An Update on Demineralization/Remineralization CE

incorporation of fluoride into the teeth with calcium and phosphate makes enamel more resistant to acid demineralization than it was originally

a remineralized area of enamel is actually stronger than it was prior to acid attack due to

speeding up the remineralization process inhibiting demineralization at the crystal surfaces enhancing crystal growth enhancing the transformation through the mineral phases

fluoride plays a key role in the remineralization process by

45%

human dentin (root surface) is approximately ____ percent (by volume) of mineral

three

leake, in an evidence based review on root caries, state that severity reaches over one lesion by age fifty, two lesions by seventy, and just over ____ lesions for those seventy five and older

a demineralized zone beneath the intact surface layer

radiographically, an early lesion of enamel caries appears as

neutralizes acids formed by plaque bacteria contributes the needed calcium and phosphate for preventing caries and allowing remineralization to occur

saliva is important for caries protection because it

the research data on fluorides in water and dentifrice support their efficacy the use of pit and fissure sealants is supported by the data

the NIH caries consensus conference in 2001 reached which conclusion

all of the above

the cochrane review on fluoride in ortho patients reported

73,000

the cochrane review on fluoride toothpaste that indicated it is clearly efficacious in preventing caries included studies on more than _____ children

a white spot lesion

the earliest clinical evidence of an enamel lesion of dental caries is

calcium and phosphate

the elements that dissociate during demineralization are

bacterial control reduction of risk levels for at risk patients reversal of active sites by remineralization follow up and maintenence

the paradigm shift from a surgical model to a medical model for caries control as described by steinburg includes

incorporate the best scientific evidence with clinical experience and their patients preferences for treatment outcomes

the process of evidence based dentistry includes

the reason for differences in caries incidence on different tooth surfaces is related to the hardness of enamel on each surface

which is false about remineralization and demineralization

coronal caries is plaque related, while root caries is related to plaque and recession during enamel caries, acids demineralize and create subsurface lesions, while in root caries, the surface can become sticky and change in contour until cavitation occurs, remineralization is possible with enamel caries; with collagen still in place, root caries remineralization is also possible

which is true about enamel and root caries

overall, dental caries in baby teeth of children 2-11 declined from the early 1970s until the mid 1990s from the mid 1990s until the most recent survey, the trend has actually reversed

according to the most recent national health and nutritional examination survey the following are correct

along the rod margins below the outer tooth surface

caries activity usually begins

1940s

dental caries become a matter of national concern in the

10 times per day

duggal et al used a human intra oral model to examine carbohydrate frequencies and the use of non fluoride and fluoride toothpaste and found when a F-free toothpaste was used and carbohydrate frequency exceeded 3 times per day, significant demineralization occurred. when subjects used a fluoride containing toothpaste, however, net demineralization was only seen when carbohydrate consumption exceeded

true

one published study on digital radiography reports a significantly improved accuracy of caries diagnosis while reducing observer variability