An Introduction to MIS - Chapter 3: Hardware, Software, and Networks

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byte

8 bits

hertz

CPU speed expressed in this

clients

PCs, tablets, and smartphones that access servers and the cloud

user experience (UX)

UI and way user responds to application

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

address on the Internet

Internet protocols(/standards)

adds to TCP/IP that let cloud-hosting vendors provide processing capabilities in flexible yet standardized ways

commerce server

application program that runs on server tier computers

thin-client (application)

application run on browsers in many different operating systems

one-of-a-kind (application software)

application software developed for specific, unique need

horizontal-market (application software)

application software that provides capabilities common across all organizations/industries

three-tier (architecture)

architecture consisting of user, server, and database tiers

context-sensitive (chrome)

chrome that pops up in display when needed

infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

cloud hosting of bare server computer/disk drive

software as a service (SaaS)

cloud-based service that provides hardware infrastructure, operating system, and application programs

platform as a service (PaaS)

cloud-based service that provides hosted campus, operating system, and DBMS

network

collection of computers communicating with one another over transmission lines/wireless connections

server farm

collection of normally thousands of servers

source code

computer code written/understood by humans

server

computer designed to support processing from many remote computers/users

dual processor

computer with two CPUs

wide area network (WAN)

connects computers at different geographical areas

volatile

contents lost when power off

pull (data)

data that device requests from server

push (data)

data that server sends to device

The Cloud

elastic leasing of pooled computer resources over the Internet

site license

flat fee allowing computer installation programs on all computers

object-orientated (language)

language that can be used to create difficult, complex applications and will usually result in high performance code that's easy to alter

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

most common language for defining structure/layout of Web pages

tag

notation used to define data element for display/other purposes

Web (page)

page with document coded in one of standard page markup languages

ARM

power-saving computer architecture designed for portable devices such as phones and tablets

virtualization

process by which computer hosts many computers' appearances

Web servers

programs running on server-tier computer manages http traffic by sending/receiving Web pages to/from clients

Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP)

protocol used between browsers and Web servers

simple mail transfer protocol (smtp)

protocol used for email transmissions

TCP/IP Protocol (architecture)

protocols are organized according to this architecture

application software

software that performs a service

closed source

source code highly protected and only allowed to certain employees/contractors

switch

special-purpose computer receiving/transmitting wired traffic on LAN

direct interaction

the act of using content to drive application behavior

user (tier)

tier that consists of computers, phones, and other devices with browsers requesting/processing Web pages

database (tier)

tier that has computers running DBMS processing requests to retrieve/store data

server (tier)

tier that has computers running Web servers and processes application programs

attribute

variable used to provide properties about tags

PC (virtualization)

virtualization where PC hosts several different operating systems

server (virtualization)

virtualization where server computer hosts one or other server computers

desktop (virtualization)

virtualization where server hosts many versions of desktop operating systems

cable line

way to connect to Internet by using cable TV lines

WAN wireless

way to connect to Internet by using no wires

digital subscriber line (DSL)

way to connect to Internet by using own protocols for data transmission

Web farm

web server computers that support commercial sites by distributing work among computers

Bluetooth

wireless protocol transmitting data over short distances

domain name

worldwide-unique name affiliated with particular Internet address

random access memory (RAM)

• CPU works with this to read data and instructions from here • CPU stores computation results here • main memory • contents volatile (lost when power off)

Web

• Internet-based network of browsers/services processing http/https • not used for e-mail

native-client (thick application)

• application run on just one operating system • developed using serious, professional programming languages

vertical-market (application software)

• application software that serves specific industry's needs • usually can be altered/customized

service-orientated architecture (SOA)

• architecture that has applications using standard protocols to publish menu of services applications provide, structure of data expected to receive/produce, and ways in which services can be requested • Web service provider, such as cloud-hosting organization, uses these standards to specify work performed and how it will be performed • consumers of services use standards to request/receive service

machine code

• computer compiles/process • humans usually don't understand and can't modify

firmware

• computer software installed into devices like printers, print servers, communication devices • coded like other software but installed into special, read-only memory of printer/other device • can be changed/upgraded but usually IT does those

local area network (LAN)

• connects computers residing in geographical area on premises of company owning this • computers usually located within 1/2 mile of each other • located on property controlled by organization operating this

hardware

• electronic components and gadgets that input, process, output, and store data according to directions encoded in computer programs/software • capacities of this specified according to data units

roaming

• happens when users move activities across devices • ex: reading page on Kindle will make same page on iPad

virtual machine

• host-operating system hosts this • has disk space and resources allocated to it • with virtualization, this is able to operate exactly the same as it would if operating in stand-alone, nonvirtual environment

internet

• network of networks • connects LANs, WANs, and other this

user interface (UI)

• present format of application • includes windows, menus, icons, dialog boxes, toolbars, user content

operating system (OS)

• program controlling computer's resources • reads/writes data • allocates RAM, swaps memory • starts/stops programs • responds to errors • facilitates backup and memory • creates/manages user interface (display, mouse)

Ethernet

• protocol used for LAN • specifies hardware characteristics • describes how messages to be packaged/processed for wired transmission over LAN • network interface controllers in computers support 10/100/1000 this

file transfer protocol (ftp)

• protocol used to move files over Internet • commonly used to maintain sites

host-operating system

• runs one or more operating systems as applications • controls virtual machines to prevent them from interfering with one another

central processing unit (CPU)

• selects instructions, processes them • performs arithmetic/logical comparisons • stores results of operations in memory • "the brain"

protocol

• set of rules two communicating devices follow • some used for LANs, WANs, internets, the Internet, or all

storage hardware

• used to save data/programs • ex: magnetic disks, CDs/DVDs, thumbdrives, magnetic tape

chrome

• visual overhead in computer display • includes windows, menus, and other apparatus driving application

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

• when connecting to Internet, connecting to this • provides Internet access • serves as gateway to Internet • pays for Internet


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