amsco period 6 chapter 29 review+vocab

france, north, south, ho chi minh, north, communist

(talking about vietnam's declaration of independence); _______ responded by attempting to reestablish colonial rule, sparking a vietnamese war of independence lasting until 1954-the peace treaty split the country into ______ and _______ vietman, with elections planned for 1956 that would reunite it-however, many in s vietnam, along with the us, opposed the communists and feared that _______ would win the election, so no election was held-war broke out between the communist north and the south-after withdrawal of us troops in 1973, the fighting between n and s vietnam continued until the ______ won in 1975-a _____ government ruled the 'socialist republic of vietnam,' and many s vietnamese fled to other countries

kenya, britain

on the e of africa bordering the indian ocean, ____ was home to large populations of asians as well as tribal groups-many of the asians in kenya were merchants and professional people, forming much of the middle class; ______ had been the colonial power, and swahili and english were the official languages

oil

the mexican economy was affected by the fluctuating price of ____ and worldwide economic trends, such as the global reccession of 2007-10

algeria, national liberation front

1962-war broke out again in ________; thousands of pro french algerians and settlers fled the country-these immigrants created anti immigrant sentiment in france-in algeria, 50-150k died due to fln armies and lynch mobs-the first president of the new algerian republic was overthrown in 1965 in a military coup led by his former ally-the ___________ continued in power under different leadership, making algeria a single party state for a number of years-the fln maintained a socialist authoritarian government that cracked down on dissent-the government led a drive for modernization of industry and collectivization of agriculture

nafta, maquiladoras

_____, the 1994 north american free trade, encouraged us and canadian industries to build _______ (factories) in mexico that used low wage mexican labor to produce tariff free goods for foreign export-oppressive working conditions were discovered in factories that hired large numbers of young women-labor unions in the us complained that nafta led to the export of thousands of us jobs to mexico, where wages and benefits were lower and safety and environmental standards were weaker

african union

a specific political objective for africa that developed in the late 1900s was the formation of an organization of african states that would be similar to the eu-in 2002, the oau was replaced by the ________ (au), which membership numbering 53 african nations

nicaragua, venezuela, francis

advocates of liberation theology had a few notable successes-in ______, they helped a rebel movement topple a dictator and institute a socialist government-in __________, president hugo chavez was deeply influenced by the movement-then, in 2013, the roman catholic church selected a cardinal from argentina as pope, the first one form latin america-the new leader, who took the name pope ______, reversed the vatican's opposition to liberation theology

jimmy carter, camp david accords, palestinian liberation organization

after 30 years of conflict between israel and its arab neighbors, us president ____ mediated the ________, a peace agreement between prime minister menachem begin of israel and president anwar sadat of egypt-however, the 1979 peace treaty was rejected by the palestinians and several arab states-the ____________ (plo) and its longtime leader yasser arafat wanted the return of occupied lands and the creation of an independent nation of palestine

cambodia, vietnam

after wwii, ________ pressured france into granting independence in 1953-cambodia's royal family continued to head the government and tried to maintain its status as a nonaligned nation during the first two decades of the cold war-however, cambodia was eventually drawn into the _____ war

liberation theology

an ideology called _______, which combined socialism with catholicism, spread through latin america int he 1950s and 1960s-it interpreted the teachings of jesus to include freeing people from the abuses of economic, political, and social conditions-part of this liberation included redistributing some wealth from the rich to the poor-in many countries, military dictators persecuted and killed religious workers who embraced liberation theology

muslims, pakistan, muhammad ali jinnah

before winning independence, ______ decided that they feared living in an independent india dominated by hingus-distrust between muslims and hindus dated back centuries to the umayyad caliphate in the 8th century, when muslims destroyed hindu temples-muslims campaigned for an independent muslim country, ________; ________ led the muslim league in this quest

turkey, nato, european union

beginning in the days of ataturk, _______ fostered those economic and political ties with europe-because of turkey's key strategic location in the middle east, europe and the us were equally eager to have turkey as an ally-turkey joined _____ in 1955 and became an associate member of the ________ in 1987

single, kofi annan, algeria

both ghana and algeria experienced growing pains under military rule-the main struggles were between those who favored multiparty states and those who favored _____ party socialism-in ghana, a new constitution was written in 1992, easing the transfer of power between elected governments-one point of national pride was that a ghanaian leader _________ became un secretary general in 1997-in _______, by contrast, religious tensions grew worse-as in other countries in n africa and the middle east, a growing right wing islamist movement that was willing to use violence challenged the power of mainstream muslims-in 1992, an islamist assassinated algeria's president-as in egypt and turkey, the military responded by repressing islamic fundamentalists-in 1997, algeria banned political parties based on religion

india, pakistan

both india and pakistan gave women the right to vote in 1947; _____ elected its first female prime minister in 1966, indira gandhi-though not related to mohandas gandhi, she was the daughter of nehru; ________ elected its first prime minister, benazir bhutto, in 1988-her father had also served as prime minister

t e lawrence, arabs, ottoman

british officer _____, known as lawrence of arabia, promised certain _____ an independent state as well-the british foreign office hoped that arabs would rise up against the ___ empire, which would make it easier to defeat during wwi-the balfour declaration promised civil and religious rights to non jews in palestine, but the supporters of the arabs did not trust the british

democracy, kashmir, muslims, hindu

distrust between pakistan and india grew-while india grew into a ________, pakistan had a mixture of elected leaders and authoritarian military rulers-moderate leaders in both countries confronted powerful conservative religious movements that opposed compromise with the other country-one persistent tension between india and pakistan was over ________, a border region in the mountainous north-at the time of partition, most people in kashmir were _______ (religion), but the leader was a _____; hence, both pakistan and india claimed it-at times the rivalry there broke out into armed conflict-the tension between the two countries became more significant after each began developing nuclear weapons

egypt, israel

following the death of sadat, hopes for peace in the middle east vanished for several years-however, ______ upheld its agreement with israel-as incentive to egypt to maintain its peace with israel, the us gave egypt more military aid than it gave to any other country except ____ and the two countries where it was fighting a war (iraq and afghanistan)

britain, palestine, holocaust, israel

following the end of wwi, ____ was given a mandate over former ottoman lands in the middle east-soon zionists began to immigrate to ______ from europe and from other middle eastern areasas immigration increased, the arabs in the area protested their loss of land and traditional islamic way of life-wwii and the death of six million jews in the ______ led more jews to immigrate-britain turned the matter over to the un general assembly-as in india, leaders hoped that partition would bring peace and stablility-in 1948, after the un divided palestine into jewish and arab sections, the jewish section declared itself to be a new country, ______

khmer rouge, pol pot, killing fields

following the vietnam war, a communist guerilla organization called the ______, under the leadership of ____, fought and overthrew the right wing government of cambodia-once in power, he and the khmer rouge imposed a ruthless form of communism with a chinese model 'cultural revolution' that targeted intellectuals and dissenters-the slaughter and famine that followed took more than two million lives, about one quarter of the population of the country-mass graves of victims from the '_______' of cambodia continued to be discovered in the countryside and jungle for decades afterward

arab league, nasser, naguib, pan arabism

following wwii in 1945, egypt became one of 6 founding members of the ______, which grew to 22 member states-in 1952, general gamal abdel ___is__, along with muhammad _______, overthrew the king and established the republic of egypt-naguib became its first fresident, nasser, its second-nasser was a great proponent of _______, a movement promoting the cultural and political unity of arab nations-similar transnational movements would attempt to unite all africans (pan africanism) and working people (communism)

ho chi minh

following wwii, the vietnamese communists, under _________ (leader), proclaimed the country's independence-ho, like leaders in china, cuba, and yugoslavia, created a powerful political movement by combining country specific nationalism with the internationalist idea of communism

french indochina

france claimed control of vietnam in the 1860s and cambodia in the 1870s-the region was known as __________ during the 20th century-the two french colonies began to fight for autonomy during the cold war era

gold coast, ghana, nkrumah

gbr agreed to negotiate independence for its w african colony of the _______, just as it had for its colonies in s asia-the gold coast combined with the former british togoland to form _____, the first sub saharan african country to gain independence in the 20th century-the new country of ghana was smaller in area than the historic kingdom by the same name-ghana's independence in 1957 was achieved through negotiation led by the un-its first president, ______, took office in the newly established republic in 1960-he was responsible for numerous public works and development projects, such as hydroelectric plants-hw was also accused of running the country into debt and allowing widespreaed corruption, an economic pattern that would often be seen in subsequent african dictatorships-in 1964, he claimed dictatorial powers when the voters agreed to a one party state with nkrumah as party leader

egypt, anglo egyptian

having been long under the ottoman empire, ____ became a nominally independent kingdom in 1933-however, the british retained some of the same treaty rights there that they had held under their mandate following wwi-a 1936 ______ treaty allowed more egyptian autonomy-still, it also allowed the british to keep soldiers in egypt to protect the suez canal-the british army continued to influence egyptian internal affairs

india, pakistan

in 1947, the british divided colonial india into two independent countries-a mostly hindu ______ and a mostly muslim _________; india's population was about ten times larger than pakistan's-the partition of the colonies was chaotic and violence broke out along religious lines-ten million people at least moved

pol pot, sihanouk

in 1977, vietnamese troops invaded cambodia to support opponents of _____ and the khmer rouge-at the end of the ensuing war, the vietnamese took control of the government in cambodia and helped the country to regain some stability, even as some fighting continued and hundreds of thousands of refugees left the country-in 1989, vietnamese forces completed their withdrawal from cambodia-a peace agreement reached in 1991 allowed free elections, monitored by the un-prince ______ became a constitutional monarch, and the country developed a democratic government with multiple political parties, and eventually aspects of a market economy

islamic salvation front, algerian civil war

in 1991, violence again surfaced in algeria, this time in reaction to one party rule-the _________ won the first round in an election that was then canceled-a bloody _________ followed (1991-2002), during which the fln continued in control-president abdulaziz bouteflika was chosen by the army in 1999-in his second term, he attempted to be more inclusive of insurgents, although suicide bombings continued-in 2011, the military state of emergency, in place since 1992, was lifted in response to protests in the wake of major uprisings in nearby states, including tunisia, egypt, and libya

angola

in ______, upon independence, civil war broke out-in 2002, after 27 years of fighting, the rivals agreed on a cease fire-however, threats of violence from militant separatist groups remained

mau mau, kenyatta

in kenya, a group called the ____ carried out terror camagins in 1952 in protest against economic conditions as well as british colonialism-the central government, with british support, attempted to put down the mau mau rebellion, but the fighting escalated into a civil war and the mau mau gained support throughout kenya-the british ultimately gave up the area, granting independence in 1963-the first election resulted in the presidency of jomo _________ (1964-78), an advocate for independence who had served a prison term for supporting the mau mau

venezuela

in latin america, several countries tried land reform programs-in ________, the government redistributed some five million acres of land-the land reform, begun with a 2001 law, was not popular with the landowners who claimed that the state seized their property while it was under cultivation-additional problems arose from illegal squatters who moved in to settle on lands that were not scheduled for land reform-land reform efforts had political repercussions as well, those who benefited were more willing to vote for the government instituting the reforms, while those from whom land was confiscated tended not to support the states that appropriated their land

state, debt

in latin america, there was a dependence on _______ (either private or state) run industries, and high government ________ (either debt or proliferation)

dictatorships, pinochet

in latin america, there were a lot of political ______ (either democracies or dictatorships)-many countries suffered under authoritarian rulers that abused human rights-ex, in chile-1973, augusto _______ took power in a us backed coup against a democratically elected socialist government led by salvador allende-pinochet reigned from 1974 to 1990, at which time he was ousted by a coalition of citizens opposed to his violent tactics and his privatization of the economy-indicted for kidnapping, torture, money laundering, and murder, pinochet died in 2006 before he could be convicted on the charges

poverty

in mexico, _____ remained high, despite a rich oil industry, a vast tourism business, and a constitutional ban on foreign ownership of land

drug cartels

in mexico, _______, large criminal organizations engaged in drug trafficking, promoted violence against government officials and private citizens-drug wars frequently crossed over the border into the united states-when us officials complained about this, mexican officials noted that the weapons used by the drug cartels came from the us, as did much of the demand for drugs

corporatist, oil, pemex

in mexico, student protests continued for months starting in 1968-despite this controversy, the pri remained firmly in power in mexico until the election of president vicente fox in 2000-the mexican political system has often been called _____ since the ruling pri party claied favors, such as access to primary education and jobs created through improvements to infrastructure, for its constituents-during pri's rule, there was a vast improvement in the economy, especially in the period from the 1930s to the 70s-in 1938, for example, the government nationalized the country's mostly foreign owned ____ industry-this company, _______, became the second largest state owned company in the world

immigration

in mexico, there was large scale _________ to the us, both legal and illegal

algeria

in n africa, the french colony of ____ followed a path similar to the british lands that became ghana-it won independence but fell under the control of a strong leader and became a single party state-however, algeria endured far more violence before becoming independent

fatah, hamas

in the 21st century, the peace process became more complicated when the palestinians split into two factions-one, _____, controlled the west bank-the other, _____, controlled gaza

kenyan african national union, daniel moi, international monetary fund

independent kenya had only one political party, the _________ (kanu)-following the death of kenyatta in 1978, vice president ________ took over and ruled for 24 years while kenyan stability disintegrated in the face of increasing corruption-finally, the __________ (imf) threatened to withdraw loans if the corruption continued

nuclear

iran's program to develop _______ technology (for electrical energy, medicine) created the feat that it would use the program to also develop nuclear weapons-a us led coalition imposed sanctions on iran that devastated its economy-in 2016, the coalition required iran to take steps to make building a nuclear bomb more difficult-ex, iran agreed to ship nearly all of its enriched uranium out of the country, dismantle equipment that could be used to build a bomb, and submit to inspections-in return, the coalition lifted the sanctions

shia, sunni, iraq

iran, as a non arab and ______ (type of islam they practiced) country, was culturally very unlike its arab, ______ neighbors-in 1980, these differences led to a major war between iran and _______; fighting lasted eight years, and ended with neither side able to claim a clear victory

reza khan, shah, mullahs, muhammad reza pahlavi

iran-in 1921, ______ seized power and within a few years declared himself ____, hereditary ruler-he modernized the country's infrastructure, abolished extraterritoriality, and tried to curb the power of the ____, men educated in islamic law who held most official posts in the overwhelmingly shia country-reza khan thought of joining hitler's nazi regime during wwii, prompting russia and britain to invade iran in 1941-the two countries forced him to abdicate power to his young son, ________, and they kept their forces in iran until the end of the war

islam, theocracy, khomeini, guardian council, shariah

iran-in 1979, a revolution toppled the shah, rejecting his secular worldview for a more religious one that viewed _____ as a key part of the individual state relationship-the new government was a _______, a form of government in which religion is the supreme authority-the shia cleric ayatollah ruhollah ______ became the supreme leader-the new government established a _____, a body of civil and religious legal experts who were responsible for interpreting the constitution and making sure all laws complied with _______ (islamic law)-the clergy was given the right to approve or disapprove anyone who ran for office-iran became the leading anti western, and particularly anti israel, government in the middle east

muhammad reza pahlavi, oil, women

iranian nationalists viewed _________ as a puppet of western powers, particularly of the us-in 1951, under direction from the nationalist prime minister, the iranian parliament voted to nationalize the _____ industry, which was controlled by a british owned oil company-muhammad reza was forced to flee iran when it was discovered that he had asked the cia to replace the prime minister in a failed coup-in 1953, the us orchestrated the removal of the prime minister and muhammad reza was able to return to power-he instituted several progressive reforms, such as giving _____ the right to vote, creating a social welfare system, and modernized the educational system-however, the ran an authoritarian and oppressive regime, making extensive use of secret police-by 1979, he had alienated both religious conservatives and advocates for greater democracy

religion, islamic

issues complicating the relationship between turkey and europe in the late twentieth century-1. ___________; while europe had a christian heritage and was becoming increasingly secular, turkey was an ________ country with a growing fundamentalist movement

cyprus

issues complicating the relationship between turkey and europe in the late twentieth century-2. the status of _____, an island nation in the e mediterranean and an eu member-while the island was dominated by greek cypriots, turkey recognized a breakaway region of turkish cypriots-no other european country recognized this region as independent

kurds, kurdistan workers' party

issues complicating the relationship between turkey and europe in the late twentieth century-3. the status of the ______, an ethnic minority living in eastern turkey and in parts of syria, iraq, and iran-in the 1970s, kurdish nationalists formed the ___________, or pkk, and began an armed struggle against the turks to win cultural and political rights-turkey, and its ally the us, labeled the pkk a terrorist organization-however, turkey's harsh efforts to crush the pkk drew international criticism

asians

kenya-in 2000, the government pledged to clean up bribery government kickbacks-after the 2007 elections, though, supporters of the losing candidate refused to accept the results, prompting violence that killed about one thousand people and displaced some six hundred thousand kenyans-the formation of a coalition government brought some measure of peace-however, attacks on ____, especially indians, continued

islam, socialism, suez canal

nasser's domestic policies blended ____ (religion) and ______ (government-ish)-he instituted lang reform, transforming private farms into socialist cooperatives that would maintain the existing irrigation and drainage systems and share profits from crops-he nationalized some industries and businesses, including foreign-owned banks, taking them over and running them as state enterprises-however, nasser touched off an international crisis when he nationalized the __________

tribalism, christian, igbo, islamic

nigeria-in an effort to prevent _______ from destroying the country, the government established a federation of 36 states with borders that cut across ethnic and religious lines-friction continued, however, between _____ (what religion) yoruba, _____ groups in the south, and _______ (what religion) groups in the north-the nigerian constitution permitted states to vote for a dual legal system of secular law and shariah-eleven states voted for this option-in an additional effort to discourage ethnic strife, the constitution encouraged intermarriage among the ethnic groups

oil

nigeria-problems remained in the niger river delta due to rich _____ deposits there-people there complained that the national government exploited oil resources without returning wealth to the region-also, they complained that the oil companies had polluted their lands and rivers-militants set fire to oil wells and pipelines in protest

pan africanism, organization of african unity

nkrumah was a vocal promoter of ______, a term that had been in use with different meanings for two centuries-in the second half of the 20th century, it came to mean a celebration of unity of culture and ideas throughout the continent-in keeping with his vision of pan africanism, nkrumah founded the ____________ (oau) in 1963-however, in 1963, he was overthrown in a military coup, during which many foreigners were expelled from the country-ghana would not have peaceful transfers of power until 2000

sadat, egypt, camp david accords

president anwar _______, who ruled ____ from 1970 to 1981, participated in the peace negotiations with us president jimmy carter and israeli prime minister menachem begin that led to the 1979 ________; egypt agreed to recognize israel's right to exist, while israel agreed to pull out of the sinai peninsula-the agreement was a first step in achieving peace between israel and its neighbors-however, the deal was unpopular with most of egypt's arab allies-within egypt, conservatives and fundamentalist muslims strongly opposed it-on oct 6, 1981, one of these fundamentalists, an egyptian army officer, assassinated sadat-like gandhi, sadat was killed by a right wing member of his own religion

west bank, gaza

security concerns led the israeli government to implement tighter border controls on the _________ and on ______; these controls, amounting to economic sanctions, severely restricted normal activity for hundreds of thousands of palestinians and fomented anger-there was ongoing violence between the two sides, with mortar attacks from palestinian territory on civilian targets in israel followed by israeli military incursions against militant targets

asian, mombassa kisumu

tensions in kenya were also heightened by the existence of a large _____ community, which had its roots in the colonial period when the british brought 35k indian workers into the area to build the ______ railway (1886-1901)-after completion of the railway, these workers received permission from the government to settle on unoccupied lands-the umber of south asians gradually grew, along with their prosperity, gained through agriculture and retail establishments-their relative prosperity along with antiforeign sentiments made the asians targets for violence

zionist, theodore herzl

the _____ movement gained its intial impulse in the 1890s from reaction to the dreyfus affair; ________, a hungarian jewish intellectual and journalist, used the affair as evidence that assimilation of jews into european society was failing as a strategy to provide safety and equal opportunity-at the first zionist congress in 1897, he urged the creation of a separate jewish state-zionism promoted close relationship between an individual's jewish identity and his or her relationship with the state of israel

suez canal, french, suez crisis

the ______ had been under lease to the ______ for a period of 99 years-to the egyptians, this lease symbolized colonial exploitation, which nasser pledged to fight-in addition, the british owned interests in the canal, which they administered jointly with the french-in 1956, nasser seized the canal, and israel invaded egypt at the behest of britain and france-the two european countries occupied the area around the canal, claiming they were enforcing a un cease fire-however, the us and the soviets opposed british and french actions and used the un to broker a resolution to the conflict, which is known as the ________

algerian war for independence, national liberation front

the ________ began in 1954, although many algerians had been campaigning for independence since wwii-the war was a complicated affair with many groups involved-since so many french people lived in algeria as settlers, the french government considered algeria a part of france and was adamant that it could not become a separate country-but the french in algeria were a minority-the algerian movement for independence was led by the fln (__________________), which used effective guerrilla techniques against half a million french forces sent to algeria-hundreds of thousands of algerians died in the war

mexican revolution, institutional revolutionary party

the ________, which ended in 1917, saw the emergence of one strong political party, the _______________ or pri-this party dominated mexican politics for most of the 20th century-despite the assassinations of several presidents, the basic principles of the 1917 constitution stayed in place, and mexico remained stable, although people suspected government officials of corruption

communist, charles de gaulle, fifth republic

the algerian conflict caused sharp divisions in france-the french ____ party, quite powerful at the time, favored algerian independence-violence broke out in urban areas throughout france-in 1958, french president ______, with a new mandate for expanded presidential power under the constitution of the new _______, planned the steps through which algeria would gain independence-he then went straight to the people of france and algeria to gain approval of his plan in a referendum, thereby bypassing the french national assembly

indian national congress, mohandas gandhi, civil disobedience, salt

the drive for indian self rule began in the 19th century with the foundation of the __________; its leader in 1920 was ___________; earlier, while living in s africa, he had experienced radical discrimination, and become an advocate of __________ and passive resistance to unjust power-in 1930, he protested against the british monopoly on ______ production by leading a 240 mile long walk to the sea and picking up a few grains of it

london, metropoles

the emigration of large numbers of refugees and immigrants from pakistan, india, and bangladesh to _______ illustrated the movement of former colonial subjects to imperial _________, large cities in the home country

world war i, ottoman

the high point of empires and colonization was ________; the british, the french, and other europeans had colonized almost all of africa, india, and se asia, ant they dominated china-the turkish _______ empire controlled the middle east-the desire for self government that had fueled colonial rebellions throughout the americas in the 18th and 19th centuries as well as national independence movements in europe in the 19th century spread throughout the world in the twentieth century

british, world war ii

the independence movement in s asia was supported by hindu and muslim groups, united by their desire to get rid of the _______; although not all indian leaders agreed with gandhi, they put aside their differences until after ________ (1939-1945)-immediately following the war, leaders again demanded independence-britain was ready to negotiate independence in s asia, just as it would later do in w africa with the colony of the gold coast

democratic

the long term changes in latin america in the early 21st century paralleled ones in e asia and parts of africa-governments were generally becoming more _________ and less authoritarian-their economic systems were based on the principles of free enterprise and included a strong role for government in promoting growth

west pakistan, east pakistan, urdu, bengali, bangladesh

the partition was further complicated by geography-pakistan itself consisted of two distinct sections separated by india, _______ was west of india and ______ was east-for nearly 25 years, w and e pakistan struggled to form one country-west pakistanis spoke _____ while east pakistanis spoke ________; after a violent civil war in 1971, east pakistan became the independent country of _________

angola, diamond

the portuguese colony of ____ in sw africa won its independence in 1975, after 14 years of armed struggle-it faced greater ethnic conflict than did algeria or vietnam-it terms of european history, angola was more like a small empire, consisting of three distinct and rival cultural groups, than a nation state in which everyone shared a common culture-each group had fought for independence, each group wanted to control the country's lucrative _____ mines, and each was supported by other countries

austria hungary, ottoman

the two world wars strengthened opposition to empires-world war one resulted in the breakup of two large multiethnic empires, __________ and the ______ empire; wwii accelerated the dismantling of global colonial empires-between the end of wwii in 1945 and 2000, the number of independent states more than doubled, going from around 75 to around 190

arab spring

the us monetary aid provided egypt with some stability-however, the government was repressive and corrupt-the popular reform movement that swept through n africa and the middle east beginning in 2011, known as the _______, brought down egypt's government

nigeria, biafran, igbos, hausa fulani, obasanjo

the w africa country of ______, the most populous state on the continent, gained independence from britain in 1960-the _______ civil war began in 1967 when the ______, a westernized, predominately chistian tribe in the se oil rich niger river delta area attempted to secede from the northern dominated government-the igbos sought autonomy because of pogroms against them by the _______ islamic group in the north-the igbos' secession movement failed-at the conclusion of the war in 1970, a majority of igbo gnerals were granted amnesty, but civilian government did not return-a series of military coups with gernerals in command of the government continued until the 1999 election of olusegun ________, who presided over a democratic civilian government called the 4th republic of nigeria

sinai, suez, six day, yom kippur

three other israeli-palestinian wars followed-in 1956, israel, with support from france and gbr, invaded egypt's _____ peninsula, in part to liberate the _____ canal, which had become nationalized by the egyptian government-following international protests, israel and its allied forces were ordered to withdraw from egypt-in the 1967 war, also known as the ________ war, israel fought on three fronts against egypt, jordan, and syria, gaining the gaza strip from egypt, the west bank and east jerusalem from jordan, and the golan heights from syria-in the 1973 war, also known as the ____ war, israel repelled a surprise invasion by egypt and syria

gandhi

to add to the confusion and heartache in india, _______, a hindu, was assassinated in 1948-the killer was a right wing hindu upset with gandhi's willingness to accommodate the concerns of muslims and to support a secular government

managed migration

to reduce the number of people coming from s asia, the british parliament passed more restrictive immigration legislation and developed a policy called _______, and this immigration system allowed the entrance of highly skilled/semiskilled workers and students into britain

mustafa kemal, islamic

turkey was founded as a secular republic in 1923 under the leadership of ________, aka ataturk, and its military took on the role of protecting that status-in 1960, 1971, and 1980, the army temporarily took control of the government when it felt it needed to protect this heritage-and in 1997 and 2007, the army issued statements of support for secular government against the growing threat of ________ extremists

african

unlike other communist regimes, ____ versions of socialism usually retained elements of capitalism

israel, israel

war broke out immediately between _______ and the palestinians (including syria, transjordan, lebanon, and iraq)-the arabs invaded israel-after several cease fires, ______ (choose between israel and arabs) won-immediately following the truce, about 400k palestinians became refugees, living camps near the israeli border

catholic

while the majority of mexicans were roman _______, constitutional restrictions on the church and its priests kept them from exercising rights such as free speech-civil rights were restored in 1992, but the roman catholic church still had no special standing with the secular government-the spread of more secular attitudes and of protestantism further weakened the link between the roman catholic church and the government, helping to redefine how individuals viewed the state

palestine, ottoman, islam, balfour declaration

zionists hoped that their new state could be established in _____ because that was where their ancestors had lived-in modern times, palestine was part of the ______ empire and most of its inhabitants were arabs who practiced ______; in a new state, zionists argued, jews could be free from persecution-in 1917, in the midst of wwi, the british government issued the _______, which favored the establishment in palestine of a 'national home' for the jewish people