amsco period 3 chapter 6

democratic republican

_______ lawmakers elected in 1800 took control of both the house and the senate when a new congress met in march 1801

democratic republicans, 1st, judicial review, kentucky, virginia, compact

________ argued that the alien and sedition acts violated rights guaranteed by the _____ amendment of the constitution-in 1799, however, the supreme court had not yet established the principle of _________; dem/rep leaders challenged the legislation of the fed congress by enacting nullifying laws of their own in the state legislature; the _______ legislature adopted a resolution introduced by jefferson, and the _______ legislature adopted a resolution introduced by madison; both resolutions stated that the states had entered into a _______ in forming the national government, and, therefore, if any act of the federal government broke the compact, a state could nullify the federal law (only kentucky and va adopted nullifying resolutions)

thomas jefferson, bank, washington

________ argued that the constitution did not give congress the power to create a ______; but hamilton took a broader view of the constitution, arguing that the document's necessary and proper clause authorized congress to do whatever was necessary to carry out its enumerated powers; george _________ supported hamilton and the proposed bank was voted into law (it was privately owned)

alexander hamilton, debt, face value, infant, tariffs, bank, northern merchants

________, secretary of the treasury, presented to congress a plan for putting us finances on a stable foundation hamilton's plan included three main actions 1. pay off the national _____ at _______ and have the federal government assume the was debts of the states 2. protect the young nation's _____ (new and developing) industries and collect adequate revenues at the same time by imposing high _______ on imported goods 3. create a national _____ for depositing government funds and printing banknotes that would provide the basis for a stable us currency support for this program came chiefly from ___________, who would gain directly from high tariffs and a stabilized currency

samuel adams, john hancock

_________ and _________ were not chosen as delegates for the philadelphia convention (too radical)

federalists

_________ argued that since members of congress would be elected by the people, they did not need to be protected against themselves-furthermore, people should assume that all rights were protected rather than create a limited list of rights that might allow unscrupulous officials to assert that unlisted rights could be violated at will

thomas jefferson, alexander hamilton, washington dc

____________ and his supporters agreed to __________'s urgent insistence that the us government pay off the national debt at face value and also assume payment of the war debts of the states-in return for jefferson's support on this vital aspect of his plan, hamilton agreed to jefferson's idea to establish the nation's capital in the south along the potomac river (named _______ after washington's death)

legislative, executive, judicial

decisions of congress __________ branch president-head of the __________ branch supreme court-top court in ___ branch

john adams, federalists, alien, sedition, taxes

during the presidency of ________, the ________ rapidly lost popularity-people disliked the ____ and ______ acts and complained about the new ____ imposed by the feds to pay the costs of preparing for a war against france-though adams avoided war, he had persuaded congress that building up the us navy was necessary for the nation's defense

european, alliances, political parties, sectionalism

farewell address washington warned the people not to... get involved in _____ affairs make permanent _____ in foreign affairs form _________ fall into _______

permanent alliances, political parties

for the next century, future presidents would heed as gospel washington's warning against _________; however, in the case of __________, washington was already behind the times, since they were well on their way to becoming a vital part of the american political system

virginia, patrick henry, george mason, bill of rights

in 1788, ________ was the most populous of the original 13 states-there, the anti feds rallied behind two strong leaders, _______ and _______ (full names, alphabetical), who viewed the constitution and a strong central government as threats to americans' hard won liberty virginia's feds, led by washington, madison, and john marshall, managed to prevail by a close vote only after promising a __________

northwest confederacy, little turtle, british, fallen timbers, greenville

in an effort to resist settlers' encroachment on their lands, a number of the native american tribes formed the _____________; initially the tribes, including the shawnee, delaware, iroquois, and others under the miami war chief ________, won a series of bloody victories over the local militia-americans on the frontier were incensed by evidence that the ______ were supplying the american indians with arms and encouraging them to attack the 'intruding' americans-in 1794, the us army led by general anthony wayne defeated the tribes at the battle of _______ in nw ohio-the next year, the chiefs of the defeated peoples agreed to the treaty of _______, in which they surrendered claims to the ohio territory and promised to open it up to settlement

factions, constitution, national

in colonial times, groups of legislators commonly formed temporary _________ and voted together either for or against a specific policy-when an issue was settled, the factions would dissolve-the dispute between feds and anti feds over the ratification of the _________ closely resembled the factional disputes of an earlier period-what was unusual about this conflict was that it was organized (at least by the feds) across state lines and in that sense prefigured the _____ parties that emerged soon afterward

french, british

in foreign policy, the dem/reps were pro _____ while the federalists were pro ________

bill of rights

in order to win adoption of the constitution in the ratifying conventions, the feds finally backed off their position and promised to add a ________ to the constitution as the first order of business for a newly elected congress

checks, balances

madison and other delegates wanted the new constitution to be based on a system of _____ and ______ so that the power of each branch would be limited by the powers of the others

new york city, george washington

members of the first congress under the constitution were elected in 1788 and began their first session in march 1789 in _______ (then the nation's temporary capital); _____ was the electoral college's unanimous choice for president

new york, alexander hamilton

news of va's vote had enough influence on ______'s ratifying convention (combined with ________'s efforts) to win the day for the constitution-nc in nov 1789 and ri in may 1790 reversed their earlier rejections and thus became the last two states to ratify the constitution as the new supreme law of the land

interstate, foreign, export taxes, commercial compromise, tariffs

northern states wanted c gov to regulate ________ commerce and _____ trade south was afraid that __________ would be placed on its agricultural products such as tobacco and rice-the _____________ allowed congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, including placing _______ (taxes) on foreign imports, but it prohibited placing taxes on any exports

edmond genet, directly

objecting to washington's policy of neutrality, 'citizen' _____, the french minister to the united states, broke all the normal rules of diplomacy by appealing _______ to the american people to support the french cause so outrageous was his conduct that even jefferson approved of washington's request to the french government that they remove the offending diplomat recalled by his government, genet chose to remain in the united states, where he married and became a us citizen

two terms, franklin roosevelt, constitution

one long range consequence of washington's decision to leave office after _______ was that later presidents followed his example (even though there was no actual limit)-the tradition broke in 1940 when _______ won election to a third term-then, the 22nd amendment, ratified in 1951, made the two term limit a part of the __________

patrick henry

opposed any growth in federal power and thus refused to take part in the philadelphia convention

proclamation of neutrality, thomas jefferson

resisting popular clamor, in 1793 washington issued a __________ in the french revolution conflict; _______ resigned from the cabinet in disagreement with washington's policy

10 amendments

1st: freedom of expression 2nd: right to bear arm. 3rd: prohibits quartering of soldiers 4th: no search or seizure without warrant and probable cause 5th: due process 6th: fair trial. 7th: trial by jury 8th: cruel and unusual punishment 9th: rights of the people not specifically addressed in the Constitution 10th: Powers not specifically left to anyone are reserved to the states and the people

framers, nine

9/17/1787, after 17 weeks of debate-the phil con approved a draft of the constitution to submit to the states for ratification-anticipating opposition to the document, the ______ (delegates) specified that a favorable vote of only _____ states out of thirteen would be required for ratification-each state would hold popularly elected conventions to debate and vote on the proposed constitution

john adams, thomas jefferson, adams, jefferson

after washington's presidency, the federalists nominated _______, while former secretary of state _________ was the choice of the democratic republicans _______ (last name) won by three electoral votes, thus _____ (last name) became vice president (as the original constitution stated) since the ratification of the 12th amendment in 1804, the president and vice president have run as a team

hamilton, whiskey, pennsylvania, farmers, liberties

alexander _______, to make up the revenue lost because the tariffs were lower than what he wanted, persuaded congress to pass excise taxes, particularly on the sale of ______; in western ________, the refusal of a group of ______ to pay the federal excise tax on whiskey seemed to pose a major challenge to the viability of the us government under the constitution-the rebelling farmers could ill afford to pay a tax on the whiskey that they distilled from surplus corn-rather than pay the tax, they defended their '________' by attacking the revenue collectors

philadelphia convention, george washington, james madison

all of the delegates attending the ____________ were white, male, wealthy, and college educated-meetings were conducted in secret _______ was unanimously elected chairperson-ben franklin (81 years old) provided a calming and unifying influence the work in fashioning specific articles of the constitution was directed by ___________ (came to be known as the father of the constitution), hamilton, morris, and john dickinson shared common goal of wanting to strengthen the us

french, monarchy, thomas jefferson

americans generally supported the _____ people's aspirations to establish a republic, but were also horrified by the mob hysteria and mass executions to complicate matters, the us french alliance remained in effect, although it was an alliance with the french _______, not with the revolutionary republic ________ and his supporters sympathized with the revolutionary cause and thought that the us should join france in its defensive war aginast britain (gbr was seizing american merchant ships bound for french ports)

french, x, y, z, bribes, alexander hamilton, john adams

americans were angered by reports that us merchant ships were being seized by _____ warships and privateers-seeking a peaceful settlement, the president sent a delegation to paris to negotiate with the french government-certain french ministers, known only as ____, ____, and ____ (names never revealed), requested ____ as the basis for entering into negotiations (americans refused)-this infuriated many americans, who now wanted to wage war on france (millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute)-one faction of the federalists, led by ________, hoped that by going to war the united states could gain french and spanish lands in n america president ________ (full name) resisted the popular sentiment for war (us army and navy not strong enough); he sent new ministers to paris

federalists, naturalization act, 14, alien acts, sedition act

anger against france strengthened the ________ in the elections of 1798 enough to win a majority in both houses-the feds took advantage of the victory by enacting laws that restricted the dem/reps ex, since most immigrants voted dem/rep, the feds passed the _______, which increased from 5 to ___ the years required for immigrants to qualify for us citizenship-they also passed the ______, which authorized the president to deport aliens considered dangerous and to detain enemy aliens in time of war most seriously, they passed the ______, which made it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize either the president or congress and imposed fines/imprisonment for editors who violated the law

executive, senate, thomas jefferson, alexander hamilton, henry knox, edmund randolph, cabinet

as chief executive, washington's first task was to organize new departments of the _________ branch-the constitution authorizes the president to appoint chiefs of departments (must be confirmed/approved by ________); washington appointed four heads of departments; ________ as secretary of state, _______ as secretary of the treasury, _______ as secretary of war, and __________ as attorney general these four men formed a ____ of advisers with whom president washington met regularly to discuss major policy issues (presidents still meet with their cabinets today)

jay treaty, fallen timbers, public land act

in the 1790s, the _____ and the victory at the battle of ____ gave the government control of vast tracts of land-congress encouraged the rapid settlement of these lands by passing the ______ in 1796, which established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at reasonable prices-process for adding new states to the union went smoothly-vt was the first new state, followed by kentucky and tn

federalist era, hamilton, democratic republican, jefferson, french revolution, neutrality

in the _________ (1790s-dominated by federalist policies), political parties began to form around two leading figures; the federalist party supported _____ and his financial program-an opposition party known as the ___________ party supported _______; the ________ further solidified the formation of national political parties-americans divided sharply over whether to support france or not; a large number of them followed jefferson's lead in openly challenging washington's policy of _________

madison, hamilton, jay, federalist papers

james _______, alexander _______, and john ______ wrote the ___________, a group of 85 highly persuasive essays that presented reasons for believing in the practicality of each major provision of the constitution

democratic republican

james madison was a _____ (political party)

virginia plan, new jersey plan, connecticut plan, great compromise, senate, house of representatives

phil con-divisive-should larger states have more representatives madison's proposal, the _________, favored the large states-it was countered by the ________, which favored the small states-the issue was finally resolved by a compromise; roger sherman of connecticut proposed what was called the _________ (state name followed by plan) or the _________ provided for a two house congress-in the _______, states would have equal representation, but in the _______, each state would be represented according to the size of its population

four years

phil con-president's term limited to _____ but no limit on number of terms

electors, representatives, senators, electoral college

phil con-the delegates decided to assign to each state a number of _______ equal to the total of that state's ____________ and ________; this _______ system was instituted because the delegates debated what powers to give the president-they finally decided to grant the president considerable power, ie vetoing acts of congress

nationalists, hamilton, madison

phil convention-delegates disagreed-some just wanted to revise the articles, but strong __________, such as _______ and _______ (alphabetical last names only) wanted to draft an entirely new document-the nationalists quickly took control of the convention

federalists, democratic republicans

political parties the _____ were strongest in the northeastern states and advocated the growth of federal power the ______ were strongest in the southern states and on the w frontier and argued for states' rights

federalists, anti federalists, cities, farmers

ratification of the constitution was debated from sept 1787 until june 1788-supporters of the constitution and its strong federal government were known as _______; opponents were known as _________; federalists most common along the atlantic coast and in the large ______ while anti federalists tended to be small ________ and settlers on the western frontier

trade, credit, economic depression, taxes

reduced foreign _______ and limited ______ because states had not fully repaid war debts contributed to widespread ___________; the inability to levy national ______ and the printing of worthless paper money by many states added to the problems-also, the states treated one another with suspicion and competed for economic advantage

treaty of paris, loyalists, articles of confederation, britain

relations between us and europe were troubled from the start-states failed to adhere to the ________, which required that they restore property to ______ and repay debts to foreigners-also, the us government under the _________ was too weak to stop ______ from maintaining military outposts on the western frontier and restricting trade

jay treaty, spain, catholic, thomas pinckney, mississippi, new orleans, 31st

seeing the _______ as a sign that the us might be drawing closer to spain's longtime foe gbr, spain decided to consolidate its holdings in n america-the spanish influence in the far west had been strengthened by a series of ______ missions along the ca coast but they were concerned about their colonies in the se; _______, the us minister to spain, negotiated a treaty in which spain agreed to open the lower ________ river and new orleans to american trade-the right of the deposit was granted to americans so that they could transfer cargoes in _______ without paying duties to the spanish government-spain further agreed to accept the us claim that florida's n boundary should be at the _____ parallel (not north of that as spain had formerly insisted)

anti federalists, government, thomas jefferson, tariffs

the _______ opposed hamilton's plan, as they feared that the states would lose power to the extent that the central _________ gained it; _________ led a faction of southern anti feds who viewed hamilton's program as benefiting only the rich at the expense of indebted farmers-congress finally adopted hamilton's plan in slightly modified form-for example, the ____ were not as high as hamilton wanted

annapolis convention, madison, hamilton, articles of confederation

the ____________ (1786) was held to talk about the inability of the country to overcome critical problems-however, it failed because only five states sent delegates-after discussing ways to improve commercial relations among the states, james _____ and alexander ______ persuaded the others that another convention should be held in philadelphia for the purpose of revising the __________

federalists, aaron burr, thomas jefferson

the election of 1800 swept the ____ from power in both the executive and legislative branches of the us government-a majority of the presidential electors cast their ballots for two dem/reps, ______ and ______ (alphabetical order)-because both these candidates received the same number of votes, a special election was necessary-the federalists, who still controlled the house at this point, gave a majority to jefferson

delaware, new jersey, pennsylvania, bill of rights, new hampshire, virginia, new yrok

the feds won early victories in the state conventions in ______, _______, and ________; the first three states to ratify-by promising to add a _______ to the constitution, they successfully addressed the anti feds' most telling objection-with _______ voting yes in june 1788, the feds won the necessary nine states to achieve ratification of the constitution-even so, the larger states of _______ and ______ had not ratified, and it they didn't, any chance for national unity and strength would be in dire jeopardy

federalists, john marshall, constitutional

the immediate crisis over the alien and sedition acts faded when the ________ lost their majority in congress after the election of 1800, and then new dem/rep majority allowed the acts to expire or repealed them-in addition, the supreme court under ______ asserted its power in deciding whether a certain federal law was _____________

supreme court, judiciary act, chief, associate

the only federal court mentioned in the constitution is the ______; congress, however, was given the power to create other federal courts with lesser powers and to determine the number of justices making up the supreme court-one of congress' first laws was the ___________ of 1789, which established a supreme court with one _____ justice and five ______ justices

rhode island

the only state to not send delegates to philadelphia

revolution of 1800

the passing of power in 1801 from one party to another was accomplished without violence-this was a sign that the us constitutional system would endure the various strains that were placed upon it the change from federalist to dem/rep control is known as the __________

anti federalists

this group wanted the constitution to list the rights of individuals

slavery, three fifths compromise, 1808

two of the most contentious issues grew out of ____ should enslaved people be counted in the state populations-the delegates agreed to the __________, which counted each enslaved individual as three fifths of a person for the purposes of determining a state's level of taxation and representation should the slave trade be allowed-the delegates decided to guarantee that slaves could be imported for at 20 more years, until ____; congress could vote to abolish the practice after that date if it wished

whiskey rebellion, show of force, shays's, thomas jefferson

washington responded to the ________ by federalizing 15,000 state militiamen and placing them under hamilton; the _______ had its intended effect, causing it to collapse with almost no bloodshed-some americans applauded washington's action, contrasting it with the previous government's helplessness to do anything about _____ rebellion among westerners, the military action was widely resented and condemned as an unwarranted use of force against the common people-the government's chief critic, ______, gained in popularity as a champion of the western farmer

john jay, britain, posts, jay treaty, neutrality

washington sent chief justice ______ on a special mission to ____ to talk that country out of its offensive practice of searching and seizing american ships and impressing seamen into the british navy-after a year of negotiations, jay brought back a treaty in which gbr agreed to evacuate its _____ on the us w frontier-but the treaty said nothing about british seizures of american merchant ships-narrowly ratified by the senate, the unpopular ______ angered american supporters of france, but it maintained the policy of ______, which kept the us at peace

electoral college, were not, federalists, anti federalists

washington's election by unanimous vote of the __________ in 1789 underscored the popular belief that political parties _____ (were or were not) needed the constitution did not mention parties, and the framers assumed none would arise, but they were wrong-the debates between ________ and _______ in '87 and '88 were the first indication that a two party system would emerge as a core feature of american politics