan Project

Code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II. (p. 532)

imperial presidency

Cold War presidents had used national security, secrecy, executive privileged, and the mystique of the office to concentrate power into the White House. (p. 640)

corporate colonies

Colonies operated by joint-stock companies during the early years of the colonies, such as Jamestown. (p. 24)

proprietary colonies

Colonies under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king, such as Maryland and Massachusetts. (p. 24)

royal colonies

Colonies under the direct authority and rule of the king's government, such as Virginia after 1624. (p. 24)

Intolerable Acts

Colonist name for the Coercive Acts of 1774, a series of acts created to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party. (p. 75)

General Westmoreland

Commander of U.S. armed forces in Vietnam. (p. 614)

invade the Philippines

Commodore George Dewey led a U.S. fleet to the Philippines where he defeated Spain. (p. 414)

Matthew C. Perry; Japan

Commodore of the U.S. Navy who was sent to force Japan to open up its ports to trade with the U.S. (p. 239)

sharecropping

Common form of farming for freed slaves in the South. They received a small plot of land, seed, fertilizer, tools from the landlord who usually took half of the harvest. It evolved into a new form of servitude. (p. 300)

People's Republic of China

Commonly known as China, it is the largest country in East Asia. A socialist republic ruled by the Communist Party of China under a single-party system. (p. 567)

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who defeated the Union at the Second Battle of Bull Run. At the Battle of Antietam (in Maryland) he was unable to break through the Union line and had to retreat back to Virginia. At Fredericksburg, Virginia his army suffered 5,000 casualties compared to 12,000 casualties for the Union army. His army was finally defeated and he surrendered to Union General Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. (p. 272 273, 277, 278)

Fugitive Slave Law

Congress passed a second version of this law in 1850. The law's chief purpose was to track down runaway slaves who had escaped to a Northern state, capture them, and return them to their Southern owners. Enforcement of the law in the North was sometimes opposed even though there were penalties for hiding a runaway slave or obstructing enforcement of the law. (p. 250)

Specie Resumption Act of 1875

Congress sided with creditors and investors when it passed this act which withdrew all greenbacks (paper money not backed by gold or silver) from circulation. (p. 385)

Panic of 1873, "Crime of 73"

Congress stopped making silver coins. (p. 385)

conservationists and preservationists

Conservationist believed in scientific management and regulated use of natural resources, preservationists went a step further, and aimed to preserve natural areas from human interference. (p. 347)

John Jay

Conservative delegate from New York to the Continental Congress, favored a mild statement of protest. (p. 85)

Joseph Galloway

Conservative delegate from Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress. He proposed a plan that would have reordered relations with Parliament, but the plan lost by one vote. (p. 86)

Arthur Laffer

Conservative economist who believed that tax cuts would increase government revenues. (p. 655)

excessive debt

Consumers and businesses believed the economic boom was permanent so they increased borrowing, which later led to loan defaults and bank failures. (p. 498)

William S. Mount

Contemporary of the Hudson River school. He began as a painter of history but moved to depicting scenes from everyday life. (p. 211)

joint-stock company

Corporate colonies, such as Jamestown, were operated by joint-stock companies, at least during the colony's early years. (p. 24)

World Bank

Created at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. The bank's initial purpose was to fund rebuilding after World War II. Also know as International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The Soviets declined to join because they saw the bank as an instrument of capitalism. (p. 562)

Civil Rights Commission

Created by civil rights laws of 1957 and 1960. (p. 590)

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for creating new states. Granted limited self-government and prohibited slavery in the region. (p. 93)

Shay's Rebellion

Daniel Shays led other farmers in this uprising against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money. (p. 93)

international Darwinism

Darwin's concept of the survival of the fittest was applied not only to competition in the business world but also to competition among nations. Therefore, expansionist wanted the U.S. to demonstrate its strength by acquiring territories overseas. (p. 410)

iron law of wages

David Ricardo developed this theory which stated that low wages were justified. He argued that raising wages would only increase the working population, the availability of more workers would cause wages to fall, thus creating a cycle of misery. (p. 327)

banks, creditors vs. debtors

Debtors wanted more "easy, soft" money in circulation. On the opposite side creditors stood for "hard, sound" money - meaning currency backed by gold. (p. 384)

gerrymandered "safe seats"

Democrats and Republicans manipulated congressional districts to create "safe seats", which rewarded partisanship and discouraged compromise in Congress. (p. 679)

Jeffersonian tradition

Democrats of the Gilded Age followed this tradition, which included states rights and limited government. (p. 381)

states rights, limited government

Democrats of the Gilded Age were in favor of these ideas. (p. 381)

Catholics, Luterans, Jews

Democrats were usually from these religions and they were against temperance and prohibition campaigns. (p. 381)

"Gold Bug" Demorats

Democrats who favored gold. (p. 389)

hillbillies

Derisive term for poor white subsistence farmers, they often lived in the hills and farmed less productive land. (p. 180)

agriculture's dominance

Despite progress and growth after the Civil War, the South remained a mostly agricultural based economy. (p. 347)

ethnic neighborhoods

Different immigrant groups created distinct neighborhoods where they could maintain their distinct identity. (p. 363)

Balkan Wars; Bosnia, Kosovo

Diplomacy, bombing, and NATO ground troops stopped the bloodshed in Bosnia in 1995, then in Kosovo in 1999. These were the worst battles Europe had seen since World War II. (p. 670)

National Recovery Administration

Directed by Hugh Johnson, this agency attempted to guarantee reasonable profits for business and fair wages and hours for labor. The complex program operated with limited success for two years before the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional. (p. 505)

Public Works Administration

Directed by Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, it allotted money to state and local governments for building roads, bridges, dams, and other public works. (p. 504)

Mexican deportation

Discrimination in the New Deal programs and competition for jobs forced thousands of Mexican Americans to return to Mexico. (p. 513)

Freeport Doctrine

Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said slavery could not exist in a community if the local citizens did not pass laws (slave codes) maintaining it. This angered Southern Democrats. (p. 257)

anti-union tactics

Employers used the following tactics to defeat unions: the lockouts (closing the factory), blacklists (lists circulated among employers), yellow dog contracts (contracts that forbade unions), private guards to quell strikes, and court injunctions against strikes. (p. 329)

Back to Africa movement

Encouraged those of African descent to return to Africa. (p. 483)

separation of church and state

Engel vs. Vitale ruled that state laws requiring prayers and Bible readings in the public schools violated the first amendments provision for this. (p. 610)

Virginia Company

England's King James I chartered the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company that founded the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607. (p. 25)

John Locke

English philosopher who said that all people have rights, simply because they are human and that people have a right and a responsibility to revolt against any government that failed to protect their rights. (p. 77)

Jay Gould, watering stock

Entered railroad business for quick profits. He would sell off assets inflate the value of a corporation's assets and profits before selling its stock to the public. (p. 321)

minimum wage

Establish minimum pay for workers, initially set at 40 cents per hour. (p. 511)

Council of Economic Advisers

Established by Truman's Employment Act of 1946, they counseled the president and Congress on promoting national economic welfare. (p. 559)

Office of War Information

Established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the World War II effort. (p. 533)

postwar Europe

Europe had not recovered from World War I and the U.S. insistence on loan repayment and tariffs weaken Europe and contributed to the Worldwide depression. (p. 498)

implied powers

Even though a power is not specifically stated in the Constitution, it may be possible for the federal government to exercise a power. (p. 154)

"pivot" to Asia

Events in the Middle East limited the president's planned "pivot" to Asia. The Obama administration realized that America's future would be closely tied to the Pacific Rim because within two decades the economies of Asia would soon be larger than the U.S. and Europe combined. (p. 689)

social mobility

Everyone in colonial society, except African Americans, could improve their standard of living and social status with hard work. (p. 47)

Ezra Pound

Expatriate American poet and critic of the 1920s. (p. 481)

counterculture

Expressed by young people in their rebellious styles of dress, music, drug use, and for some, communal living. (p. 611)

family size; divorce

Family size continued to drop as more people moved from the farms to the cities. Children were needed to do work on farms, but in the city they did not provide that advantage. Divorce rates increased as the legal grounds for divorce became more lenient. (p. 366)

Booker T. Washington

Famous African-American, who established an industrial and agricultural school for African Americans in 1881. He taught the virtues of hard work, moderation, and economic self-help. In 1900, he organized the National Negro Business League to support businesses owned by African Americans. (p. 350)

Harriet Tubman

Famous abolitionist, born a slave, she assisted fugitive slaves to escape to free territory. (p. 215)

specialization

Farmers produced food, workers in the cities produced manufactured goods. (p. 164)

Federalists

Favored a strong central government, and a Constitution to improve on the Articles of Confederation. They were most common along the Atlantic coast and in the large cities. (p. 106)

Boston Marathon bombing

Fear of home-grown terrorism became real when two brothers set off two bombs at the finish line of the Boston Marathon killing three and injuring more than 250 people. The young men who did the bombing seemed motivated by extremist Islamic beliefs. (p. 690)

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino nationalist leader who led guerrilla fighters in a three year war against U.S. control of the Philippines. (p. 415)

Panic of 1857

Financial crash which sharply lowered Midwest farmers prices and caused unemployment in the Northern cities. The South was not affected as much because cotton prices remained high. (p. 239)

John Cabot

First Englishman to explore lands in North America which England would later settle in the early 1600's. (p. 25)

Monitor vs. Merrimac

First engagement ever between two iron-clad naval vessels. On March 9, 1862, the two ships battled for five hours, ending in a draw. This marked a turning point in naval warfare, wooden ships would be replaced by ironclad ones. (p. 273)

Gifford Pinchot

First head of the U.S. Forest Service under President Theodore Roosevelt (p. 439)

unions

For a brief period in the 1830s an increasing number of urban workers joined unions and participated in strikes. (p. 174)

Brain Trust

For advice on economic matters, Roosevelt turned to a group of university professors. (p. 503)

Nobel Peace Prize

For his work in settling the Russo-Japanese War, President Theodore Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906. (p. 420)

causes of immigration

Forces in the United States driving this process were (1) political and religious freedom, (2) economic opportunities in the western U.S. and cities, (3) large steamships offered relatively inexpensive transportation. (p. 361)

National Urban League

Formed in 1911, this organization helped African Americans migrating from the south to northern cities. (p. 444)

Bureau of the Budget

Formed in 1921, this bureau created procedures for all government expenditures to be placed in a single budget for Congress to annually review and vote on. (p. 476)

reform of CIA

Former Congressman George H. W. Bush was appointed by President Ford to reform this agency after it had been accused of assassinating foreign leaders. (p. 633)

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints; Mormons

Founded by Joseph Smith in 1830. It was based on the Book of Mormon which traced a connection between the American Indians and the lost tribes of Israel. After Joseph Smith was murdered, Brigham Young led the religious group to establish the New Zion on the Great Salt Lake in Utah. (p. 208)

American Colonization Society

Founded in 1817, this organization transported free black people to an African colony. This appealed to moderates, racists, and politicians. However, only 12,000 people were actually settled in Africa. (p. 215)

American Temperance Society

Founded in 1826, by Protestant ministers and others, they encouraged total alcohol abstinence. (p. 212)

American Peace Society

Founded in 1828, this society want to abolish war. (p. 216)

Ku Klux Klan

Founded in 1867, by ex-Confederate general, Nathaniel Bedford Forrest. This organization of white supremacists used lynchings, beatings, and threats to control the black population in the South. (p. 302)

Joseph Smith

Founded the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints in New York in 1830. The church moved to Ohio, Missouri, Illinois, then finally to Utah. (p. 208)

James Oglethorpe

Founder of Georgia's first settlement, Savannah, in 1733. He acted as governor of Georgia and had strict laws which included a ban on rum and slavery. (p. 35)

Thomas Cole

Founder of the Hudson River school, famous for his landscape paintings. (p. 211)

election of 1936

Franklin D. Roosevelt easily defeated the Republican nominee, Alf Landon. (p. 507)

salutary neglect

Great Britain had exercised little direct control over the colonies and did not enforce its navigation laws. This changed after the French and Indian War, as the British adopted more forceful policies for taking control of the colonies. (p. 71)

Puritans

Group of dissenters that wanted to purify the Church of England. In 1630 they founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony at Boston. (p. 26)

Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s, who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy and materialistic world that lacked moral values. Many of them moved to Europe. (p. 481)

professional associations

Groups of individuals who share a common profession and are often organized for common political purposes related to that profession. (p. 432)

Stalwarts, Halfbreeds, and Mugwumps

Groups which competed for lucrative jobs in the patronage system. (p. 381)

election of 1884

Grover Cleveland won the 1884 presidential election. (p. 383)

southern strategy

Having received just 43 percent of the popular vote in 1968, President Nixon was well aware of being a minority president. To win over the South, he asked the federal courts in that region to delay integration plans and busing orders. He also nominated two southern conservatives to the Supreme Court. The Senate refused to confirm them, and the courts rejected his requests for delayed integration. Nevertheless, his strategy played well with southern white voters. (p. 629)

hawks and doves

Hawks believed that the Vietnam War was part of a Soviet-backed Communist master plan to conquer all of Southeast Asia. Doves believed it was a civil war, fought by Vietnamese nationalists and some Communists who wanted to unite their country by overthrowing a corrupt Saigon government. (p. 615)

Malcom X

He acquired a reputation as the Black Muslim movement's most controversial voice. He criticized Martin Luther King as "an Uncle Tom" and advocated self-defense against white violence. (p. 608)

Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History"

He argued that 300 years of frontier experience had shaped American culture by promoting independence and individualism. (p. 343)

Richard T. Ely

He attacked laissez-faire economic thought as dogmatic and outdated and used economics to study labor unions and trusts. (p. 368)

Chester A. Arthur

He became president after James Garfield died of a gun shot wound. (p. 383)

Harry S. Truman

He became president on April 12, 1945, when President Franklin Roosevelt died suddenly. In August 1945, he order an atomic bomb be dropped on Hiroshima then on Nagasaki, to end the war with Japan. Japan surrendered on September 2, 1945. (p. 537, 538)

Theodore Roosevelt

He became that 26th President in 1901. He as an expansionist who increased the size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". He added the Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. His motto was to "speak softly and carry a big stick". He received the Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France. (p. 417)

Hamid Karzai

He became the head of the Afghanistan government in Kabul with the U.S. backing. However, Afghanistan remained unstable and divided by the Taliban insurgency and tribal conflicts. (p. 682)

George Whitefield

He came to the colonies from England in 1739. He spread the Great Awakening throughout the colonies, sometime attracting crowds of 10,000 people. His sermons stressed that God was all powerful and would save only those who openly professed belief in Jesus Christ. He taught that ordinary people could understand scripture without depending on ministers to lead them. (p. 50)

Gustavus Swift

He changed American eating habits by making mass-produced meat and vegetable products. (p. 326)

Hernan Cortes

He conquered the Aztecs in Mexico. (p. 8)

Francisco Pizarro

He conquered the Incas in Peru. (p. 8)

R.H. Macy

He created a New York department store. (p. 326)

Joseph Pulitzer

He established the first newspaper to exceed over one million in circulation by filling it with sensational stories of crime and disaster. (p. 317)

Samuel de Champlain

He established the first permanent French settlement at Quebec, a fortified village on the St. Lawrence River. (p., 10)

Dwight Moody

He founded Moody Bible Institute, in 1889. It helped generations of urban evangelists to adapt traditional Christianity to city life. (p. 366)

Benito Mussolini

He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945, he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance. (p. 524)

Harry Hopkins

He headed the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in the 1930s. (p. 506)

George Westinghouse

He held more than 400 patents. He invented the high-voltage alternating current transformer, which made possible the nationwide electrial power system. (p. 326)

John Rolfe

He helped Jamestown develop a new variety of tobacco which became popular in Europe and became a profitable crop. (p. 25)

Joseph Glidden

He invented barbed wire to help farmers fence in their lands on the plains. (p. 342)

James Madison

He is one of the people who wrote the Constitution, and he is known as the Father of the Constitution. He was later elected president in 1808, and served for two terms. (p. 104)

Toussaint I'Ouverture

He led a rebellion against French rule on the island of Santo Domingo which resulted in heavy French losses. (p. 132)

George Washington

He led a small militia from the Virginia colony, to halt the completion of the French fort in the Ohio River Valley, Fort Duquesne. In July 1974, he was forced to surrender to a superior force of Frenchmen and their American Indian allies. This was the beginning of the French and Indian War. (p. 70)

John Brown

He led his four sons and some former slaves, in an attack on the federal arsenal, called the Harpers Ferry raid. (p. 257)

Samuel Gompers

He led the American Federation of Labor until 1924. (p. 330)

David Farragut

He led the Union navy when they captured New Orleans, in April 1862. (p. 274)

Cornelius Vanderbilt

He merged local railroads into the New York Central Railroad, which ran from New York City to Chicago. (p. 320)

Huey Long

He proposed a "Share Our Wealth" program that promised a minimum annual income of $5000 for every American family to be paid for by taxing the wealthy. In 1935 he challenged Roosevelt's leadership of the Democratic party by becoming a candidate for president but was soon assassinated. (p. 509)

Francis Townsend

He proposed a simple plan for guaranteeing a secure income for the elderly. He proposed that a 2 percent federal sales tax be used to create a special fund from which every retired person over the age of 60 would receive $200 a month thus stimulating the economy. (p. 509)

Henry Clay

He proposed the Compromise of 1850. (p. 249)

Louis Sullivan

He rejected historical architecture and focused on tall, steel-framed office buildings. He focused on building a form that followed function. A member of the Chicago School. (p. 370)

Jefferson Davis

He served as President of the Confederate States during the Civil War. (p. 270)

William (Bill) Clinton

He served as president from 1993 to 2000. He was a moderate "New Democrat" who focused on economic issues such as jobs, education, and health care. (p. 666)

Alexander H. Stephens

He served as vice president of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. He acted in defense of states' rights, and even urged the secession of Georgia in response to the "despotic" actions of the Confederate government. (p. 270)

Richard Nixon

He served as vice president under Eisenhower from 1953 to 1960. He was nominated as the Republican candidate for president in 1960, but lost the close election to John Kennedy. In 1968 he was elected president, and again in 1972. However, he was forced to resign the presidency in 1974. (p. 600)

Christopher Columbus

He spent 8 years seeking financial support for his plan to sail west from Europe to the "Indies". In 1492, he sailed from the Canary Islands to an island in the Bahamas. His success in discovering lands on the other side of the ocean brought him a burst of glory in Spain. (p. 7)

John D. Rockefeller

He started Standard Oil in 1863. By 1881, Standard Oil Trust controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business. His companies produced kerosene, which was used primarily for lighting at the time. The trust that he created consisted of various acquired companies, all managed by a board of trustees he controlled. (p. 323)

Joseph Humphrey Noyes

He started a cooperative community in Oneida, New York. (p. 210)

Samuel Gridley Howe

He started a school for the blind. (p. 213)

Thomas Gallaudet

He started a school for the deaf. (p. 213)

Oliver Wendell Holmes

He taught that law should evolve with the times and not be bound by previous precedents or decisions. (p. 368)

Paul Revere

He warned the militia that the British were coming along with William Dawes at the Battle of Lexington and Concord. (p. 86)

Roger Taney

He was Andrew Jackson's secretary of Treasury. In an attempt to destroy the Bank of the United States, he transferred funds from the national bank to various state banks. (p. 198)

John C. Calhoun

He was Andrew Jackson's vice president, but he opposed Jackson on nullification theory. He advanced the theory that a state had the right to declare a federal law null and void. (p. 196)

Al Gore

He was Bill Clinton's vice president. In 2000 he lost a very close presidential election to George W. Bush. (p. 680)

Thomas Jefferson

He was George Washington's first secretary of state. A Democrat-Republican, he was the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809. He stressed the basic principles of constitutional government and limited central government. He appeased the Federalists by maintaining the national bank and debt repayment plan of Hamilton, and carried on the neutrality policies of Washington and Adams. He reduced the size of the military, eliminated some federal jobs, repealed excise taxes, and lowered the national debt. In 1803, he made the Louisiana Purchase from France. (p. 131)

Edwin Stanton

He was President Andrew Johnson's secretary of war. President Johnson believed the new Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional and he challenged the law, by dismissing him from his position. This led to Johnson's impeachment. (p. 297)

John L. Lewis

He was President of the United Mine Workers Union and Leader of the Congress of Industrial Organizations. (p. 510)

Herbert Hoover

He was President of the United States at the time of the stock market crash. He thought that prosperity would soon return. He was slow to call for legislative action and he thought public relief should come from the state and local governments, not the federal government. (p. 500)

Aaron Burr

He was Thomas Jefferson's vice president from 1801 to 1804. A new vice president was chosen for Jefferson's second term. He then organised a failed conspiracy, attempting to unite New England states and secede from the United States. He killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. In 1806 was tried for treason because of a plan to capture Mexico and possibly unite it with Louisiana. He was acquitted of the charge. (p. 135)

Roger Taney

He was a Southern Democrat and chief justice of the Supreme Court during the Dred Scott v. Sandford case. (p. 255)

H. Ross Perot

He was a Texas billionaire, who entered the 1992 presidential election as an independent. He received nearly 20% of the vote, the best showing by an independent since Teddy Roosevelt in 1912. (p. 666)

Alfred Thayer Mahan

He was a U.S. Navy captain whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of seapower changed how America viewed its navy. (p. 411)

John Dewey

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. (p. 433)

Alger Hiss

He was a state department official who assisted Roosevelt at the Yalta conference. He denied that he was a Communist and had given secret documents to Whittaker Chambers. In 1950, he was convicted of perjury and sent to prison. (p. 571)

Robert Kennedy

He was attorney general during his brother John Kennedy's administration. In 1964, he was elected as a senator in New York. In 1968, he decided to enter the presidential race after Eugene McCarthy's strong showing in New Hampshire. On June 5, 1968, he won a major victory in the California Democratic primary but was shot and killed just after his victory speech. (p. 616)

John Tyler

He was elected Vice President, then he became the tenth president (1841-1845) when Benjamin Harrison died. He was responsible for the annexation of Mexico after receiving a mandate from Polk. He opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery. (p. 231)

James Earl (Jimmy) Carter

He was elected president in 1976. He was a former Democratic governor of Georgia. (p. 634)

Abraham Lincoln

He was elected president of the United States in 1860. He was a Republican, who ran on a platform that appealed to those in the North and the West. It called for the exclusion of slavery in the new territories, a protective tariff for industry, free land for homesteaders, and a railroad to the Pacific. (p. 258)

Thomas Watson

He was from Georgia and he appealed to poor farmers of both races to join the Populists party. (p. 387)

Eugene Debs

He was one of the founders of the Socialist party that was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. Starting in 1900, he was the Socialist party's presidential nominee in five elections. Around 1920, he was sentenced to ten years in federal prison for speaking out against World War I. (p. 440, 461)

Ronald Reagan

He was president from 1981 to 1988, he led a conservative movement against détente with the Soviet Union and the growth of the federal government. Some people credit him with America's victory in the Cold War while others fault his insensitive social agenda and irresponsible fiscal policies. (p. 656)

Henry Clay

He was secretary of state under President John Quincy Adams. He was President Andrew Jackson's chief opponent. In 1832, he challenged Jackson by persuading Congress to pass a bank-recharter bill. (p. 197)

Alfred E. Smith

He was the Democratic presidential candidate in the 1928 presidential election. He was the former governor of New York and his opponent in the presidential race was Republican Herbert Hoover. As a Roman Catholic and opponent of Prohibition, he appealed to immigrant urban voters. (p. 477)

Saddam Hussein

He was the Iraq dictator in Iraq who invaded Kuwait. He refused to let the U.N. into Iraq for WMD inspections. (p. 683)

Winfield Scott

He was the Union General-in-Chief at the start of the Civil War. (p. 271)

Horace Mann

He was the leading advocate of the public school movement. (p. 213)

Benjamin Franklin

He was the most popular and successful American writer of the 18th century. (p. 51)

George Gershwin

He was the son of Russian-Jewish immigrants. He blended jazz and classical music to produce "Rhapsody in Blue" and folk opera "Porgy and Bess". (p. 482)

Richard Nixon

He was vice president under Dwight Eisenhower. In 19868, he would become the 37th President of the United States, but in 1974 he resigned in disgrace after the Watergate scandal. (p. 580)

Andrew Jackson

He won the 1828 presidential election easily, winning every state west of the Appalachians. He was know as "Old Hickory" and presented himself as a comman man. (p. 195)

Martin Van Buren

He won the 1836 presidential election as a Democratic. He had been Andrew Jackson's vice president. (p. 198)

George H. W. Bush

He won the 1988 presidential election. He was president during the Persian Gulf War. His ability to quickly bring the war to a conclusion while suffering relatively few casualties resulted in a very high approval rating of nearly 90 percent after the war. (p. 662)

George W. Bush

He won the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections. He was the son of former president George H. W. Bush. (p. 680)

Rutherford B. Hayes

He won the presidential election of 1876, which was a highly contested election. He was a Republican governor from Ohio. (p. 302)

Uptown Sinclair; "The Jungle"

He wrote "The Jungle" which described the Chicago stockyards and meatpacking industry. (p. 438)

Lincoln Steffans

He wrote "The Shame of the Cities" (1904) which described in detail the corruption that characterized big-city politics. (p. 434)

John Philip Sousa

He wrote a series of popular marches played in small town bandstands across the country. (p. 371)

Jack London

He wrote about the conflict between man and nature in books such as "The Call of the Wild". (p. 369)

Stephen Crane

He wrote in the 1890s about the human condition. His books included "Maggie: A Girl in the Streets" and the "Red Badge of Courage". (p. 369)

Francis Scott Key

He wrote our national anthem while observing the British attack on Fort McHenry in Baltimore. (p. 141)

A. Phillip Randolph

Head of Railroad Porters Union who threatened a march on Washington D.C. to demand equal job opportunities for African Americans. (p. 513)

George Creel

Head of the Committee on Public Information. He persuaded the nation's artists and advertising agencies to create thousands of paintings, posters, cartoons, and sculptures promoting the war. (p. 461)

George Kennan

Helped formulate Truman's containment policy. Expert on Soviet Affairs, in an influential article he wrote that only "a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies" would eventually cause the Soviets to back off their Communist ideology of world domination and live in peace with other nations. (p. 563)

Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay proposed and it was signed into law by President Millard Fillmore. It proposed: * Admit California to the Union as a free state * Divide the remainder of the Mexican Cession into New Mexico and Utah (popular sovereignty) * Give land in dispute between Texas and New Mexico to federal government in return for paying Texas' public debt of 10 million * Ban slave trade in D. C., but permit slaveholding * New Fugitive Slave Law to be enforced (p. 249)

Rachel Carson, "Silent Spring"

Her 1962 book exposed the use of pesticides and would lead Congress to pass clean air and water laws. (p. 606)

Phillis Wheatley

Her poetry is noteworthy for her triumph over slavery and the quality of her verse. (p. 51)

Mayflower Compact

In 1620, while they were sailing to America on the Mayflower, the Pilgrims created this document that pledged them to make decisions by the will of the majority. It was a rudimentary written constitution. (p. 27)

John Winthrop

In 1630, he led about a thousand Puritans to America and and founded Boston and several other towns. (p. 26)

Chesapeake Colonies

In 1632, the area once known as the Virginia colony, has divided into the Virginia and Maryland colony. Maryland became the first proprietary colony. (p. 27)

Cecil Calvert, Second Lord Baltimore

In 1634, Cecil Calvert (Second Lord Baltimore) was the son of George Calvert (First Lord Baltimore). Cecil Calvert set about making his father's dream of a Maryland colony that would be a haven for Catholics in America. (p. 27)

Thomas Hooker

In 1636, he led a large group of Boston Puritans dissatisfied with the Massachusetts Bay colony to found Hartford, which is now Connecticut. In 1639 they drew up the first written constitution in American history. (p. 30)

John Davenport

In 1637, he founded a settlement south of Hartford, by the name of New Haven. (p. 30)

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

In 1639, the Hartford settlers drew up the first written constitution in America. It established a representative government made up of a legislature elected by the people and a governor chosen by the legislature. (p. 30)

New England Confederation

In 1643, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven colonies formed a military alliance to deal with the threat from the Native Americans. It lasted until 1684. (p. 31)

Rhode Island

In 1644, Parliament granted Roger Williams a charter, joining Providence and Portsmouth into a single colony, Rhode Island. (p. 30)

The Carolinas

In 1663, King Charles II granted eight nobles the Carolinas. In 1729, the Carolinas were split into two royal colonies. In South Carolina, the economy was based on the fur trade and growing food for the West Indies, which led to many plantations. In North Carolina, there were many small tobacco farms and fewer plantations. (p. 32)

New York

In 1664, King Charles II granted his brother, the Duke of York (future King James II) the land now known as New York. James took control of the Dutch colony that was located there, but the Dutch were treated fairly. James was unpopular because of his taxes and refusal to institute a representative government. Finally in 1683, he agreed to grant broad civil and political rights to the colony. (p. 33)

Connecticut

In 1665, New Haven and Hartford joined to form the colony of Connecticut under a royal charter. (p. 30)

Bacon's Rebellion

In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon led a group of army volunteers that raided Native American villages, fought the governor's forces, and set fire to Jamestown. The rebellion lost momentum when Bacon died of dysentery. The rebellion was caused by the Governor's unfair favoritism of large plantation owners and refusal to protect small farms from Native American raids. (p. 29)

Frame of Government (1682)

In 1682-1683, William Penn provided the Pennsylvania colony with a Frame of Government which guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners and a written constitution. (p. 34)

Sir Edmund Andros

In 1686, King James II combined New York, New Jersey, and additional New England colonies into a single unit called the Dominion of New England. He was sent England to govern the dominion. he was very unpopular by levying new taxes, limiting town meetings, and revoking land titles. (p. 36)

Glorious Revolution

In 1688, King James II was deposed and replaced with William and Mary. This brought the end to the Dominion of New England, and the colonies operated under their previous structure. (p. 37)

Charter of Liberties

In 1701, the Pennsylvania colony created this written constitution which guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration. (p. 34)

Delaware

In 1702, William Penn granted the lower three colonies of Pennsylvania their own assembly. In effect, Delaware became a separate colony, even though its governor was the same as Pennsylvaniaá until the American revolution. (p. 34)

Georgia

In 1732, Georgia was formed to provide a buffer between wealthy Georgia and Spanish controlled Florida, and to provide a place for the many debtors of England to begin again. (p. 34)

John Peter Zenger

In 1735, he published a true, but unflattering article about New York's royal governor. According to English common law at the time this was a criminal act, but he was acquitted by a jury. This encouraged newspapers in the colonies to take greater risks in criticising the government. (p. 52)

Andrew Hamilton

In 1735, he was the lawyer for John Peter Zenger in the Zenger case. (p. 52)

colonial governors

In 1750, there were 13 colonies. In the eight royal colonies the governors were appointed by the King, in the three proprietary colonies the governors were appointed by the proprietors, and in Rhode Island and Connecticut the governors were elected by popular vote. (p. 54)

Edward Braddock

In 1755, this general led an army from colonial Virginia, to attack the French near Ft. Duquesne. More than 2,000 of his British and colonial troops were defeated by a smaller force of French and American Indians. (p. 70)

Pontiac's Rebellion

In 1763, American Indian chief Pontiac led a major attack against the colonial settlements on the western frontier. The British did not rely on colonial forces, but instead sent their army to deal with the rebellion. This led to the creation of the Proclamation of 1763. (p. 72)

Declaratory Act

In 1766, Parliament declared that it had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies in all cases whatsoever. (p. 73)

John Dickinson; Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

In 1767 and 1768, he argued that the idea of no taxation without representation, was an essential principle of English law. (p. 74)

Townshend Acts

In 1767, Parliament enacted new taxes to be collected on imports of tea, glass, and paper. It also created the writs of assistance, which was a general license to search for smuggled goods anywhere. (p. 73)

James Otis

In 1768, he was one of the authors of the the Massachusetts Circular Letter which urged colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. (p. 74)

Samuel Adams

In 1768, he was one of the authors of the the Massachusetts Circular Letter which urged colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. (p. 74)

Massachusetts Circular Letter

In 1768, this document was distributed to every colonial legislature. It urged the colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. (p. 74)

Tea Act

In 1773, Parliament passed this act which taxed imported tea. The result was that British tea was even cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea. (p. 75)

Coercive Acts

In 1774, after the Boston Tea Party, Great Britain created four Coercive Acts to punish the people of Boston and Massachusetts. (p. 75)

Intolerable Acts

In 1774, the British Parliament passed the Intolerable Acts, which intensified the conflict between the colonies and Great Britain. (p. 85)

Quebec Act

In 1774, this act organized the Canadian lands gained from France (Quebec). It established Roman Catholicism as the official religion, set up a government without a representative assembly, and set the Quebec border further south, at the Ohio River. (p. 75)

Thomas Jefferson

In 1776, he was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence. (p. 88)

Adam Smith

In 1776, this economist wrote "The Wealth of Nations" which argued that business should not be regulated by government, but by the "invisible hand" (impersonal econmic forces). (p. 324)

George Rogers Clark

In 1778-1789, he led the capture of series of British forts in the Illinois country. (p. 90)

Battle of Yorktown

In 1781, the last major battle of the Revolutionary War was fought on the shores of Chesapeake Bay. Supported by French naval and military forces, Washington's army forced the surrender of a large British army commanded by General Charles Cornwallis. (p. 90)

J. Hector St. John Crevecoeur

In 1782, this Frenchman wrote , "America is a new man, who acts upon new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions. From involuntary idleness, servile dependence, and useless labor, he has passed to toils of a very different nature, rewarded by ample subsistence. This is an American." (p. 45)

Treaty of Paris

In 1783, this treaty between Britain and the United States brought an end to the Revolutionary War. It stated that: 1. Britain would recognize the existence of the US. 2. The Mississippi River would be the western border of the US. 3. Americans would have fishing rights off the coast of Canada. 4. Americans would pay debts owed to British merchants and honor Loyalist claims for property confiscated during the war. (p. 91)

Mt. Vernon Conference

In 1785, George Washington hosted a conference at his home, in Mt. Vernon, Virginia. It led to the Annapolis Convention of 1786. (p. 104)

Annapolis Convention

In 1786, only five states sent delegates to this convention. However, it led to Constitutional Convention of 1787. (p. 104)

Judiciary Act (1789)

In 1789, this act established a Supreme Court with one chief justice and five associate justices. The Supreme Court was able to rule on the constitutionality of state courts. It provided for a system of thirteen district courts and three courts of appeals. (p. 110)

Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

In 1793, President George Washington issued a proclamation the U.S. would remain neutral in the war between Britain and France. (p. 111)

Eli Whitney; interchangeable parts

In 1793, he built the first cotton gin, which would have a huge impact on the Southern economy. During the War of 1812 he devised a system to make rifles with mass produced interchangeable parts. (p. 162)

cotton gin

In 1793, this machine was invented by Eli Whitney. It removed seeds from cotton fibers so cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. As a result more cotton was grown in the South and more slaves were needed in the cotton fields. (p. 162)

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, a group of farmers in western Pennsylvania, refused to pay a federal excise tax (tax on a specific product) on whiskey they were producing. President Washington responded by using 15,000 militiamen to stop the rebellion with almost no bloodshed. (p. 113)

Battle of Fallen Timbers

In 1794, the U.S. Army led by General Anthony Wayne defeated the American Indians at this battle in northwestern Ohio. (p. 113)

Jay Treaty (1794)

In 1794, this treaty with Britain, was negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay. The U.S. wanted Britain to stop seizing U.S. ships and impressing our sailors. However, the treaty said nothing about ship seizures, and Britain only agreed to evacuate posts on the U.S. frontier. (p. 111)

Pinckney Treaty (1795)

In 1795, Thomas Pinckney, the U.S. minister to Spain, negotiated this treaty with Spain. Spain agreed to open the lower Mississippi and New Orleans to trade. The right of deposit was granted to Americans so they could transfer cargos in New Orleans without paying duties. It was agreed that Spain would only control area south of the 31st parallel. (p 112)

two-term tradition

In 1796, George Washington decided to step down after two terms (four years per term) as president. This set the precedent, until Franklin Delano Roosevelt won four elections. In 1951, the 22nd amendment made two-term limit part of the Constitution. (p. 115)

John Adams

In 1796, this Federalist, was elected as the second president of the United States. In 1800, he lost the presidential election to Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican. (p. 115, 117)

Public Land Act (1796)

In 1796, this act established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at reasonable prices. (p. 113)

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

In 1799, two states passed resolutions that argued states had the right to nullify laws passed at the federal level. (p. 117)

judicial review

In 1803, Marbury v. Madison case, the Marshall court established the doctrine of judicial review by ruling that a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional. From this point on, the Supreme Court could overrule the legislative or executive branches if they believed a law was unconstituional. (p. 134)

Louisiana Purchase

In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana territory from France for $15 million. The purchase more that doubled the size of the United States, removed a European presence from the nation's borders, and extended the western frontier well beyond the Mississippi River. (p. 133)

Lewis and Clark Expedition

In 1804, Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark left St. Louis, Missouri on an expedition to the Pacific coast. They travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. the expedition provided greater scientific knowledge of the region, stronger claims to the Oregon Territory, better relationships with the American Indians, and more accurate maps. (p. 134)

Robert Fulton; steamboats

In 1807, he built a boat powered by a steam engine. Commercial steamboat lines soon made river shipping faster and cheaper. (p. 161)

Chesapeake-Leopard affair

In 1807, the British warship Leopard attacked the American warship Chesapeake. Three U.S. sailors were killed and four were taken captive. Many Americans demanded war but Jefferson used diplomacy and economic pressure in response. (p. 136)

Embargo Act (1807)

In 1807, this act prohibited American trading ships from sailing to any foreign port. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels, by depriving them of American trade. The embargo backfired and brought greater economic hardship to the United States than Britain. In 1809 it was repealed. (p 136)

Nonintercourse Act (1809)

In 1809, this act provided that America could now trade with all nations except Britain and France. (p. 137)

Henry Clay

In 1810, he was a Kentucky member of the House of Representatives. He was a war hawk who argued for war with Britain. (p. 139)

John C. Calhoun

In 1810, he was a South Carolina member of the House of Representatives. He was a war hawk who argued for war with Britain. (p. 139)

corporations

In 1811, New York state passed a law that made it easier for business to incorporate and raise capital by selling shares of stock. Owners of a corporation only risked the money they had invested in a venture. This allowed large sums of money to be raised to build factories, canals, and railroads. (p. 162)

William Henry Harrison

In 1811, this governor of the Indiana Territory, destroyed Shanee headquarters and put an end to Tecumseh's efforts to form an American Indian confederacy. (p. 138)

Quids

In 1812, they were "Old" Democratic-Republicans who criticized the War of 1812 because it violated the classic Democratic-Republican commitment to limited federal power and the maintenance of peace. (p. 140)

Thomas Macdonough

In 1814, this U.S. naval commander defeated a British fleet on Lake Champlain. As a result the British had to retreat and abandon their plan to invade New York and New England. (p. 140)

Stephen Decatur

In 1815, this naval officer led a U.S. fleet to force the leaders of North Africa to allow safe American shipping in the Mediterranean. (p. 157)

Andrew Jackson

In 1817, this general lead a militia force to Florida where he destroyed Seminole villages and hung Seminole sympathizers. He would later become president. (p. 158)

Panic of 1819

In 1819, this was the first major financial panic since the Constitution had been ratified. Many state banks closed, and unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt increased sharply. the depression was most severe in the West, where many people had speculated on land. (p. 153)

Denmark Vesey

In 1822, he led a major slave uprising which was quickly and violently suppressed. However, it gave hope to enslaved African Americans, drove Southern states to tighten already strict slave codes, and demonstrated to many the evils of slavery. (p. 179)

Texas

In 1823, Texas won its national independence from Spain. The annexation of this state was by a joint resolution of Congress, supported by President-elect James Polk. This annexation contributed to the Mexican War because the border with Mexico was in dispute. Land from the Republic of Texas later became parts of New Mexico, Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming. (p. 233)

John Quincy Adams

In 1824, he was elected president. Henry Clay used his influence in the House of Representatives to provide him with enough votes to win the election. Clay was made secretary of state. (p. 194)

Tariff of 1828; tariff of abominations

In 1828, during President John Quincy Adams' term, Congress created a new tariff law which pleased northern manufacturers, but alienated southern planters. (p. 194)

Webster-Hayne debate

In 1830, Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, debated Robert Hayne of South Carolina on the nature of the federal union under the Constitution. Daniel Webster declared that a state could not defy or leave the union. (p. 196)

Indian Removal Act

In 1830, this act forced the resettlement of thousands of Native Americans west of the Mississippi. (p. 195)

Nat Turner

In 1831, he led a major slave uprising. (p. 179)

Nat Turner

In 1831, he led the largest slave rebellion in which 55 whites were killed. (p. 215)

abolitionism William Lloyd Garrison; The Liberator

In 1831, he started the radical abolitionist movement with the "The Liberator" newspaper. He advocated the immediate abolition of all slavery in every state. (p. 215)

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

In 1831, this Supreme Court case ruled that the Cherokees were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in a federal court. (p. 195)

Bank of the United States

In 1832, President Andrew Jackson vetoed this bank's recharter bill, denouncing the bank as a private monopoly that enriched the wealthy and foreigners. (p. 197)

nullification crisis

In 1832, South Carolina passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs in the state, which was nullifying a federal law at the state level. President Jackson threatened South Carolina with the use of federal troops and a compromise was reached. (p. 197)

Worcester v. Georgia

In 1832, this Supreme Court case ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within the Cherokee territory. However, President Jackson sided with Georgia and the decision could not be enforced without Jackson's support. (p 196)

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

In 1834, he established himself as dictator of Mexico and attempted to enforce Mexico's laws in Texas. In March 1836 a group of American settlers revolted and declared Texas to be an independent republic. He then led an army which attacked the Alamo in San Antonio, killing all the American defenders. Shortly after that, Sam Houston led an army that captured him and he was forced to sign a treaty that recognized the independence of Texas. (p. 231)

Cherokee trail of tears

In 1838, the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia and march to Oklahoma. 4,000 Cherokees died on the trip. (p. 196)

Liberty party

In 1840, this political party was formed in reaction to the radical abolitionists. They pledged to bring an end to slavery by political and legal means. (p. 215)

Commonwealth v. Hunt

In 1842, the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that peaceful unions had the right to negotiate labor contracts with employers. (p. 174)

Samuel F. B. Morse

In 1844, he invented the electric telegraph which allowed communication over longer distances. (p. 238)

Stephen A. Douglas

In 1854, he devised the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which in effect overturned the Missouri Compromise, and allowed the South the opportunity to expand slavery. In 1858, he debated Abraham Lincoln in a famous series of seven debates in the campaign for the Illinois senate seat. He won the campaign for reelection to the Senate, but he alienated Southern Democrats. In 1860, he won the Democratic presidential nomination, but Southern Democrats nominated their own candidate, John Breckinridge. He was easily defeated by Abraham Lincoln in the presidential election that year. (p. 252, 256, 258)

George Fitzhugh, Sociology of the South

In 1854, he wrote this proslavery book which argued that slavery was a positive good for slave and master alike. He was the boldest and most well known of proslavery authors. He questioned the principle of equal rights for unequal men and attacked the capitalist wage system as worse than slavery. (p. 251)

Pottawatomie Creek

In 1856, abolitionist John Brown and his sons attacked this proslavery farm settlement and killed five settlers. (p. 253)

Lecompton constitution

In 1857, President James Buchanan asked that Congress accept this document and admit Kansas as a slave state. Congress did not accept it. (p. 255)

Hinton R. Helper, Impending Crisis of the South

In 1857, he wrote this nonfiction book, that attacked slavery using statistics to demonstrate to fellow Southerners that slavery weakened the South's economy. Southern states banned the book, but it was widely read in the North. (p. 250)

Lincoln-Douglas debates

In 1858, Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln had seven debates in the campaign for the Illinois senate seat. Lincoln was not an abolitionist, but he attacked Douglas's seeming indifference to slavery as a moral issue. Although Lincoln lost the election to Douglas, he emerged as a national figure and leading contender for the Republican nomination for president. (p. 256)

Trent Affair

In 1861, the Confederacy sent diplomats to Britain on a British steamer, to gain recognition for their government. A Union ship captured both men and took them as prisoners of war. The British threatened war if they were not released, and Lincoln gave into their demands. However, the diplomats were not able to get recognition for the Confederacy, from Britain or France. (p. 274)

Pennsylvania

In 1861, the royal family paid a large debt by granting William Penn's father a large parcel of American land. He then formed a colony from the land. (p. 34)

William Penn

In 1861, the royal family paid a large debt by granting his family a large parcel of American land. This Quaker, formed a colony that he named Pennsylvania. (p. 34)

Morrill Tariff Act

In 1861, this tariff act raised rates to increase revenue and protect American manufacturers. (p. 281)

Pacific Railway Act

In 1862, this act authorized the building of a transcontinental railroad over a northern route in order to link the economies of California and the western territories to the eastern states. (p. 281)

Morrill Land Grant Act

In 1862, this act encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges. (p. 281)

Homestead Act

In 1862, this act offered 160 acres of public land free to any family that settled on it for 5 years. (p. 342)

Homestead Act

In 1862, this act promoted settlement of the Great Plains by offering parcels of 160 acres of public land free to any person or family that farmed that land for at least five years. (p. 281)

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

In 1863, President Lincoln's proclamation set up a process for political reconstruction, creating state governments in the South so that Unionists were in charge rather than secessionists. It include a full presidential pardon for most Confederates who took an oath of allegiance to the Union and the U.S. Constitution, and accepted the emancipation of slaves. It also reestablished state governments as soon as at least 10 percent of the voters in the state took the loyalty oath. In practice, the proclamation meant that each Southern state would need to rewrite its state constitution to eliminate existence of slavery. (p. 292)

Wade-Davis Bill

In 1864, this harsh Congressional Reconstruction bill stated that the president would appoint provisional governments for conquered states until a majority of voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union. It required the abolition of slavery by new state constitutions, only non-Confederates could vote for a new state constitution. President Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned. (p. 292)

French in Mexico

In 1865, Secretary of State William Seward invoked the Monroe Doctrine when Napoleon III sent French troops to occupy Mexico. He threatened U.S. military action unless France withdrew their troops, and they did. (p. 410)

transatlantic cable

In 1866, Cyrus W. Field's invention allowed messages to be sent across the oceans. (p. 325)

Ex Parte Milligan

In 1866, the Supreme Court ruled that the government had acted improperly in Indiana where, certain civilians had been subject to a military trial during the war. The Court ruled that such trials could be used only when regular civilian courts were unavailable. (p. 279)

Reconstruction Acts

In 1867, Congress passed three acts which placed the South under military occupation. They created five military districts in the former Confederate states, each under control of the Union army. To rejoin the Union, ex-Confederate states were required to ratify the 14th amendment and place guarantees in their state constitution that all adult males of all races would be guaranteed the right to vote. (p. 296)

Alaska Purchase

In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 Million ("Seward's Folly"). (p. 410)

Tenure of Office Act

In 1867, this act prohibited the president from removing a federal official or military commander, without the approval of the Senate. The purpose of the law was purely political, to protect the Radical Republicans in Johnson's cabinet from dismissal. (p. 297)

National Grange Movement

In 1868, this organization was created primarily as a social and educational help for farmers. (p. 351)

Jay Gould

In 1869, this Wall Street financier obtained the help of President Grant's brother in law, to corner the gold market. The Treasury Department broke the scheme, but after he had already made a huge profit. (p. 300)

Yellowstone, Yosemite

In 1872, this area of Wyoming was declared the first national park. In 1864 this area in California was declared a state park, later it became a national park. (p. 346)

Liberal Republicans

In 1872, this party advocated civil service reform, an end of railroad subsidies, withdrawal of troops from the South, reduced tariffs, and free trade.

Alexander Graham Bell

In 1876, he invented the telephone. (p. 325)

Little Big Horn

In 1876, the Sioux Indians, led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, massacred the U.S. 7th Cavalry led by General Custer. This was the last major battle between the U.S. Army and the American Indians. (p. 345)

Bland-Allison Act of 1878

In 1878, this act allowed a limited coinage of silver each month at the standard silver-to-gold ratio of 16 to 1. (p. 385)

Election of 1880

In 1880, James A. Garfield was elected president in a very close election. His vice president was Chester A. Arthur. (p. 382)

Standard Oil Trust

In 1881, the name of John D. Rockefeller's company, which controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business in the United States. (p. 323)

Immigration Act of 1882

In 1882, this act placed restrictions on the immigration of undesirable persons, such as paupers, criminals, convicts, and mentally incompetent. (p. 362)

Civil Rights Cases of 1883

In 1883, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens, which included public businesses. (p. 349)

American Railroad Association

In 1883, this organization divided the country into four different time zones, which would become the standard time for all Americans. (p. 320)

Grover Cleveland

In 1884, he was elected president of the United States. He was the first Democratic president since 1856. (p. 383)

electric power, lighting

In 1885, George Westinghouse produced a transformer for producing high-voltage alternating current, which made possible the lighting of cities, electric streetcars, subways, electrically powered machinery, and appliances. (p. 326)

railroad strike of 1877

In 1887, this strike spread across much of the nation and shut down two-thirds of the country's railroads. An additional 500,000 workers from other industries joined the strike. The president used federal troops to end the violence, but more than 100 people had died in the violence. (p. 329)

Eastman's Kodak camera

In 1888, George Eastman invented the camera. (p. 325)

Edward Bellamy

In 1888, he wrote "Looking Backward", a popular book of social criticism that that envisioned a future that had eliminated poverty, greed, and crime. (p. 365)

election of 1888, Harrison "Billion Dollar Congress"

In 1888, the Republican Benjamin Harrison became the president and the Republicans controlled Congress. They passed the first billion dollar budget in U.S. history. (p. 386)

James Blaine

In 1889, as secretary of state he arranged the first Pan-American Conference in Washington D.C. Various nations in the Western Hemisphere met to discuss trade and other issues. (p. 412)

Jane Addams

In 1889, she started Hull House in Chicago, which was a settlement house which provide help to immigrants. (p. 365)

Pan-American Conference (1889)

In 1889, this conference was called by Secretary of State James G. Blaine. It created an organization of cooperation between the United States and Latin American countries. (p. 412)

Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

In 1890, Congress passed this act, which prohibited any "contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce." The U.S. Department of Justice secured few convictions until the law was strenghted during the Progressive era. (p. 324)

Ocala Platform of 1890

In 1890, a national organization of farmers, called the National Alliance, met in Florida to address the problems of rural America. It fell short of becoming a political party, but many of the reform ideas would become part of the Populist movement. (p. 352)

Jacob Riis

In 1890, he wrote "How The Other Half Lives", which showed the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. (p. 434)

Susan B. Anthony, NAWSA

In 1890, one of the founders of the National American Womens Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which worked to secure voting rights for women. (p. 366)

Farmers' Alliances in South and West

In 1890, this group of discontented farmers elected senators, representatives, governors, and majorities in state legislatures in the West. (p. 386)

McKinley Tariff of 1890

In 1890, this tariff raised the tax on foreign products to a peacetime high of 48 percent. (p 386)

rise of the Populist Party

In 1892, delegates met in Omaha, Nebraska to draft a political platform that would reduce the power of trusts and bankers. They nominated James Weaver as their candidate for president. (p. 386)

John Muir, Sierra Club

In 1892, he founded this organization, with the goal of preserving some natural areas from human intervention. (p. 347)

James B. Weaver

In 1892, he was the Populist candidate for president. He is one of the few third party candidates in history to have ever won any electoral votes. (p. 387)

Omaha Platform

In 1892, the Populist party met in Omaha, Nebraska to draft this political platform and nominate a presidential candidate. (p 386)

Hawaii

In 1893, American settlers aided in the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani. President McKinley completed the annexation of Hawaii in 1898. (p. 415)

Cleveland blocks annexation

In 1893, President Grover Cleveland block the annexation of Hawaii because he opposed imperalism. However, in 1898, President McKinley did annex Hawaii. (p. 414)

Panic of 1893

In 1893, the stock market crashed as a result of speculation in railroad companies. One of the worst and longest depressions in U.S. history. (p. 387)

Panic of 1893

In 1893, this financial panic led to the consolidation of the railroad industry. (p. 321)

Antisaloon League

In 1893, this organization became a powerful political force and by 1916 had persuaded twenty one states to close down all saloons and bars. (p. 367)

Coxey's Army, March on Washington

In 1894, Populist Jacob A. Coxey led a march to Washington to demand that the federal government spend $500 million on public works programs. (p. 388)

Henry Demarest Lloyd

In 1894, he wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth". He attacked the practices of Standard Oil and the railroads. (p. 434)

African American migration

In 1894, the International Migration Society was formed to help blacks emigrate to Africa. Other blacks moved to Kansas and Oklahoma. (p. 350)

Coin's Financial School

In 1894, this book taught Americans that unlimited silver coining would end the economic problems. (p. 388)

Pullman Stike

In 1894, workers at Pullman went on strike. The American Railroad Union supported them when they refused to transport Pullman rail cars. The federal government broke the strike. (p. 331)

Cleveland and Olney

In 1895 and 1896, President Grover Cleveland and Secretary of State Richard Olney insisted that Great Britain agree to arbitrate the border dispute between Venezuela and the British colony of Guiana. (p. 412)

Cuban revolt

In 1895, Cuban nationalists sabotaged and laid waste to Cuban plantations. Spain sent General Valeriano Weyler who put civilians into armed camps where many died. (p. 413)

federal courts, U.S. v. E.C. Knight

In 1895, the Supreme Court ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act could be applied only to commerce, not manufacturing. (p. 324)

unlimited coinage of silver at 16 to 1

In 1896, the Democrats favored silver coinage at this traditional but inflationary rate. (p. 389)

gold standard and higher tariff

In 1897, William McKinley became president just as gold discoveries in Alaska increased the money supply under the gold standard. The Dingley Tariff increased the tariff rate to 46 percent. (p. 390)

direct election of senators

In 1899, Nevada became the first state to elect U.S. senators directly. Previously state legislatures had chosen them. (p. 435)

John Hay

In 1899, as William McKinley's secretary of state, he sent a note to all the major countries involved in trade with China. He asked them to accept the concept of an Open Door, by which all nations would have equal trading privileges in China. The replies that he got were evasive, so he declared that all nations had accepted the Open Door policy. (p. 416)

U.S. Steel

In 1900, Andrew Carnegie sold Carnegie Steel to a group headed by J. P. Morgan. They formed this company, which was the largest enterprise in the world, employing 168,000 people, and controlling more than three-fifths of the nation's steel business. (p. 323)

Second Hay Note

In 1900, the U.S. was fearful that the international force sent to Beijing might try to occupy China. A second note was written to all the major imperialist countries, stating that China's territory must be preserved and that equal and impartial trade with all parts of China must be maintained. (p. 417)

TR supports Panama revolt

In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt orchestrated a revolt for Panama's independence from Columbia. The revolt succeeded quickly and with little bloodshed. (p. 418)

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)

In 1903, the Panama government signed this treaty with the United States. It granted the U.S. all rights to the 51 mile long and 10 mile wide Canal Zone, in exchange for U.S. protection. (p. 418)

Robert La Follett

In 1903, this Progressive Wisconsin Governor introduced a new system which allowed the voters to directly choose party candidates (direct primary), rather than being selected by party bosses. (p. 435)

Russo-Japanese War

In 1904, Russia and Japan went to war over imperial possessions in the region. In 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt arranged a successful treaty conference for the two foes at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. (p. 419)

Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)

In 1905, the United States mediated the end of the Russo-Japanese War. Negotiating the treaty in the U.S. increased U.S. prestige. Roosevelt received a Nobel Peace Prize for the mediation. (p. 419)

Algeciras Conference

In 1906, this conference held after the First Moroccan Crisis in which the dispute between Germany and France over control of Morocco was settled. (p. 420)

Hague Conference

In 1907, the Second International Peace Conference at the Hague discussed rules for limiting warfare. (p. 420)

gentlemen's agreement

In 1908, an informal agreement between the United States and Japan. President Roosevelt agreed that Japanese American students would be allowed to attend normal schools in San Francisco and Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the U.S. (p. 420)

Root-Takahira Agreement

In 1908, this executive agreement between the United States and Japan pledged mutual respect for each nation's possessions in the Pacific region and support for the Open Door policy in China. (p. 419)

Payne-Aldrich Tariff 1909

In 1909, President William Howard Taft signed this bill which raised the tariffs on most imports. (p. 440)

firing of Pinchot

In 1910, he was head of the Forest Service, but was fired by President Taft. (p. 440)

railroads in China

In 1911, President Taft succeeded in securing American participation in agreement to invest in railroads in China along with Germany and France. (p. 420)

Triangle Shirtwaist fire

In 1911, a high-rise garment factory burned, killing 146 people, mostly women. (p. 437)

Manchurian problem

In 1911, the U.S. was excluded from investing in railroads in Manchuria because of a joint agreement between Russia and Japan, which was in direct defiance of the Open Door Policy. (p. 420)

intervention in Nicaragua

In 1912, President Taft sent military troops here when a civil war broke out. (p. 420)

Lodge Corollary

In 1912, the Senate passed this resolution as an addition to the Monroe Doctrine. It stated that non-European powers (such as Japan) would be excluded from owning territory in Western Hemisphere. (p. 420)

William Jennings Bryan

In 1913, he was Woodrow Wilson's secretary of state. He tried to demonstrate that the U.S. respected other nations' rights and would support the spread of democracy. (p. 421)

General Huerta

In 1913, this Mexican revolutionary seized power in Mexico by killing the democratically elected president. (p. 423)

Seventeenth Amendment

In 1913, this constitutional amendment was passed. It required that all U.S. senators be elected by a popular vote. (p. 435)

Underwood Tariff

In 1913, this tariff substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in over 50 years. To compensate for the reduced tariff revenues, the bill included a graduated income tax with rates from 1 to 6 percent. (p. 442)

Federal Reserve Act

In 1914, this act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. It still plays a major role in the American economy today. (p. 442)

Clayton Antitrust Act

In 1914, this antitrust legislation strengthened the provisions in the Sherman Antitrust Act for breaking up monopolies. It exempted unions from being prosecuted as trusts. (p. 442)

Edward House

In 1915, he was President Wilson chief foreign policy adviser. He traveled to London, Paris, and Berlin to negotiate a peace settlement, but was unsuccessful. (p. 459)

National Woman's party

In 1916, Alice Paul formed this organization to focus on winning the support of Congress and the president for a Constitutional amendment for women's suffrage. (p. 445)

Jones Act

In 1916, this act granted the Philippines full territorial status, guaranteed a bill of rights and universal male suffrage to Filipinos, and promised independence for the Philippines as soon as a stable government was established. (p. 422)

Puerto Rico citizenship

In 1917, an act of Congress granted U.S. citizenship and limited self government for this island. (p. 422)

Espionage Act

In 1917, this law imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. (p. 461)

Selective Service Act

In 1917, this law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. Men were chosen by lottery. Eventually, 2.8 million were called by lottery, in addition to the nearly 2 million who volunteered. (p. 462)

Sedition Act

In 1918, this law made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment. About 1000 people were jailed because of the law, one of them was Eugene Debs. (p. 461)

Henry Cabot Lodge

In 1919, after World War I, he led a group of senators known as the "reservationists", who would accept the U.S. joining the League of Nations if certain reservations were added to the agreement. The United States never ratified the Treaty of Versailles nor joined the League of Nations. (p. 466)

Reservationists

In 1919, senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made. They were led by Henry Cabot Lodge. (p. 466)

Irreconcilables

In 1919, senators who voted against the Treaty of Versailles because it required the United States to join the League of Nations. (p. 466)

Nineteenth Amendment

In 1920, this amendment passed which gave women the right to vote. (p. 445)

recession, loss of jobs

In 1921, the U.S. plunged into recession and 10 percent of the workforce was unemployed. (p. 467)

Italian Fascist party

In 1922, they seized power in Italy. They attracted dissatisfied war veterans, nationalists, and those afraid of rising communism. They marched on Rome and installed Mussolini in power. (p. 524)

Latin America policy

In 1927, the United States signed an agreement with Mexico protecting U.S. interests in Mexico. (p. 487)

Charles Lindbergh

In 1927, this U.S. aviator thrilled the world, by making the first nonstop flight from Long Island to Paris. In 1940, he was a speaker for the isolationist America First Committee. (p. 480, 525)

Frederick Lewis Allen

In 1931, he wrote "Only Yesterday", a popular history book that portrayed the 1920s as a period of narrow-minded materialism. (p. 489)

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

In 1932, Congress funded this government-owned corporation as a measure for propping up faltering railroads, banks, life insurance companies, and other financial institutions. President Hoover thought that emergency loans would stabilize key business and the benefits would "trickle down" to smaller businesses and ultimately bring recovery. (p. 501)

Stimson Doctrine

In 1932, Secretary of State Henry Stimson said the United States would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria. (p. 522)

repeal of Prohibition

In 1933, the 21st Amendment was passed. It repealed the 18th Amendment. This ended Prohibition. (p. 503)

Pan-American conferences

In 1933, the United States attended a conference in Montevideo, Uruguay, in which we pledged to never again intervene in the internal affairs of any Latin American country. At a second conference in 1936, the U.S. agreed to the cooperation between the U.S. and Latin American countries to defend the Western Hemisphere against foreign invasion. (p. 523)

Indian Reorganization (Wheeler-Howard) Act

In 1934 Congress repealed the Dawes Act of 1887 and replaced it with this act which returned lands to the control of tribes and supported preservation of Indian cultures. (p. 513)

reciprocal trade agreements

In 1934, Congress enacted a plan that would reduce tariffs for nations that reciprocated with comparable reductions for U.S. imports. (p. 524)

Independence for Philippines

In 1934, President Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass the Tydings-McDuffie Act which provided independence for the Philippines by 1946. (p. 524)

Nye Committee

In 1934, a Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in World War I. They concluded that bankers and arm manufacturers pushed the U.S. into the war so they could profit from selling military arms. This committee's work pushed America toward isolationism for the following years. (p. 525)

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

In 1934, this act promoted the re-establishment of tribal organization and culture. Today, more than 3 million American Indians, belonging to 500 tribes, live within the United States. (p. 346)

Ethiopia

In 1935, fascist Italy invaded this African nation. (p. 526)

Schechter v. U.S.

In 1935, the Supreme Court declared the National Recovery Administration (NRA) unconstitutional. (p. 505)

Supreme Court

In 1935, they declared two of President Roosevelt's recovery programs unconstitutional. (p. 509)

Social Security Act

In 1935, this act created a federal insurance program based on the automatic collection of taxes from employees and employers throughout people's working careers. Monthly payments would be made to retired people over the age of 65. (p. 507)

Rhineland

In 1936, Adolf Hitler invaded this region. This was in violation of the Treaty of Versailles which had declared the area a demilitarized zone. (p. 526)

Spanish Civil War

In 1936, a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war, by 1939 Franco had established a military dictatorship. (p. 525)

Francisco Franco

In 1936, he plunged Spain into a Civil War. By 1939, Franco's Fascist had established a military dictatorship. (p. 525)

sit-down strike

In 1937 workers at the General Motors plant in Flint, Michigan insisted on the right to join a union by sitting down at the assembly line. (p. 510)

Quarantine speech

In 1937, President Franklin D. Roosevelt made this speech after Japan invaded China. He proposed that democracies act together to "quarantine" Japan. Public reaction to the speech by the American public was negative, and the idea was abandoned. (p. 526)

Fair Labor Standards Act

In 1938 this act established a minimum wage, a maximum standard workweek with extra pay for overtime, and child labor restrictions. (p. 511)

Sudetenland

In 1938, Hitler insisted Germany had the right to take over an area in western Czechoslovakia. (p. 526)

Selective Training and Service Act

In 1940, Roosevelt passed this law requiring all males aged 21 to 36 to register for military service. (p. 528)

America First Committee

In 1940, after World War II had begun in Asia and Europe, isolationists became alarmed by President Roosevelt's support for Britain. To mobilize American public opinion against the war, they formed this committee. Charles A. Lindbergh was one of it spokesmen. (p. 525)

Smith Act

In 1940, this act made it illegal to advocate or teach the overthrow of the government by force or belong to an organization with this objective. (p. 570)

Japanese internment

In 1942, over 100,000 Japanese Americans living on the United States West coast were rounded up and put in internment camps. (p. 534)

Committee on Civil Rights

In 1946, President Truman used his executive powers to create this committee to challenge racial discrimination. (p. 559)

Loyalty Review Board

In 1947 under pressure from the Republicans this board was established to investigate the background of more than 3 million employees. (p. 570)

containment policy

In 1947, President Truman adopted the advice of three top advisers on how to contain Soviet aggression. This policy called for a long-term, firm, and vigilant containment of the Soviet's expansion tendencies. They believed this would eventually cause them to back off their Communist ideology of world domination. (p. 563)

Taft-Hartley Act

In 1947, President Truman called it a "slave labor" bill and vetoed it, but Congress overrode his veto. It established limits on unions by outlawing the closed shop, permitting states to pass "right to work" laws, outlawing secondary boycotts, and giving the president the power to invoke an 80-day cooling off period for some strikes. (p. 560)

National Security Act

In 1947, this act provided for 1) a centralized Department of Defense to coordinate the operations of the military, 2) creation of the National Security Council (NSC) to coordinate the making of foreign policy in the Cold War, 3) creation of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to employ spies to gather information on foreign governments. (p. 566)

racial integration of military

In 1948, President Truman ordered the end of racial discrimination throughout the federal government including the armed forces. The end of segregation changed life on military bases, many of which were in the South. (p. 559)

States-Rights party (Dixiecrats)

In 1948, Southern Democrats formed this new party in reaction the President Truman's support of civil rights. (p. 560)

State of Israel

In 1948, after a civil war in the British mandate territory of Palestine left the land divided between the Israelis and the Palestinians, this nation was founded. The United Nations oversaw the process and many neighboring countries fought against the creating of this Jewish state. (p. 584)

Progressive Party

In 1948, liberal Democrats who thought President Truman's aggressive foreign policy threatened world peace, formed this new party. (p. 560)

Henry Wallace

In 1948, this former vice president was nominated as the Progressive party's presidential candidate. (p. 560)

McCarran Internal Security Act

In 1950, Congress passed this act over Truman's veto which did the following: 1) Made it unlawful to advocate or support the establishment of a totalitarian government. 2) Restrict the employment and travel of those joining Communist -front organizations. 3) Authorized the creation of detention camps for subversives. (p. 570)

Dennis et al. v. United States

In 1951, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Smith Act. (p. 570)

Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW)

In 1953, President Eisenhower consolidated welfare programs under this new department, run by Oveta Culp Hobby, the first woman in a Republican cabinet. (p. 580)

atoms for peace

In 1953, President Eisenhower's proposal to the U.N. to slow down the arms race. (p. 585)

Iranian overthrow

In 1953, the CIA helped overthrow this government and established a monarch ruler with close ties to the U.S. He provided favorable oil prices and purchased American military arms. (p. 582)

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

In 1954, an international organization for collective defend and block further Communist gains is Southeast Asia. (p. 583)

Rosa Parks

In 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, a middle aged black woman refused to give up her seat on a bus, which led to her arrest for violating segregation laws. This triggered an African American protest of boycotting the city buses. (p. 589)

Little Rock Crisis

In 1957, Governor Faubus used the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. President Eisenhower sent federal troops to ensure the black students could attend class. (p. 589)

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

In 1957, Martin Luther King Jr. organized ministers and churches to create this civil rights organization. (p. 590)

Sputnik

In 1957, the Soviet Union shocked the United States by launching the first space satellites into orbit around the earth. Fears of nuclear war were intensified since the missiles that launched the satellites could also deliver nuclear warheads anywhere in the world within minutes. (p. 586)

Yates v. Unted States

In 1957, the Supreme Court ruled that the first amendment protected radical and revolutionary speech, even by Communists, unless it was a "clear and present danger" to the safety of the country. (p. 610)

NDEA, NASA

In 1958, Congress created the National Defense and Education Act (NDEA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (p. 586)

The Affluent Society

In 1958, economist by John Kenneth Galbraith wrote this book about the failure of wealthy American to address the need for increased social spending for the common good. (p. 592)

The Lonely Crowd

In 1958, this book by Harvard sociologist David Riesman criticised the replacement of inner direct individuals with other directed conformists. (p. 592)

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

In 1960, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Venezuela formed this organization of oil-producing nations. (p. 584)

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

In 1960, an organization that called attention to the sit-in movement. (p. 590)

U-2 incident

In 1960, the Soviet military used a guided missile to shoot down an American U-2 spy plane over Soviet territory, revealing a formerly secret American tactic of the Cold War. (p. 586)

John F. Kennedy

In 1960, this 43 year old senator from Massachusetts appeared more vigorous and comfortable on the first televised debates than Richard Nixon. He won the presidency in a very close election, that many Republicans including Nixon, said had been stolen by illegal voting in some Democrat controlled polls. (p. 601)

Alliance for Progress

In 1961, President Kennedy created this organization to promote land reform and economic development in Latin America. (p. 602)

Peace Corps

In 1961, President Kennedy set up this organization, which recruited young American volunteers to give technical aid to developing countries. (p. 602)

Berlin Wall

In 1961, the East Germans, with Soviet backing built this wall around West Berlin to stop East Germans from escaping to West Germany. (p. 602)

Mapp v. Ohio

In 1961, this Supreme Court case ruled that illegally seized evidence cannot be used in court against the accused. (p. 609)

Michael Harrington, "The Other America"

In 1962 this best-selling book that focused on the 40 million Americans living in poverty. (p. 604)

James Meredith

In 1962, a young African American air force veteran who attempted to enroll in the University of Mississippi. President Kennedy sent 400 federal marshals and 3,000 troops to protect his rights to attend the university. (p. 607)

Baker v. Carr

In 1962, the Supreme Court declared it was unconstitutional for one house of a state legislature to draw district lines that strongly favored rural areas, to the disadvantage of large cities. (p. 609)

Engel v. Vitale

In 1962, the Supreme Court ruled that state laws requiring prayers and Bible readings in the public schools violated the first amendment's provision for separation of church and state. (p. 610)

Trade Expansion Act

In 1962, this act authorized tariff reduction with the recently formed European Economic Community (Common Market) of Western European nations. (p. 602)

Students for a Democratic Society

In 1962, this group of radical students led by Tom Hayden issued a declaration of purposes known as the Port Huron Statement. It called for university decisions to be made through a participatory democracy. (p. 610)

fall of Diem

In 1963, South Vietnam's leader was overthrown and killed by South Vietnamese generals. (p. 613)

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

In 1963, the United States and 100 other nations signed this agreement to end the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere. (p. 603)

Equal Pay Act

In 1963, this act prohibited discrimination in employment and compensation on the basis of gender. (p. 612)

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

In 1964, North Vietnamese gunboats allegedly fired on U.S. warships off the coast of Vietnam. Congress gave approval for President Johnson to wage war in Vietnam. (p. 613)

War on Poverty

In 1964, President Johnson declared "an unconditional war on poverty". (p. 604)

Escobedo v. Illinois

In 1964, the Supreme Court ruling that required the police to inform an arrested person of his or her right to remain silent. (p. 609)

24th Amendment

In 1964, this amendment abolished the practice of collecting a poll tax, one of the measures that discouraged poor people from voting. (p. 606)

privacy and contraceptives

In 1965, the Supreme Court ruled in Griswold v. Connecticut case that a citizen's had the right to privacy, and a state could not prohibit the use of contraceptives by adults. (p. 610)

Griswold v. Connecticut

In 1965, the Supreme Court ruled that in recognition of a citizen's right to privacy, a state could not prohibit the use of contraceptives by adults. (p. 610)

Voting Rights Act of 1965

In 1965, this act ended literacy tests and provided federal registrars in areas in which blacks were kept from voting. (p. 606)

March to Montgomery

In 1965, this was a voting rights march from Selma Alabama to the capitol in Montgomery. Television showed protesters being beaten and tear gassed and the march was a turning point in the civil rights movement. President Johnson sent federal troops to protect the marchers. (p. 607)

Miranda v. Arizona

In 1966, the Supreme Court extended the ruling in Escobedo to include the right to a lawyer being present during questioning by the police. (p. 609)

Gideon v. Wainwright

In 1966, this Supreme Court case ruled that that state courts must provide counsel for poor defendants. (p. 609)

National Organization for Women

In 1966, this organization was formed. They adopted activist tactics of other civil rights movements to secure equal treatment of women, especially for job opportunities. (p. 612)

Black Panthers

In 1966, this organization was founded by Huey Newton, Bobby Seale and other militants as a revolutionary socialist movement advocating self-rule for American blacks. (p. 608)

George Wallace

In 1968, he was the American Independent party presidential candidate. The growing hostility of many whites to federal desegregation, antiwar protests, and race riots was tapped by his campaign. (p. 616)

Kerner Commission

In 1968, this federal investigation of many riots concluded that racism and segregation were chiefly responsible and that the U.S. was becoming "two societies, one black, one white-separate and unequal". (p. 608)

Burger Court

In 1969, President Nixon appointed Warren E. Burger of Minnesota as chief justice to succeed the retiring Earl Warren. The Burger Court was more conservative than the Warren Court, but some of its decisions angered conservatives. (p. 629)

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

In 1970, Congress created this agency to protect the environment. (p. 639)

Clean Air Act

In 1970, Congress passed this act to protect the air. (p. 639)

Earth Day

In 1970, this annual celebration day, was created to show concerns about pollution and the destruction of the natural environment. (p. 639)

wage and price controls

In 1971, President Nixon imposed a 90-day wage and price freeze to slow inflation. (p. 628)

off the gold standard

In 1971, President Nixon took the U.S. off the gold standard, which helped to devalue the U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies. (p. 628)

cost of living indexed

In 1972, Congress approved automatic increases for Social Security benefits based on the rise in the cost of living. (p. 628)

Clean Water Act

In 1972, Congress passed this act to protect the water. (p. 639)

Title IX

In 1972, Congress passed this statue to end sex discrimination in schools that received federal funding. (p. 628)

George McGovern

In 1972, this Democratic Senator from South Dakota was a very liberal, antiwar, antiestablishment candidate for president. He was defeated easily by Richard Nixon. (p. 629)

Endangered Species Act

In 1973, Congress passed this act to protect endangered species. (p. 639)

Roe v. Wade

In 1973, the Supreme Court struck down many state laws prohibiting abortions as a violation of a women's right to privacy. (p. 629)

National Rifle Association (NRA)

In 1974, this organization, which led the gun lobby, was angered when the Anti-Crime Bill banned the sale of most assault rifles. (p. 666)

Cesar Chavez

In 1975, as leader of the United Farm Workers Organization he organized boycotts and eventually gained collective bargaining rights for farm workers. (p. 637)

Cambodia genocide

In 1975, the U.S. supported government in Cambodia fell to the Khmer Rouge, a radical Communist faction that killed over one million of its people in an effort to rid the country of western influence. (p 633)

Indian Self-Determination Act

In 1975, this act gave American Indian reservations and tribal lands greater control over internal programs, education, and law enforcement. (p. 638)

election of 1976

In 1976 presidential election Democrat James Earl (Jimmy) Carter won a close election by defeating Gerald Ford. He was helped by running as an outsider and the voters memory of Watergate. (p. 634)

Bicentennial

In 1976 the United States celebrated its 200th birthday. (p. 633)

Proposition 13

In 1978, California voters passed this measure that sharply cut property taxes. (p. 654)

Panama Canal Treaty

In 1978, the Senate ratified a treaty that would gradually transfer control of the Panama Canal from the U.S. to Panama. (p. 634)

malaise speech

In 1979, President Jimmy Carter gave a speech in which he blamed the U.S. problems on a "moral and spiritual crisis". (p. 636)

recognition of China

In 1979, the U.S. ended its official recognition of the Chinese government in Taiwan and completed an exchange of ambassadors with the People's Republic of China. (p. 635)

Three Mile Island

In 1979, this nuclear power plant accident in Pennsylvania turned public opinion against nuclear power. (p. 639)

battle over inflation

In 1979-1980, inflation seemed completely out of control and reached the unheard of rate of 13 percent. (p. 636)

Environmental Superfund

In 1980, Congress created this fun to clean up toxic dumps, such as Love Canal in New York state. (p. 639)

Paul Volcker, high interest rates

In 1980, the chairman of the Federal Reserve Board pushed interest rates to 20 percent in order to combat inflation. (p. 636)

Boland Amendment

In 1985, the Democrats passed this amendment which prohibited further aid to the contras in Nicaragua. (p. 660)

Chernobyl meltdown

In 1986, this nuclear plant in the Soviet Union exploded killing many people. (p. 639)

Tiananmen Square

In 1989, Chinese pro democracy students demonstrated for freedom in Beijing's Tiananmen Square. The Chinese government crushed the protest with tanks, killing hundreds. (p 662)

Berlin Wall falls

In 1989, the Communists in East Germany were forced out of power after protesters tore down the Berlin Wall. In October 1990, the two Germanys reunited into one country. (p. 663)

Exxon Valdez accident

In 1989, this oil tanker ran aground and created a massive oil spill off the coast of Alaska. (p. 639)

Americans With Disabilities Act

In 1990, this act prohibited the discrimination against citizens with physical and mental disabilities in hiring, transportation, and public accommodation. (p. 665)

START I and II

In 1991, U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Gorbachev signed the START I agreement which reduced the number of nuclear warheads to under 10,000 for each side. In 1992, President Bush and Yeltsin signed the START II agreement which reduced the number of nuclear weapons to just over 3,000 each. The U.S offered economic assistance to the troubled Russian economy. (p. 663)

humanitarian missions

In 1993, United States soldiers were killed in the civil war in Somalia while on a humanitarian mission. In 1994, President Clinton sent 20,000 troops into Haiti to restore its elected president after a military coup. (p. 669)

deficit reduction budget

In 1994, Congress passed this budget which included $225 billion in spending cuts and $241 billion in tax increases. Part of the budget would go towards increased spending on education and job training. (p. 666)

World Trade Organization

In 1994, this organization was established to oversee trade agreements, enforce trade rules, and settle disputes. (p. 670)

Oklahoma City bombing

In 1995, a federal building in Oklahoma City was bombed by militia-movement extremists. The bombing took 169 lives, the worse act of domestic terrorism in the nation's history until the attack on 9/11. (p. 667)

Madeleine K. Albright

In 1997, she became the first woman to serve as secretary of state. (p. 669)

bombing of U.S. embassies

In 1998, terrorists bombed two U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. The U.S. responded by bombing Al-Qaeda camps in Afghanistan and the Sudan. (p. 682)

Northern Ireland accords

In 1998, the U.S. played a key diplomatic role in negotiating an end to British rule and the armed conflict in Northern Ireland. (p. 669)

distribution of income

In 1999, the top fifth of American households received more than half of all income. (p. 672)

"graying" America

In 2000, 35 million people were over 65, but the fastest growing segment of the population were those 85 and over. As the baby-boom generation aged, concerns about health care, prescription drugs, senior housing, and Social Security increased. (p. 671)

growth of Hispanics

In 2000, the Hispanic population was the fasted growing segment of the population and emerged as the largest minority part in the nation. (p. 671)

Hispanic Americans

In 2000, they became the country's largest minority group. (p. 637)

U.S.S. Cole

In 2000, two suicide bombers in a small rubber boat nearly sank a billion dollar warship docked in Yemen, the USS Cole. (p. 682)

European Union (EU); euro

In 2002, the European Union (EU) became a unified market of 15 nations, 12 of which adopted the euro as their currency. The EU grew to include 27 European nations by 2007, including ten former satellites of the USSR. (p. 669)

connect the dots

In 2004, a bipartisan commission on terrorism criticized the FBI, CIA, and the Defense Department for failing to work together to "connect the dots" that may have uncovered the 9/11 plot. Congress followed up on their recommendations, creating a Director of National Intelligence position. (p. 683)

John Kerry

In 2004, this senator from Massachusetts was the Democratic presidential nominee. (p. 684)

2nd Amendment and Heller case

In 2008, the Supreme Court ruled that the 2nd amendment protects an individual's right to posses a firearm unconnected with service in a militia. (p. 692)

Hillary Clinton

In 2008, this Democratic senator from New York was the early favorite in the Democrat primary race. (p. 686)

Sarah Palin

In 2008, this Republican governor of Alaska was the vice presidential candidate, running with John McCain. (p. 686)

John McCain

In 2008, this Republican senator from Arizona was the Republican nominee for president. He was a Vietnam war hero who hoped to appeal to undecided voters. (p 686)

Barack Obama

In 2008, this young, charismatic, Democratic senator from Illinois became the first African American president of the United States. (p. 686)

ban on torture

In 2009, President Obama placed a formal ban on torture by requiring that Army field manuals be used as the guide for interrogating terrorist suspects. (p. 687)

repeal of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell"

In 2010, Congress repealed the Clinton era "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" to end discrimination of gays in the military. (p. 692)

Arab Spring

In 2010, civil unrest and armed rebellion toppled governments in Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, and Yemen. (p. 689)

Citizens United

In 2010, the Supreme Court ruled that corporations were "legal persons" and had the same rights as individuals to buys ads to influence political elections. (p. 691)

Tea Party

In 2010, this group of loosely united conservatives and libertarians formed this movement. Many members focused on economic issues and limited government, but others focused on gun rights, prayer in schools, outlawing abortions, and preventing undocumented immigration. (p. 688)

U.S. credit rating

In 2011, the uncertainty and gridlock in Washington led Standard & Poor's to downgrade the US AAA credit rating. (p. 688)

Latino voters

In 2012, 1 in every 6 American voter was a Latino voter, and President Obama won 71 percent of the Latino votes in this election. (p. 690)

NFIB v. Sebelius

In 2012, the Supreme Court ruled that the federal government had the authority to require that individuals purchase health insurance because Congress had the authority to levy taxes. (p. 692)

drawdown in Afghanistan

In 2012, the U.S. and Afghanistan signed a long-term agreement which called for the U.S. to train and support the Afghanistan military, and for the U.S. to end combat missions by 2014. (p. 689)

Mitt Romney

In 2012, this conservative, Mormon, former governor of Massachusetts, was the Republican presidential candidate. (p. 690)

sequester cuts

In 2013, Congress was unable to compromise on the budget so these cuts went into effect. (p. 690)

campaign financing

In 2013, the Supreme Court heard arguments to overturn the federal limits on campaign contributions, which some worried would open the door to wider corruption of elected officials. (p. 691)

same-sex marriage

In 2013, the Supreme Court ruled that the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act, a California law, was unconstitutional. However the states remained divided, with fourteen allowing same sex marriage and thirty-five banning it (p. 692)

Shelby County v. Holder (2013)

In 2013, the Supreme Court struck down a key provision of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, that required that certain states with a history of voter discrimination obtain federal approval of any changes in voting laws. (p. 691)

Hiram Johnson

In California, he fought against the economic and political power of the Southern Pacific Railroad. (p. 436)

Nicaragua; Sandinistas

In Central America, Reagan supported right-wing dictators as long as they were friendly to the United States and anti-Communists. In Nicaragua, a Marxist movement known as the Sandinistas had overthrown the dictator. The U.S. responded by providing military aid to the "contras" in their efforts to remove the Sandinistas. (p. 660)

Hartford Convention (1814)

In December 1814, a special convention was held in Hartford, Connecticut. Bitterly opposed to the the War of 1812, some radical Federalist in the Northeast wanted to secede from the United States, but it was rejected. However, to limit the power of the Democratic-Republicans they adopted a proposal that a two-thirds vote of both houses would be required for any future declaration of war. (p. 141)

Soviet Afghanistan invasion

In December 1979, Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan, an action that ended a decade of improving U.S.-Soviet relations. (p. 635)

Panama invasion

In December 1989, President George H. W. Bush ordered the invasion of Panama to remove the autocratic General Manuel Noriega. The alleged purpose of the invasion was to stop Noriega from using his country as a drug pipeline to the United States. U.S. troops remained in Panama until elections established a more credible government. (p. 664)

Clinton impeachment

In December 1998, the House voted to impeach President Bill Clinton on two counts, perjury and obstruction of justice. Neither impeachment charge was upheld by the Senate. (p. 669)

Confederate States of America

In February 1861, representatives of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas met in Montgomery, Alabama to form this new country. After the attack on Fort Sumter, the states of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas also seceded and joined the Confederacy. The Confederate capital was moved to Richmond, Virginia. The Confederate Constitution was modeled after the U.S. Constitution, except that it provided a single six-year term for the president and gave the president an item veto (power to veto part of a bill). (p. 269, 270)

sit-in movement

In February 1960, African American college students in Greensboro, North Carolina created this protest after they were refused service at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter. (p. 590)

corruption in Congress

In George W. Bush's second term, Republican's reputations were tarnished by scandals including, taking bribes from lobbyists, committing perjury and obstruction of justice, and having improper relations with congressional pages. (p. 685)

Thomas Paine; Common Sense

In January 1776, Thomas Paine wrote this pamphlet that argued in clear and forceful language that the colonies should break with Britain. (p. 88)

peace without victory

In January 1917, before the U.S. had entered the war, Woodrow Wilson said the the United States would insist on this. (p. 464)

Wilson in Paris

In January 1919, President Wilson traveled to the World War I peace conference held at the Palace of Versailles outside Paris. (p. 464)

Tet Offensive

In January 1968, the Vietcong (North Vietnam troops) launched an all-out surprise attack on almost every provincial capital and American base in South Vietnam. The U.S. military counterattacked and recovered the lost territory. However, the destruction viewed on television in the United States, appeared as a setback for the U.S. efforts. (p. 615)

Paris Accords of 1973

In January 1973, the North Vietnamese agreed to an armistice, in which the United States would withdraw the last of its troops and get back over 500 prisoners of war (POWs). The agreement also promised a cease-fire and free elections. However, the armistice did not end the war, but it allowed the United States to extricate itself. (p. 627)

Olive Branch Petition

In July 1775, the Second Continental Congress tried a last effort for peace. Colonists pledged their loyalty and asked the king to go to Parliament to secure peace and protect their colonial rights. (p. 87)

Bull Run

In July 1861, 30,000 federal troops marched from Washington D.C. to attack Confederate forces near Bull Run Creek at Manassas Junction, Virginia. In the first major battle of the Civil War, Union forces seemed close to victory, but then Confederate reinforcements counterattacked and sent the inexperienced Union troops in retreat. (p. 271)

Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson

In July 1861, at the First Battle of Bull Run, this Confederate general counterattacked the Union and sent their troops in a retreat back to Washington D.C. (p. 271)

draft riots

In July 1863 riots against the draft erupted in New York City. Some 117 people were killed before federal troops and a temporary suspension of the draft restored order. (p. 280)

escort convoys

In July 1941, the U.S. began to provide protection for British ship carrying U.S. arms being transported to Britain. (p. 530)

Korean armistice

In July 1953, China and North Korea agreed to an armistice that would divide Korea into North Korea and South Korea near the 38th parallel. (p. 583)

Suez Canal Crisis

In July 1956, Egypt sized the British and French owned Suez Canal. Britain and France carried out a surprise attack and retook the canal. The United States sponsored a U.N. resolution condemning the invasion of Egypt. Eventually Britain and France withdrew their troops. (p. 584)

California; Bear Flag Republic

In June 1846, John C. Fremont quickly overthrew Mexican rule in Northern California to create this independent republic. (p. 234)

John C. Fremont

In June 1846, he overthrew Mexican rule in northern California and proclaimed California to be an independent republic, the Bear Flag Republic. (p. 234)

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

In June 1930, President Hoover signed into law the highest tariff rates in history, ranging from 31 to 49 percent. In retaliation, European countries enacted their own tariffs. This reduced trade for all nations and worsened the worldwide depression. (p. 500)

Watergate cover-up

In June 1972, a group of men hired by Nixon's reelection committee were caught breaking into the offices of the Democratic national headquarters in the Watergate complex. This break-in and attempted bugging were only part of a series of illegal activities. No proof demonstrated that Nixon had ordered the illegal activities. However, it was shown that Nixon participated in the illegal cover up of the scandal. (p. 630)

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

In March 1814, General Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek nation, an important British ally. The battle was fought in present-day Alabama and ended American Indian resistance in that area. (p. 141)

Sam Houston

In March 1836, he led a group of American settlers that revolted against Mexico and declared Texas to be an independent republic. He led an army that captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign a treaty that recognized Texas as an independent republic. As the first president of the Republic of Texas, he applied to the U.S. government for Texas to be added as a new state. It was many years before the U.S. would act to add Texas as a state. (p. 231)

Freedmen's Bureau

In March 1865, an organization created at end of Civil War, which provided aid to the both black and whites in the South. It provided food, shelter, and medical aid for those made destitute by the Civil War. (p. 292)

Sussex Pledge

In March 1916 an unarmed merchant ship, the Sussex, was sunk by the Germans. Germany made a pledge that they would not sink anymore merchant ships without warning. This kept the U.S. out of the war for a little while longer. (p. 456)

Zimmermann telegram

In March 1917, the U.S. newspapers carried the story that Britain had intercepted a telegram from the German government to the Mexican government offering German support if Mexico declared war against the U.S. (p. 459)

Lend-Lease Act

In March 1941, this act permitted Britain to obtain all U.S. arms they needed on credit during World War II. (p. 529)

Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms

In May 1775, in Philadelphia, delegates to the Sencond Continental Congress met. This declaration called on all colonies to provide troops to the central government. (p. 87, 128)

Second Continental Congress

In May 1775, representatives met in Philadelphia. They adopted the Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms. In July 1775 they sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III. (p. 87)

Vicksburg

In May 1863, Union General Ulysses S. Grant began an artillery bombardment of this Mississippi city, which last for seven weeks. On July 4, 1863, the Confederates finally surrendered the city, along with 29,000 soldiers. The Union now controlled the full length of the Mississippi River. (p. 277)

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

In May 1954, the Supreme Court agreed with Thurgood Marshal and ruled that "separate facilities are inherently unequal" and unconstitutional, and that school segregation should end immediately. (p. 588)

death of bin Laden

In May 2011, he was killed by the U.S. in clandestine operation in Pakistan. (p. 689)

Charles Evans Hughes

In New York, he battled fraudulent insurance companies. (p. 436)

Warren Harding

In November 1920, he was elected the 29th president of the United States. He was a Republican whose slogan was: "Return to Normalcy". His term was marked by scandals and corruption, although he was never implicated in any of the scandals. In August 1923, he died while traveling in the West. (p. 475-476)

Iranian hostage crisis

In November 1979, Iranian militants seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran, Iran and held more than 50 of the U.S. staff as hostages. The hostage crisis dragged on for the rest of Carter's presidency. (p. 635)

Battle of Saratoga

In October 1777, General John Burgoyne's British forces were defeated by American Generals Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnolds army. This was a turning point of the war because it led to the French joining the war against Great Britain. (p. 90)

Harpers Ferry raid

In October 1859, John Brown led his four sons and some former slaves, in an attack on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry. His impractical plan was to obtain guns to arm Virginia's slaves, whom he hoped would rise up in a general revolt. He and six of his followers were captured and hanged. Southern whites saw the raid as proof of the north's true intentions - to use slave revolts to destroy the South. (p. 257)

Hungarian revolt

In October 1956, Hungary actually succeeded in overthrowing a government backed by Moscow. The Soviets sent in tanks to crush the freedom fighters and restore control over Hungary. The United States took no action in the crisis and gave de facto recognition of the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe. (p. 586)

Cuban missile crisis

In October 1962 the United States discovered that the Soviets were building underground offensive missile sites in Cuba. President Kennedy responded by announcing a naval blockade of Cuba until the missiles were removed. Nuclear war seemed possible until Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles in exchange for a pledge that the U.S. would not invade Cuba and the U.S. would remove some missiles from Turkey. (p. 602)

2013 shutdown of government

In October 2013, the Republican effort to defund the Affordable Care Act resulted in a shutdown of the government for 16 days, and threatened default on the national debt. The approval rating of Congress dropped to 10 percent. (p. 690)

First Continental Congress

In September 1774, all of the colonies except Georgia sent delegates to a convention in Philadelphia. The purpose was to determine how the colonies should react to the threat to their rights and liberties caused by Intolerable Acts. (p. 85)

economic sanctions

In September 1774, the First Continental Congress created the Continental Association, a network of committees to enforce the economic sanctions of the Suffolk Resolves. (p. 86)

Japan takes Manchuria

In September 1931, Japanese troops invaded Manchuria, on China's eastern seaboard. The League of Nations passed a resolution condemning the action but did not take action. (p. 521)

oil and steel embargo

In September 1940, Japan joined the Axis powers. The United States responded by prohibiting export of steel and scrap iron to Japan and other countries. In July 1941, when Japan invaded French Indochina, the U.S. cut off Japanese access to many vital materials, including U.S. oil. (p. 530)

destroyers-for-bases deal

In September 1940, Roosevelt cleverly arranged a trade that would help Great Britain. The United States gave Britain fifty older but still serviceable US destroyers, in exchange the U.S. was given the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean. (p. 528)

Camp David Accords

In September 1978, President Carter arranged for leader of Egypt and Israel to met at the Camp David presidential retreat to provide a framework for a peace settlement between the two countries. (p. 635)

Lehman Brothers

In September 2008, this large Wall Street investment bank declared bankruptcy, which led to a panic in the financial industry. (p. 685)

Central Powers

In World War I, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire were known by this name. (p. 455)

Allied Powers

In World War I, Great Britain, France, and Russia were known by this name. (p. 455)

service of African Americans

In World War I, nearly 400,000 African Americans served in segregated military units. (p 462)

self determination

In World War I, territories one controlled by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia were taken by the Allies. Applying the principle of self-determination, independence was granted to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, and Poland; and the new nations of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were established. (p. 465)

Western front

In World War I, the region of Northern France where the forces of the Allied Powers and the Central Powers battled each other. (p. 463)

assembly line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product. (p. 478)

New Federalism

In a program known as revenue sharing, or the New Federalism, Congress approved giving local governments $30 billion in block grants over five years to address local needs as they saw fit. Republicans hoped revenue sharing would check the growth of the federal government and return responsibility to the states, where it had rested before the New Deal. (p. 628)

rebates and pools

In a scramble to survive, railroads offered rebates (discounts) to favored shippers, while charging exorbitant freight rates to smaller customers. They also created secret agreements with competing railroads to fix rates and share traffic. (p. 321)

military-industrial complex

In his farewell address, President Eisenhower warned the nation to "guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence... by the military-industrial complex". (p. 587)

pardon of Nixon

In his first month in office President Gerald Ford granted Richard Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crime he might have committed in office. (p. 632)

Washington's Farewell Address

In late 1796, George Washington wrote this address for publication in newspapers. It warned Americans: not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances in foreign affairs, not to from political parties, and not to fall into sectionalism. (p. 115)

slave codes

In parts of the Deep South, slaves made up nearly 75 percent of the population. Fearing slave revolts, laws were passed which restricted blacks movements and education. (p. 178)

22nd Amendment

In response to Franklin Roosevelt's four elections, Congress passed this constitutional amendment, which limited a president to a maximum of two full terms in office. (p. 560)

Granger laws

In some states, the Grangers, with help from local businesses, successfully lobbied their state legislatures to pass laws regulating the rates charged by railroads and elevators. (p. 351)

nation-state

In the 15th century, small kingdoms and multiethnic empires were being replaced by nation-states. Nation-states were countries in which the majority of people shared a common culture and common loyalty toward a central government. (p. 6)

Halfway covenant

In the 1660s, people could now take part in church services and activities without making a formal commitment to Christ. It was created because the next generation of colonists were less committed to religious faith, but churches still needed members. (p. 31)

George III

In the 1760s, he was the King of England. (p. 71)

Whigs

In the 1760s, this was the dominant political party in Parliament that wanted the American colonies to bear more of the cost of maintaining the British empire. (p. 71)

Revolution of 1800

In the 1800 election, Democratic-Republicans came into power in both the executive and legislative branches of government. They defeated the Federalists and peacefully took power, which was an uncommon event at that time in history. (p. 118)

universal white male sufferage

In the 1810s, new Western states adopted state constitutions that allowed all white males to vote and hold office. Most Eastern states soon followed suit. Voting for president rose from about 350,000 in 1824 to 2.4 million in 1840. (p. 192)

asylum movement

In the 1820s and 1830s, this movement sought to improve the conditions for criminals, emotionally disturbed people, and paupers. They proposed setting up state-supported prisons, mental hospitals, and poorhouses. (p. 212)

factory system

In the 1820s, New England emerged as the country's leading manufacturing center because of abundant water power to drive machinery and seaports to ship goods. (p. 162)

Stephen Austin

In the 1820s, his father had obtained and large land grant in Texas. He brought 300 families from Missouri to settle in Texas. (p. 231)

Far West

In the 1820s, the Rocky Mountains were known by this name. (p. 237)

mountain men

In the 1820s, these were the earliest white people in the Rocky Mountains. They trapped for furs and served as guides for settlers traveling to the West coast. (p. 181)

Whigs

In the 1820s, this party was led by Henry Clay. It was similar to the old Federalist party of Alexander Hamilton. (p. 197)

Democrats

In the 1820s, this party was led by President Andrew Jackson. It harked back to the old Republican party of Thomas Jefferson. (p. 197)

Revolution of 1828

In the 1828 election, Andrew Jackson became president after a mudslinging campaign. Jackson was a champion of the working class and middle class (common man). p. 195)

farming frontier

In the 1830s and 1840s pioneer families moved west to start homesteads and begin farming. Government programs allowed settlers to purchase inexpensive parcels of land. (p. 237)

party nominating convention

In the 1830s, caucuses were replaced by this public process of nominating candidates in a large hall. (p. 192)

Hudson River school

In the 1830s, this genre of painting founded in the Hudson River area, portrayed everyday life of ordinary people in the natural world. (p. 211)

popular election of president

In the 1832 presidential election, all states except South Carolina, allowed voters to choose their state's slate of presidential electors. (p. 192)

Germans

In the 1840s and 1850s, because of economic hardship and the failure of democratic revolutions, one million of these people came to the United States. They often established homesteads in the Old Northwest and generally prospered. (p. 176)

white settlers

In the 1840s and 1850s, they settled the Western frontier. They worked hard, lived in log cabins or sod huts. Disease and malnutrition were even greater dangers than attacks by American Indians. (p. 182)

railroads

In the 1840s and the 1850s, this industry expanded very quickly and would become America's largest industry. It required immense amounts of capital and labor and gave rise to complex business organizations. Local and state governments gave the industry tax breaks and special loans to finance growth. (p. 238)

Rio Grande; Nueces River

In the 1840s the United States believed the southern Texas border was the Rio Grande River. Mexico believed the border was further north on the Nueces River. (p. 233)

Charles Fourier phalanxes

In the 1840s, this French socialist, advocated that people share working and living arrangements in communities. He wanted to solve problems of competitive society, but Americans were too individualistic. (p. 210)

public school movement

In the 1840s, this movement to provide free education for all children spread rapidly throughout the nation. (p. 213)

Great American Desert

In the 1850s and 1860s, the arid area between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Coast, was known by this name. (p. 236)

Bessemer process

In the 1850s, Henry Bessemer discovered this process. By blasting air through molten iron you could produce high-quality steel. (p. 323)

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

In the 1860s, about one-third of the western miners were Chinese immigrants. Native-born Americans resented the competition of these immigrants. In 1862, this act was passed to prohibit further immigration by Chinese laborers to the United States. (p. 341)

Radical Republicans

In the 1860s, this was the smaller portion of the Republican party than the moderates. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. They supported various programs that were most beneficial to the newly freed African Americans in the South. (p. 295)

speculation and overbuilding

In the 1870s and 1880s railroad owners overbuilt. This often happens during speculative bubbles, created by exciting new technology. (p. 321)

spoilsmen

In the 1870s, political manipulators such as Senator Roscoe Conkling and James Blaine, used patronage - giving jobs and government favors to their supporters. (p. 300)

Jim Crow laws

In the 1870s, the South passed segregation laws which required separate washrooms, drinking fountains, park benches, and most other public facilities, for blacks and whites. (p. 349)

Social Gospel

In the 1880s and 1890s this movement espoused social justice for the poor based on Christian principles. (p. 365)

"Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion"

In the 1884 election, the Democratic party was labeled with this phrase. (p. 383)

lynch mobs

In the 1890s, more than 1,400 African American men were lynched (hung by a mob without trial) by Southerns.

high tariff

In the 1890s, tariffs provided more than half of the federal revenue. Some Democrats objected to the tariffs because the raised the price on consumer goods and made it for difficult for farmers to sell to export because foreign countries enacted their own tariffs. (p. 385)

City Beautiful movement

In the 1890s, this movement included plans to remake America's cities with tree-lined boulevards, public parks, and public cultural attractions. (p. 364)

fusion of Democrats and Populists

In the 1896 presidential election the Democrats and Populists both nominated William Jennings Bryan for president in fused campaign. (p. 389)

English cultural domination

In the 18th century, cultural life in the colonies was dominated by English culture. Architecture, painting, and literature were strongly influenced by the English. (p. 50)

Enlightenment

In the 18th century, some colonists were attracted to this European movement in literature and philosophy. They believed that human reason could be used to solve most of humanity's problems. They reasoned that while the state is supreme, it is bound to follow natural law based on the rights of individual. (p. 53)

consumerism

In the 1920s, consumerism was fueled by: homes with electricity, electrical appliances, affordable automobiles, increased advertising, and purchasing on credit. (p. 478)

rural vs. urban

In the 1920s, in the urban areas it was common to ignore the law and drink liquor in clubs or bars known as speakeasies. (p 484)

consumer culture

In the 1920s, many writers were disillusioned with the materialism of the business oriented culture. (p. 481)

morals and fashions

In the 1920s, movies, novels, automobiles, and new dances encouraged greater promiscuity. Young women shocked their elders by wearing dresses hemmed at the knee (flapper look), cutting their hair short, smoking cigarettes, and driving cars. (p. 481)

organized crime

In the 1920s, organized crime became big business, as bootleggers transported and sold liquor to many customers. (p. 484)

electric appliances

In the 1920s, refrigerators, stoves, vacuum cleaners, and washing machines became very popular as prices dropped due to reduced production costs and as electrical power to run them became more available. (p. 478)

movie stars

In the 1920s, sexy and glamorous movie stars such as Greta Garbo and Rudolf Valentino we idolized by millions. (p. 480)

role of women

In the 1920s, the traditional separation of labor between men and women continued. Most middle-class women expected to spend their lives as homemakers and mothers. (p. 480)

impact of the automobile

In the 1920s, this product had the largest impact on society. It caused a growth of cities and suburbs, and workers no longer needed to live near their factories. It provided job opportunities and was a much more efficient way of transportation. (p. 479)

high school education

In the 1920s, universal high school education became a new American goal. By 1930, the number of high school graduates had doubled to over 25 percent of school-age adults. (p. 481)

FDR, third term

In the 1940 presidential election, Franklin D. Roosevelt won a third term in office. (p. 529)

immigration issues

In the 1950s, Congress dropped the bans on Chinese and other Asian immigrants and eliminated race as barrier to naturalization. (p. 590)

social critics

In the 1950s, conformity was valued. William Whyte documented the loss of individuality in his book, "The Organization Man" (p. 591)

consumer culture

In the 1950s, consensus and conformity were hallmarks of the American culture. Television, advertising, and the middle-class move to the suburbs, contributed to this culture. (p. 590)

conglomerates

In the 1950s, large businesses with diversified holdings began to dominate industries such as food processing, hotels, transportation, insurance, and banking. (p. 591)

popular culture

In the 1950s, white suburbanites conformed to societal norms. (p. 590)

white backlash

In the 1968 presidential election, the growing hostility of many whites to federal desegregation, antiwar protests, and race riots was tapped by Governor George Wallace of Alabama. He became the American Independent party's presidential candidate. (p. 616)

election of 1972

In the 1972 presidential election Richard Nixon easily won a second term by defeating Democratic Senator George McGovern of South Dakota. Nixon won every state except Massachusetts. (p. 629)

Asian Americans

In the 1980s, this group became the fastest growing minority population. (p. 639)

growth of upper incomes

In the 1980s, well educated workers and yuppies (young urban professionals) enjoyed higher incomes from the deregulated marketplace while the standard of living for the middle class remained stagnant or declined. (p. 658)

technology boom

In the 1990's national productivity was improved by personal computers, software, Internet, cable, and wireless communications. (p. 668)

single-parent families

In the 1990s there was a decline of traditional family, and a growing number of single-parent families. By 2000, there were 12.8 million single-parent families. (p. 671)

nuclear proliferation

In the 1990s there were growing nuclear programs in North Korea, India, and Pakistan. (p. 670)

election of 1992

In the 1992 presidential election, Democrat Bill Clinton defeated George H. W. Bush. Clinton presented himself as a moderate "New Democrat" who focused on economic issues. (p. 666)

Bush v. Gore

In the 2000 election, Florida was the deciding state. George Bush led by 537 popular vote after a partial recount in that state. The Democrats asked for a manual recount. The Supreme Court majority ruled that the varying standards used in Florida's recount violated the Equal-Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. Al Gore ended the election crisis by accepting the ruling. (p. 680)

political polarization

In the 2000s the political parties became regionally divided. Traditional, religious, and anti-government voters were often in rural and suburban areas and voted Republican. Liberals were commonly found in urban areas and voted Democrat. (p. 679)

China, India, Brazil

In the 21st century, these three countries would soon surpass many of the older industrial powers. The growing gap between rich and poor nations of the world caused tensions. (p. 671)

John Foster Dulles

In the Eisenhower administration, he was the Secretary of State that pursued a policy of pushing the USSR and China to the brink of war. However, Eisenhower prevented him from carrying his ideas the extreme. (p. 581)

big-city political machines

In the North, one source of Democratic strength came from big-city political machines. (p. 381)

immigrant vote

In the North, one source of Democratic strength came from the immigrant vote. (p. 381)

racial segregation laws

In the Progressive era (1901 - 1917), racial segregation was the rule in the South and the unofficial policy in the North. (p. 443)

increased lynching

In the Progressive era, thousands of blacks were lynched (hung) by racist mobs. (p. 443)

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

In the Valladolid Debate, this Spaniard argued that the American Indians were less than human. (p. 11)

Napoleon Bonaparte

In the War of 1812 the United States based their hope for victory on Napoleon successfully fighting the British in Europe. However, in the spring of 1814, Napoleon's losses enabled the British to increase their forces in North America. (p. 141)

Andrew Jackson

In the War of 1812 this U.S. general defeated the Creek nation at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The British were trying to control the Mississippi River and he defeated them at the Battle of New Orleans. He would later become the seventh president of the United States. (p. 141)

railroad workers: Chinese, Irish, veterans

In the construction of the first transcontinental railroad, the Union Pacific, starting in Omaha, employed thousands of war veterans and Irish immigrants. The Central Pacific, starting from Sacramento, included 6,000 Chinese immigrants among their workers. (p. 321)

Protestant Reformation

In the early 1500s, certain Christians in Germany, England, France, Holland, and other northern European countries revolted against the authority of the pope in Rome. (p. 6)

revivalism; revival camp meetings

In the early 1800s, this movement was a reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment. Successful preachers were audience-centered and easily understood by the uneducated. (p. 207)

millennialism

In the early 1800s, this popular belief, that the world was about to end with the second coming of Jesus Christ. (p. 208)

Aroostook War

In the early 1840s, there was a dispute over the the British North America (Canada) and Maine border. Open fighting broke out between rival groups of lumbermen. The conflict was soon resolved by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842. (p. 231)

American party

In the early 1850s, this party which opposed immigrants, nominated candidates for office. They were also called the Know-Nothing party. (p. 176)

Indochina

In the early 1950s, France was fighting to retake control of their colony in southeastern Asia. The French were defeated in 1954 and they agreed to give up Indochina, which was divided into the nations of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. (p. 583)

Operation Wetback

In the early 1950s, this program forced an estimated 3.8 million people to return to Mexico. (p. 590)

Northeast

In the early 19th century, the area which included New England and the Middle Atlantic states. (p. 173)

Old Northwest

In the early 19th century, the territory which stretched from Ohio to Minnesota. (p. 173)

euro crisis

In the early 2010s, the European Union was struggling with a debt crisis in Greece, Spain, and Ireland. It took German leadership to save the euro as a common currency. (p. 689)

segregation in San Francisco schools

In the early 20th century San Francisco schools required that Japanese American students attend segregated schools. In 1908, President Roosevelt worked out a "gentleman's agreement" with Japan, Japanese American students would be allowed to attend normal schools and Japan would restrict the emigration of Japanese workers to the United States. (p. 420)

Pragmatism

In the early 20th century this philosophy focused on using a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge. They encouraged experimentation to find solutions that would produce a well-functioning democratic society. (p. 433)

William James

In the early 20th century, he was an advocate of the new philosophy of pragmatism. He argued that people should take a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge. (p. 433)

Eastern Trunk Lines

In the early days of the railroads, from the 1830s to the 1860s, railroad lines in the east were different incompatible sizes which created inefficiencies. (p. 320)

ethnic support

In the early part of World War I Americans supported neutrality. However, 30 per-cent were first or second generation immigrants and their support was usually based on their ancestry. (p. 456)

New Nationalism; New Freedom

In the election of 1912, the Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were the main competitors. Roosevelt called for a "New Nationalism", with more government regulation of business and unions, women's suffrage (voting rights), and more social welfare programs. Wilson supported a "New Freedom", which would limit both big business and big government, bring about reform by ending corruption, and revive competition by supporting small business. (p. 441)

United Nations

In the fall of 1945, this worldwide organization was founded and allowed membership of all countries. It had a 15-member Security Council that was to maintain international security and authorize peacekeeping missions. It is often referred to as the U.N. (p. 562)

United States v. Nixon

In the last days of the Watergate scandal, the court denied Nixon's claims to executive privilege and ordering him to turn over the Watergate tapes. (p. 629)

divided electorate

In the late 1800s, Republicans kept memories of the Civil War alive to remind war veterans of the pain caused by the Southern Democrats. Democrats could count on winning every former Confederate state. (p. 381)

college elective system

In the late 1800s, colleges started reducing the number of required courses and offered more elective courses. These were courses students could choose, and this increased the number of foreign language and science courses. (p. 368)

markets and farmers

In the late 1800s, farming became increasingly commercialized and specialized. They became dependent on large and expensive machinery and small, marginal farms were often driven out of business. (p. 350)

cause of migration

In the late 1800s, forces driving Europeans to migrate to the United States were (1) Displaced farmworkers by political turmoil and mechanization, (2) Overcrowding due to population boom, (3) Religious persecution. (p. 361)

kindergarten

In the late 1800s, the practice of sending children to kindergarten became popular. (p. 367)

public high school

In the late 1800s, there was growing support for tax-supported public high schools. (p. 367)

Women's Christian Temperance Union

In the late 1870s, this women's organization was part of the temperance movement. (p. 212)

Alfred Kinsey

In the late 1940s he did pioneering surveys of sexual practice. (p. 611)

spectator sports, boxing, baseball

In the late 19th century professional sports started. (p.372)

laissez-faire Capitalism

In the late 19th century, american industrialists supported the theory of no government intervention in the economy, even as they accepted high tariffs and federal subsidies. (p. 324)

social class and discrimination

In the late 19th century, sports such as golf and tennis became popular with wealth members of athletic clubs. The very rich pursued polo and yachting. (p. 372)

causes of Indian wars

In the late 19th century, the settlement of the thousands of miners, ranchers, and homesteaders on American Indian lands led to violence. (p. 344)

corner saloon, pool halls

In the late 19th century, young single men often centered their lives around these establishments. (p. 372)

subsistence farming

In the mid 18th century the colonies had little manufacturing and were devoted almost entirely to agriculture. In New England colonies, most farms were under 100 acres and farming was limited to subsistence levels that provided just enough for a farm family to survive. In the southern colonies, most people lived on small subsistence family farms with no slaves. (p. 48)

limited democracy

In the mid 18th century, colonial democracy was limited to mostly white men that owned land. Those barred from voting included white women, poor white men, all slaves, and most free blacks. (p. 54)

nonsectarian

In the mid 18th century, one nonsectarian colleges was founded. The College of Philadelphia (later University of Pennsylvania) was founded, with no religious sponsors. (p. 52)

colonial families

In the mid 18th century, there was an abundance of fertile land and a dependable food supply in the colonies. This attracted thousands of European settlers each year and supported the raising of large families. (p. 45)

exports and imports

In the mid-1800s, the U.S. was exporting primarily manufactured goods and agriculture products such as Western grains and Southern cotton. Imports also increased during this period. (p. 238, 239)

foreign commerce

In the mid-1800s, the growth in manufactured goods as well as in agriculture products (Western grains and Southern cotton) caused a significant growth of exports and imports. (p. 238, 239)

Jacques Cartier

In the period for 1534 to 1542, he explored the St. Lawrence River. (p. 10)

John C. Fremont

In the presidential election of 1856, this California senator was the Republican nominee. The Republican platform called for no expansion of slavery, free homesteads, and a probusiness protective tariff. He lost the election to James Buchanan, but won 11 of the 16 free states, which foreshadowed the emergence of a powerful Republican party. (p. 255)

Horace Greeley

In the presidential election of 1872, both the Liberal Republicans and the Democrats made this newspaper editor their nominee. He lost the election to Ulysses S. Grant, he died just days before the counting of the electoral vote count. (p. 301)

Samuel J. Tilden

In the presidential election of 1876, this New York reform governor was the Democrat nominee. He had gained fame for putting Boss Tweed behind bars. He collected 184 of the necessary 185 electoral votes, but was defeated by Rutherford B. Hayes, when all of the electoral votes from the contested states of South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana went to Hayes. (p. 303)

reformers vs. rasism in South

In the presidential election of 1892, Southern Democrats feared the Populist party and used every technique possible to keep blacks from voting. (p. 387)

county government

In the southern colonies, the local government was carried on by a sheriff and other officials who served a large territory called a county. (p. 54)

Congressional Reconstruction

In the spring of 1866, many in Congress were unhappy with President Andrew Johnson's policies and this led to the second round of reconstruction. Its creation was dominated by Congress and featured policies that were harsher on Southern whites and more protective of freed African Americans. (p. 295)

Constitutional Convention

In the summer of 1787, 55 delegates from the thirteen states, excluding Rhode Island, met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The purpose was to create the Constitution, which would replace the Articles of Confederation. (p. 104)

Framers of the Constitution

In the summer of 1787, 55 delegates met in Philadelphia to create a federal constitution. As a group they were wealthy, white, male, educated and most were heavily involved in state governments. (p. 104)

American Expeditionary Force

In the summer of 1918, hundreds of thousands of American troops went to France as members of this force under General John J. Pershing. (p. 463)

Watts riots, race riots

In the summer of 1965 the arrest of a black motorist in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles led to a six-day riot that resulted in the deaths of 34 people and the destruction of 700 buildings. (p. 608)

Woodstock

In the summer of 1969, about 500,000 million young people descended on upper New York State farm for what turned into a free music festival. In the early morning hours of the last day Jimi Hendrix played his jaw dropping version of the "Stars Spangled Banner" featuring amplifier feedback to convey bombs falling, jets overhead, and cries of human anguish. (p. 611)

Crittenden compromise

In the winter of 1860-1861, Senator John Crittenden proposed a constitutional amendment to appease the South. He proposed that slavery would be allowed in all areas south of the 36 30 line. The Republicans rejected the proposal because it would allow extension of slavery into the new territories. (p. 260)

recession of 1937

In the winter of 1937 the economy went into recession again. The new Social Security tax had reduced consumer spending and at the same time Roosevelt had cut back government spending in hopes of balancing the budget. (p. 511)

streetcar cities

In these cities, people lived in residences many miles from their jobs and commuted to work by horse-drawn streetcars. (p. 363)

election of 1994

In these midterm elections, Republicans gained control of both houses of Congress for the first time since 1954. (p. 667)

elections of 1952, 1956

In these two presidential elections Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon defeated Adlai Stevenson quite easily. (p. 580-581)

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

In this 1842 treaty US Secretary of State Daniel Webster and British ambassador Lord Alexander Ashburton created a treaty splitting New Brunswick territory into Maine and British Canada. It also settled the boundary of the Minnesota territory. (p. 232)

Credit Mobilier

In this affair, insiders gave stock to influential members of Congress, to avoid investigation of the huge profits they were making from government subsidies for building the transcontinental railroad. (p. 300)

Election of 1960

In this election, Democrat John F. Kennedy ran against Republican Richard M. Nixon. Television was perhaps the most decisive factor in this very close race which Kennedy won. (p. 601)

election of 1918

In this mid-term congressional election Republicans gained control of both houses of Congress. This was a problem for Democrat President Woodrow Wilson because he need Republican votes to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. (p. 466)

election of 2008

In this presidential election Democrats Barack Obama and Joseph Biden ran against Republicans John McCain and Sarah Palin. The Republican Bush administration was unpopular and the country faced was facing an economic crisis. Obama's message for change and his well-funded grassroots campaign led him to victory. (p. 686)

election of 1988

In this presidential election George H. W. Bush defeated Michael Dukakis. Bush had been Reagan's vice president. (p. 662)

election of 2004

In this presidential election George W. Bush was reelected, defeating Senator John Kerry. The Republicans energized their base of voters by focusing on the war against terrorism, more tax cuts, and opposition to gay marriage and abortion. (p. 684)

election of 2012

In this presidential election the Great Recession and Obamacare (new healthcare act) were the top issues. Barack Obama defeated Mitt Romney in this election. (p. 690)

election of 1996

In this presidential election, Democrats Bill Clinton and Al Gore defeated Republicans Bob Dole and Jack Kemp. (p. 668)

Election of 1964

In this presidential election, Democrats Lyndon Johnson and Hubert Humphrey ran against the very conservative Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona. Johnson and Humphrey easily won, capturing 61 percent of the popular vote. (p. 605)

election of 1944

In this presidential election, Franklin D. Roosevelt replaced his vice president with Harry S. Truman, as they ran against Republican Thomas Dewey. Roosevelt won an unprecedented fourth term, but he died within three months. (p. 534)

election of 1984

In this presidential election, Ronald Reagan ran against Walter Mondale, who chose Geraldine Ferraro as the first woman for vice presidential candidate. Reagan won by a landslide winning every state except for Mondale's home state of Minnesota. (p. 658)

election of 1864

In this presidential election, the Democrats nominated the popular General George McClellan. The Republicans renamed to the Unionist party, nominated President Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln won the election, however McClellan did win 45 percent of the popular vote. (p. 278)

election of 1860

In this presidential election, the Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln won. Lincoln won all the northern states, while John C. Breckinridge, a South Democrat, won all the southern states. The South felt like it no longer had a voice in national politics and a number of states soon seceded from the Union. (p. 258)

election of 2000

In this presidential race Al Gore won the popular vote, George W. Bush won the electoral vote. It was the closest election since 1876. The Supreme Court settled the election in Bush's favor. (p. 680)

Treaty of Greenville

In this treaty in 1795, the American Indians surrendered claims to the Ohio Valley and promised to open it to settlement. (p. 113)

Dingley Tariff of 1897

Increased the tariff rate to more than 46 percent and made gold the official standard of U.S. currency. (p. 390)

expanding middle class

Industrialization helped expand the middle class by creating jobs for accountants, clerical workers, and salespeople. The increase in the number of good-paying jobs after the Civil War significantly increased the size of the middle class. (p. 327)

Committees of Correspondence

Initiated by Samuel Adams in 1772, these letters spread news of suspicious or threatening acts by the British throughout the colonies. (p. 74)

fraud and corruption, Credit Mobilier

Insiders used construction companies to bribe government officials and make huge profits. (p. 321)

xenophobia

Intense or irrational dislike of foreign peoples. (p. 467)

League of Nations

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation. However, it was greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. (p. 466)

Iran-contra affair

Iran and Iraq were at war, the United States sold antitank and antiaircraft missiles to Iran's government for their help in freeing Americans held hostage by radical Arab group. The U.S. then used the profits from the sale to fund the contras in Nicaragua. This violated the Boland Amendment and congressional budget authority. (p. 660)

West Bank, Gaza Strip

Israel granted home rule to the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip and parts of the West Bank territories, and signed a peace treaty with Jordan in 1994. Israeli-Palestinian peace process slowed down after the assassination of the Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in 1995. (p. 670)

Federal Housing Administration

It insured bank loans for building new houses and repairing old ones. (p. 505)

Farm Board

It was authorized to help farmers stabilize prices by temporarily holding surplus grain and cotton in storage. (p. 500)

War Powers Act

It was found that President Nixon had authorized 3,500 secret bombing raids in Cambodia, a neutral county. In November 1973, after a long struggle, Congress finally passed this act over Nixon's veto. This law required Nixon and any future president to report to Congress within 48 hours after taking military action and to obtain Congressional approval for any military action lasting more than 60 days. (p. 631)

horses

It was not until the 17th century that the American Indians acquired these animals from the Spanish. (p. 4)

Fair Employment Practices Committee

It was set up to assist minorities in gaining jobs in defense industries. (p. 513)

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

It was the first bill regarding immigration. It placed a ban on all new immigrants from China. (p. 362)

Dominion of New England

James II wanted to increase royal control in the colonies, so he combined them into larger units and abolished their representative assemblies. The Dominion of New England was combined New York, New Jersey, and the other New England colonies into a single unit. (p. 36)

Virginia Plan

James Madison's proposal at the Constitutional Convention, which favored the large states. (p. 105)

kamikaze attacks

Japanese pilots would deliberately crash their planes into American ships, killing themselves, but also inflicting severe damage to the ships. (p. 537)

yellow journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers. (p. 413)

Henry Grady

Journalist from Georgia who coined the phrase "New South". Promoted his ideas through the Atlanta Constitution, as editor. (p. 347)

Panic of 1837

Just as Martin Van Buren became the president, the country suffered a financial panic as many banks closed their doors. (p. 199)

encomienda system

King of Spain gave grants of land and natives (as slaves) to individual Spaniards. (p. 8)

mass circulation newspapers

Large circulation newspapers had been around since 1830, but the first to exceed one million subscribers was Joseph Pulitzer's New York World. (p. 371)

Neutrality Acts

Laws passed by isolationists in the late 1930s, that were designed to keep the United States out of international wars. (p. 525)

quota laws of 1921 and 1924

Laws passed to limit immigration. (p. 485)

Anti-Imperialist League

Lead by William Jennings Bryan, they opposed further expansion in the Pacific. (p. 415)

Francis Willard, WCTU

Leader of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) which advocated total abstinence from alcohol. (p. 367)

Gouverneur Morris

Leader who helped write the Constitution. (p. 105)

John Dickinson

Leader who helped write the Constitution. (p. 105)

revivalists: Billy Sunday, Aimee Semple McPherson

Leading radio evangelists such as Billy Sunday and Aimee Semple McPherson preached a fundamentalist message. (p 484)

debts and high tariffs

Leading up to the Great Depression, the United States insisted on full World War I loan repayments and high tariffs on imports. This weakened Europe and contributed to the worldwide depression. (p. 498)

city manager plan

Legislation designed to break up political machines and replace traditional political management of cities with trained professional urban planners and managers. (p. 436)

suburban growth

Low interest rates on mortgages that were government-insured and tax deductible made the move from the city to the suburb affordable for almost any family. In a single generation the majority of middle-class Americans became suburbanites. (p. 558)

sectionalism

Loyalty to a particular region of the country. (p. 173)

Sears-Roebuck

Mail order company that used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers. (p. 326)

Shiloh

Major battle in the American Civil War, fought in 1862, in southwestern Tennessee. Confederate forces led by Albert Johnston launched a surprise attack against the Union army led by General Ulysses S. Grant. The Union army held its ground and finally forced the Confederates to retreat after 23,000 casualties (dead and wounded) on both sides. (p. 274)

strikes of 1919

Major strike in Seattle where 60,000 unionists held a peaceful strike for higher pay. Boston police went on strike to protest firing of police officers who tried to unionize and Governor Calvin Coolidge sent in National Guard. U.S. Steel Corporation had a strike, after considerable violence, the strike was broken by state and federal troops. (p. 467)

black pride

Many African American leaders agreed with Marcus Garvey's ideas on racial pride and self-respect. This influenced another generation in the 1960s. (p. 483)

Soviet Union breakup

Many republics declared independence; the Soviet government was clearly powerless to stop the fragmentation. The Communist Party and Soviet government became powerless and ceased to exist. (p. 663)

compulsory school attendance

Many states passed laws, which made it mandatory for children to go to public schools. (p. 437)

realism, naturalism

Mark Twain became the first realist author and his books often showed the greed, violence, and racism in American society. Authors known for their naturalism focused in how emotions and experience shaped human experience. (p. 369)

gun violence

Mass shootings at a Colorado movie theater and a Connecticut school sparked another debate over guns. President Obama's proposals to tighten gun laws went nowhere because of gun rights advocates. (p. 690)

Operation Desert Storm

Massive operation in which more than 500,000 Americans were joined by military units from 28 nations. For 5 weeks they carried out relentless airstrikes and followed up with an invasion led by U.S. General Norman Schwarzkopf. After 100 hours of ground fighting, Iraq conceded defeat. (p. 664)

Quakers

Members of the Religious Society of Friends who believed in the equality of men and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service. (p. 34)

triangular trade

Merchants traded colonist rum for African slaves, African slaves for West Indies sugar cane, and sugar cane was brought back to the colonies to make rum. (p. 37)

Migration for jobs

Mexican Americans moved to find work, such as the sugar beet fields and mines of Colorado, and the building of western railroads. (p. 346)

anti-trust movement

Middle class people feared a growth of new wealth due to the trusts. In the 1880s trust came under widespread scrutiny and attack. In 1890, the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed, but it was too vaguely worded to stop the development of trusts. Not until the Progressive era, would the trusts be controlled. (p. 324)

depression mentality

Millions of people who lived through the Great Depression developed an attitude of insecurity and economic concern that remained throughout their lives. (p. 512)

professions; religion, medicine, law

Ministers, physicians, and lawyers were all respected careers in the 18th century colonies. (p. 52)

John Dickinson

Moderate delegate from Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress. He wrote "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania". (p. 85)

George Washington

Moderate delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress. In 1775, at the Second Continental Congress he was appointed commander-in chief of a new colonial army and sent to Boston to lead the Massachusetts militia and volunteer units from other colonies. He later became the first president of the United States. (p. 88-89)

"hard" money vs. "soft" money

Money backed by gold vs. paper money not backed by specie (gold or silver). (p. 384)

urban middle class

Most Progressives were urban middle-class men and women. They included: doctors, lawyers, ministers, storekeepers, office workers, and middle managers. (p. 432)

Roman Catholic

Most of the Irish were this religion and they faced strong discrimination because of it. (p. 176)

Patriots

Most of these soldiers came from New England or Virginia and wanted freedom for the colonies. (p. 88)

Anglo-Saxon heritage

Most supported Republicans and temperance or prohibition. (p. 381)

cattle drives

Moving the cattle from Texas to railroad towns in Kansas. (p. 342)

jazz age

Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz, a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime. (p. 480)

The Great American Desert

Name given to lands between the Mississippi and the Pacific Coast before 1860. There was very little rainfall in this area and the conditions were poor for settlement. (p. 339)

greenbacks

Name given to paper money issued by the Union government during the Civil War. They bills were not redeemable for gold, which contributed to creeping inflation. (p. 280)

greenbacks

Name given to paper money issued by the government, so called because the back side was printed with green ink. They were not redeemable for gold. (p 302)

close elections

National elections between 1856 and 1912, were very evenly matched. The objective was to get out the vote and not alienate voters on the issues. (p. 381)

Chiang Kai-shek

Nationalist leader of China, forced out of China by the Communists. He retreated to Taiwan, where the U.S. continued to support him. (p. 567)

national networks

Nationwide radio networks enabled people all over the country to listen to the same news, sports, soap operas, quiz shows and comedies. (p. 480)

Great Plains

Native Americans in this area used the horse to hunt buffalo. Tribes such as the Cheyenne and the Sioux, became nomadic hunters following the buffalo herds. (p. 181)

Nativists

Native-born Americans who reacted strongly against the immigrants, they feared the newcomers would take their jobs and weaken the culture of the Protestant and Anglo majority. (p. 176)

white, old stock Protestants

Native-born, their churches preached against vice and taught social responsibility. (p. 432)

Know-Nothing Party

Nativists, also known as the American party. (p. 176)

Mikhail Gorbachev; glasnost, perestroika

New Soviet leader who impletmented changes in their domestic politics with these reforms: 1) glasnost: an openness to end political repression and move toward greater political freedom for Soviet citizens. 2) perestroika: reconstruction of the Soviet economy by introducing some free-market practices. (p. 661)

Newt Gingrich

New Speaker of the House, who led the Republicans in an attack on federal programs and spending, outlined in their campaign manifesto "Contract with America". (p. 667)

Tammany Hall

New York City's Democratic organization. (p. 176)

Thomas Nast

New York Times political cartoonist who exposed the abuses of the "Boss" Tweed ring. Tweed was eventually arrested and imprisoned in 1871. (p. 310)

new social sciences

New fields such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and political science emerged. (p 368)

Lord Frederick North

New prime minister of Britain who convinced Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts in 1770. (p. 74)

immigrants

Newcomers to the colonies, were mostly Protestant, and came from England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, and Western and Central Europe. Some left Europe to escape religious persecution and wars. Others sought economic opportunities in farming, or setting up shop as an artisan or merchant. Africans were also brought in large numbers to the colonies, albeit unwillingly. (p. 45)

nationalist media

Newspapers and magazines published printed stories about ]distant and exotic places. This increased public interest and stimulated demands for a larger U.S. role in world affairs. (p. 411)

Bull Moose Party

Nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to nominate Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 presidential election. (p. 441)

Henry Kissinger

Nixon's national security adviser, he later become secretary of state during Nixon's second term. He helped Nixon to fashion a realistic foreign policy that generally succeeded in reducing the tensions of the Cold War. (p. 625)

abstract art

Non-representational art, not accepted by Americans until the 1950s. (p. 370)

New Harmony

Nonreligious experimental socialist community founded to solve problems of inequity and alienation caused by the Industrial Revolution. (p. 210)

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement, which created a free-trade zone with Canada and Mexico. (p. 667)

Copperheads

Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and wanted a negotiated peace. (p. 279)

New England Emigrant Aid Company

Northern abolitionist and Free-Soilers set up this company to pay for the transportation of antislavery settlers to the Kansas Territory. They did this to shift the balance of power against slavery in this new territory. (p. 253)

political parties

Not anticipated by founders of the United States. However, buy 1787, the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans parties were forming to push their agendas. (p. 113)

Boston police strike

Officers went on strike to protest the firing of a few officers because they tried to unionize. (p. 467)

Lexington

On April 18, 1775 British soldiers in Boston marched to this town to seize colonial military supplies. This is where the first shot of the Revolutionary War was fired. (p. 86)

Hiroshima; Nagasaki

On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. Then on August 9, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. About 250,000 Japanese died as a result. Within a week after the second bomb was dropped, Japan agreed to surrender. (p. 537)

Guam and Philippines

On December 10, 1898, the Spanish-American War treaty was signed in Paris. Under the treaty the U.S. acquired Guam and also the Philippines. (p. 415)

Fredericksburg

On December 13, 1862, General Ambrose Burnside launched a frontal attack on General Lee's strong position at this Virginia city. The Union army suffered 12,000 casualties (dead or wounded), while the Confederates only 5,000 casualties. (p. 273)

Pearl Harbor

On December 7, 1941, a date that will live in infamy, this U.S. naval base in Honolulu, Hawaii was bombed by Japanese planes. 2,400 Americans were killed and 20 warships were sunk or severely damaged. The next day, the United States declared war on Japan. (p. 531)

sinking of the Maine

On February 15, 1898, the USS Maine battleship exploded in Havana Harbor. The yellow press accused Spain of blowing up the ship even though experts later concluded that the explosion was probably an accident. (p. 413)

Battle of New Orleans

On January 8, 1815, General Andrew Jackson led U.S. troops that defeated the British at New Orleans. At that time communications were much slower and the armies did not know that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the war two weeks earlier. (p. 141)

Gettysburg

On July 1, 1863, General Robert E. Lee led a Confederate army into Pennsylvania. He surprised the Union troops, and started the most crucial and bloodiest battle of the war. There were 50,000 casualties, but the Confederate army eventually retreated to Virginia, never to regain the offensive. (p. 277)

Battle of Bunker Hill

On June 17, 1775 a colonial militia lost this battle to British on the outskirts of Boston. However, the British suffered heavy casualties in this first true battle of the Revolutionary War. (p. 87)

Korean War

On June 25, 1950 the North Korean army invaded South Korea. General Douglas MacArthur led a United Nations force consisting of mostly U.S. troops to help the South Korean army. By the time a peace agreement was signed in 1953 the north and south border was nearly in the same location, but 2.5 million people, including 54,000 Americans had died. (p. 568)

Battle of Midway

On June 4-7, 1942, the U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet at Midway Island. The Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. The battle marked a turning point in the war in the Pacific. (p. 536)

RFK assassination

On June 5, 1968, after he had won the California Democratic primary Robert F. Kennedy (RFK) was shot and killed by an Arab nationalist. (p. 616)

D-Day

On June 6, 1944 the Allies landed in northern France with the largest invasion by sea in history. By the end of August Paris was liberated from the Nazis, and by September Allied troops had crossed the German border. (p. 536)

LBJ withdraws

On March 23, 1968, President Johnson made a television address in which he said that the U.S. would limit bombing of North Vietnam and negotiate peace. He also announced that he would not run for president in 1968. (p. 615)

Hundred Days

On March 4, 1933, Franklin Roosevelt started his term and called Congress into a one hundred day session. They passed into law all of Roosevelt's legislation. (p. 503)

Haymarket bombing

On May 4, 1886 workers held a protest in which seven police officers were killed by a protester's bomb. (p. 330)

Lusitania

On May 7, 1915 a British passenger ship was sunk by German torpedoes and 128 American passengers died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, and moved the country towards war. (p. 455).

assassination in Dallas

On November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas, after just two and a half years in office, President John Kennedy was shot and killed. (p. 603)

Lyndon Johnson

On November 22, 1963, just two hours after John Kennedy's assassination he took presidential oath of office aboard an airplane at the Dallas airport. In the 1964 presidential election he easily defeated Senator Barry Goldwater. In 1968, he decided to not run for president again. (p. 604)

United Nations

On October 24, 1945, this international organization formed after World War II to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. (p. 539)

Black Tuesday

On October 29, 1929, millions of panicky investors sold, as the bottom fell out of the stock market. (p. 497)

Middle East War (1973)

On October 6, 1973, the Syrians and Egyptians launched a surprise attack on Israel in an attempt to recover the lands lost in the Six-Day War of 1967. President Nixon ordered the U.S. nuclear forces on alert and airlifted almost $2 billion in arms to Israel to stem their retreat. The tide of battle quickly shifted in favor of the Israelis. (p. 631)

Poland; blitzkrieg

On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded this country using overwhelming air power and fast-moving tanks, a term of warfare called lightning war. Britain and France then declared war against Germany. (p. 528)

Ernest Hemingway

One of the most popular writers of the 1920s, he wrote "A Farewell to Arms". (p. 481)

early marriages

One sign of confidence in post World War II era was an explosion of marriages at a younger age and new births. (p. 558)

League of Woman Voters

Organized by Carrie Chapman Catt. A civic organization dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and issues. (p. 445)

Industrial Revolution

Originally this revolution was centered in the textile industry, but by the 1830's, northern factories were producing a wide range of goods - everything from farm implements to clocks and shoes. (p. 174)

movie palaces

Ornate, lavish single-screen movie theaters that emerged in the 1910s in the United States. (p. 480)

utopian communities

Over one hundred of these experimental communities were started in the 1820s to 1860s period. (p. 210)

Benjamin West

Painter who went to England to acquire the necessary training and financial support to establish himself as a prominent artist. (p. 51)

John Copley

Painter who went to England to acquire the necessary training and financial support to establish himself as a prominent artist. (p. 51)

Continentals

Paper money issued by Congress which became almost worthless due to inflation. (p. 90)

due process of law

Part of the 14 Amendment, it denies the government the right, without due process, to deprive people of life, liberty, and property. (p. 295)

equal protection of the laws

Part of the 14th amendment, it emphasizes that the laws must provide equivalent "protection" to all people. (p. 295)

House of Representatives

Part of the legislative branch, representation would be based on population of each state. (p. 105)

Senate

Part of the legislative branch, there would be two senators from each state. (p. 105)

corrupt politicians

Party patronage, the process of providing jobs to faithful party members was more important than policy issues during the Gilded Age. (p. 381)

televangelists

Pat Robertson, Oral Roberts, and Jim Baker brought in 100 million viewers in which religion became an instrument of electoral politics. (p. 655)

Peace of Paris

Peace treaty signed to end the French and Indian War (The Seven Years' War) in 1763. Great Britain gained French Canada and Spanish Florida. France gave Spain its western territory. (p. 71)

anthracite coal miners' strike 1902

Pennsylvania coal miners went on strike for an increase in pay and a shorter working day. When the mine owners refused to negotiate, President Theodore Roosevelt threatened to seize control of the mines. A compromise was finally agreed upon. (p. 438)

religious fundamentalism

People who attacked secular humanism as a godless creed taking over public education. They campaigned for the return of prayers and the teaching of the Biblical account of creation in public schools. (p. 655)

Abu Ghraib prison

Pictures of the barbaric treatment of prisoners by U.S. troops in this prison further diminished America's reputation in Iraq and around the world. (p. 684)

cash and carry

Policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality, while aiding Great Britain. Great Britain could buy U.S. military arms if it paid in full and used its own ships to transport them. (p. 528)

political action committees (PACs)

Political action committees which became a force for change. Opposed big government, New Deal liberalism, gun control, feminism, gay rights, welfare, affirmative action, sexual permissiveness, abortion, and drug use. (p. 654)

identity politics

Political activity and ideas based on the shared experiences of an ethnic, religious, or social group emphasizing gaining power and benefits for the group rather than pursuing ideological goals. (p. 381)

economic nationalism

Political movement to subsidize internal improvements such as roads and canals. Also the protecting of US industries from European competition. (p. 151)

political machines, boss

Political parties in major cities came under the control of tightly organized groups of politicians, known as political machines. Each machine had its boss, the top politician who gave orders and doled out government jobs. (p. 364)

Democratic-Republican Party

Political party that were against the Federalists. They opposed strong central government and favored states rights. They were led by Thomas Jefferson. (p. 114)

Douglas MacArthur

Popular general who aggressively directed American forces during the Korean War. He clashed with President Truman, who removed him from command in 1951. (p. 566)

Thomas Edison

Possibly the greatest inventor of the 19th century. He established the first modern research labratory, which produced more than a thousand patented inventions. These include the phonograph, first practical electric light bulb, dynamo for electric power generation, mimeograph machine, and a motion picture camera. (p. 326)

presidential reconstruction

President Abraham Lincoln believed that the Southern states could not leave the Union and therefore never did leave. He consider them a disloyal minority. After Lincoln's assassination, President Andrew Johnson attempted to carry out Lincoln's plan for reconstruction. (p. 292)

spoils system

President Andrew Jackson appointed people to federal jobs strictly according to whether they had campaigned for the Democratic party. Previous office holders were fired and replaced with a loyal Democrat. (p. 193)

states' rights

President Andrew Jackson favored this form of power for the state governments. (p. 196)

role of the president

President Andrew Jackson presented himself as the representative of all the people and the protector of the common man against abused of power by the rich and privileged. He thought this was the role he should play. (p. 195)

Proclamation to the People of South Carolina

President Andrew Jackson's edict stating nullification and disunion were treason. (p. 197)

rotation in office

President Andrew Jackson's policy of limiting a person to one term in office so he could then appoint a Democrat to replace them. (p. 193)

Afghanistan, Taliban

President Bush declared he wanted Osama bin Laden and other Al-Qaeda leaders "dead or alive". The Taliban refused to turn them over, so in response the U.S. quickly overthrew the Taliban government in Afghanistan. U.S. led troops pursued bin Laden to the mountains bordering Pakistan, but were unable to catch him. (p. 682)

privatization of Social Security

President Bush pushed Congress to privatize Social Security by encouraging Americans to invest part of their Social Security payroll deductions into various market investments. (p. 685)

human rights

President Carter championed the cause of human rights around the world. He opposed the all-white oppressive governments of South Africa and Rhodesia. He cut aid to Argentina and Chile for their human rights violations. (p. 634)

failure of health reform

President Clinton asked Hillary Rodham Clinton (his wife) to head a task force to propose a plan for universal health coverage. It ran into opposition from the insurance industry, small business organizations, and the Republicans. It failed to pass. (p. 666)

don't ask, don't tell

President Clinton failed to end discrimination against gays in the military and settled for the rule, "Don't ask, don't tell". Under this policy a member of the military could still be dismissed for being gay or lesbian but was not required to provide sexual orientation information. (p. 666)

soil-bank program

President Eisenhower created this program as a way to reduce farm production, thereby increasing farm income. (p. 580)

modern Republicanism

President Eisenhower's term for his balanced and moderate approach to governing. Claiming he was liberal toward people but conservative about spending money. He helped balance the federal budget and lowered taxes without destroying existing social programs. (p. 580)

Harold Ickes

President Franklin D. Roosevelt's secretary of the interior. (p. 504)

bank holiday

President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the banks to be closed on March 6, 1933. He made a radio address explaining that the banks would be reopened after allowing enough time for the government to reorganize them on a sound basis. (p. 503)

reorganization plan

President Franklin Roosevelt proposed a plan that allowed the president to appoint a new Supreme Court justice for each current justice over the age of 70. Congress refused to pass this legislation. (p. 509)

fireside chats

President Franklin Roosevelt spoke on the radio to the American people. (p. 504)

Good Neighbor Policy

President Franklin Roosevelt's foreign policy of promoting better relations with Latin America by using economic influence rather than military force in the region. (p. 523)

no new taxes

President George H. W. Bush had promised "no new taxes" during the presidential campaign, but he agreed to accept the Democratic Congress' proposed $133 billion in new taxes. (p. 665)

Clarence Thomas

President George H. W. Bush nominated this man to replace the retiring Thurgood Marshall on the Supreme Court. It was controversial because of his conservative views on judicial issues and the charges of sexual harassment against him. Nevertheless, the Senate confirmed him. (p. 664)

John Roberts

President George W. Bush appointed this conservative judge to the Supreme Court as chief justice. (p. 685)

Samuel Alito

President George W. Bush appointed this conservative judge to the Supreme Court. (p. 685)

Homeland Security Department

President George W. Bush created this new department by combining more than 20 federal agencies with 170,000 employees. The agencies including the Secret Service, Coast Guard, and customs and immigration agencies. Many questioned why the FBI and CIA were left out of the new department. (p. 683)

Bush tax cuts

President George W. Bush cut taxes on the top tax bracket, gradually eliminated estate taxes, increased child tax credits, gave all taxpayers an immediate rebate. Bush pushed for tax cuts for stock dividends, capital gains, and married couples. (p. 680)

Edmund Randolph

President George Washington's attorney general. (p. 110)

Henry Knox

President George Washington's secretary of war. (p. 110)

self-reliance

President Herbert Hoover did not ask Congress for legislative action on the economy until the summer of 1930. He was concerned that government assistance to individuals would destroy their self-reliance. (p. 500)

assassination of James Garfield

President James Garfield was shot while preparing to board a train. He died after an 11 week struggle. (p. 383)

XYZ Affair

President John Adams sent a delegation to Paris to negotiate over U.S. merchant ships being attacked by French ships. French ministers, known as X, Y, and Z, because there names were never revealed, requested bribes. President Adams resisted a call for war, by sending a new delegation to France. (p. 116)

impeachment

President Johnson was the first president impeached, for the charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors on February 24, 1868. One of the articles of impeachment was violating the Tenure of Office Act. He had removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War, from office. The impeachment failed, falling just one vote short. (p. 297)

race to the moon

President Kennedy committed the U.S. to land on the moon by the end of the 1960s decade. (p. 602)

flexible response

President Kennedy increased spending on conventional arms and mobile military forces. This type of military force could be used in response to smaller wars in Africa and Southeast Asia and avoid the possibility of having to use nuclear weapons in these conflicts. (p. 603)

New Frontier

President Kennedy proposed new domestic programs such as aid to education, federal support of health care, urban renewal, and civil rights. These programs did not become law until many of them passed in the Lyndon Johnson administration. (p. 601)

DOT and HUD

President Lyndon Johnson established the Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). (p. 606)

Great Society

President Lyndon Johnson was determined to expand the social reforms of the New Deal and passed a long list of new programs that would have a lasting effect on American society. (p. 604)

detente

President Nixon and Kissinger strengthened the U.S. position in the world by taking advantage of the rivalry between the two Communist giants, China and the Soviet Union. Their diplomacy was praised for bringing about detente, a reduction of Cold War tensions. (p. 627)

Vietnamization

President Nixon announced that he would gradually withdraw U.S. troops from Vietnam and give the South Vietnamese the money, the weapons, and the training that they needed to take over the full conduct of the war. Under this policy, U.S. troops in South Vietnam went from over 540,000 in 1969 to under 30,000 in 1972. (p. 626)

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

President Nixon used his new relationship with China to put pressure on the Soviets to agree to a treaty limiting antiballistic missiles (ABMs), a new technology that would have expanded the arms race. After the first round of Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT I), U.S. diplomats secured Soviet consent to a freeze on the number of ballistic missiles carrying nuclear warheads. While this agreement did not end the arms race, it was a significant step toward reducing Cold War tensions and bringing about detente. (p. 627)

antiballistic missiles

President Nixon used his new relationship with China to put pressure on the Soviets to agree to a treaty limiting antiballistic missiles (ABMs). (p. 627)

Sonia Sotomayor

President Obama appointed her to the Supreme Court in 2009. (p. 691)

Elena Kagan

President Obama appointed her to the Supreme Court in 2010. (p. 691)

Afghanistan surge

President Obama made fighting Al-Qaeda and the Taliban in Afghanistan a priority. He sent an additional 47,000 troops to Afghanistan. The counter-terrorism surge proved effective in Afghanistan, but the increase in drone attacks on terrorists in Pakistan intensified anger against the U.S. (p. 689)

Sandra Day O'Connor

President Reagan appointed this conservative judge to the Supreme Court, she was the first woman to serve on the Court. (p. 658)

expand military

President Reagan expanded the military to fight against the Soviet Union which he referred to as the "evil empire". The defense budget grew from $171 billion in 1981 to $300 billion in 1985. (p. 659)

budget and trade deficits

President Reagan's tax cuts combined with large increases in military spending lead to federal deficits of more than $200 million a year. During his two terms the national debt tripled from $900 million to $2.7 trillion. The U.S. trade deficit reached $150 billion a year. (p. 658)

role of American money

President Taft believed that private U.S. investment in China and Central America would lead to greater stability there. His policy, was thwarted by growing anti-imperliasm both in the U.S. and overseas. (p. 420)

trust-busting

President Theodore Roosevelt broke up the railroads and Standard Oil by using the Sherman Antitrust Act. (p. 438)

bad vs. good trusts

President Theodore Roosevelt did make a distinction between breaking up "bad trusts", which harmed the public and stifled competition, and regulating "good trusts" which through efficiency and low prices dominated a market. (p. 438)

conservation of public lands

President Theodore Roosevelt's most original and lasting contribution in domestic policy may have been his efforts to protect the nation's natural resources. (p. 439)

strict interpretation of Constitution

President Thomas Jefferson was committed to a strict interpretation of the Constitution and rejected Alexander Hamilton's argument that certain powers were implied. When Jefferson made the Louisiana Purchase he was troubled because the Constitution did not state explicitly that a president could purchase foreign land. He finally argued that the president's powers to make treaties allowed for the purchase. (p. 133)

Employment Act of 1946

President Truman's act included progressive measures such as increased minimum wage and efforts to maintain full employment. (p. 559)

Fair Deal

President Truman's attempt at extending the New Deal with national health insurance, federal aid to education, civil rights legislation, public housing, and a new farm program. Most of the Fair Deal was defeated because of Truman's political conflicts with Congress and the pressing foreign policy concerns of the Cold War. (p. 561)

14th Amendment

Ratified in 1868, this Constitutional amendment, declares that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were citizens, and it obligated the states to respect the rights of U.S. citizens and provide them with "equal protection of the laws" and "due process of law". Other parts of the amendment related to Congress' plan for Reconstruction. (p. 295)

15h Amendment

Ratified in 1870, this Constitutional amendment, prohibited any state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." (p. 297)

Sixteenth Amendment, federal income tax

Ratified in 1913, this constitutional amendment, explicitly permitted Congress to levy a federal income tax. (p. 439)

business deregulation

Reagan followed up on the promise of "getting governmnet off the backs of people" by reducing federal regulations on business and industry. Restrictions were eased on savings and loans, mergers and takeovers by large corporations, and environmental protection. (p. 657)

tear down this wall

Reagan said this in a speech in front of the Berlin Wall to challenge Mikhail Gorbachev into falling through with his reforms. (p. 661)

PACTO strike

Reagan took a tough stand against unions, he fired thousands of striking federal air traffic controllers for violating their contract and decertified their union. (p. 657)

evil empire

Reagan's term for the Soviet Communists and also "focus of evil in the modern world". (p. 659)

"trickle down" economics

Reaganomics was compared to the "trickle-down" economics of the 1920s, in which wealthy Americans prospered, and some of their increased spending benefited the middle class and the poor. (p. 656)

temperance

Reformers targeted alcohol as the cause of social ills. The movement started by using moral exhortation, then shifted to political action. Business leaders and politicians supported it because it improved productivity of industrial workers. (p. 212)

inflation and labor unions

Relaxed controls on the Office of Price Administration resulted in an inflation rate of about 25 percent during the first year and a half after World War II. Workers and unions wanted wages to increase after years of wage controls during World War II. (p. 559)

Moral Majority

Religion became an instrument for electoral politics when an evangelist from Virginia, Jerry Falwell founded this organization, which helped financed campaigns to unseat liberal members of Congress. (p. 655)

Stamp Act Congress

Representatives from nine colonies met in New York in 1765 and decided that only their own elected representatives had the power to approve taxes. (p. 73)

Contract with America

Republican plan headed by Newt Gingrich that focused on scaling back the government, balancing the budget, and cutting taxes. (p. 667)

expansionist politicians

Republican politicians generally endorsed the use of foreign affairs to search for new markets. (p. 411)

disarmament

Republican presidents of the 1920s tried to promote peace and also to scale back defense expenditures by arranging disarmament treaties (reduction in military equipment). (p. 486)

conservative coalition

Republicans and many Democrats were outraged by President Franklin Roosevelt's plan to reorganize the Supreme Court. (p. 509)

Whig past, pro-business

Republicans followed the tradition of Hamilton and the Whigs, supporting a pro-business economic program of high protective tariffs. (p. 381)

Contract Labor Act of 1885

Restricted the immigration of temporary workers, to protect American workers. (p. 362)

election of 1980

Ronald Reagan won this presidential election, defeating Jimmy Carter because of the Iranian hostage crisis and America's stagflation. It was significant because the Senate had Republican majority and more seats in the house allowing them to pass many key Republican programs. The 1980 election ended a half-century of Democratic dominance of Congress. (p. 655)

Frances Perkins

Roosevelt's secretary of labor, she was the first woman to serve in a president's cabinet. (p. 503)

Montgomery bus boycott

Rosa Park sparked a massive Afican American protest of the Montgomery, Alabama buses. (p. 589)

Sir William Berkeley

Royal Governor of Virginia who favored large plantation owners and did not support or protect smaller farms from Indian raids. He put down Bacon's rebellion in 1676. (p. 29)

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Secret society organized to intimidated tax agents. Sometimes they destroyed revenue stamps and tarred and feathered tax collectors. (p. 73)

William Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price. (p. 409)

Albert Fall

Secretary of the Interior during Harding's administration. He was convicted of accepting bribes for granting oil leases near Teapot Dome, Wyoming. (p. 476)

de facto segregation

Segregation and discrimination caused by racists attitudes in the North and the West. (p. 608)

John Bartram

Self-taught botanist from Philadelphia. (p. 51)

Yugoslavia breakup

Serbian dictator, Slobodan Milosevic carried out a series of armed conflicts to suppress independence movements in the former Yugoslav provinces of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Kosovo. (p. 670)

Confiscation acts

Series of acts passed by the Union government, designed to liberate slaves in Confederate states. The second act in July 1862, freed slaves from anyone engaged in rebellion against the United States (Union). (p. 275)

The Federalist Papers

Series of essays, later published as a book, written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. It argued effectively in favor of Constitution. (p. 106)

Pendleton Act of 1881

Set up by the Civil Service Commission, it created a system where federal jobs were awarded based on competitive exams. (p. 384)

Margaret Sanger

She founded American Birth Control League; which became Planned Parenthood in the 1940s. She advocated birth control awareness. (p. 481)

Margaret Sanger

She founded an organization the became Panned Parenthood. They advocated for birth-control education. (p. 445)

Betty Friedan, "The Feminine Mystique"

She gave the women's movement a new direction by encouraging middle-class women to seek fulfillment in professional careers rather than confining themselves to the roles of wife, mother, and homemaker. (p. 612)

Carrie Nation

She raided saloons and smashed barrels of beer with a hatchet. (p. 367)

Amelia Bloomer

She urged women to wear pantalettes instead of long skirts. (p. 216)

Florence Kelley

She was a reformer who promoted state laws which protected women from long working hours. (p. 437)

Pocahontas

She was the American Indian wife of John Rolfe in early settlement days in Jamestown. (p. 25)

Ida B. Wells

She was the editor of a black newspaper, she campaigned against lynching and Jim Crow laws. (p. 349)

Eleanor Roosevelt

She was the most active first lady in history, writing a newspaper column, giving speeches, and traveling the country. She served as the president's social conscience and influenced him to support minorities. (p. 502)

Abigail Adams

She was the wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create. (p. 94)

Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 (GI Bill)

Signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 22, 1944, it was also known as the GI Bill. It provided veterans of the Second World War with funds for college education, unemployment insurance, and housing. (p. 557)

slave trade

Since ancient times people in Europe, Africa, and Asia had enslaved pepoe captured in wars. In the 15 century the Portuguese began trading for slaves from West Africa. They used slaves to work in sugar plantation off the coast of Africa. Using slaves was so profitable that when the Europeans settled in the Americas, they instituted the slave system there. (p, 6)

Virginia

Sir William Berkeley, the royal governor of Virginia use dictatorial powers to govern on behalf of the large planters. (p. 29)

Appomattox Court House

Site of the surrender of the Confederate army led by Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant, on April 9, 1865. (p. 278)

Great White Fleet

Sixteen United States battleships, painted white, were sent around the world to display American naval power. (p. 419 )

steel-framed buildings

Skyscrapers were made possible by this type of building. The first, was the Home Insurance Company Building in Chicago. It was made possible by a steel skeleton, Otis elevator, and central steam heating system. (p. 363)

checks and balances

So that one one branch of government could not dominate, the Constitution divided the government into three branches: 1) executive branch led by the president, 2) legislative branch consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives 3) judicial branch lead by the Supreme Court (p. 109)

Susan B. Anthony

Social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist. She helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association. (p. 214)

Gospel of Wealth

Some Americans thought religion ideas justified the great wealth of successful industrialists. (p. 325)

spreading religion and science

Some Protestant Americans believed that the United States had a religious duty to colonize other lands in order to spread Christianity and our superior science technology. (p. 411)

business vs. consumers

Some people objected to the high tariffs because the raised the prices on consumer goods. (p. 385)

land bridge

Some time between 10,000 and 40,000 years ago, people migrated from Asia to the Americas, across this area that connected Siberia and Alaska. (p. 2)

Black Codes

Southern state legislatures created these codes after the Civil War. They restricted the rights and movements of newly freed African Americans. 1) prohibited blacks from either renting land or borrowing money to buy land, 2) placed freemen into a form of semi bondage by forcing them, as "vagrants" and "apprentices" to sign work contracts, 3) prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court. (p. 294)

Southern white conservatives

Southerners Newt Gingrich, Tom DeLay, and Trent Lott took over the leadership of the Republican party, making it more conservative and partisan. (p. 679)

Nuclear arms race

Soviet and American scientists were in an arms race to develop superior weapons systems. From 1945 to 1949 the U.S. was only country to have atomic bombs. In 1949 the Soviets tested their first atomic bomb. President Truman responded by approving the development of a hydrogen bomb which would be 1000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb. (p. 566)

De Lome Letter

Spanish Ambassador's letter that was leaked to the press and and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Many considered it an official Spanish insult against U.S. national honor. (p. 413)

Thomas Eakins

Specialized in the painting of the working class and used serial-action photographs to study human anatomy. (p. 369)

Knights of Labor

Started in 1869 as a secret national labor union. It reached a peak of 730,000 members. (p. 330)

Aztecs

Starting about 1300, this civilization flourished in central Mexico. (p. 2)

Poland, Lech Walesa

Starting in Poland 1989 the election of Lech Walesa, the leader of the once-outlawed Solidarity movement, the communist party fell from power in many countries in eastern Europe. (p. 663)

Munn v. Illinois

Supreme Court case in 1877, which upheld the right of a state to regulate businesses of a public nature, such as railroads. (p. 352)

Wabash v. Illinois

Supreme Court case in 1886, which ruled that individual states could not regulate interstate commerce. (p. 352)

debt moratorium

Suspension on the payment of international debts. In 1931, President Hoover proposed a suspension of international debt payments. (p. 500)

rock and roll

Teenagers loved this popular music which was available as inexpensive records during the 1950s. (p. 591)

Third World

Term applied to a group of developing countries that often lacked stable political and economic institutions. Their need for foreign aid often made them pawns of the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. (p. 582)

patronage

Term for one of the key inducements used by party machines. A job, promotion, or contract that is given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence. (p. 300)

Era of Good Feelings

Term to describe James Monroe's period as president (1817-1825). The Democratic-Republican party dominated politics. On the surface everything looked fine, however there were conflicts over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales. (p. 150)

Andrew Johnson

The 17th President of the United States from 1865 to 1869. This Southerner from Tennessee was Lincoln's vice president, and he became president after Lincoln was assassinated. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. (p. 297)

war hawks

The 1810 congressional election brought a group of young Democratic-Republicans to Congress. Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun they gained influence in the House of Representatives. They argued that war with Britain was the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier. (p. 139)

William Howard Taft

The 27th President of the United States, from 1909 to 1913. He adopted a foreign policy that was mildly expansionist but depended more on investors' dollars than on the military. His policy of promoting U.S. trade by supporting American business abroad was known as dollar diplomacy. (p. 420)

Woodrow Wilson

The 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. This Democrats is known for his leadership during World War I, creating the Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification). He won the Nobel Peace Prize. (p. 421)

gaming casinos

The American Indians attacked widespread unemployment and poverty on reservations by building these facilities. (p. 638)

Siouan

The American Indians had 20 language families and 400 distinct languages. This tribe from the Great Plains was one of the largest. (p. 4)

Algonquian

The American Indians had 20 language families and 400 distinct languages. This tribe in the Northeast was one of the largest. (p. 4)

Eugene Debs

The American Railroad Union leader, who supported the Pullman workers. The government broke the strike and he was sent to jail for six months. (p. 331)

2009 stimulus bill

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provided $787 billion economic stimulus package designed to create or save 3.5 billion jobs. It featured tax cuts, aid to state and local governments, and funding for construction projects, health care, education, and renewable energy. (p. 687)

blacks, Catholics and Jews

The KKK directed hostility toward these groups in the North. (p. 486)

corn

The Mayas and the Incas cultivated corn as an important stable food supply. (p. 2)

NAACP

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People tried to protect the constitutional right of African Americans. (p. 588)

wartime solidarity

The New Deal helped immigrant groups feel more included, and serving together in combat or working together in defense plants helped to reduce prejudices. (p. 534)

relief, recovery, reform

The New Deal included the three R's: relief for people out of work, recovery for business and the economy, and reform of American economic institutions. (p. 503)

Pentagon Papers

The New York Times published the Pentagon Papers, a secret government history documenting the mistakes and deceptions of government policy-makers in dealing with Vietnam. (p. 626)

Ho Chi Minh

The North Vietnam Communist dictator who fought the French until 1954, and South Vietnam until 1975. (p. 583)

urban life

The North's urban population grew from about 5 percent of the population in 1800 to 15 percent by 1850. (p. 174)

Yasser Arafat

The PLO leader who agreed in 1988 to recognize Israel's right to exist. (p. 661)

government regulation and ownership

The Populist movement attacked laissez-faire capitalism and attempted to form a political alliance between poor whites and poor blacks. (p. 387)

Alliance of whites and blacks in South

The Populist party tried to form a political alliance with these poor farmers. (p. 387)

male and female

The Progressive were composed of both men and women. (p. 432)

Barry Goldwater

The Republican presidential candidate in 1964. He was an Arizona Senator who advocated ending the welfare state, including TVA and Social Security. (p. 605)

Soviet Union recognized

The Republican presidents of the 1920's had refused to grant diplomatic recognition to the Communist regime that ruled the Soviet Union. President Franklin Roosevelt promptly changed this policy by granting recognition in 1933. (p. 524)

soft on communism

The Republican's term to describe the Democrats after China adopted Communism and the Korean War stalemate. (p. 569)

freedom of expression in arts

The Second Red Scare, the search for Communists, had a chilling effect on freedom of expression. (p. 570)

ABC powers

The South American countries of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, which attempted to mediate a dispute between Mexico and the United States in 1914. (p. 423)

J. Strom Thurmond

The South Carolina Governor, who the States-Rights party (Dixiecrats) chose as their 1948 presidential nominee. (p. 560)

planters

The South's small wealthy elite that owned more than 100 slaves and more than 1000 acres. (p. 180)

Codes of Chivalry

The Southern aristocratic planter class ascribed to a code of chivalrous conduct, which included a strong sense of personal honor, defense of womanhood, paternalistic attitudes toward all who were deemed inferior. (p. 180)

Berlin airlift

The Soviets cut off all access by land to West Berlin. The United States flew planes in with supplies to help the people. At the same time, the U.S. sent 60 bombers capable of carrying atomic bombs to bases in England. Stalin chose not to challenge the airlift and war was averted. (p. 564)

open-skies

The Soviets rejected this proposal for open aerial photography of eachothers territory in order to eliminate surprise nuclear attacks. (p. 585)

Warren Court

The Supreme Court under Earl Warren. It had an impact on the nation comparable to that of the John Marshall Court. (p. 609)

civil war in Syria

The Syrian leader, Bashar al-Assad used poisonous gas on the people in the country who were rising up against him. Military action was avoided when the Syrians agreed to give up all their chemical weapons. (p. 691)

Article X

The Treaty of Versailles required signers join the League of Nations. The League of Nations charter, Article X, called on each member nation to be ready to protect the independence and territorial integrity of the other nations. (p. 465)

rejection of treaty

The Treaty of Versailles required the U.S. to join the League of Nations. It was never ratified by Congress. (p. 466)

stagflation

The U.S. economy in the 1970s faced an unusual combination of economic slowdown and high inflation. To slow inflation, President Nixon at first tried to cut federal spending. When this policy contributed to a recession and unemployment, he adopted Keynesian economics and deficit spending. He surprised the nation by imposing a 90-day wage and price freeze. Next, he took the dollar off the gold standard, which helped to devalue it relative to foreign currencies. (p. 628)

John J. Pershing

The U.S. general who chased Pancho Villa over 300 miles into Mexico but didn't capture him. (p. 423)

Elias Howe

The U.S. inventor of the sewing machine, which moved much of clothing production from homes to factories. (p. 238)

cultural pluralism

The U.S. population became more racial diverse and diverse ethnic and cultural groups strove to celebrate their unique traditions. (p. 637)

Anaconda Plan

The Union's Civil War plan, created by General Winfield Scott. It called for the U.S. Navy to blockade Southern ports cutting off essential supplies from reaching the Confederacy. (p. 271)

Dwight Eisenhower

The United States general who commanded the invasion of Normandy (D-Day), Casablanca and the defeat of Nazi Germany. (p. 536)

Dwight Eisenhower

The United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany. In the election of 1952 he became the the 34th President of the United States. (p. 579)

research and development

The United States government worked closely with industrial companies, universities, and research labs to create and improve technologies that could be used to defeat the enemy. (p. 532)

Barbary pirates

The United States had been paying the Barbary states on the North African coast in exchange for safe passage of U.S. ships in the Mediterranean. President Jefferson stopped paying the tribute, and the U.S. fought the Barbary Wars from 1801 to 1805. There was no decisive victory but it did offer some protection to U.S. ships in the region. (p. 136)

Eli Whitney

The United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin, which made cotton affordable throughout the world. (p. 178)

The Star Spangled Banner

The United States national anthem composed by Francis Scott Key in 1814. (p. 141)

Ostend Manifesto

The United States offered to purchase Cuba from Spain. When the plan leaked to the press in the United States, it provoked an angry reaction from antislavery members of Congress, forcing President Franklin Pierce to drop the plan. (p. 235)

island-hopping

The United States strategy in the Pacific, which called for capturing Japanese-held islands in the Pacific and moving on to others to bring the American military closer and closer to Japan itself. (p. 536)

railroads and time zones

The United States was divided into four time zones by the railroad industry. (p. 320)

business and imperialists competitors

The United States was not alone in pursuing imperialism, which meant acquiring territory or gaining control over the political or economic life of other countries. Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan tried to influence or possess weaker countries around the world. (p. 410)

preparedness

The United States was not prepared to fight a war and initial President Wilson resisted action. However, in late 1915 he pushed for an expansion of the armed forces. (p. 458)

unilateralist approach

The United States would pursue its own defense policy with little or no cooperation with other nations. (p. 683)

George McClellan

The commander of the Union army in the East. After extensive training of his army, he invaded Virginia in March 1862. The Union army was stopped as a result of brilliant tactical moves by the Confederate army. After five months he was forced to retreat to the Potomac, and was replaced by General John Pope. (p. 271)

Connecticut Plan; Great Compromise

The compromise solution that was adopted at the Constitutional Convention. It was created by Roger Sherman of Connecticut, it provided for a two house Congress. In the Senate, states would have two senators each, but in the House of Representatives, each state would be represented according to the size of its population. (p. 105)

Casablanca Conference

The conference attended by Roosevelt and Churchill in January 1943, to discuss the strategy to win World War II. The plan called for the invasion of Sicily and Italy by British and American troops. They resolved to accept nothing less than unconditional surrender of Axis powers. (p. 537)

government shutdowns

The confrontations of between Newt Gingrich and President Clinton resulted in two shutdowns of the federal government in late 1995. Many Americans blamed overzealous Republicans in Congress for the shutdown. (p 667)

deforestation

The conservation movement was sparked by removal of large number of trees. (p. 346)

social reformers, temperance

The core of Republican support came from middle-class Anglo-Saxon Protestants who supported temperance or prohibition, along with business men. (p. 381)

Deep South

The cotton rich area of the lower Mississippi Valley. (p. 178)

New Jersey Plan

The counter proposal to the Virginia plan at the Constitutional Convention, it favored the small states. (p 105)

mining frontier

The discovery of gold in California in 1848 caused the first flood of newcomers to the West. A series of gold strikes and silver strikes in what became the states of Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, and South Dakota kept a steady flow of hopeful young prospectors pushing into the West. (p. 237)

silver rush

The discovery of silver in Colorado, Nevada, the Black Hills of the Dakotas, and other western territories, created a mining boom. (p 237)

town meetings

The dominant form of local government in the New England colonies, in which the people of the town would regularly come together to vote directly on public issues. (p. 54)

sucession

The election of Abraham Lincoln was the final event that caused the southern states to leave the Union. In December 1860, South Carolina voted unanimously to secede. Within the next six weeks Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas had all seceded. In February 1861, representatives of seven states met in Montgomery, Alabama to create the Confederate States of America. (p. 259)

era of Republican dominance

The election of McKinley in 1896 started an era of Republican dominance of the presidency (seven of next nine elections) and Congress. (p. 390)

James K. Polk

The eleventh U.S. president from 1845 to 1849. He was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president, and a protege of Andrew Jackson. He favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. (p. 232)

impact of 1965 immigration law

The end of ethnic quotas favoring Europeans opened the United States to immigrants from all parts of the world. (p. 637)

federal land grants and loans

The federal government provided land and loans to the railroad companies in order to encourage expansion of the railroads. (p. 320)

Volstead Act

The federal law of 1919 that established criminal penalties for manufacturing, transporting, or possessing alcohol. (p. 484)

James Buchanan

The fifteenth President of the United States from 1857 to 1861. He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina to December 20, 1860. During his term: "Bleeding Kansas" (1856), Caning of Senator Sumner (1856), Lecompton Constitution (1857), Dred Scott case (1857) (p. 255)

James Monroe

The fifth President of the United States (1817-1825). His administration was marked by the Tariff of 1816, Rush-Bagot Agreement with Britain (1817), acquisition of Florida (1819), the Missouri Compromise (1820), and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823). (p 151)

Jackie Robinson

The first African American player in major league baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans. (p. 588)

Eugene McCarthy

The first antiwar candidate to challenge for the 1968 Democratic presidential nomination. (p. 615)

Civil Rights acts of 1957, 1960

The first civil rights laws since Reconstruction, they formed the Civil Rights Commission and provided some protection for the voting rights of blacks. (p. 590)

sectarian

The first colonial colleges were sectarian, meaning they promoted the doctrines of a particular religion. The Puritans founded Harvard in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1636. (p. 51)

Act of Toleration

The first colonial statue granting religious freedom to all Christians, but it called for death of all non-Christians. It was created to provide a safe haven for Catholics. (p.27)

Interstate Commerce Commission

The first federal regulatory agency created to regulate interstate commerce which had the power to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates, and other discriminatory practices. (p. 352)

Mark Twain

The first great realist author, he is famous for his classic "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn". (p. 369)

Menlo Park Research Lab

The first modern research laboratory, created in 1876, by Thomas Edison in Menlo Park, New Jersey. (p. 326)

mountain men

The first non-native people to open the Far West. These fur trappers and explorers included James Beckwourth, Jim Bridger, Kit Carson, and Jedediah Smith. (p. 237)

Native Americans

The first people to settle North America arrived as many as 40,000 years ago. They came from Asia and may have crossed by a land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska. (p. 1)

Tariff of 1816

The first protective tariff in U.S. history. It helped protect American industry from British competition by placing a tax on imported British manufactured goods. (p. 151)

slavery

The first slaves arrived in the colonies in 1619, they were not slaves for life, but worked for a period of time, like an indentured servant. Then discriminatory laws were passed, slaves and their offspring were kept in permanent bondage. (p. 28)

Bill of Rights; amendments

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, added to protect the rights of individual citizens, and adopted in 1781. (p. 108)

Jeanette Rankin

The first woman to serve in Congress. She one of the few in Congress who voted against the World War I declaration of war. (p. 460)

Winslow Homer

The foremost American painter of seascapes and watercolors. (p. 369)

form follows function

The form of the building flowed from its function. (p. 370)

Osama bin Laden

The founder of Al-Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks. (p. 682)

Franklin Pierce

The fourteenth President of the United States from 1853 to 1857. A Democrat from New Hampshire, he was acceptable to Southern Democrats because he supported the Fugitive Slave Law. (p. 252)

James Madison

The fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. A Democrat-Republican and a close friend of Thomas Jefferson. A member of the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution. He was a contributor to The Federalist Papers. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812. (p. 137)

industrial design

The fusion of art and technology during the 1920s and 1930s created the new profession of industrial design. (p. 482)

"I Have a Dream" Speech

The greatest speech in American history (according to americanrhetoric.com). It was the highlight of the August 1963 March on Washington in which Dr. Martin Luther King in front of the Lincoln Memorial made an emotional appeal for the end of racial prejudice. (p. 607)

white-collar workers

The growth of large corporation required thousands of white-collar workers (jobs not involving manual labor) to fill the highly organized administrative structures. (p. 327)

growth of leisure time

The growth of leisure time activities was a result of the reduction of work hours, improved transportation, advertizing, and the decline of restrictive values. (p. 371)

melting pot vs. cultural diversity

The historian's term, melting pot, refers to immigrants leaving their old-world characteristics and adopting the United States characteristics. Other historians argue that first-generation immigrants maintained their cultural identity and only the second and third generations were assimilated in the U.S. society. (p. 373)

assimilationists

The idea that Native Americans should be integrated into American society by becoming educated, adopting American culture, customs, and Christianity. (p. 345)

antinomianism

The idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation. (p. 29)

laissez-faire economics and politics

The idea that government should do little to interfer with the free market. (p. 380)

women's movement

The increased education and employment of women in the 1950s, the civil rights movement, and the sexual revolution all contributed to a renewal of this movement in the 1960s. (p. 612)

American Federation of Labor

The labor union focused on just higher wages and improved working conditions. By 1901 they had one million members. (p. 330)

Harlem Renaissance

The largest African American community of almost 200,000 developed in the Harlem section of New York City. It became famous in the 1920s for its talented actors, artists, musicians, and writers. This term describes this period. (p. 483)

Africans

The largest single group of non-English immigrants did not come to America by choice. By 1775, the African American population (slave and free) comprised 20 percent of the colonial population. About 90 percent were in the southern colonies. (p. 46)

Civil Rights Act of 1875

The last major piece of Reconstruction legislation, this law prohibited racial discrimination in all public accommodation and transportation. It also prohibited courts from excluding African Americans from juries. However, the law was poorly enforced. (p. 297)

Joseph Stalin

The leader of the Soviet Union during World War II. In the Nonaggression Pact of 1939, he and Hitler agreed to divide up Eastern Europe. The Soviets later fought Hitler in World War II. They were unhappy when the British and Americans waited until 1944 to open a second battle front in France. (p. 562)

Stokely Carmichael

The leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) repudiated non-violence and advocated "black power" and racial separatism. (p. 608)

Big Three

The leaders of the Allies during World War II included: Soviet Union - Joseph Stalin, Great Britain - Winston Churchill, United States - Franklin Roosevelt. (p. 537)

Charles Sumner

The leading Radical Republican in the Senate from Massechusetts. (p. 295)

Walter Rauschenbusch

The leading figure of the Social Gospel movement, and a New York City minister. (p. 365)

abortion rights; Roe v. Wade

The legalization of abortion in the 1973 Roe v. Wade Supreme Court case, sparked the right-to-life movement. The movement united Catholics and fundamentalist Protestants, who believed that life begins at conception. (p. 655)

Congress

The legislative branch consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. (p. 105)

Parliament

The legislative house of Great Britain. (p. 71)

Hubert Humphrey

The liberal Democratic candidate in the presidential election of 1968. He had been Lyndon Johnson's vice president. (p. 616)

credibility gap

The media's term for President Johnson's reluctance to speak frankly with the American people about the scope and costs of the Vietnam war. (p. 614)

race riots

The migration of African Americans to the north led to rioting in East St. Louis and Chicago, where 40 people were killed. (p. 467)

Martin Luther King Jr.

The minister of a Baptist church in Montgomery, Alabama, and a civil rights leader. (p. 589)

Alamo

The mission and fort that was the site of a siege and battle during the Texas Revolution, which resulted in the massacre of all its defenders. The event helped galvanize the Texas rebels and led to their victory at the Battle of San Jacinto. Eventually Texas would join the United States. (p. 231)

Henry the Navigator

The monarch of Portugal. (p. 7)

Frank Lloyd Wright

The most famous architect of the 20th century, he developed an organic style that made his buildings fit in with their natural surroundings. (p. 370)

Highway Act; interstate highway system

The most permanent legacy of the Eisenhower administration was this act passed in 1956. It created 42,000 miles of highway linking every major city in the nation. (p. 580)

Hollywood

The movie industry was centered here. The industry grew rapidly in the 1920s. Sound was introduced to movies in 1927. By 1929 over 80 million movie tickets were sold each week. (p. 480)

longhorns, vaqueros

The name for the cattle which were brought to Texas from Mexico. The name for the Mexican cowboys who raised and rounded up the cattle in Texas. (p. 341)

expeditionary force

The name given to the group sent to capture Pancho Villa in Mexico. (p. 423)

circus trains

The national rail network made possible traveling circuses. (p. 371)

Syngman Rhee

The nationalist leader of South Korea during the Korean War. (p. 568)

Old Ironsides

The nickname for the U.S. warship, Constitution. In 1812, it raised American morale by sinking a British ship off the coast of Nova Scotia. (p. 140)

Supreme Court

The only court mentioned in the Constitution. Although, other federal courts were created. (p. 110)

American Antislavery Society

The organization was founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and others. They advocated the immediate abolition of all slavery in every state. (p. 215)

Frederick Law Olmsted

The originator of landscape architecture, he designed Central Park and grounds of the U.S. Capitol. (p. 371)

causes of movement

The origins of the 1950s civil rights movement was the migration of African Americans to the North where they gained more political power. As the United States battled the Soviets for the hearts and minds of people around the world, it was clear that racial discrimination in the U.S. was a wrong that needed to be corrected. (p. 588)

religious toleration

The overwhelming majority of colonists were Protestants. Jews, Catholics, and Quakers suffered from the most serious discrimination and even persecution. (p. 49)

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

The peace treaty that ended the War of 1812. The terms halted fighting, returned all conquered territory to the prewar claimant, and recognized the pre war boundary between Canada and the United States. (p. 141)

antebellum period

The period before the Civil War started in 1861. (p. 207)

Federalists era

The period of U.S. history in the 1790s when Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, dominated the government. (p. 114)

100th meridian

The plains west of this meridian had few trees and usually received less than 15 inches of rain per year. This meridian crosses near the middle of Nebraska. (p. 339)

domino theory

The political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also fall to Communist control. (p. 583)

plumbers

The president's aides created this group to stop leaks to the press as well as to discredit opponents. (p. 630)

brinksmanship

The principle of pushing Communist nations to the brink of war, thinking they would back down because of American nuclear superiority. (p. 581)

Loyalists (Tories)

The pro-British Loyalists, the majority of this group tended to be wealthy and conservative and many were clergy and government officials. (p. 89)

reapportionment

The process of reallocating seats in the House of Representatives. (p. 609)

Battle of the Atlantic

The protracted naval war to control the shipping lanes in the North Atlantic. (p. 535)

Great Plains

The region west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains. (p. 339)

Russian Revolution

The revolution against the autocratic tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a republic in March 1917. (p. 459)

Nikita Khrushchev

The ruler of the USSR from 1958-1964. He reduced government control of Soviet citizens and sought peaceful coexistence with the West. (p. 585)

Fifty-four Forty or Fight

The slogan of James K. Polk's plan for the Oregon Territory. They wanted the border of the territory to be on 54' 40° latitude (near present-day Alaska) and were willing to fight Britain over it. Eventually, 49 degrees latitude was adopted as the northern border of the United States, and there was no violence. (p. 232)

house-divided speech

The speech given by Abraham Lincoln when accepting the Republican nomination for the Illinois senate seat. He said, "This government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free". (p. 256)

balanced budgets

The spending cuts and tax increases during President Clinton's first term, along with record growth in the economy, created this budget in 1998. (p. 667)

impeachment and resignation

The start of impeachment hearings in the House forced Nixon to eventually turn over the Watergate tapes, tape recordings of Nixon in his office. The tapes clearly implicated Nixon in the cover-up. The House Judiciary Committee voted three articles of impeachment: (1) obstruction of justice, (2) abuse of power, and (3) contempt of Congress. On August 9, 1974 Nixon resigned. (p. 632)

Lowell System; textile mills

The system that recruited young farm women to work in textile mills and house them in company dormitories. (p. 163)

carpetbaggers

The term for Northern newcomers who came to the South during Reconstruction. (p. 298)

scalawags

The term for White Republican Southerners who cooperated with and served in Reconstruction governments. (p. 298)

feminists

The term for advocates of women's rights. (p. 214)

log cabin and hard cider campaign

The term for the 1840 presidential campaign. Popular war hero, William Henry Harrison was the Whig candidate. He used log cabins and hard cider to portray his down-home heritage. He attacked Martin Van Buren as an aristocrat. Harrison and John Tyler won the election. (p. 199)

Second Industrial Revolution

The term for the industrial revolution after the Civil War. In the early part of the 19th century producing textiles, clothing, and leather goods was the first part of this revolution. After the Civil War, this second revolution featured increased production of steel, petroleum, electric power, and industrial machinery. (p. 323)

interlocking directorates

The term for the same directors running competing companies. (p. 322)

Big Four

The term for the the four most important leaders (on the Allied side) during Word War I and at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson - United States, David Lloyd George - Great Britain, George Clemenceau - France, and Vittorio Orlando - Italy. (p. 465)

poor whites

The term for the three-fourths of the South's white population who owned no slaves. (p. 180)

the Good War

The term for the unity of Americans supporting the democratic ideals in fighting World War II. (p. 533)

Iron Curtain

The term popularized by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet Union's policy of isolating and controlling the Soviet satellite states of Eastern Europe. (p. 563)

corrupt bargain

The term that President Andrew Jackson and followers called the Adams and Clay deal of the 1824 election. The House of Representatives had to choose the president and Henry Clay used his influence have John Quincy Adams elected. (p. 194)

the West

The term that referred to the new area that was being settled, the location changed as the white settlements moved westward. (p. 181)

U.N. police action

The term to describe the Korean War because Congress supported the use of U.S. troops under the U.N. but had never declared war. (p. 568)

spheres of influence

The term when countries came to dominate trade and investment within a particular region and shut out competitors. In the 1890s, Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France, and Germany were all establishing close ties with China that disturbed the United States. (p. 417)

New Jersey

The territory of New York was split. In 1674, land was granted to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Eventually they sold to the Quakers. In 1702, the two Jerseys were combined into a single royal colony, New Jersey. (p. 33)

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)

The terrorist group that Israel fought with U.S. support. (p. 660)

Millard Fillmore

The thirteenth president of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to become president upon the death of a sitting President, when he succeeded Zachary Taylor. As vice president he helped pass the Compromise of 1850. (p. 249, 255)

Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam

The three cities that held conferences for the leaders of the Allied powers, United States, Great Britain, and Soviet Union during World War II. (p. 538)

old rich vs. new rich

The trusts came under widespread scrutiny and attack in the 1880s, urban elites (old rich) resented the increasing influence of the new rich. (p. 324)

Zachary Taylor

The twelfth president of the United States from 1849 to 1850. He was a general and hero in the Mexican War. He was elected to the presidency in 1848, representing the Whig party. He died suddenly in 1850 and Millard Fillmore became the president. (p 248, 249)

patronage politics

The use of government resources to reward individuals for their electoral support. (p. 381)

Gross National Product

The value of all the goods and services produced by a nation in one year. In 1929, the United States Gross National Product was $104 billion, but it dropped to $56 billion in 1932. (p. 498)

overland trails

The wagon train trails that led from Missouri or Iowa to the west coast. They traveled only 15 miles per day and followed the river valleys through the Great Plains. Months later, the wagon trains would finally reach the foothills of the Rockies or face the hardships of the southwestern deserts. The final challenge was to reach the mountain passes before the first heavy snows. Disease was even a greater threat than Indian attack. (p. 237)

Chinese civil war

The war between Communist Mao Zedong and Nationalist Chiang-Kai Shek. The United States gave $400 million in aid to the Nationalists, but 80 percent of it landed in Communist hands. The Communists took over China and forced the Nationalists to retreat to Taiwan. The U.S. did not recognize the People's Republic of China until 1979. (p. 567)

Black Muslims

Their leader Elijah Muhammad preached black nationalism, separatism, and self-improvement. (p. 608)

Roosevelt Corollary

Theodore Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine. It stated that the United States would intervene in the Americas, on the behalf of European interests. (p. 418)

big-stick policy

Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy motto was to "speak softly and carry a big stick". By acting boldly and decisively in a number of situation, Roosevelt attempt to build the reputation of the United States as a world power. (p. 417)

fast food

There was a proliferation of these restaurants in the 1950s. (p. 591)

hereditary aristocracy

There was no hereditary aristocracy in the colonies. Their class system was based on economics with wealthy landowners at the top. Craft workers and small farmers made up the majority of the population. (p. 47)

Hokokam, Anasazi, and Pueblos

These American Indians were located in the New Mexico and Arizona region. They developed farming using irrigation systems. (p. 4)

Scotch-Irish

These English-speaking people emigrated from northern Ireland. They were known as Scotch-Irish because their ancestors had moved to Ireland from Scotland. By 1775, they comprised 7 percent of the colonial population. (p.46)

conquistadores

These Spanish explorers and conquerors of the Americas sent ships loaded with gold and silver back to Spain making it the richest and most powerful nation in Europe. (p. 8)

Force Acts (1870, 1871)

These act passed in 1870 and 1871, gave power to federal authorities to stop Ku Klux Klan violence and to protect the civil rights of citizens in the South. (p. 302)

buffalo herds

These animals were essential to the nomadic Native American tribes. In early 19th century there were 15 million of these animals on the Great Plains, but by 1900 they were nearly wiped out. (p. 339)

refrigeration; canning

These developments in the food industry changed American eating habits. (p. 326)

barbed wire

These fences became common, they cut off the cattle's access to the open range. (p. 342)

penitentiaries

These institutions took the place of crude jails. They believed that structure and discipline would bring about moral reform. (p. 213)

Great Plains tribes

These nomadic tribes, such as the Sioux, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Crow, and Comanche, had given up farming in colonial times after the introduction of the horse by the Spanish. By the 1700s, they had become skillful horse riders and their lives centered on hunting buffalo. (p. 343)

rice plantations

These plantations required a loarge land area and many slaves. (p. 37)

Protestant religion

These religious groups usually supported Republicans. (p. 381)

Laird rams

These ships with iron rams could have been used against the Union's naval blockade. However, the Union persuaded the British government to cancel the sale of these ships to the Confederacy, rather than risk war with the Union. (p. 274)

Southwest tribes

These tribes in the Southwest, such as Navajo and Apache adopted a settled life, raising crops and livestock, and producing arts and crafts. (p. 343)

amateur sports, bicycling, tennis

These were late 19th century sports of the middle and upper classes. (p. 372)

country clubs, golf, polo, yachts

These were late 19th century sports of the wealthy. (p. 372)

National Child Labor Committee

They proposed child labor laws which were adopted by many of the states. (p. 437)

settlement houses

They provide social services to new immigrants. (p. 365)

transcendentalists

They questioned the doctrines of established churches and business practices of the merchant class. They encouraged a mystical and intuitive way of thinking to discover the inner self and look for essence of God in nature. Artistic expression was more important than pursuit of wealth. They valued individualism and supported the antislavery movement. (p. 209)

modernism

They took a historical and critical view of certain Bible passages and believed that they could accept Darwin's theory of evolution without abandoning their religion. (p. 483)

Ferdinand and Isabella

They united Spain, defeated and drove out the Moors. In 1492, they funded Christopher Columbus's voyage to America. (p. 5)

Pilgrims

They were radical dissenters to the Church of England. They moved to Holland, then in 1620, they sailed to America on the Mayflower in search of religious freedom. They established a new colony at Plymouth on the Massachusetts coast. (p. 26)

Weathermen

They were the most radical fringe of the SDS, they embraced violence and vandalism in their attacks on American institutions. (p. 611)

federal courts

Thirteen district courts and three courts of appeals created by the Judiciary Act. (p. 110)

Stamp Act

This 1765 act required that revenue stamps be placed on almost all printed paper, such as legal documents, newspapers, and pamphlets. This was the first tax paid directly by the colonists, rather than merchants. Boycotts were effective in repealing this act. (p. 72)

Quartering ACT

This 1765 act required the colonists to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers. (p. 72)

McCulloch v. Maryland

This 1819 Supreme Court case, ruled that states could not tax a federal institution, the Bank of the United States. The court ruled that, even though no clause in the Constitution specifically mentions a national bank, the Constitution gives the federal government the implied power to create one. (p. 154)

Gibbons v. Ogden

This 1821 Supreme Court case ruled that New York state could not grant a monopoly to a steamboat company. This case established the federal government's control of interstate commerce. (p. 154)

Kansas-Nebraska Act

This 1854 act, sponsored by Senator Stephen A Douglas, would build a transcontinental railroad through the central United States. In order gain approval in the South, it would divide the Nebraska territory into Nebraska and Kansas and allow voting to decide whether to allow slavery. This increased regional tensions because it effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise, which had already determined that this area would not allow slavery. (p. 252)

Elkins Act

This 1903 act allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers. (p. 438)

Pure Food and Drug Act

This 1906 act forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. (p. 438)

Meat Inspection Act

This 1906 act provided federal inspectors to visit meatpacking plants to insure that they met sanitation standards. (p. 439)

Hepburn Act

This 1906 act tightened existing railroad regulation. It empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates and to examine railroad's financial records. (p. 438)

Mann-Elkins Act

This 1910 act gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies. (p. 432)

Warsaw Pact

This 1945 agreement formed formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries including the USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. (p. 586)

Eisenhower Doctrine

This 1957 doctrine, pledged United States economic and military aid to any Middle Eastern country threatened by Communism. (p. 584)

Immigrant Act

This 1965 act abolished discriminatory quotas based on national origins. (p. 605)

Elementary and Secondary Education Act

This 1965 act provided federal funds to poor school districts, funds for special education, and funds to expand Head Start. (p. 605)

Booker T. Washington

This African American progressive argued that African Americans should concentrate on learning industrial skills in order to get better wages. (p. 443)

W. E. B. Du Bois

This African American was a northerner with a college education. He argued that African American should demand equal political and social rights, which he believed were a prerequisite for economic independence. (p. 444)

Metacom

This American Indian chief was known to the colonists as King Philip. He joined together the Native American tribes to fight the colonists in King Philip's War, a war that lasted from 1675 to 1676. (p. 31)

Adena-Hopewell

This American Indian culture centered in Ohio created large earthen mounds as tall as 300 feet. (p. 4)

Creek Nation

This American Indian tribe was an important British ally in the War of 1812 until being defeated by Andrew Jackson. (p. 141)

Tom L. Johnson

This Cleveland mayor devoted himself to the cause of tax reform and three-cent trolley fares. He fought for public controlled city utilities and services, but failed. (p. 436)

Robert LaFollette

This Congressman was one of the few who voted against the World War I declaration of war. (p. 460)

Franklin D. Roosevelt

This Democratic candidate won the 1932 presidential election. As a candidate, he promised a "new deal" for the American people, the repeal of Prohibition, aid for the unemployed, and cuts in government spending. (p. 502)

Lewis Cass

This Democratic senator from Michigan, proposed popular sovereignty as the solution to the slavery question in the territories. (p. 248)

Henry Hudson

This English sailer was hired by the Dutch government to seek a westward passage to Asia through North America. In 1609, while searching for the passage, he sailed up a broad river that would later be named the Hudson River. (p 10)

John Marshall

This Federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court served in the position for 34 years. His decisions in landmark cases generally strengthened the federal government, often at the expense of states rights. (p. 134)

Pancho Villa

This Mexican leader led raids across the U.S.-Mexican border and murdered several people in Texas and New Mexico. (p. 423)

William (Boss) Tweed

This New York City politician, arranged schemes that allowed he and his cronies to steal about $200 million dollars from New York. He was eventually sentenced to prison in 1871. (p. 301)

Thaddeus Stephens

This Pennsylvania Congressman was a Radical Republican. He hoped to revolutionize Southern society through an extended period of military rule in which blacks would be free to exercise their civil rights, receive education, and receive lands confiscated from planter class. (p. 295)

George Ripley

This Protestant minister started a communal experiment at Brook Farm in Massachusetts to live out the transcendentalist ideals. (p. 207)

Anne Hutchinson

This Puritan believed in antinomianism and was banished from the Bay colony because of her beliefs. In 1638, she founded the colony of Portsmouth. (p. 29)

Thomas Dewey

This Republican New York governor started the 1948 presidential election as the expected winner. He lost to Harry Truman after running a cautious and unexciting campaign. (p. 560)

Prophet

This Shawnee religious leader, who along with his brother, attempted to unite all American Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River. (p. 138)

Tecumseh

This Shawnee warrior, who along with his brother, attempted to unite all American Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River. (p. 138)

Richmond tobacco

This Southern city became the capital of the nation's tobacco industry. (p. 347)

Birmingham steel

This Southern city developed into one the nation's leading steel producers. (p. 347)

Memphis lumber

This Southern city prospered as the center of the South's growing lumber industry. (p. 347)

Smith v. Allwright

This Supreme Court case in 1944 ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans as a way of excluding them from voting in primaries. (p. 533)

Samuel M. Jones

This Toledo mayor used "Golden Rule" as his middle name. He instituted free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds. (p. 436)

Winfield Scott

This U.S. general invaded central Mexico with an army of 14,000. They took the coastal city of Vera Cruz and then captured Mexico City in September 1847. (p. 234)

Stephen Kearney

This U.S. general led a small army of less than 1,500 that succeeded in taking Santa Fe, the New Mexico territory, and southern California during the Mexican War. (p. 234)

Office of Price Administration

This World War II federal agency regulated most aspects of civilian lives by freezing prices, wages, and rents and rationing commodities in order to control inflation. (p. 532)

No Child Left Behind Act

This act aimed to improve student performance and close the gap between rich students and poor students, gave students the right to transfer to better schools, stronger reading programs, and trained high-quality teachers. (p. 681)

Immigration Act of 1986

This act attempted to create a fair entry process for immigrants, but failed to stop the problem of illegal entry into the U.S. from Mexico. It was criticized for granting amnesty to undocumented immigrants from Mexico and the Americas. (p. 671)

Civil Rights Act of 1866

This act declared that all African Americans were U.S. citizens and also attempted to provide a shield against the operation of the Southern states' Black Codes. (p. 295)

Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

This act increased the coinage of silver but it was not enough to satisfy the farmers and miners. (p. 386)

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This act made segregation illegal in all public facilities and gave the federal government additional powers to enforce school desegregation. (p. 606)

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

This act penalize employers for hiring immigrants who had entered the country illegally or had overstayed their visas, while granting amnesty to undocumented immigrants arriving by 1982. (p. 637)

Amnesty Act of 1872

This act removed the last of the restrictions on ex-Confederates, except for the top leaders. Allowed southern conservatives to vote for Democrats to retake control of state governments. (p. 302)

Dawes Act of 1887

This act supported the idea of assimilation of the American Indians. It divided tribal lands into plots of up to 160 acres. U.S. citizenship was granted to those who stayed on the land for 25 years and adopted the habits of American life. (p. 345)

Dodd-Frank Act

This act was designed to improve regulations of banking and investment firms, and to protect taxpayers from future bailouts of "too big to fail" businesses. It also set up a Bureau of Consumer Protection to regulate mortgages and credit cards. (p. 687)

Forest Management Act of 1897

This act withdrew federal timberland from development and regulated their use. (p. 347)

Forest Reserve Act of 1891

This act withdrew federal timberland from development and regulated their use. (p. 347)

Interstate Commerce Act of 1886

This act, created in 1886, did little to regulate the railroads. (p. 322)

Works Progress Administration

This agency created in 1935, part of the Second New Deal, it was much more ambitious than earlier efforts. Between 1935 and 1940 up to 3.4 million people were hired to construct bridges, roads, airports, and public buildings. Artists, writers, actors, and photographers were also employed. (p. 506)

National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities

This agency formed in 1965 provided federal funding for the arts and for creative and scholarly projects. (p. 605)

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

This agency guaranteed individual bank deposits. (p. 504)

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

This agency was created to end discrimination in employment on the basis of race, religion, sex, or national origin. (p. 606)

Securities and Exchange Commission

This agency was created to regulate the stock market and to place strict limits on the kind of speculative practices that led to the 1929 stock crash. (p. 505)

Romanesque style

This architecture style featured massive stone walls and rounded arches. (p. 370)

Washington Irving

This author wrote fiction using American settings. (p. 211)

James Fenimore Cooper

This author wrote novels that glorified the frontiersman as nature's nobleman. (p. 211)

Antietam

This battle took place in September 1862, when Confederate General Robert E. Lee moved his troops into Union territory in Maryland. The Union army met them at Antietam Creek, in Sharpsburg, Maryland. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with more than 22,000 killed or wounded. Unable to break through the Union lines the Confederate army retreated to Virginia. The win was important because it stopped the Confederate invasion of the North and gave Lincoln the victory he was waiting for. He could now act against slavery. (p. 273)

Brady Bill

This bill mandated a five-day waiting period for the purchase of handguns. (p. 666)

Federal Reserve Board

This board was organized to supervise twelve district banks in the Federal Reserve Bank system. (p. 442)

building the Panama Canal

This canal was started in 1904 and completed 10 years later. The building of this large canal was important because it would benefit American commerce and military capability. (p. 418)

Congress of Racial Equality

This civil rights organization of young blacks was influenced by Malcolm X. (p. 608)

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

This civil rights organization of young blacks, influenced by Malcolm X, repudiated non-violence and advocated "black power" and racial separatism. (p. 608)

Plymouth Colony

This colony was started by the Pilgrims at Plymouth (Massechusetts). In the first winter nearly half of them perished. They were helped by friendly American Indians and celebrated the first Thanksgiving in 1621. (p. 26)

Oneida community

This community, started in 1848, was dedicated to social and economic equality. They shared property and spouses, and prospered by manufacturing silverware. (p. 210)

13th Amendment

This constitutional amendment, ratified in December 1865, forbade slavery and involuntary servitude in all states. (p. 276)

Rosenberg case

This couple, Julius and Ethel, were charged with running a spy ring for the Soviets in New York. In 1953, they were convicted of treason and executed. (p 571)

Declaration of Independence

This declaration, written by Thomas Jefferson, declared independence and expressed the basic principles of the American revolution. It was ratified on July 4, 1776. (p. 88)

Bush Doctrine

This doctrine argued that the old policies of containment and deterrence were no longer effective in a world of stateless terrorism. It stated that to protect itself, the United States should take preemptive action against terrorist threats to its national security. (p. 683)

Nixon Doctrine

This doctrine declared that Asian allies would receive U.S. support but without the extensive use of U.S. ground forces. (p. 626)

Monroe Doctrine

This doctrine stated that European powers could not interfere in the Western Hemisphere. In 1895 and 1896, the U.S. applied this doctrine to push Great Britain to arbitrate a boundary dispute between Venezuela and British colony of Guiana. (p. 412)

Truman Doctrine

This doctrine was in response to a Communist-led uprising against the government in Greece and Soviet demand for some control of a water route in Turkey. In 1947, President Truman asked Congress for $400 million in economic and military aid to assist Greece and Turkey against totalitarian regimes. (p. 564)

Shakers

This early religious communal movement held property in common and separated men and women. (p. 210)

supply-side economics (Reaganomics)

This economic theory argued that tax cuts and reduced government spending would increase investment by the private sector, which would lead to increased production, jobs, and prosperity. (p. 656)

Lady Bird Johnson

This first lady contributed to improving the environment with her Beautify America campaign which lead to the Highway Beautification Act. (p. 606)

Medicare; Medicaid

This first program provides health insurance program for all people 65 years of age and older. This second program provides funds to states to pay for medical care for the poor and disabled. (p. 605)

Colin Powell

This general became George W. Bush's secretary of state, the first African American to hold the job. (p. 681)

white supremacists

This group favored separating (segregating) public facilities, as a means of treating African American as social inferiors. (p. 349)

Germans

This group of immigrants settled chiefly on the rich farmlands west of Philadelphia. By 1775, they comprised 6 percent of the colonial population. (p. 46)

Incas

This highly developed civilization developed a vast South American empire based in Peru. (p. 2)

Sumner-Brooks incident

This incident took place in 1856, when Congressman Preston Brooks severely beat Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner. The attack occurred in the Senate chamber, after Sumner gave a vitriolic speech, "The Crime Against Kansas". (p. 254)

Compromise of 1877

This informal deal settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Republican) and Samuel Tilden (Democrat). It was agreed that Hayes would become president. In return, he would remove all federal troops from the South and support the building of a Southern transcontinental railroad. (p. 303)

paperbacks

This innovation in books, started in the 1950s, and led to the sales of a million copies per day by 1960. (p. 591)

Second Bank of the United States

This institution was chartered in 1816 under President James Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks. It became unpopular after being blamed for the Panic of 1819. Suspicion of corruption and mismanagement haunted it, until its charter expired in 1836. (p. 152)

printing press

This invention in the 1450s spread knowledge across Europe. (p 5)

habeas corpus

This is the term for the constitutional right to be informed of charges and to be given a fair trial. During the Civil War Abraham Lincoln suspended this right, and arrested an estimated 13,000 people on suspicion of aiding the Confederates. (p. 279)

Congress of Industrial Organizations

This labor union concentrated on organizing unskilled workers in the automobile, steel, and southern textile industries. (p. 510)

Enron, corporate corruption

This large corporation falsified stated earnings and profits with the help of accounting companies. (p. 681)

Cotton Mather

This minister from Massachusetts, was the author of several widely read religious tracts. (p. 51)

free-soil movement

This movement did not oppose slavery in the South, but they did not want the Western states to allow slavery. (p. 247)

Great Migration

This movement started because of a civil war in England. Nearly 15,000 settlers came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. (p. 26)

Battle of the Thames River

This naval battle, near Detroit, was led by General William Henry Harrison. The U.S. defeated the British, and the American Indian Tecumseh was killed. (p. 140)

Oliver Hazard Perry

This naval captain won the Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 1812. His famous quote was, "We have met the enemy, and they are ours." (p. 140)

advertising

This new technique was important to creating the new consumer economy. (p. 326)

Director of National Intelligence

This newly created position was responsible for coordinating the intelligence activities of all agencies. (p. 683)

Civilian Conservation Corp

This organization employed young men for projects on federal lands and paid their families small monthly sums. (p. 504)

National Consumers' League

This organization was formed in the 1890's, under the leadership of Florence Kelly. They attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturing to improve wages and working conditions. (p. 437)

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

This organization's mission was to abolish all forms of segregation and to increase educational opportunities for African Americans. (p. 444)

German Nazi party

This party arose in 1920's Germany in reaction to deplorable economic conditions after war and national resentments over the Treaty of Versailles. By 1933, the party under leader Adolph Hitler, had gained control of the German legislature. (p. 524)

Bowles-Simpson plan

This plan would have eliminated the deficit by 2035 through $2 of spending cuts for every $1 increase in revenues. It was rejected by both parties. (p. 688)

Republican party

This political party formed in 1854, in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It was composed of a coalition of Free-Soilers, antislavery Whigs, and Democrats. Although not abolitionist, it sought to block the spread of slavery in the territories. (p. 254)

Know-Nothing party

This political party started in the mid-1850s. Also known as the American party, they were mostly native-born Protestant Americans. Their core issue was opposition to Catholics and immigrants who were entering Northern cities in large numbers. (p. 254)

Greenback party

This political party was formed by supporters of paper money not backed by gold or silver. (p. 384)

World Bank, G-8

This powerful bank made loans to and supervised the economic policies of poorer nations with debt problems. The Group of Eight, made up of the world's largest industrial powers (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States), controlled two-thirds of the world's wealth. (p 670)

one man, one vote

This principle meant that election districts would have to be redrawn to provide equal representation for all of a state's citizens. (p. 609)

Proclamation Act of 1763

This proclamation prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. The British hoped it would prevent violence between Native Americans and colonists. The colonists were angry and disobeyed the law, moving to the west of the imaginary boundary in large numbers. (p. 72)

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

This proposed constitutional amendment stated that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex". It just missed being passed. (p. 612)

buying on margin

This purchase method allowed people to borrow most of the cost of the stock, making down payments as low as 10 percent. Investors depended on the price of the stock increasing so they could repay their loans. (p. 497)

Ghost Dance movement

This religious movement was a last effort of Native Americans to resist U.S. government domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands. In an effort to suppress the movement, at the Battle of Wounded Knee more that 200 American Indians were killed. This battle marked the end of the Indian Wars. (p. 345)

Great Awakening

This religious movement was at its peak in the 1730s and 1740s. It was characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people. (p. 49)

Josiah Strong

This reverend believed that Protestant American had a religious duty to colonize other lands in order to spread Christianity and the benefits of their superior civilization . (p. 411)

Jonathan Edwards

This reverend from Massachusetts argued that God was rightfully angry with human sinfulness. Those who repented could be saved by God's grace, but those who did not would suffer eternal damnation. (p. 49)

market revolution

This revolution was a result of specialization on the farm, growth of the cities, industrialization, and the development of modern capitalism. It brought the end of self-sufficient households and a growing interdependence among people. (p. 164)

Providence

This settlement has founded in 1636 by Roger Williams. (p. 29)

two-party system

This system developed in the 1820s. Supporters of Andrew Jackson were Democrats, while supporters of Henry Clay were Whigs. (p. 197)

asiento system

This system required that a tax be paid to the King of Spain, for slaves that were imported to the Americas. (p. 8)

electoral college system

This system would determine the president of the United States. Each state was given a number of electors equal to the total of their number of representatives and senators. These electors would then vote to determine the president. (p. 106)

Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act

This tariff passed in 1922, raised tariffs on foreign manufactured goods by 25 percent. It helped domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade, and was one cause of the Great Depression of 1929. (p. 476, 488)

Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894

This tariff provided a moderate reduction in tariff rates and levied a 2 percent income tax. (p. 388)

dry farming

This technique along with deep-plowing enabled settlers to survive on the Great Plains. (p. 342)

environmental damage

This term, described what occurred when settlers cleared forests and exhausted the soil. (p. 182)

extinction

This term, described what trappers and hunters did to the beaver and buffalo populations. (p. 182)

Socialist Party of American

This third party was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. Their platform called for radical reforms such as public ownership of the railroads, utilities, and even some major industries such as oil and steel. (p. 440)

Kellogg-Briand Treaty

This treaty of 1928 renounced the use of force to achieve national ends. It was signed by Frank Kellogg of the United States and Aristide Briand of France, and most other nations. The international agreement proved ineffective. (p. 487)

Treaty of Paris: Puerto Rico

This treaty was signed on December 10, 1898 with Spain. It provided for: 1) Cuban independence, 2) Purchase of Puerto Rico and Guam, 3) Purchase of the Philippines. (p. 415)

Johns Hopkins University

This university was founded in Baltimore in 1876, the first to specialize in advanced graduate studies. (p. 368)

massive retaliation

This was Eisenhower's policy, it advocated the full use of American nuclear weapons to counteract even a Soviet ground attack in Europe. (p. 582)

Oregon territory

This was a vast territory on the Pacific coast that stretched as far north as the Alaskan border. Originally the United States was interested in all the territory, but in 1846 Britain and the U.S. agreed to divide the territory at the 49th Parallel, today's border between Canada and the United States. (p. 232)

national bank

This was part of Federalist Alexander Hamilton's economic plan. He favored a bank for depositing government funds and printing banknotes that could provide the basis for a stable U.S. currency. (p. 110)

national debt

This was part of Federalist Alexander Hamilton's economic plan. He insisted that the federal government assume the war debts of the states and pay off the national debt at face value. (p. 110)

tariffs; excise taxes

This was part of Federalist Alexander Hamilton's economic plan. High tariffs were placed on imported goods to help new and developing industries. (p. 110)

infant industries

This was part of Federalist Alexander Hamilton's economic plan. The term for new and developing industries, which were supported by placing high tariffs on imported goods. (p. 110)

New Zion

This was the religious community established by the Mormons on the banks of the Great Salt Lake in Utah. (p. 208)

regional artists

Thomas Benton and Grant Wood celebrated the rural people and scenes of the American heartland. (p. 482)

Treaty of 1818

Treaty between U.S. and Britain which 1) shared fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland, 2) joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for ten years, 3) set the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel. (p. 157)

Rationalism

Trusted human reason to solve the many problems of life and society; emphasized reason, science, and respect for humanity. (p. 77)

mail-order companies

Two companies, Sears Roebuck, and Montgomery Ward, used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers to sell many different products. The products were ordered by mail from a thick paper catalog. (p. 326)

Union Pacific and Central Pacific

Two railroad companies, one starting in Sacramento, California and the other in Omaha, Nebraska were completed in Utah in 1869 to create the first first transcontinental railroad. (p. 321)

Sarah Grimke, Angelina Grimke

Two sisters, born in South Carolina, they objected to male opposition to their antislavery activities. (p. 214)

U.N. inspections

U.N. inspections failed to find WMD's in Iraq. However, the Bush administration continued to present claims of their existence based on intelligence information that proved to be false. (p. 683)

John J. Pershing

U.S. general who led the American Expeditionary Force into France in World War I. (p. 463)

CIA, covert action

Undercover intervention in foreign government by the CIA during Eisenhower's presidency. (p. 582)

Sherman's March

Union General William Tecumseh Sherman led a force of 100,000 troops on a destructive march through Georgia. Destroying everything in their path, they captured Atlanta, Georgia in September 1864, then marched into Savannah by that December, then they captured and burned Columbia, South Carolina in February 1865. (p. 277)

George Goethals

United States army officer and engineer who supervised the construction of the Panama Canal. (p. 418)

strategic bombing

United States bomber carried out daylight bombing raids on military targets in Europe, but the lines between military and civilian targets became blurred as war went on. (p. 535)

Douglas MacArthur

United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II. (p. 537)

Cyrus McCormick

United States inventor and manufacturer of a mechanical reaper, which made farms more efficient. (p. 175)

John Deere

United States inventor of the steel plow, which made farms more efficient. (p. 175)

Right of deposit

United States ships gained right to transfer cargoes in New Orleans without Spanish duties. (p. 112)

urban reformers

Urban reformers stated more than 400 settlement houses in the cities. They provided services to help poor immigrants. (p. 365)

Rough Riders

Volunteer regiment of U.S. Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War. (p. 414)

Middle Passage

Voyage from West Africa to the West Indies. It was miserable for the slaves transported and many died. (p. 38)

uneven income distribution

Wages had risen relatively little compared to the large increases in productivity and corporate profits. Economic success was not shared by all, as the top 5 percent of the richest Americans received over 33 percent of all income. (p. 497)

securitization

Wall Street packaged the high risk housing loans into a variety of complex investments , then sold them to unsuspecting investors around the world. (p. 685)

Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)

War fought in the colonies from 1754 to 1763 between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio River Valley area. The English won the war and the Peace of Paris was negotiated in 1763. (p. 70)

asymmetric warfare

Warfare conducted by terrorists when combatants have highly unequal military capabilities, such as when terrorists or rebel groups fight strong states. (p. 682)

William Dawes

Warned the militia that the British were coming along with Paul Revere at the Battle of Lexington and Concord. (p. 86)

Valley Forge

Washington's troops spent the harsh winter of 1777-1778 here after losing Philadelphia to the British. (p. 89)

WMDs

Weapons of Mass destruction (p. 683)

urban frontier

Western cities that arose as a result of railroads, mineral wealth, and farming. They included San Francisco, Denver, and Salt Lake City. (p. 238)

Herbert Hoover

When Calvin Coolidge decide not to run for president in 1928, he was the Republican presidential nominee. He promised to extend "Coolidge Prosperity", and won the election. (p. 477)

disease

When Europeans came to America they brought smallpox and measles to which the natives had no resistance. Millions of American Indians died from these diseases. (p. 8)

Peggy Eaton affair

When President Andrew Jackson's secretary of war's wife was the target of malicious gossip by other cabinet wives, Jackson supported her. The majority of cabinet resign because Jackson tried to force the wives to accept Peggy Eaton. (p. 195)

regime change

When U.S. forces could not find WMDs in Iraq, criticism of the "regime change" mounted. (p. 684)

Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)

When economic hardships continued into 1810, Nathaniel Macon, a member of Congress, introduced a bill that restored U.S. trade with both Britain & France. It also provided that if either France or Britain formally agreed to respect neutral rights at sea, then the U.S. would prohibit trade with the foe of that nation. (p. 138)

Taiwan

When the Communists took control of the China mainland, the Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek were forced to retreat to this island. (p. 567)

liquidity crisis

When the housing market bubble burst, banks and financial institutions faced failure resulting in this crisis. Banks either lacked funds or were unable to make the loans to businesses and consumers necessary for the day-to-day functioning of the economy. (p. 685)

Hurricane Katrina

When the hurricane hit, FEMA failed to anticipate and respond to the crisis, resulting in more than 1,000 deaths, and tens of thousands of mostly poor people left in desperate conditions. (p. 685)

housing bubble

When the stock market gains turned down, many investors put their money into real estate, creating a speculative bubble that would burst in George W. Bush's second term. (p. 681)

conscience Whigs

Whigs that opposed slavery. (p. 248)

Buffalo Bill Wild West Show

William F. Cody brought this show to urban populations. (p. 372)

"Cross of Gold" Speech

William Jennings Bryan gave this speech at the 1896 Democratic convention. The prosilver and anti-gold speech assured him of the nomination. (p. 389)

Levittown

William Levitt used mass production techniques to build 17,000 inexpensive homes on Long Island, New York. It became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after World War II. (p. 558)

start of the modern presidency

William McKinley emerged as the first modern president, he would make America an important country in international affairs. (p. 390)

McKinley victory

William McKinley won the presidential election of 1896 by carrying the all the Northeast and the upper Midwest. (p. 389)

Holy Experiment

William Penn put his Quaker beliefs to the test in his colony, Pennsylvania. He wanted the colony to provide a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people, enact liberal ideas in government, and generate income and profits for himself. (p. 34)

indentured servants

Young people from England under contract with a master who paid for their passage. Worked for a specified period for room and board, then they were free. (p. 28)

Yugoslavia civil war

Yugoslavia started to disintegrate in 1991, a civil war broke out in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992. (p. 664)

Dean Acheson

undersecretary of state who helped formulate Truman's containment policy (p.

Sugar Act

A 1764 British act which placed duties on foreign sugar and other luxuries. Its primary purpose was to raise money for the English Crown. (p. 72)

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 rebellion in Beijing, China that was started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". An international force marched into Beijing and crushed the rebellion. (p. 417)

Platt Amendment

A 1901 amendment to an army appropriations bill that said Cuba would make no treaties that compromised its independence, permit the U.S. to maintain law and order in Cuba, and allow the U.S. to maintain naval bases in Cuba. (p 416)

Newlands Reclamation Act

A 1902 act that provide public land for irrigation projects in western states. (p. 439)

Lochner v. New York

A 1905, this Supreme Court case ruled against a state law that limited workers to a ten-hour workday. (p 437)

Muller v. Oregon

A 1908 Supreme Court case, it ruled that women needed special protection against working long hours. (p. 437)

Federal Farm Loan Act

A 1916, 12 regional federal farm loan banks were established to provide farm loans at low interest rates. (p. 443)

Schenck v. United States

A 1919 Supreme Court case, in which the constitutionality of the Espionage Act was upheld in the case of a man who was imprisoned for distributing pamphlets against the draft. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes said the right to free speech could be limited when it represented a "clear and present danger" to public safety. (p. 461)

Washington Conference

A 1921 conference that placed limits on naval powers, respect of territory in the Pacific, and continued the Open Door policy in China. (p. 487)

Nine-Power China Treaty

A 1922 treaty affirming the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China as previously stated in the Open Door Policy. (p. 487)

Five-Power Naval Treaty

A 1922 treaty resulting from the Washington Armaments Conference that limited to a specific ratio the carrier and battleship tonnage of each nation. The five countries involved were: United States, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy. (p. 487)

Dawes Plan

A 1924 plan, created by Charles Dawes in which the United States banks would lend large sums to Germany. Germany would use the money to rebuild its economy and pay reparations to Great Britain and France. Then Great Britain and France would pay their war debts to the United States. After the 1929 stock market crash, the loans to Germany stopped. (p. 488)

Scopes trial

A 1925 Tennessee court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan argued the issue of teaching evolution in public schools. (p. 484)

Only Yesterday

A 1931 history book that portrayed the 1920s as a period of narrow-minded materialism in which the middle class abandoned Progressive reforms, embraced conservative Republican policies, and either supported or condoned nativism, racism, and fundamentalism. (p. 489)

National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act

A 1935 act that guaranteed a worker's right to join a union and a union's right to bargain collectively. It outlawed business practices that were unfair to labor. (p. 507)

Munich

A 1938 conference, at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that he would not expand Germany's territory any further. (p. 526)

Korematsu v. U.S.

A 1944 Supreme Court case which upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay financial compensation to each survivor. (p. 534)

Marshall Plan

A 1947 plan of U.S. economic aid to help European nations revive their economies and strengthen democratic governments, after the devastation of World War II. This plan offered $12 billion in aid to western and southern Europe. The Soviet Union refused to take any of the aid and the result was a deepening rift between non-Communist West and the Communist East. (p. 564)

NSC-68

A 1950 secret report in which the National Security Council that U.S must fight the Cold War by: 1) quadruple U.S. defense spending to 20% of GNP 2) form alliances with non-Communist countries 3) convince Americans that a costly arms build up was necessary for defense (p. 566)

The Catcher in the Rye

A 1950s book by J. D. Salinger, it provided a classic commentary on phoniness as viewed by a troubled teenager. (p. 592)

Catch-22

A 1950s book by Joseph Heller that satirized the stupidity of the military and war. (p. 592)

U.S. - Japanese Security Treaty

A 1951 treaty, in which Japan surrendered its claims to Korea and islands in the Pacific and the U.S. ended formal occupation of Japan. U.S troops remained on military bases in Japan to protect it from external enemies. (p. 567)

Geneva Conference

A 1954 conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam. (p. 583)

Father Charles Coughlin

A Catholic priest who founded the National Union for Social Justice, which called for issuing inflated currency and nationalizing all banks. His radio program attacks on the New Deal were anti-Semitic and Fascist. (p. 508)

Soviet Union

A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991. (p. 561)

Alabama

A Confederate war ship purchased from Britain. It captured more than 60 Union merchant ships before being sunk off the coast of France. (p. 274)

Enlightenment

A European movement in literature and philosophy; used human reasoning to solve problems. (p. 76)

Amana Colonies

A German religious communal movement in Ohio which emphasized simple living. (p. 210)

Erie Canal

A New York canal, completed in 1825, that linked the economies of western and eastern cities. It lead to more canal building, lower food prices in the East, more settlers in the West, and stronger economic ties between the regions. (p. 161)

Armory Show

A New York painting exhibit in 1913 that featured abstract paintings. (p. 370)

Andrew Mellon

A Pittsburgh industrialist and millionaire who was appointed secretary of the treasury by President Harding in 1921 and served under Coolidge and Hoover. (p. 476)

fundamentalism

A Protestant Christian movement emphasizing the literal truth of the Bible and opposing religious modernism (p. 483)

Joseph McCarthy

A Republican senator from Wisconsin, who recklessly accused many government officials of being Communists. In December 1954 censured by the Senate which brought an end to his era. (p. 571)

Henry Cabot Lodge

A Republican senator, he was in favor building U.S. power through global expansion. He introduced the Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. (p. 411)

Cardinal Gibbons

A Roman Catholic leader who supported organized labor. (p. 366)

Henry George

A San Francisco journalist who authored "Progress and Poverty" in 1879 that called to attention the failings of laissez-faire capitalism along with the wealth polarization caused by industrialization. (p. 365)

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish emigrant, in the 1870s he started manufacturing steel in Pittsburgh. His strategy was to control every stage of the manufacturing process from mining the raw materials to transporting the finished product. His company Carnegie Steel became the world's largest steel company. (p. 323)

Bartolome de Las Casa

A Spanish priest who was an advocate for better treatment of Indians. (p. 11)

Marbury v. Madison

A Supreme Court case in 1803 where Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional. This established the doctrine of judicial review, where the Supreme Court could overrule actions taken by the legislative and executive branches of the government. (p. 134)

Sojourner Truth

A United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate for the abolition of slavery and the rights of women. (p. 215)

George Dewey

A United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay, Philippines in the Spanish-American War. (p. 414)

Robert Owen

A Welsh industrialist and reformer who founded the New Harmony community. (p. 210)

J. P. Morgan

A banker who took control and consolidated bankrupt railroads in the Panic of 1893. In 1900, he led a group in the purchase of Carnegie Steel, which became U.S. Steel. (p. 321, 323)

Battle of Lake Champlain

A battle where the British fleet was defeated and was forced to retreat and to abandon their plans to invade New York and New England. (p. 140)

Cuba, Fidel Castro

A bearded socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba, only 90 miles from the United States. He nationalized American-owned businesses and the U.S. cut off trade with the country. (p. 587)

Scott Joplin

A black composer notable for his contribution to ragtime. He sold over one million copies of his song "Maple Leaf Rag". (p 371)

stock market crash

A boom stock market of 1928 led to a sell off starting in October 1929. Within three years the stock market would decline to one-ninth of its peak. (p. 497)

vertical integration

A business strategy by which a company would control all aspects of a product from raw material mining to transporting the finished product. Pioneered by Andrew Carnegie. (p. 323)

commission plan

A city's government would be divided into several departments, which would each be placed under the control of an expert commissioner. (p. 436)

King Caucus

A closed door meeting of a political party's leaders in Congress which nominated candidates. (p. 192)

open shop

A company with a labor agreement under which union membership cannot be required as a condition of employment. (p. 479)

White House Conference of Governors

A conference at the White House which publicized the need for conservation. (p. 439)

Whittaker Chambers

A confessed Communist and witness for the House Un-American Activities Committee. (p. 571)

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

A criminal case of two Italian men who were convicted of murder in 1921. They were prosecuted because they were Italians, atheists, and anarchists. After 6 years of appeals they were executed in 1927. (p. 485)

television

A curiosity in the late 1940s, by 1961 there were 55 million of these devices in America. (p. 591)

neutrality

A declaration of a country that it will not choose sides in a war. The Unites States was a neutral country at the beginning of World War I. (p. 455)

repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act

A decline in silver prices encouraged investors to trade their silver dollars for gold dollars. The gold reserve fell dangerously low and President Grover Cleveland was forced to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890. (p. 387)

run on gold reserves, J.P. Morgan bail out

A decline in silver prices encouraged investors to trade their silver dollars for gold dollars. The gold reserve fell dangerously low and President Grover Cleveland was forced to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890. The president then turned to J.P. Morgan to borrow $65 million in gold to support the dollar and the gold standard. (p. 387)

homogeneity

A description of American 1950s culture. (p. 590)

Clarence Darrow

A famed criminal defense lawyer, he defended John Scopes, a teacher who taught evolution in his Tennessee classroom. (p. 484)

Jelly Roll Morton

A famous African American jazz musician from New Orleans. (p. 371)

Al Capone

A famous Chicago gangster who fought for control of the lucrative bootlegging (liquor) trade. (p. 484)

Clarence Darrow

A famous lawyer, he argued that criminal behavior could be caused by an environment of poverty, neglect, and abuse. (p. 368)

Fort Sumter

A federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. It was cut off from vital supplies because the South controlled the harbor. President Lincoln announced that he was sending provisions to the Union fort. On April 12, 1861, Carolina guns opened on the Union, and the Civil War began. (p. 269)

Federal Trade Commision

A federal regulatory agency, established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy. (p. 442)

Margaret Fuller

A feminist, writer, and editor in the women's movement. (p. 210)

commercial cities

A few towns that served the mines, such as San Francisco, Sacramento, and Denver, grew into prosperous cities. (p. 341)

bankruptcy of railroads

A financial panic in 1893 forced a quarter of all railroads into bankruptcy. J.P. Morgan and other bankers moved in to take control of bankrupt railroads and consolidate them. (p.321)

jazz, blues, ragtime

A form of music that combined African rhythms and western-style instruments and mixed improvisation with a structured band format. (p. 371)

Union veterans, "bloody shirt"

A form of politics that involved reminding Union veterans of how the Southern Democrats had caused the Civil War. (p. 381)

Charles Evans Hughes

A former presidential candidate and Supreme Court justice who was appointed secretary of state by President Warren G. Harding. (p. 476)

Writs of Assistance

A general license to search anywhere. (p. 73)

Valeriano Weyler

A general sent by Spain to stop the Cuban revolt. He forced civilians into armed camps, where tens of thousands died of starvation and disease. (p. 413)

Tennessee Valley Authority

A government corporation that hired thousands of people in the Tennessee Valley, to build dams, operate electric power plants, control flooding, and erosion, and manufacture fertilizer. (p. 505)

Australian ballot

A government printed ballot of uniform size and shape to be cast in secret that was adopted by many states around 1890. (p. 435)

Teapot Dome

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921. (p. 476)

National American Woman Suffrage Association

A group formed in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. (p. 445)

World Trade Center

A group of buildings in New York City. Two of the largest tower buildings were attacked and destroyed on September 11, 2001. (p. 682)

beatniks

A group of rebellious writer and intellectuals led by Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg. They advocated spontaneity, use of drugs, and rebellion against societal standards. (p. 592)

James Weldon Johnson

A leading 1920s African American author from Harlem. (p. 483)

Bessie Smith

A leading 1920s African American blues singer from Harlem. (p. 483)

Duke Ellington

A leading 1920s African American jazz great from Harlem. (p. 483)

Louis Armstrong

A leading 1920s African American jazz trumpeter from Harlem. (p. 483)

Claude McKay

A leading 1920s African American poet from Harlem. (p. 483)

Countee Cullen

A leading 1920s African American poet from Harlem. (p. 483)

Langston Hughes

A leading 1920s African American poet from Harlem. (p. 483)

Paul Robeson

A leading 1920s African American singer from Harlem. (p. 483)

W.E.B. Du Bois

A leading black intellectual, he advocated for equality for blacks, integrated schools, and equal access to higher education. (p. 368)

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1902 series "The History of the Standard Oil Company". (p. 434)

railroads

A major economic development of the 1820s. By the 1830s they were competing directly competing with canals as a method for carrying passengers and freight. Towns such as Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, and Chicago soon became booming commercial centers. (p. 161)

scientific management

A management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operation, then find ways to minimize the time needed to complete the work. (p. 433)

Mark Hanna, Money and mass media

A master of high-finance politics, he managed William McKinley's winning presidential campaign by focusing on getting favorable publicity in newspapers. (p. 390)

Economic Recovery Tax Act

A measure signed by Reagan in 1981 which cut personal income taxes by 25 percent over three years, cut the corporate income tax, capital gains tax, and the gift and inheritance taxes. It offered the wealthy a broad array of other tax concessions. (p. 656)

headright system

A method for attracting immigrants, Virginia offered 50 acres of land to each immigrant who paid for passage to America and to any plantation owner who paid for an immigrants passage. (p. 28)

Holocaust

A methodical plan, orchestrated by Germany's Adolph Hitler to eliminate Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. Six million Jews and several million non-Jews would be murdered by the Nazis. (p. 536)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

A military alliance, commonly known as NATO. It consists of the United States, Canada, and ten European nations. Its purpose was to defend Western Europe against outside attack. (p. 565)

Harry Truman

A moderate Democrat, he became president when Franklin Roosevelt died. He was a decisive, honest and unpretentious leader. (p. 558)

American Protective Association

A nativist society that was prejudiced against Roman Catholics. (p. 362)

Underground Railroad

A network of people who helped thousands of enslaved people escape to the North by providing transportation and hiding places. (p. 250)

cultural nationalism

A new generation was interested in expanding west, had little interest in European politics, and patriotic themes were everywhere in society. (p. 151)

credit cards

A new method of payment in the 1950s. (p. 591)

William Randolph Hearst

A newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism. (p. 371)

direct primary

A nominating process where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office. (p. 435)

F. Scott Fitzgerald

A novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. His wife, Zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade. His novel, "The Great Gatsby" is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl. (p. 481)

John Steinbeck, "The Grapes of Wrath"

A novelist that wrote about hardships in his classic study of economic heartbreak in 1939, "The Grapes of Wrath". (p. 512)

atomic bomb

A nuclear weapon in which enormous energy is released by nuclear fission. (p. 537)

drought, dust bowl, Okies

A severe drought in the early 1930s and poor farming practices led to the Oklahoma dust bowl. High winds away large amounts of topsoil. (p. 512)

Four Freedoms speech

A speech by President Franklin Roosevelt on January 6, 1941 that proposed lending money to Britain for the purchase of U.S. military weapons. He argued that the U.S. must help other nations defend "four freedoms" (freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear). (p. 529)

Alice Paul

A suffragette who focused on obtaining an amendment to the Constitution for women's suffrage (voting rights). (p. 445)

Carrie Chapman Catt

A suffragette, she worked to obtain the right for women to vote. She was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. (p. 445)

unconditional surrender

A surrender with any demands or requests. (p. 538)

scientific management

A system of industrial management created and promoted in the early twentieth century by Frederick W. Taylor. It emphasized time-and-motion studies to improve factory performance. (p. 478)

protective tariff

A tax on imported goods that is intended to protect a nation's businesses from foreign competition. (p. 151)

Washingtonians

A temperance movement which argued that alcoholism was a disease that need practical helpful treatment. (p. 212)

insurrection

A term President Lincoln used, to describe the Confederacy actions at the start of the Civil War. (p. 269)

pet banks

A term for the state banks. President Andrew Jackson was trying to destroy the Bank of the United States, so he transferred federal funds to these state banks. (p. 198)

Second American Revolution

A term sometimes used for the Civil War. (p. 282)

peculiar institution

A term that referred to slavery because many southern whites were uneasy with the fact that slaves were human beings yet treated so unfairly. Some used historical and religious arguments to support their claim that it was good for both slave and master. (p. 178)

war of choice

A term used for the Iraq War because it was not clear that is was a war that was required. (p. 684)

Theodore Parker

A theologian and radical reformer. (p. 210)

Barnum & Bailey, Greatest Show on Earth

A traveling circus that was very popular. (p. 371)

Edward Hopper

A twentieth-century American painter, whose stark realistic paintings often convey a mood of solitude and isolation in common urban settings. (p. 482)

War of 1812

A war between the United States and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. American troops attempted an invasion of Canada, but it was repulsed by British defenders. Numerous naval battles occurred and at one point the British marched through Washington, D.C. and burned the White House. In December 1814 the Treaty of Ghent was reached and territory was returned to the pre-war status. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. (p. 138)

Mexican War (1846-1847)

A war between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. President James Polk attempted to purchase California and the New Mexico territories and resolve the disputed Mexico-Texas border. Fighting broke out before the negotiations were complete and the war lasted about two years, ending when the United States troops invaded Mexico City. (p. 233-235)

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention. (p. 214)

Lucretia Mott

A women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention. (p. 214)

bleeding Kansas

After 1854, the conflicts between antislavery and proslavery forces exploded in the Kansas Territory. (p. 252)

Brigham Young

After Joseph Smith was killed, he led the Mormon followers to Utah. (p. 208)

OPEC; oil embargo

After October 1973 Arab Israel War, the Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) placed an embargo on oil sold to Israel's supporters. The embargo caused a worldwide oil shortage and long lines at gas stations in the United States. (p. 631)

white primaries, white juries

After Reconstruction, discrimination took many forms. Political party primaries were created for whites only, and African Americans were barred from serving on juries. (p. 349)

economic discrimination

After Reconstruction, economic discrimination was widespread in the South. Most African Americans were kept out of skilled trades and factory jobs. African Americans remained in farming and low-paying domestic work. (p. 349)

literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses

After Reconstruction, various political and legal devices were created to prevent southern blacks from voting.

Persian Gulf War

After Saddam Hussein invaded oil rich Kuwait, President George H. W. Bush built a coalition of United Nations members to pressure Hussein to withdraw from Kuwait. The U.N. embargo had little effect. In January 1991, the massive Operation Desert Storm brought air strikes down on Iraq. After only 100 hours of fighting on the ground, Iraq conceded defeat. (p. 664)

Sunni vs. Shiite

After Saddam Hussein's death, the Sunni and Shiites attacked each other, and millions of Iraqis fled the country or were displaced. The Bush administration was widely criticized for going into Iraq without sufficient troops to control the country and to disband the Iraqi army. (p. 684)

falling farm prices

After World War I, European farm product came back on the market, farm prices fell, which hurt farmers in the United States. (p. 466)

Red Scare

After World War I, anti-communist hysteria caused this phenomenon. (p. 467)

Islamic roots of anti-Americanism

After World War I, the Ottoman Empire, the last of Islamic empires, was replaced with Western-style secular nation states. The U.S. stationed troops in the Middle East after the Gulf War. Islamic religious fundamentalists objected to these actions. (p. 682)

anti-radical hysteria

After World War I, xenophobia, (intense or irrational dislike of foreign people) increased. This lead to restrictions of immigration in the 1920s. (p. 467)

38th parallel

After World War II Japan gave up its former colony Korea and the country was divided along this parallel. The northern area was occupied by the Soviet forces and the south by the U.S. forces. (p. 568)

Winston Churchill

After World War II he declared, "An iron curtain has been descended across the continent". He called for a partnership between Western democracies to halt the expansion of communism. (p. 563)

decolonization

After World War II, dozens of European colonies in Asia and Africa became independent countries. (p. 582)

Sunbelt

After World War II, many Americans moved to southern states. They were attracted by a warmer climate, lower taxes, and defense-related industry jobs. (p. 558)

House Un-American Activities Committee

After World War II, this House of Representative committee investigated Communist influence in the government and within organizations such as the Boy Scouts and Hollywood film industry. Many were called to testify before the committee and some were blacklisted. (p. 570)

West Germany

After World War II, this country was the Federal Republic of Germany, a U.S. ally. (p. 564)

East Germany

After World War II, this country was the German Democratic Republic, a satellite of the Soviet Union. (p. 564)

China visit

After a series of secret negotiations with Chinese leaders, in February of 1972 Nixon astonished the world by traveling to Beijing to meet with Mao Zedong, the leader of Communist China. His visit initiated diplomatic exchanges that ultimately led to U.S. recognition of the Communist government. (p. 627)

cult of domesticity

After industrialization occurred women became the moral leaders in the home and educators of children. Men were responsible for economic and political affairs. (p. 214)

Emancipation Proclamation

After the Battle of Antietam, on September 22, 1862, President Lincoln warned that enslaved people in all states still in rebellion on January 1, 1863 would be freed. He also urged the border states to draft plans for emancipation of slaves in their states. On January 1, 1863, Lincoln as promised issued this famous proclamation. This led to slaves joining the Union army and increased Union support from Europe. (p. 276)

Concord

After the British had marched to Lexington, they marched on to this town to destroy colonial military supplies. (p. 86)

Southern Manifesto

After the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Supreme Court decision, 101 members of Congress signed this manifesto condemning the Supreme Court for a "clear abuse of judicial power". (p. 588)

popular heroes

Americans shifted role models from politicians to sports heroes and movie stars. Sports heros included Jack Dempsey, Jim Thorpe, Babe Ruth, and Bobby Jones. However, the most celebrated was Charles Lindbergh who flew from Long Island to Paris in 1927. (p. 480)

concentration of wealth

Among industrialized nations, the United States had the largest gap between the lowest and the highest paid workers and the greatest concentration of wealth at the top. (p. 672)

Fletcher v. Peck

An 1810 Supreme Court case, in which Georgia tried to revoke a land grant on the grounds that it had been obtained by corruption. The Supreme Court ruled that a state cannot arbitrarily interfere with a person's property rights. Since the land grant was a legal contract, it could not be repealed. This was the first time that the Supreme Court declared a state law to be unconstitutional and invalid. (p. 154)

Battle of Tippecanoe

An 1811 battle, where U.S. troops led by William Henry Harrison did battle against American Indians led by Tecumseh. (p. 138)

Rush-Bagot Agreement

An 1817 disarmament pact between U.S. and Britain, it strictly limited Naval armament on the Great Lakes. The agreement was extended to place limits on U.S. and Canadian border fortifications. (p. 157)

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

An 1819 Supreme Court case, in which New Hampshire attempted to change Dartmouth College from a private college into a public institution. The court struck down the state law as unconstitutional, arguing that a contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state. (p. 154)

Florida Purchase Treaty

An 1819 treaty, in which Spain turned over Florida and the Oregon Territory to the United States. The U.S. agree to assume $5 million debt and give up any claims in Texas. (p. 158)

Missouri Compromise

An 1820 compromise, that allowed Missouri to join the Union as a slave state, and Maine to join as a free state. It also established a line across the southern border of Missouri (36°,30') stating that except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be states without slavery. (p. 157)

Monroe Doctrine

An 1823 doctrine by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets. (p. 158)

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

An 1850 treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would attempt to take exclusive control of any future canal route in Central America. (p. 236)

Dred Scott v. Sandford

An 1857 Supreme Court case, in which Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that African Americans (free or slave), were not citizens of the United States, that Congress could not exclude slavery from any federal territory, and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. The ruling delighted Southern Democrats and infuriated Northern Republicans. (p. 255)

Plessy v. Ferguson

An 1896, Supreme Court landmark case, which ruled that separate but equal accommodations in public places were constitutional and did not violate the 14th amendment. (p. 349)

David Ruggles

An African American leader who assisted fugitive slaves to escape to free territory. (p. 215)

William Still

An African American leader, who assisted fugitive slaves to escape to free territory. (p. 215)

Marian Anderson

An African American singer who had been refused the use of Constitution Hall, she performed a special concert at the Lincoln Memorial. (p. 513)

David Walker

An African American who advocated the most radical solution to the slavery question. He argued, that slaves should take action themselves by rising up in revolt against their owners. (p. 215)

Henry Highland Garnet

An African American, who advocated the most radical solution to the slavery question. He argued that slaves should take action themselves by rising up in revolt against their owners. (p. 215)

George Washington Carver

An African-American scientist, who promoted planting of diverse crops such as peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. (p. 348)

Wampanoags

An American Indian tribe led by Metacom. (p. 31)

Grant Wood

An American Regional artist who focused on rural scenes in Iowa. He is best known for his painting "American Gothic". (p. 482)

Theodore Dreiser

An American author who wrote "The Financier" and "The Titan", novels which portrayed the avarice and ruthlessness of an industrialist. (p. 434)

Sylvester Graham

An American dietary reformer who advocated whole wheat bread and graham crackers to promote good digestion. (p. 216)

James Whistler

An American expat, he painted Arrangement in Grey and Black, popularly known as Whistler's Mother. It was a quintessential example of his study of color rather than subject. (p. 370)

Mary Cassatt

An American impressionist painter known as a portrait painter. She spent much of her life in France. (p. 370)

Eugene O'Neill

An American playwright of the 1920s. (p. 481)

George Caleb Bingham

An American realist artist, whose paintings depicted life on the frontier. (p. 211)

John Wilkes Booth

An American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. (p. 278)

William Graham Sumner

An English social philosopher, he argued for Social Darwism, the belief that Darwin's ideas of natural slection and survival of the fittest should be applied to the marketpalce and society. (p. 324)

Adlai Stevenson

An Illinois governor and the Democratic presidential nominee in 1952 and 1956. He lost both elections to Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon. (p. 580)

John Cabot

An Italian sea captain who sailed under contract to England's King Henry VII. He explored the coast of Newfoundland in 1497. (p. 9)

Massachusetts 54th Regiment

An all black regiment in the Civil War. (p. 276)

Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars)

An ambitious plan for building a high-tech system of laser and particle beams to destroy enemy missiles before they could reach the United States. Critics called it "Star Wars" and argued that the costly program would only escalate the arms races. (p. 659)

welfare capitalism

An approach to labor relations in which companies voluntarily offer their employees improved benefits and higher wages in order to reduce their interest in joining unions. (p. 479)

organic architecture

An architectural style in which the building was in harmony with its natural surroundings. (p. 370)

Brook Farm

An attempted communal experiment in Massachusetts to achieve a more natural union between intellectual and manual labor. (p. 207)

mercantilism

An economic policy in which the colonies were to provide raw materials to the parent country of growth and profit of the parent country. (p. 35)

Frederick W. Taylor

An engineer who sought to eliminate wasted motion. Famous for scientific-management, especially time-management studies. (p. 433)

Walker Expedition

An expedition by a Southern adventurer who unsuccessfully tried to take Baja California from Mexico in 1853. He took over Nicaragua in 1855 to develop a proslavery empire. His scheme collapsed when a coalition of Central American countries invaded and defeated him, and he was executed. (p. 236)

Ellis Island 1892

An immigration center opened in 1892 in New York Harbor. (p. 362)

Tuskegee Institute

An industrial and agricultural school established by Booker T. Washington to train blacks. (p. 348)

jingoism

An intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy. (p. 412)

Venezuela boundary dispute

An issue between Venezuela and the neighbouring territory, the British colony of Guiana. The United States convince Great Britain to arbitrate the dispute. (p. 412)

Standard Oil Company

An oil trust with control of many oil refinery companies, which created a monopoly in the oil industry. (p. 434)

neutrality

Around 1804, the Napoleonic wars dominated Europe. Britain was seizing U.S. ships, confiscating the cargo and forcing sailors to join the British navy. This made it difficult for President Jefferson to maintain a position of not taking sides in the conflict. (p. 136)

popular sovereignty

Around 1850, this term referred to the idea that each new territory could determine by vote whether or not to allow slavery would be allowed in that region. (p. 248)

African Americans

Around 1890, a bill to protect voting rights of African Americans passed the House but was defeated in the Senate. (p. 386)

Ashcan School

Around 1900, they painted scenes of everyday life in poor urban neighborhoods. (p. 370)

tobacco farms

As Tobacco prices fell, rice and indigo became the most profitable crops. (p. 37)

Land Ordinance of 1785

A policy that established surveying and selling of western lands. It was part of the Articles of Confederation. (p. 93)

Tammany Hall

A political machine in New York City, which developed into a power center. (p. 364)

Anti-Masonic Party

A political party, that attacked the secret societies of Masons and accused them of belonging to a privileged, anti democratic elite. (p. 192)

fascism

A political system in which people glorify their nation and their race through an aggressive show of force. Economic hardships led to the rise of military dictatorships, first in Italy, then in Japan and Germany. (p. 524)

Workingmen's Party

A political third party that was not as large as the Democrat or Whig party. (p. 192)

Iroquois Confederation

A political union of five independent American Indian tribes in the Mohawk Valley of New York. (p. 5)

Birth of a Nation

A popular silent film, which portrayed the KKK during Reconstruction as heros. (p. 486)

Auburn system

A prison system in New York which enforced rigid rules of discipline, while also providing moral instruction and work programs. (p. 213)

Braceros program

A program the American and Mexican governments agreed to, in which contract laborers would be admitted to the United States for a limited time as migrant farm workers (p. 533)

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in industrial jobs in the shipyards and defense plants during World War II. (p. 534)

Committee on Public Information

A propaganda organization that created numerous posters, short films, and pamphlets explaining the war to Americans and encouraging them to purchase war bonds to gain support for World War I. (p. 461)

Alexander Hamilton

One of the authors of the Federalist Papers. He favored a strong central government. He was George Washington's secretary of the treasury. (p. 106)

Eugene V. Debs

One of the founders of the Socialist party and the party's presidential candidate from 1900 to 1920. (p. 440)

regulatory commissions

Progressives created state regulatory commissions to monitor railroads, utilities, and business such as insurance. (p. 436)

Benjamin Wade

Radical Republican who endorsed woman's suffrage, rights for labor unions, and civil rights for northern blacks. (p. 295)

John Adams

Radical delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress. He had acted as a lawyer for British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre. (p. 85)

Samuel Adams

Radical delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress. He started Committees of Correspondence. (p. 85)

Patrick Henry

Radical delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress. Radical delegates were those demanding the greatest concessions from Great Britain. (p. 85)

Separatists

Radical dissenters to the Church of England, they were known by this name because they wanted to organized a completely separate church that was independent of royal control. They became known as Pilgrims, because of the travels. (p. 26)

railroads and middlemen

Railroads and middlemen were able to charge high or discriminatory rates in the food supply chain because they had little competition. (p. 351)

nation's first big business

Railroads created a nationwide market for goods. This encouraged mass production, mass consumption, and economic specialization. (p. 320)

Theodore Dreiser

The author of "Sister Carrie". Notable for its naturalism and controversy, as it ran contrary to the moral undercurrents of 1900. (p. 369)

survival of the fittest

The belief that Charles Darwin's ideas of natural selection in nature applied to the economic marketplace. (p. 324)

Social Darwinism

The belief that government's helping poor people weakened the evolution of the species by preserving the unfit. (p. 324)

manifest destiny

The belief that the United States had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across the breadth of North America. (p. 230)

Protestant work ethic

The believe that hard work and material success are signs of God's favor. (p. 325)

Ralph Waldo Emerson, "The American Scholar"

The best known transcendentalist, his essays and lectures expressed the individualistic and nationalistic spirit of Americans. He urged self-reliance, and independent thinking. (p. 209)

super-committee

The bipartisan committee that was to determine what the $900 billion spending cuts were to be. (p. 688)

Legislative branch

The branch of the federal government that makes the laws, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. (p. 105)

Santo Domingo

The capital of the Dominican Republic. In 1904, European powers were ready to use military power here in order to force debt payments. (p. 418)

poor regulation of financial institutions

The causes of the Great Recession will be debated for years, causes include: Excessive deregulation of the financial industry Real estate bank fraud Federal Reserve kept interest rates too low Government efforts to promote home ownership (p. 685)

census of 1890

The census of 1890 declared that except for a few pockets, the entire frontier had been settled. (p. 343)

Minutemen

The colonial militia. (p. 86)

effects on jobs

Workers and unions in the richest nations often resented globalization, because they lost their jobs to cheaper labor markets in the developing world. (p. 671)

Deborah Sampson

At the age of 21, she dressed up as a man in order to fight in the Revolutionary War. (p. 94)

civil rights, Double V

During World War II civil rights leaders encouraged African Americans to adopt the Double V slogan - one for victory, one for equality. (p 533)

Dorothea Dix

A reformer who was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. (p. 212)

Second Great Awakening

A religious movement that occurred during the antebellum period. It was a reaction against rationalism (belief in human reason). It offered the opportunity of salvation to all. (p. 207)

Teller Amendment

A resolution authorizing war, but it promised the U.S. would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war. (p. 414)

Roger Williams

A respected Puritan minister who believed that the individual's conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority. He was banished from the Bay colony for his beliefs. In 1636, he founded the settlement of Providence. (p. 29)

Bolsheviks withdraw

A second revolution in Russia by Bolsheviks (Communists) took it out of World War I. (p. 463)

Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner

A secret anti-foreign society in the 1840s. In the 1850s the society turned to politics by forming the American party. (p. 176)

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866. They used terror and violence to keep African Americans from exercising their civil rights. (p. 486)

Daniel Webster

A senator, who warned that sectionalism was dangerous for the United States. (p. 173)

Wisconsin Idea

A series of Progressive measures that included a direct primary law, tax reform, and state regulatory commissions. (p. 436)

industrial technology

After 1840, industrialization spread rapidly throughout most of the Northeast. New factories produced shoes, sewing machines, ready-to-wear clothing, firearms, precision tools, and iron products for railroads and other new products. (p. 238)

absolute monarch

Although France had this kind of government, King Louis XVI decided to help the colonies succeed in their rebellion in order to weaken Great Britain. (p. 90)

initiative, referendum, and recall

Amendments to state constitutions made changes to politics. An initiative allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures by submitting new legislature to the voters in a general direct election. A referendum is the method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the electorate for approval. A recall allowed voters to remove a politician from office before their term was completed. (p. 435)

Woodland mound builders

American Indian tribe east of the Mississippi that prospered because of a rich food supply. (p. 4)

Lakota Sioux

American Indian tribe that started using horses in the 17th century. This allowed them to change from farming to nomadic buffalo hunting. (p. 4)

longhouses

American Indians along the Pacific Coast lived in the these plank houses. (p. 4)

J. Robert Oppenheimer

American theoretical physicist and professor of physics. He led the top-secret Manhattan Project, which built the world's first atomic bomb. (p. 537)

Gertrude Stein

American writer of experimental novels, poetry, essays, operas, and plays. She called the disillusioned writers of the 1920s, a "lost generation". (p. 481)

Sinclair Lewis

American writer of the 1920s. He became the first American to receive a Nobel Prize in Literature. (p. 481)

War Production Board

During World War II, President Roosevelt established this agency to allocated scarce materials, limit or stop the production of civilian goods, and distribute contracts among competing manufacturers. (p. 531)

executive order on jobs

During World War II, President Roosevelt issued an executive order to prohibit discrimination in government and in businesses that received federal contracts. (p. 533)

wartime migration

During World War II, over 1.5 million African-Americans migrated from the South to job opportunities in the North and the West. (p. 533)

role of large corporations

During World War II, the 100 largest corporations accounted for 70 percent of wartime manufacturing. (p. 532)

Nicholas Biddle

During the 1830s, he was president of the Bank of the United States. (p. 197)

ten-hour workday

During the 1840s and 1850s, most northern state legislatures passed laws establishing a ten-hour workday for industrial workers. (p. 174)

standard of living

During the 1920s, the standard of living (physical things that make life more enjoyable) improved significantly for most Americans. Indoor plumbing and central heating became commonplace. By 1930, two-thirds of all homes had electricity. (p. 477)

foreigners and Communists

During the 1920s, widespread disillusionment with World War I, communism in the Soviet Union, and Europe's post war problems made Americans fearful of being pulled into another foreign war. (p. 486)

border states

During the Civil War the term for the the states of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. Keeping these states in the Union was a primary political and military goal of President Lincoln. They were slave states, but did not secede. (p. 269)

women in nursing

During the Civil War women played a critical role as military nurses. (p. 282)

transcontinental railroads

During the Civil War, Congress authorized land grants and loans for the building of the first transcontinenal railroad. Two new companies were formed to share the task of building the railroad. The Union Pacific started in Omaha, Nebraska, and the Central Pacific started in Sacramento, California. On May 10, 1869, at Promontory Point, Utah, a golden spike was driven into the rail ties to mark the completion of the railroad. (p. 321)

executive power

During the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln acted in unprecedented ways, often without the approval of Congress. He called for 75,000 volunteers to stop the Confederacy, authorized spending for the war, and suspended habeas corpus. (p. 270)

federal government jobs

During the Gilded Age, these jobs were given to those who were loyal their political party. (p. 381)

bank failures

During the Great Depression 20 percent of all banks failed. (p. 498)

poverty and homeless

During the Great Depression poverty and homelessness increased. (p. 499)

Federal Reserve

During the Great Depression, the Federal Reserve followed a tight money policy. Instead of trying to stabilize banks, the money supply and prices, they tried to preserve the gold standard. (p. 498)

William Rehnquist

During the Reagan administration, he was the new Supreme Court chief justice. Under his leadership the court scaled back on affirmative action in hiring and promotions and limited Roe v. Wade influence by allowing states to impose some restrictions on abortions. (p. 658)

Blanche K. Bruce

During the Reconstruction era, he represented Mississippi as a Republican U.S. Senator, from 1875 to 1881. He was the first black to serve a full term in the Senate. (p. 298)

Affordable Care Act

!in 2008, the U.S. "fee for service" medical system was the most expensive in the world, but produced mixed results. This healthcare act aimed to extend affordable health care insurance to more Americans through combinations of subsidies, mandates, and insurance exchanges while introducing medical and insurance reforms to control health care costs. Many Americans were confused by its complexity. (p. 687)

Al-Qaeda

"The Base" preached jihad, which they defined as a holy war against "Jews and Crusaders", to restore an Islamic realm in the Middle East. (p. 682)

Hiram Revels

During the Reconstruction era, this black politician, was elected to the Mississippi senate seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis before the Civil War. (p. 298)

election of 1916

Election between Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) and Charles Evans Hughes (Republican). Wilson won the election, his slogan was: "He kept us out of war". (p. 458)

McGuffey readers

Elementary school textbooks that encouraged hard work, punctuality, and sobriety. (p. 213)

Insular cases

A series of Supreme Court cases from 1901 to 1903 which arose when the United States acquired the Philippines and Puerto Rico. The court ruled that constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions and that the power to decide whether or not to grant such rights belonged to Congress. (p. 416)

Mayflower

In 1620, the boat that the Pilgrims sailed to Plymouth. (p. 26)

Gadsden Purchase

In 1853, the U.S. acquired land (present day southern New Mexico and Arizona) from Mexico for $10 million. (p. 236)

new cities

After 1820, Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, Cincinnati, and St. Louis developed as transportation points for shipping agricultural products to the East, and receiving manufactured goods from the East. (p. 175)

debt ceiling

In August 2011, as the debt ceiling closed in an agreement was reached to cut $900 billion in spending and cut an additional $1.4 trillion to be determined by a bipartisan committee. (p. 688)

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the U.S. in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. (p. 416)

Impressionism

A painting technique that originating in France. (p. 370)

National (Cumberland) Road

A paved highway that extended more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois. It was built using state and federal money over many years (1811-1852). One of the few roads crossing state boundaries. (p. 161)

Henry David Thoreau, "Walden", "On Civil Disobedience"

A pioneer ecologist and conservationist. He was an advocate of nonviolent protest against unjust laws. (p. 209)

appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. In the years 1935 to 1938, a series of military actions by Fascist dictatorships made Britain, France, and the United States nervous, but they did nothing to stop the actions. * 1935 - Italy invades Ethiopia * 1936 - German troops invade the Rhineland * 1937 - Japan invades China * 1938 - Germany takes the Sudetenland (p. 526)

isolationism

A policy of non-participation in international economic and political relations. A 1934 committee led by Senator Gerald Nye concluded the main reason for participation in World War I was because of the bankers and arm manufacturers greed. This caused the U.S. public to be against any involvement in the early stages of World War II. (p.. 525)

New Left

Activists and intellectuals who supported Tom Hayden's ideas. (p. 610)

Alien and Sedition Acts

Acts by the Federalists, which authorized the president to deport dangerous aliens, and detain enemy aliens in wartime. Made it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize the president or Congress. (p. 117)

Articles of Confederation

Adopted by Congress in 1777, it created a central government with limited powers. In 1788, it was was replaced by the Constitution. (p. 91)

consumer economy

Advertizing and new marketing techniques created a new economy. (p. 326)

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. He was deported to Jamaica and his movement collapsed. (p. 483)

causes of industrial growth

After the Civil War, a "second Industrial Revolution" because of an increase in steel production, petroleum, electrical power, and industrial machinery. (p. 323)

crop price deflation

After the Civil War, increased American and foreign food production caused a downward pressure on prices. For instance, corn per bushel prices, went from $.78 in 1867 to .$.28 in 1889. (p. 351)

sharecropping; tenant farmers

After the Civil War, most Southerners of both races remained in traditional roles and barely got by from year to year as sharecroppers and farmers. (p. 348)

New South

After the Civil War, the South was in a period of recovery. There was a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on economic diversity and laissez-faire capitalism. (p. 347)

integrated rail network

After the Civil War, the Southern railroad companies rapidly converted to standard-guage rails, which integrated them into the national rail system. (p. 347)

Mexican War aftermath

After the Mexican War ended in 1848, the Spanish-speaking landowners in California and the Southwest were guaranteed their property rights and granted citizenship. However, drawn-out legal proceeding after resulted in the sale or la of lands to new Anglo arrivals. (p. 346)

French Revolution

Americans generally supported the French people's aspiration to establish a republic, but many were horrified by the reports of mob hysteria and mass executions. Thomas Jefferson and his supporters argued that the U.S. should join France in its defensive war against Britain. However, George Washington believed that the U.S. was too young a nation and not strong enough to engage in a European war. (p. 111)

Fourteen Points

After the end of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace. It called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms, and a general association of nations. (p. 464)

reverse discrimination

After years of stagflation in the 1970s, many whites blamed their troubles on affirmative action, calling it reverse discrimination. (p. 655)

Axis Powers

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

radio, phonographs

Allowed mostly young people to listen to recorded music. The first radio station went on the air in 1920. Previously, newspapers had been the only form of mass communications. (p. 480)

segregated black troops

Almost 200,000 African Americans joined the Union army during the Civil War. (p. 276)

Mary McCauley (Molly Pitcher)

Also know as Molly Pitcher, she carried water to soldiers during the Battle of Monmouth Court House and took over her husband's gun when he was overcome by heat. (p. 94)

Twentieth Amendment

Also known as the lame-duck amendment, this amendment shortened the period between the presidential election and inauguration. The new president's term would start on January 20. (p. 502)

barnburners

Antislavery Democrats, whose defection threatened to destroy the the Democratic party. (p 248)

Arab nationalism

Arab nationalist General Gamal Nasser of Egypt, asked the United States for funds to build the Aswan Dam on the Nile River. (p. 584)

fall of dictatorships

Arab spring, civil unrest and armed rebellions toppled dictatorships in North Africa and the Middle East. (p. 689)

Anti-Federalist

Argued that the proposed Constitution contained no protection of individual rights, and that it gave the federal government too much power. They tended to be small farmers and settlers on the western frontier. (p. 106)

William Gorgas

Army physician who helped eradicate yellow fever and malaria from Panama, so work on the Panama Canal could proceed. (p. 418)

slavery

As far back as the 1500s the Spanish brought captured Africans to America to provide free labor. (p. 11)

Jacqueline Kennedy

As first lady in the early 1960s, she brought style, glamor, and appreciation of the arts to the White House. (p. 601)

wartime jobs for women

As men joined the military many of their former jobs were taken by women. (p. 462)

women in the workplace

As men went off to battle in the Civil War, women stepped into the labor vacuum, operated farms and took factory jobs customarily held by men. (p. 282)

reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay $30 billion in reparations to the Allies. (p. 488)

tenements, poverty

As rich people left residences near the business district, the buildings were often divided into small crowded windowless apartments for the poor. (p. 363)

women clerical workers

As the demand for clerical workers increased, women moved into formerly male occupations as secretaries, bookkeepers, typists, and telephone operators. (p. 328)

Gerald Ford

As vice president, he became president when Richard Nixon resigned on August 1, 1974. He was a likeable and unpretentious man, but his ability to be president was questioned by many in the media. (p. 632)

Calvin Coolidge

As vice president, he became president when Warren Harding died in August 1923. He won the presidential election of 1924, but declined to run in 1928. He was a Republican who believed in limited government. He summarized his presidency and his era with the phrase: "The business of America is business". (p. 477)

Commercial Compromise

At the Constitutional Convention Congress was allowed to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, including placing tariffs on foreign imports but prohibited for placing taxes on exports. (p. 105)

Three Fifths Compromise

At the Constitutional Convention it was agreed that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of determining a state's level of taxation and representation. (p. 105)

slave trade

At the Constitutional Convention it was agreed that the slaves could be imported for twenty more years, until 1808. At that time, Congress could vote to abolish the practice. (p. 105)

Occupation zones

At the end of World War II, Germany was divided into four regions controlled by the Soviets, United States, Britain, and France. These areas were supposed to be temporary but the Soviets maintained control of the eastern area. (p. 563)

Harry Daugherty

Attorney General under President Harding who accepted bribes for agreeing not to prosecute certain criminal suspects. (p. 476)

Sigmund Freud

Austrian psychiatrist who originated psychoanalysis. (p. 481)

Adolf Hitler

Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in the book Mein Kampf attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide in 1945, when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent. (p. 524)

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Author of "The Scarlet Letter", which questioned the intolerance and conformity in American life. (p. 211)

government spending, debt

During World War II federal spending increased 1000 percent between 1939 and 1945, and the gross national product grew by 15 percent or more each year. By the war's end, the national debt was $250 billion, five times what it had been in 1941. (p. 532)

prosperity of 1990s

During President Clinton's two terms in office the U.S. enjoyed the longest peacetime economic expansion in history, with annual growth rates of more than 4 percent. (p 668)

war debts

During World War I the United States had loaned more than $10 billion to the Allies. After the war, the United States insisted that they pay back all the debt. Great Britain and France objected because they suffered much greater losses during the war than the United States. (p. 488)

anti-German hysteria

During World War I, Germans were labeled as the cause of the war and targeted with negative ads and comments. (p. 461)

National War Labor Board

During World War I, former president William Howard Taft led this organization, which arbitrated disputes between workers and employers. (p. 461)

migration of blacks and Hispanics

During World War I, many Mexicans crossed the border to take jobs in agriculture and mining. African Americans moved to the North for new job opportunities. (p. 462)

war industry boards

During World War I, they set production priorities and established centralized control over raw materials and prices. (P. 460)

Railroad Administration

During World War I, this agency took public control of the railroads to coordinate traffic and promote standard equipment. (p. 460)

Food Administration

During World War I, this government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food for overseas shipment to the troops. (p. 460)

McCarthyism

During the early 1950s, this term was applied to the process of recklessly accusing people in the government and the arts of being Communists. (p. 571)

urbanization

Early 19th century urban working class neighborhoods featured crowded housing, poor sanitation, infectious diseases, and high rates of crime. (p. 174)

Panic of 1873

Economic panic caused by over speculation by financiers and over building by industry and railroads. In 1874, President Grant sided with the hard-money bankers who wanted gold backing of the money supply. He vetoed a bill calling for the release of additional greenbacks. (p. 302)

Square Deal

Economic policy by President Theodore Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers. (p. 438)

"Citizen" Genet

Edmund Gent, the French minister to the United States, objected to Washington's neutrality in the war between Britain and France. He appealed directly to the American people to support the French cause. France removed him from his position at the United States's request. (p. 111)

New Deal

Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan to help people at the bottom of the economic pyramid. (p. 503)

Wendell Willkie

Franklin Roosevelt's Republican opponent in the 1940 Presidential election. (p. 529)

Milton Friedman

Free market economist who gave evidence in the 1970s of a steady shift to the right, away from the liberalism of the 1960s. (p. 654)

debate over freedom

Freedom is a main theme in American history, but an essentially contested concept. Through the years it has meant many different things to different people: freedom to enslave others, equal rights for all, liberation from big government and federal regulations, unregulated capitalism, among others. (p. 672)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

French philosopher who had a profound influence on educated Americans in the 1760s and 1770s. (p. 77)

King Philip's War

From 1675 to 1676, the American Indian chief Metacom (King Philip), waged a vicious war against the English settlers in southern New England. (p. 31)

Irish potato famine

From 1820 to 1860, almost 2 million immigrants came from Ireland. Most of them were tenant farmers driven from their homeland by potato crop failures. (p. 176)

mineral resources

From 1848 to the 1890s, gold and silver strikes occurred in what became the states of California, Colorado, Nevada, Montana, Arizona, and South Dakota. (p. 340)

former Confederacy, "Solid South"

From 1877 until the 1950s, the Democrats could count on winning every election here. (p. 381)

Virginia House of Burgesses

In 1619, just 12 years after the founding of Jamestown, Virginia's colonists organized the first representative assembly in America, the Virginia House of Burgesses. (p. 27)

business prosperity

From 1919 to 1929, manufacturing output rose a spectacular 64 percent due to increased productivity, energy technologies, and governmental policy which favored the growth of big business. (p. 478)

India, Pakistan, Indonesia

From 1947 to 1949, these three countries gained their independence. (p. 582)

Mayas

From A.D. 300 to 800, this highly developed civilization built large cities in what is today's southern Mexico and Guatemala. (p. 2)

immigration

From the 1830s to the 1850s, four million people came from northern Europe to the United States. (p. 175)

new immigrants

From the 1890s to 1914, they came to the United States from southern and eastern Europe. Mostly non-Protestant, poor and illiterate. (p. 361)

New Deal coalition

From the 1930s to 1960s, this political coalition consisted of the Solid South, white ethnic groups in cities, midwestern farmers, labor unions, and liberals. (p. 508)

Cold War

From the late 1940's to 1991, it dominated international relations. The Communist empire of the Soviet Union against the Western democracy of the United States. It was fought mainly through diplomacy rather than armed conflict, but brought the world dangerously close to a nuclear war. (p. 561)

executive departments; cabinet

George Washington organized new departments of the executive (law-enforcing) branch. These appointments had to be confirmed by the Senate. The term for the heads of the executive departments appointed by the president. (p. 110)

permanent alliances

George Washington's farewell address warned against in having permanent alliances in foreign affairs. (p. 115)

submarine warfare

Germany's greatest hope against British sea power was this new type of warfare. (p. 455)

Soviet satellites

Gorbachev declared that he would no longer support the various Communist governments of Eastern Europe with Soviet armed forces. (p 662)

divided government

Governance divided between the parties, as when one party holds the presidency and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress. (p. 381)

cooperatives

Grangers established these business, owned and run by the farmers, to save the costs charged by middlemen. (p. 351)

Jamestown

In 1607, the first permanent English colony in America was founded at this location. The Virginia Company, was a a joint-stock company chartered by England's King James I. (p. 25)

Ralph Nader, "Unsafe at Any Speed"

His 1965 book lead Congress to pass automobile industry regulations that would save thousands of lives. (p. 606)

Henry Hobson Richardson

His architectural designs of the 1870s, based on the Romanesque style, gave a gravity and stateliness to functional commercial buildings. (p. 370)

Horatio Alger Stories self-made man

His novels portrayed young men who became wealth through honesty, hard work and a little luck. In reality these rags to riches stories were somewhat rare. (p. 327)

Henry Clay; American System

His proposed plan for advancing the nation's economic growth consisted of three parts: 1) protective tariffs, 2) a national bank, and 3) internal improvements. The internal improvements, to be funded by the national government, were not approved because James Monroe felt that the Constitution did not allow it. (p. 152)

Mexican Cession

Historical name for the former Mexican provinces of California and New Mexico that were ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. (p 234)

New Hampshire

Hoping to increase royal control in the colonies, King Charles II separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts in 1679 and made it a royal colony. (p. 31)

ethnic cleansing

Hundred of thousands of ethnic and religious minorities were killed in Bosnia and Kosovo by the Serbian dictator Milosevic. (p. 670)

Salvation Army

Imported from England in 1879, this charity provided the basic necessities of life for the homeless and the poor while also preaching Christian Gospel. (p. 366)

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

In 1494, this treaty between Spain and Portugal, moved the line of demarcation that the pope had established a few degrees to the west. (p. 8)

Valladolid Debate

In 1550-1551, in Valladolid, Spain, a formal debate concerning the role of American Indians in the Spanish colonies. (p. 11)

Roanoke Island

In 1587, Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to establish a settlement here, but it failed. (p. 9)

Zachary Taylor

In 1845, this U.S. general, moved his troops into disputed territory in Texas, between the Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers. Eleven of his soldiers were killed by Mexican troops and President James Polk used the incident to justify starting the Mexican War. He used of force of 6,000 to invade northern Mexico and won a major victory at Buena Vista. In 1848, he was elected president. (p. 233, 234)

Wilmot Proviso

In 1846, the first year of the Mexican War, this bill would forbid slavery in any of the new territories acquired from Mexico. the bill passed the House twice, but was defeated in the Senate. (p. 234)

Frederick Douglass; The North Star

In 1847, this former slave started the antislavery journal, "The North Star". (p. 215)

Free-Soil party

In 1848, Northerns organized this party to advocate that the new Western states not allow slavery and provide free homesteads. Their slogan was, "free soil, free labor, free men". (p. 248)

Spanish-speaking areas

In 1848, the New Mexico territories, border towns, and the barrios of California were dominant spanish-speaking regions. (p. 346)

mining frontier, boomtowns

In 1848, the discovery of gold in California caused the first flood of newcomers to the territory. Gold and silver were later discovered in many other areas of the west. These discoveries caused towns to grow up very quickly, then often lose population and collapse after the mining was no longer profitable. (p. 340)

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

In 1848, this treaty ended the Mexican War. Under its terms, Mexico recognized the Rio Grande as the border with Texas, Mexico ceded the California and New Mexico territories to the United States. The United States agreed to pay Mexico $15 million and assumed responsibility for any claims of American citizens against Mexico. (p. 234)

Seneca Falls Convention

In 1848, this was the first women's rights convention in U.S. history. They wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments", modeled after the Declaration of Independence, which declared all men and women equal and listed grievances. (p. 214)

federal land grants

In 1850, the U.S. government gave 2.6 million acres of federal land to build the Illinois Central railroad from Lake Michigan to Gulf of Mexico. (p. 238)

Franklin Pierce

In 1852, he was elected the fourteenth president of the United States. (p. 236)

Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin

In 1852, she wrote this influential book about the conflict between a slave named Tom, and a brutal white slave owner, Simon Legree. It caused a generation of Northerners and many Europeans to regard all slave owners as cruel and inhuman. Southerners believed it to be proof of Northern prejudice against the Southern way of life. (p. 250)

Tampico incident

In April 1914, some U.S. sailors were arrested in Tampico, Mexico. President Wilson used the incident to send U.S. troops into northern Mexico. His real intent was to unseat the Huerta government there. After the Niagara Falls Conference, Huerta abdicated and the confrontation ended. (p. 423)

declaration of war

In April 1917, President Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany. (p. 460)

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) trained Cuban exiles to attempt the invasion of Cuba and the overthrow of Fidel Castro. The invasion failed and Castro tightened his grip on Cuba. (p. 602)

escalation of troops

In April 1965, President Johnson used U.S. combat troops in Vietnam for the first time. Johnson continued a step-by-step escalation and by March 1969 there were 540,000 troops deployed to Vietnam. (p. 613)

King assassination

In April 1968, while standing on a motel balcony in Memphis, Tennessee Martin Luther King was shot and killed by a white man. Riots erupted in hundreds of cities across the U.S. and resulted in 46 deaths. (p. 609)

Kent State

In April 1970, President Nixon expanded the war by using U.S. forces to invade Cambodia. A nationwide protest against this action on U.S. college campuses resulted in the killing of four youths by National Guard troops at Kent State in Ohio. (p. 626)

fall of Saigon

In April 1975, the U.S supported government in Saigon fell and Vietnam became one country under Communist rule. (p. 633)

Beirut bombings

In April 1983, an Arab suicide bomber killed 63 people at the U.S. embassy in Beirut. A few months later, an Arab terrorist drove a bomb-filled truck into a U.S. Marines barracks, killing 241 servicemen. (p. 660)

Prohibitory Act

In August 1775, Britain's King George III agreed to this act passed by Parliament, and declared the colonies were in rebellion. (p. 87)

Atlantic Charter

In August 1941, U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill met aboard a ship off the coast of Newfoundland. They created this agreement which outlined the principles for peace after the war. (p. 530)

March on Washington

In August 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King led one of the largest and most the successful demonstrations in U.S. history when about 200,000 blacks and whites took part in this peaceful march. The highlight was Dr. King's famous "I Have a Dream Speech" at the Lincoln Memorial. (p. 607)

Martin Luther King Jr.

In August 1963, he led 200,000 people in a peaceful March on Washington. (p. 607)

Saddam Hussein

In August 1990, this Iraqi dictator invaded oil-rich Kuwait. This invasion threatened Western oil sources. (p. 664)

Ulysses S. Grant

In early 1862, this Union general led his troops from Illinois to capture Fort Henry and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River (branch of the Mississippi). These victoires opened up the state of Mississippi to attack by the Union. A Confederate army surprised him at Shiloh, Tennessee, but the his army held its ground and finally forced the Confederates to retreat after 23,000 total casualties. In July 1863, he captured Vicksburg, Mississippi and the Union now controlled the Mississippi River. In early 1864 Lincoln made him commander of all the Union armies. As General Robert E. Lee tried to flee to mountains with army of less than 30,000 men he cut off his army and forced them to surrender at Appomattox Court House. (p. 273, 274, 277, 278)

peaceful coexistence

In early 1956, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, gave a speech in which he denounced the crimes of Joseph Stalin and supported "peaceful coexistence" with the West. (p. 585)

romantic movement

In early 19th century Europe, art and literature emphasized intuition and feelings, individual acts of heroism, and the study of nature. In America, similar themes were expressed by the transcendentalists. (p. 209)

Operation Iraq Freedom

In early 2003, President Bush declared that Iraq had not complied with numerous U.N. resolutions, and that "the game was over". In March 2003 the United States launched air attacks on Iraq, and within 4 weeks U.S., British, and other allies captured the capital city, Baghdad. (p. 684)

2007 troop surge

In early 2007, President George W. Bush sent an additional 30,000 troops in a "surge" to establish order in Iraq. (p. 684)

Fannie May, Freddie Mac

In early 2008 the federal government took over these two quasi-governmental mortgage institutions. (p. 685)

withdrawal from Iraq

In early 2009, President Obama developed a plan to wind down US ground combat operations in Iraq. In 2011, the last of U.S. forces were withdrawn. However, Sunni and Al-Qaeda insurgents continued to terrorize the majority Shiite government. (p. 688)

colonial legislatures

In every colony, the legislature consisted of two houses. In every colony, the members of the lower house were elected by eligible voters. In the royal and proprietary colonies, the members of the upper house were appointed by the king or the proprietor. Only in Rhode Island and Connecticut, the members of both houses were elected by eligible voters. (p. 54)

axis of evil

In his 2002 State of the Union Address, President George W. Bush used this term for the countries of North Korea, Iraq, and Iran. (p. 683)

November 11, 1918

On this date, Germany signed a World War I armistice in which they agreed to surrender their arms, give up much of their navy, and evacuate occupied territory. (p. 463)

September 11, 2001

On this date, know as 9/11, Al-Qaeda terrorists flew planes into World Trade Center twin towers, the Pentagon, and crashed a jetliner into a field in Pennsylvanian. Nearly 3,000 people were killed in the attacks. The attacks galvanized public opinion as nothing since the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941. (p. 682)

sexual revolution

One aspect of counterculture that continued beyond the 1960s was a change in many Americans' attitudes toward sexual expression. (p. 611)

compass

One aspect of the Renaissance was a gradual increase in scientific knowledge and technological change. Europeans made improvements in the inventions of others. this invention was used in sailing. (p. 5)

Mary McLeod Bethune

One of the African Americans that was appointed to middle-level positions in federal government. She was a leader of efforts for improving education and economic opportunities for women. (p. 513)

Administration of Justice Act

One of the Coercive Acts, which allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England instead of the colonies. (p. 75)

Port Act

One of the Coercive Acts, which closed the port of Boston, prohibiting trade in and out of the harbor until the destroyed tea was paid for. (p. 75)

Massachusetts Government Act

One of the Coercive Acts, which reduced the power of the Massachusetts legislature while increasing the power of the royal governor. (p. 75)

taxes and bonds

President Wilson raised $33 million in two years by increasing taxes and selling Liberty Bonds. (p. 461)

Mexican civil war

President Wilson's moral approach to foreign affairs was severely tested by a revolution and civil war in Mexico. He refused to recognize the military dictatorship of General Victoriano Huerta, who had seized power in Mexico in 1913 by arranging to assassinate the democratically elected president. (p. 423)

anti-imperialism

President Woodrow Wilson differed from his Republican presidential predecessors. He believed that the U.S. should not expand its territory overseas. (p. 421)

military intervention

President Woodrow Wilson used military action to influence Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. (p. 423)

Wilson's stroke

President Woodrow Wilson went on a speaking tour to rally public support for the Treaty of Versailles which required joining the League of Nations. In September 1919, he collapsed after delivering a speech in Colorado. He returned to Washington and a few days later suffered a massive stroke from which he never recovered. (p. 466)

Timothy Dwight

President of Yale College, he helped initiate the Second Great Awakening. His campus revivals inspired many young men to become evangelical preachers. (p. 207)

Boris Yeltsin

President of the Russian Republic, he formed the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). He disbanded the Communist party in Russia and attempted to establish a democracy and a free-market economy. (p. 663)

Battle of Lake Erie

Probably the most important U.S. naval victory in the War of 1812. Captain Oliver Hazard Perry led the U.S. to victory against the British. (p. 140)

Palmer raids

Prompted by a series of unexplained bombings, in 1920, this operation was coordinated by Attorney General Mitchell Palmer. Federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organizations in many cities. (p. 467)

Tallmadge Amendment

Proposed solution to Missouri becoming a state. It forbade slavery in Missouri and said that all black children would be free after the age of 25. It did not pass in the Senate and angered the South. (p. 156)

civil service reform

Public outrage over the assassination of President Garfield pushed Congress to remove some jobs from control of party patronage. (p. 384)

large department stores

R.H. Macy and Marshall Field made these stores the place to shop in urban centers. (p. 326)

election of 1892, Cleveland returns

The 1892 presidential election was between President Benjamin Harrison and former president Grover Cleveland. Cleveland became the only president to win a presidential election after having left the office. (p. 387)

William Jennings Bryan

The 1896 Democratic nominee for president. (p. 388)

decline of traditional rural-agricultual

The 1896 election marked the point of decline of rural America's power in national politics. (p. 390)

rise of modern urban industrial society

The 1896 election was a victory for big business, urban centers, conservative economics, and moderate middle-class values. Rural America lost its dominance of American politics. (p. 390)

Art Deco

The 1920's modernistic art style that captured modernistic simplification of forms, while using machine age materials. (p. 482)

spirit of Geneva

The 1955 meeting in Geneva, which produced the first thaw in the Cold War. (p. 585)

Chicago convention

The 1968 Democratic Convention was held in Chicago. Television showed what looked like a "police riot" as antiwar protesters were brutally beaten. (p. 616)

Internet, e-commerce

The 1990s saw growth in the Internet and in electronic commerce (purchases made online). (p. 668)

welfare reform

The 1996 budget reform which left Medicare and Social Security benefits intact, limited welfare benefits to five years under the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act. (p. 667)

rise of South and West

The 2000 census reported the population of the United States was 281.4 million people. The fastest growing regions were the West and the South. Greater populations meant more congressional representatives and electoral votes. (p. 671)

My Lai

The American public was shocked to learn about a 1968 massacre of women and children by U.S. troops in the Vietnamese village of My Lai. (p. 626)

unicameral Legislature

The Articles of Confederation established a central government that consisted of just one body, a Congress. In this unicameral (one-house) legislature, each state was given one vote, with at least 9 of 13 votes required to pass important laws. (p. 92)

Albany Plan of Union

The British government called for representatives from several colonies to meet in Albany, New York in 1754, to provide for an inter-colonial government to recruit troops and collect taxes. Each colony was too jealous of its own taxation powers to accept the plan. (p. 70)

impressment

The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them to serve in the British navy. (p. 136)

Kyoto Accord

The Bush administration refused to join this climate agreement to prevent global warming. (p. 683)

against prohibition

The Catholics, Lutherans, and Jews were generally against this policy. (p. 381)

war's long term effects

The Civil War had long term effects on women. The field of nursing was now open to women for the first time. The enormous responsibilities undertaken by women gave impetus to the movement to obtain equal voting rights for women. (p. 282)

Kim Il Sung

The Communist leader of North Korea during the Korean War. (p. 568)

Mao Zedong

The Communist leader of the People's Republic of China. He overthrew Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists. (p. 567)

Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP)

The Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 created this controversial program. The federal government used $700 million to purchase failing assets, that included mortgages and mortgage-related securities, from financial institutions. Conservatives called it socialism, and liberals called it a bailout of the people who had caused the problems in the first place. (p. 685)

sectionalism

The Era of Good Feelings was damaged by the sectional controversy of the Missouri Compromise. Sectionalist tension over slavery became apparent during this period (1817-1825). (p. 150, 157)

Suffolk Resolves

The First Continental Congress adopted this statement. It rejected the Intolerable Acts and called for their repeal. It also urged the colonies to make military preparations and organize boycotts against British goods. (p. 86)

Declaration for Rights and Grievances

The First Continental Congress passed this resolutions urging the king to make right colonial grievances and restore colonial rights. (p. 86)

weak presidents

The Gilded Age presidents were not memorable and only served one term. (p. 380)

budget deficits

The Great Recession lowered federal income tax collected and increased spending on recovery programs. The annual federal deficit tripled to $1.75 trillion in 2009. The national debt rose to $16 trillion by 2012. (p. 688)

effects of Great Recession

The Great Recession started in late 2007. The stock market dropped dramatically but recovered by 2013, unemployment peaked at 10 percent in 2009 and stayed at 7 percent until 2013. Obama enacted a number of Keynesian programs to promote recovery. (p. 687)

Hamiltonian tradition

The Hamilton tradition supported a strong central government. (p. 381)

Queen Liliuokalani

The Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests. (p. 414)

Hollywood blacklists

The House Un-American Activities Committee created a list of people who would be denied work in the film industry. (p. 570)

Huguenots; Dutch; Swedes

The Huguenots (French Protestants), the Dutch, and the Swedes came to the colonies. By 1775, these groups comprised 5 percent of the colonial population. (p. 46)

federal treaty policies

The Indian Appropriation Act of 1871 ended recognition of tribes as independent nations by the federal government and nullified previous treaties made with the tribes. (p. 345)

Helen Hunt Jackson

The author of "A Century of Dishonor", which created sympathy for Native Americans, but also generated support for ending American Indian culture through assimilation. (p. 345)

Dow Jones index

The Wall Street stock market index. In September 1929 the index was at a high of 381, in three months it fell to 198. Three years later, the index would finally hit bottom at 41, less than one-ninth of the peak. (p. 497)

enemies list

The White House created this list of prominent Americans who opposed Nixon or the Vietnam War. (p. 630)

Treaty of Versailles

The World War I peace conference which included the victorious Allied Powers (United States, Great Britain, and France). The defeated Germany agreed to the following terms: 1) Germany had to disarm. 2) Germany had to pay war reparations. 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing the war. 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons. 5) Germany had to accept French occupation of the Rhineland for 15 years. 6) Territories taken from Germany: Austria-Hungary, and Russia were given their independence (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia) 7) Signers joined the League of Nations which includes Article X; that each member nation would stand ready to protect the independence and territorial integrity of the other nations. (p. 465)

desegregation

The action of incorporating a racial or religious group into a community. (p. 588)

Regents of University of California v. Bakke

The admissions policies of one medical school were challenged. The Supreme Court ruled that while race could be considered, the school had created racial quotas, which were unconstitutional. Conservatives used this decision to intensified their campaign to end all preferences based on race and ethnicity. (p. 655)

a splendid little war

The ambassador to England wrote to his friend, Teddy Roosevelt, with these words because of low casualties in the war against Spain. (p. 414)

21st Amendment

The amendment which ended the prohibition of alcohol in the United States, it repealed the 18th amendment. (p. 485)

the frontier

The area that was newly settled in the West, it moved further west over time. (p. 181)

T. S. Eliot

Thomas Stearns Eliot was an essayist, publisher, playwright, literary and social critic, and one of the twentieth century's major poets. (p. 481)

bonus march

Thousands of unemployed World War I veterans marched to Washington, D.C. and set up encampments to demand immediately payment of the bonuses promised to them at a later date. The Army, led by General Douglas MacArthur broke up the encampment. (p. 501)

old immigrants

Through the 1880s, they came to the United States from northern and western Europe. They were mostly Protestant and had a high-level of literacy. (p. 361)

American Indian Movement

To achieve American Indian self-determination and revival of tribal traditions this organization was founded in 1968. (p. 638)

nonviolent protest

To call attention to the injustice of segregated facilities students would deliberately invite arrest by sitting in restricted areas. (p. 590)

Specie Circular

To check inflationary, President Andrew Jackson issued a presidential order that required all future purchases of federal lands be made with gold or silver rather than paper bank notes. (p. 198)

U.S. joined international force

To protect American lives and property, U.S. troops participated in an international force that marched into Peking (Beijing) and quickly crushed the rebellion of the Boxers. (p. 417)

Cleveland threatens lower tariff

Toward the end of Grover Cleveland's first term he urged Congress to lower the tariff rates. (p. 385)

unions

Trade unions were organized as early as the 1790s when the factory system started to take hold. A prime goal of the early unions was a 10 hour workday. (p. 163)

historians: traditionalists vs. revisionists

Traditional historians believe the Cold War was started by the Soviet government subjugating the countries of Eastern Europe in the late 1940s. In the 1960s, revisionist historians began to argue that the United States contributed to starting the Cold War. (p. 572)

Conciliation treaties

Wilson's commitment to democracy was shared by Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan. Bryan negotiated treaties in which nations pledged to submit disputes to international commissions and observe a one-year cooling-off period before taking military action. Thirty of these treaties were negotiated. (p. 422)

aid to auto industry

With General Motors and and Chrysler near collapse, the Obama administration stepped in to help. The government temporarily took over General Motors while in bankruptcy, and guided the sale of Chrysler to Italian automaker Fiat. (p. 687)

4 million freedmen

With the passage of the thirteenth amendment in 1865, 4 million African Americans were now free. (p. 282)

INF agreement

With this agreement, Reagan and Gorbachev agreed to remove and destroy all intermediate-range missiles. (p. 661)

Security Council

Within the United Nations, this council consisted of 15 members. There were five permanent members that had veto power: United States, Great Britain, France, China, and the Soviet Union. (p. 562)

women's rights movement

Women started this movement because they resented the way men relegated them to secondary roles in the reform movements. (p. 214)

attitudes toward suffrage

Women's contribution to the war effort prompted President Wilson and Congress to support the 19th amendment. (p. 462)

causes of labor discontent

Worker's discontent was caused by performing monotonous task required completion within a certain time, dangerous working conditions, and exposure to chemicals and pollutants. (p. 328)

Letter of the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes

Written by Angelina and Sarah Grimke, it protested males opposition to their abolitionist work. (p. 214)

Poor Richard's Almanack

Written by Benjamin Franklin, this book written in 1732 and annually revised, contained aphorisms and advice. (p. 51)

Patrick Henry

Young Virginian lawyer who coined the phrase "No taxation without representation" in his speech to the House of Burgesses. (p. 73)